Gnit 2 Effect of Heat on a Given Chemical Substance [ EXPERIME! are AIM ~ TO HEAT THE GIVEN UNKNOWN CHEMICAL SUBSTANCE, MAKE OBSERVATIONS, IDENTIFY THE PRODUCTS FORMED AND MAKE NECESSARY DEDUCTIONS. SUBSTANCES - Copper carbonate [Cuco,] Zine carbonate [ZnCOy], Washing soda [Na;CO,.10H,0}, Copper [Il] sulphate [CuSO,.5H,0}, Zinc nitrate [Zn(NO3),.6H1,0], Copper nitrate [Cu(NO,),.6H,0], Lead nitrate [Pb(NO,) >], Ammonium chloride [NH,Cl], Iodine Uh], Ammonium dichromate [(NH,),Crj0,], APPARATUS ~ Clean dry test tubes, test tube holder, a bent test tube with cork, bunsen burner. CHEMICALS ~ Chemical substances given as per the observation table. PROCEDURE ~ Take about 1 g. of the given substance in a clean dry test tube and ~ heat the test tube strongly in an inclined position in the hottest part of the bunsen burner flame. Note the observations which include - Original colour - Colour of residue - Gas evolved and tests for the gas evolved. SR Ce ny CU ee emer Seas ie ee age ON A GIVEN CHEMICAL SUBSTANCE 9. | Original Colour - Nature Observation on heating | _ . | Equation for the reaction Gas evolved TESTS ight green - Amorphous | Residue Residue is - black when hot and cold. |Colourless, odourless gas evolved | Litmus ~ gas slightly acidic to litmus. Lime water ~ gas turns clear lime water milky. gas has no effect on Ht | Potassium permanganate [acidified] - Gas evolved = Carbon dioxide [CO2] Anion in substance - Carbonate [CO3*] = j Substance is ~ Copper Carbonate [C! COs) Word equation in dioxide Copper carbonate _A., Copper [Il] oxide + i [substance] [residue] Molecular equation uc uo + Oats! BEFORE HEATING ee 5 ne rae aS Cane eer 7 Poteau Cae COPPER CARBONATE 10OBSERVA’ |}. | Original Colour - Nature | White ~ Amorphous | 2. Observation on heating + Residue | Residue is yellow when hot and white when cold. + Gas evolved Colourless, odourless gas evolved Litmus ~ gas slightly acidic to litmus Lime water ~ gas turns clear lime water milky. Potassium permanganate [acidified] ~ gas has no effect on it Gas evolved = Carbon dioxide [CO2] Anion in substance - Carbonate [CO;7] Substance is = Zine Carbonate [ZnCO3] 3. | Equation for the reaction |+ Word equation Zinc carbonate _A, Zinc oxide + Carbon dioxide [substance] fresidue] les] | J+ Molecular equation ZnCO, Zn0 €0> Ish BEFORE HEATING AFTER HEATING Coney Soeoerr) Conon roses eed Priro] TESTS. a OBSERVATION & INE "REN | 2. | Original Colour - Nature | White ~ Crystalline 2. |Observation on heating | = Residue | Residue remains white when hot and cold + Gas evolved Colourless, odourless vapours evolved ~ © test tube. which condense on the cooler parts of the test tu! Litmus - gas neutral to litmus. Cobalt chloride paper ~ turns blue to pink Anhydrous copper sulphate - turns white to blue Gas evolved - Water vapour [H,0] Substance is - Washing Soda [Na,CO}-10H,0] 3. | Equation for the reaction + Word equation Washing soda _ A, Sodium carbonate+ Water vapour {substance} [residue] tgas] + Molecular equation Na,CO,.1044 CO: + 10H,0 BEFORE HEATING AFTER HEATING Ce ed aeons re eee ree re mer WASHING SODAOBSERVATION && INFERENCE _ ad oO | | | a 1. Original Colour - Nature | Blue - Crystalline w Observation on heating Residue remains white when hot and cold. | Colourless, odourless vapours evolved ~ which condense on the cooler parts of the test tube | Litmus - vapours neutral to litmus, ydrous copper sulphate ~ turns white to blue. | Cobalt chloride paper — turns blue to pink. Gas evolved - Water vapour [H,O] Substance is - Hydrated copper sulphate [CuSO,5H,0] | 3. | Equation for the reaction + Word sath | Hydrated _A, Copper sulphate + Water vapour copper sulphate ° | [substance] {residue} {gas] | ular equation CuSO,.5H,0 CuSO, 5H,0 BEFORE HEATING AFTER HEATING rey Remains Blue eee as reas S Nea ey Coos Pes HYDRATED COPPER SULPHATESaaRVAniON BEER White ~ Crystalline - Original Colour ~ Nature 2. | Observation on heating fp Reihe [Colour turns yellow when hot, white when cold vapours