ME430: AIR CONDITIONIG

20
LECTURE

Pumps and Pipe Design:

Head Losses and Pump Head
Calculation
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Part-1 Chilled water system with various pumping

schemes ( Primary & Secondary):
 Constant Primary CHWS.

 Constant Primary & Constant Secondary CHWS.

 Constant Primary & Variable Secondary CHWS.

 Variable Primary CHWS.

Part-2 Chilled Water Pipe Sizing.

Part-3 Pump Head Calculation.

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Part-1 Chilled Water System Pumping Scheme

1. Constant Primary CHWS.

2. Constant Primary & Constant Secondary CHWS.

3. Constant Primary & Variable Secondary CHWS.

4. Variable Primary CHWS.

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Chilled Water System Pumping Scheme:

Constant Primary Chilled Water System

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• Constant Primary & Constant Secondary CHWS.

• Constant Primary & Variable Secondary CHWS.

• Variable Primary & Variable Secondary CHWS.

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Primary / Secondary Distribution Schemes
Primary – Secondary Scheme divides the chilled water system into two
distinct circuit ( Loops) that are hydraulically separated by a neutral
bridge ( De-coupler)

 A place where chilled water are  Is Responsible for the distribution of

produced. chilled water to terminal units.
 Component (Chiller & Pumps).
 Component (Pumps, terminal units
 Primary Pumps are:
such as FCU,AHU and control valves).
 Constant Volume.
 Secondary pump can be constant
 Low Head.
speed or variable design to overcome
 The pump design to overcome the the pressure drop in Secondary circuit.
pressure drop in primary circuit.

Primary Circuit Secondary Circuit

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Constant Primary / Secondary
Distribution Schemes
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Constant Primary / Variable Secondary Schemes
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Variable Primary Schemes
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Advantages of Variable Primary Schemes
1. VPF system are not prone to low Delta T syndrome ( no neutral bridge ,
the pump flow is better matched to the cooling load as absence of Neutral
bridge prevents mixing of supply and return water).

2. VPF provides enhance capacity: when the outside WBT is the below the
design value as it is over 95 percent of the year, then the cooling tower will
depress the chiller condensing temperature, giving the chiller additional
capacity.

3. Capital Investment: VPF uses fewer pump and fewer piping connection
compare to primary –secondary systems.

4. Lower operation and energy cost:

a. energy saving are possible due to no excess flow recirculates from

supply to return thru de-coupler or three way valves.
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Advantages of Variable Primary Schemes
b. VPF design displace the small, inefficient, low-head primary pumps used in
primary – secondary systems allowing selection of larger and far more efficient
pump.

5. Requires less Plant space: no primary secondary, less piping and fittings.

VPF reduce the total annual plant energy by 3 to 8 percent.

VPF reduce the cost by 4 to 8 percent.

VPF reduce the life cycle cost by 3 to 5 percent relative to conventional

Primary – secondary chilled water system.
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Challenges for Variable Primary Schemes
Varying the water flow rate through the chiller evaporator posses two control
challenges:

Challenge #1 : VPF system design is constrained by the range of flow rate (

tube velocities ) permitted in the evaporator ( upper and lower limit defined by
Mfgr).

The typical limit are:

1. Low Velocity Limit of 3 FPS to prevent Laminar flow from occurring and
also to keep the tubes clean.

2. High velocity limit 10 FPS to avoid tube erosion.

The design tube velocity determines the range of flow that is permitted as
percentage of design flow rate.
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Challenges for Variable Primary Schemes

Challenge #2 : when the plant operator desire to bring additional chiller online,
the sudden drop in flow through the lead chiller may cause it to trip offline on
low flow
Chilled Water Pipe Sizing
Chilled Water Pipe Sizing:
 Recommended Velocity:

4 FPS Maximum Value for 2” Pipe Size and Smaller

10 FPS Maximum Value in General in Chilled Water Pipes

 Recommended Friction Loss:

4 (ft. of Water/100 ft. of Pipe) General Range of Piping Friction Loss Used for Design of Hydronic Systems

2.5 (ft. of Water/100 ft. of Pipe) Most Systems Are Designed According to This Value, also it is Maximum
Value for 2” Pipe Size and Smaller
4 (ft. of Water/100 ft. of Pipe) Maximum value of Pressure Drop
 Chilled Water Pipe Sizing
Chilled Water Pipe Sizing:
 Chilled Water Pipe Sizing Software
Condenser Water Pipe
Sizing:
Chilled Water Pipe Sizing

Friction loss due to flow of water in commercial steel pipe (schedule 40).
Chilled Water Pipe Sizing
Chilled Water Pipe Sizing Software
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Pump Head:

Pump does not create pressure,

it is only create flow!

Head is not same as pressure, Head is a measurement of

the height of a liquid column which the pump could create
resulting from kinetic energy the pumps gives to liquid.

Imagine a pipe shooting a jet of water straight up into air,

the height the water goes up would be the HEAD.

Why we are using Head instead of pressure ?

Specific gravity << pressure Change << for different fluid.

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Pumping Arrangement
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Pump Component:
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Pump Types Common Used in HVAC System

End Suction Type

Horizontal Split Case

Vertical inline
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Pump Head
There are four forms of energy in pump systems: pressure, elevation, friction and
velocity.
The tank produces pressure at the bottom
and so does the tube. The cyclist has elevation
energy which he will be using as soon as he
moves.

As we open the valve at the tank bottom the fluid

leaves the tank with a certain velocity, in this
case pressure energy is converted to velocity
energy. The same thing happens with the tube.
In the case of the cyclist, the elevation energy is
gradually converted to velocity energy.