evolved which condense |a] Colourless, odourles: | cooler parts of the test tube. | |= Gas evel | Litmus — gas neutral to litmus. | Anhydrous copper sulphate ~ turns white to blue. |b] Reddish brown gas evolved | Litmus ~ gas acidic to litmus. Starch iodide paper ~ turns blue black. KI paper ~ turns brown ¢] Colourless, odourless gas evolved. | Litmus — gas neutral to litmus. Glowing splint — rekindles the glowing splint Gases evolved ~ Water vapour [H,O] = Nitrogen dioxide [NO] ~ Oxygen [03] Substance is - Hydrated zine nitrate [Zn(NO3)76H201 3. | Equation for the reaction + Word equation vs quatio Hydrated A, Zinc + Nitrogen + Oxygen + Water zinc nitrate ” oxide dioxide wapouty| [substance] [residue] [gas - b] Igas- cl [gas - a + Molecular equation |22n(NO,),6H,0 A, 2Zn0 + 4NO, + 02 + 12H0 | BEFORE HEATING AFTER HEATING as een) Pre cd rece iti) Peer S \, White Cs Soren HYDRATED ZINC NITRATEes OBSERVATION & INFERENCE Original Colour ~ N: + Residue + Gas evolved 2. | Observation on heating ature | Blue - Crystalline - Residue is ~ black when hot and cold a} Colourless, odourless vapours evol cooler parts of the test tube, ved which condense on the Litmus ~ gas neutral to litmus. ar sulphate ~ turns white to blue. Anhydrous cope b] Reddish brown gas evol Litmus ~ gas acidic to litmus. Starch iodide paper — turns blue black. [Starch iodide paper contains starch and potassium iodide.) KI paper ~ turns brown. ¢] Colourless, odourless gas evolved. Litmus — gas neutral to litmus. Glowing splint - rekindles the glowing splint Gases evolved - Water vapour [HO] ~ Nitrogen dioxide [NOp] = Oxygen [0,] Substance is - Hydrated copper nitrate [Cu(NO})26H20] 3, | Equation for the reaction + Word equatio rd equation Hydrated _A, Copper + Nitrogen + Oxygen + Water copper nitrate oxide dioxide vapour [substance] residue] [gas-b] —gas-cl_— [gas - al + Molecular equation 2Cu(NOs),6H,0 45 2Cu0 + 4NO, + Oy + 12H,O BEFORE HEATING Cnr aart ry AFTER HEATING ean rected fone eee) our fe Lines HYDRATED COPPER NITRATE Is—— 1. | Original Colour ~ Nature | White - Crystalline 2. | Observation on heating Residue is - buff yellow when hot and cold. Residue | |. Residue fuses with the glass and stains it. = Gas evolved Ja] Reddish brown gas evolved. Litmus — gas acidic to litmus, Starch iodide paper ~ turns blue black. KI paper — turns brown. b] Colourless, odourless gas evolved | Litmus — gas neutral to litmus. | Glowing splint - rekindles the glowing splint. | Gases evolved - Nitrogen dioxide [NO] ~ Oxygen [02] | Substance is - Lead nitrate [P(NO3),] 3. | Equation for the reaction Word equation Lead _A; Lead [II] + Nitrogen + Oxygen nitrate oxide dioxide [substance] [residue] [gas - a] [gas - bl + Molecular equation 2HNOY; A, 2PH0 + NO, +O rorey BEFORE HEATING AFTER HEATING ea) Prom ransg Cael RESIDUE pate LEAD NITRATE fas ea oy 165 i OBSERVATION & INFERENCE Original Colour - Nature 2. | Observation on heating Residue Gas evolved 3. | Equation for the reaction Word equation Molecular equation While ~ Crystalline Substance ~ sublimes ie. directly changes to give vapours which are dense white fumes, The dense white fumes deposit on the cooler parts ~ of the hard glass test tube forming a white powder. No residue remains ~ in the hard glass test tube. Colourless, pungent gases evolved which - combine on cooling forming - the dense white sublimate - which deposits on the cooler parts of the hard glass test tube. Substance is - Ammonium chloride [NH,Cl] heat Ammonium chloride “°S Ammonia + Hydrogen chloride = {substance} cool [gas] Isas] heat NH,Cl —\ oN, HCl [g] Cool AFTER HEATING White sublimate formed AMMONIUM CHLORIDE1. | Original Colour - Nature | Violet - Crystalline | 2. | Observation on heating | |e Residue Substance - sublimes ie. directly changes to give vapours which are violet in colour. | The violet vapours deposit on the cooler parts - of the hard glass test tube forming small brownish crystals. No residue remains - | in the hard glass test tube. | [+ Gas evolved Violet vapours of iodine which condense on cooling, Gas evolved —- Iodine vapours [I] Substance is - Iodine [I] | 3. [Equation for the reaction « Word equation i hee | 2 Iodine =X Iodine | | = | | [solid substance] ool | vapours} | + Molecular equation Feat | ’ L eX oa | AFTER HEATING DC merce] IODINE= a | 1. | Original Colour - Nature | Orange - Crystalline _ 2. |Observation on heating | | [o Residue Residue - is a green swollen mass accompanied by flashes of light. + Gas evolved a] Colourless, odourless vapours evolved which - condense on the cooler parts of the test tube. Litmus — gas neutral to litmus. Anhydrous copper sulphate — turns white to blue | | Cobalt chloride paper — turns blue to pink. | b] Colourless, odourless gas evolved. Litmus ~ gas neutral to litmus. Gas is - chemically inert or unreactive at low temperatures. | Gases evolved - Water vapour [H,O] ~ Nitrogen [Ny] | Substance is - Ammonium dichromate [(NH,),Cr;07] 3. | Equation for the reaction + Word equation Ammonium A, Chromic + Nitrogen + Water dichromate oxide vapour [substance] [residue] Igas -b1 teas =a) | + Molecular equation (NH,),Cr,0, 4 Cr0; + + 4H,0 BEFORE HEATING AFTER HEATING eae Cen Cd Green AMMONIUM DICHROMATE 19[Action of Dil AIM — TO - AN ACTIVE METAL FROM - MAGNESIUM, ZINC & TRON. - A METALLIC CARBONATE, - A METALLIC SULPHIDE, - A METALLIC SULPHITE, APPARATUS ~ Clean dry test tubes, test tube holder, a bent test tube with cork, bunsen burner, wooden splinter and filter papers. CHEMICALS - Dilute sulphuric acid, metallic sulphide e.g. sodium sulphide [Na,S], metallic carbonate e.g. sodium carbonate [NayCO3] and active metals e.g. magnesium [Mg], zine [Zn] and iron [Fe]. PROCEDURE - * Take about 1 g. of the unknown substance i.e. an active metal - from magnesium, zinc and iron, = a metallic carbonate [NayCOs] and - a metallic sulphide [Na,S], Os), * Add about 5 ml. of dilute sulphuric acid to each of the above unknown substances. a metallic sulphite [Nay Warm the reaction mixture in each case and collect the gas evolved Test the gas evolved, make your observation and give your inference in each case. man can oCr rit PRR aT ona ar Pra METALLIC SULPHIDE/ Peciireemnn ae ac HOLE ire aac) S CN ui Pete Melee MUL eT Mae eae eA SEAIM ~ TO STUDY THE ACTION OF DILUTE SULPHURIC ACID ON AN ACTIVE METAL. APPARATUS ~ Clean dry test tubes, test tube holder we : a bent test tube, bunsen burner & filter papers CHEMICALS - Dil. HSO, active zinc [Zn] and iron [Fe], blue litmus metal e.g. active metals e.g. magnesium Paper, NaOH soln, NH,OH soin. : a a small ae of the active metal ie. Mg, Zn or Fe available in strip, granulated or Gling form lass test tube and add about 5 mi. of dilute sulphuric acid to +_Warm the reaction mixture and observe the gas evolved tat aae gas evolv Gas evolved: * Colour : Colourless * Odour : Odourless * ibility : Combustible TESTS FOR THE GAS EVOLVED. lourless + Combustibility : Com! TEST | | |Hold a moist blue|The gas evolved -| Nat : . - | Nature~Neutral | litmus paper — | . Bas. aie mouth of| bine een por Product formed - Hydrogen gas maybe evolved | |the test tube. | Paper. [eeteanaes metal maybe present. e.g. | | Mg + H,SO, [dil] > MgSO, + Hy [g] [2 [Test -2 | A buming splint i The gas explodes - | h Product formed - Hydrogen gas is evolved. brought - jwith 2 mild ‘Pop’ Deduction - Active metal is present. }/ |near the mouth of | sound and bums with present. | _|the test tube. [= pale bive fame | WORD EQUATION: Active metal + Sulphuric acid [dil] >-Salt + Hydrogen gas. GAS EVOLVED: Hydrogen gas. CONCLUSION : The substance is an - Active metal. . AIM — DIFFERENTIATING THE METALS - MAGNESIUM, ZINC AND IRON: PROCEDURE ~ The reaction mixture formed after heating the metal with dilute sulphuric acid - is filtered and the filtrate is used to differentiate the metals - Mg, Zn & Fe by - addition of sodium hydroxide soln. & ammonium hydroxide soln. in excess to each of the filtrates. Sodium hydroxide |Precipitate formed - | Precipitate formed - | Precipitate formed - solution Dull white. Gelatinous white. Dirty green. Solubility in excess - | Solubility in excess - | Solubility in excess - Insoluble. Soluble. | Insoluble. ‘Ammonium hydroxide |Precipitate formed - |Precipitate formed - | Precipitate formed - solution Dull white. Gelatinous white. Dirty green. Solubility in excess - | Solubility in excess - | Solubility in excess - Insoluble. ‘Soluble. Insoluble.[EXPERIMENT NUMBER - 38 | + AIM — TO STUDY THE ACTION OF DILUTE SULPHURIC ACID ON A METALLIC CARBONATE + APPARATUS ~ Clean dry test tubes, test tube holder, a bent test tube, bunsen burner é& filter papers. 5 a ct litmus paper, lim + CHEMICALS ~ Dil, H,SO,, metallic carbonate e.g. sodium carbonate [NajCOs], blue Paper, lime water soln, acidified potassium dichromate soln., barium chloride soln., dil. HCI and dil. HNO,, + PROCEDURE - + Take about 1 g. of the salt - metallic carbonate e.g. sodium carbonate [NayCO3] in a hard glass test tube and add about 5 ml. of dilute sulphuric acid to it. + Warm the reaction mixture and observe the gas evolved. + OBSERVATIONS - Gas evolved: * Colour : Colourless + Odour : Odourless. TESTS FOR THE GAS EVOLVE! | TEST | Hold a moist blue|The gas evolved | Nature-Slightly acidic gas. litmus paper — turns ~ Product formed - Carbon dioxide gas maybe evolved. near the mouth of| moist blue litmus) eduction - Carbonate ion maybe present. | the test tube. slightly pink ep Na,CO¥-# H,S0, (dil > NaxSOy+ H,O + CO, 2. [TEST - 2 | ¢ Bubble the gas|Limewater turns - | Product formed - Carbon dioxide gas maybe evolved. | evolved - milky. Deduction ~ Carbonate ion is present. | into clear lime water Reaction solution. Ca(OH), + CO, > CaCOs4{mitkiness] + HO 3. | TEST - 3 Hold a filter paper|Gas evolved - Product formed - Carbon dioxide gas is present dipped in acidified | has no change on the | [sulphur dioxide gas is absent]. potassium dichromate | colour of the filter] Deduction - Carbonate ion is present. soln. - near the mouth | paper. [sulphite ion is absent] of the test tube. . [TEST - 4 Take an aq. solution | A white precipitate | Deduction ~ Carbonate ion is confirmed. of the salt and add | appears - Reaction to it - which is soluble in| BaCl, + Na;CO; > BaCO,¥ + 2NaCl about 2-3 ml. of/dil. HCI & in [white ppt.) barium — chloride| dil. HNO. BaCO; + 2HCL > BaCl, + H,O + CO, solution. (soluble) BaCO; + 2HNO; > Ba(NO,), + H,O + CO) {soluble} WORD EQUATION: Metallic carbonate + Sulphuric acid [dil.] > Salt + Carbon dioxide gas. GAS EVOLVED: Carbon dioxide gas. CONCLUSION : The anion in the salt solution is - Carbonate [CO-] Bee EXPERIMENT NUMBER | APPARATUS = Clean dry test os aa and filter papers. Y test tubes, test tube holder, a bent test tube with cork, bunsen Durne, CHEMICALS = Dilute sulphuric acid acto 5), blue litmus paper, lead acetate solution: lead sauetide 5 sodium sulphide [Na2S] PROCEDURE — olution. + Take about 1 g. of the salt ~ in a hard glass test tube Mie sulphide e.g. sodium sulphide [Na,S] « Add about 5 ml. of dilute 2 Warm the reaction mixture ant obey OBSERVATIONS — ones Gas evolved: + Colour : Colourless + Odour : Rotten egg smell, TESTS FOR THE GAS EVOLVED: TEST - 1 Hoe a moist blue|The gas evolved | Nature=\Acidic gas. litmus paper ~ turns - . near the mouth of| moist blue litmus | "24Mt formed - Hydrogen sulphide gas may be the test tube. red. | evolved. Deduction ~ Sulphide ion maybe present. Reaction NaS + 160, > Naso, + H,S Isl TEST - 2 Hold a filter paper| Gas evolved turns - | Product formed ~ Hydrogen sulphide gas evolved. dipped in - a filter paper dipped | Deduction - Sulphide ion is present lead acetate solution -|in lead acetate near the mouth of|solution — from|Reaction the test tube. colourless to black, |(CH3COO),Pb + H,S > PbS¥ + 2CH;COOH AIM - TO STUDY THE ACT ULPI ON OF DILUTE SULPHURIC ACID ON A METALLIC S| "HIDE | : [lead acetate] [black] TEST - 3 - Hold a filter paper|Gas evolved turns -| Product formed ~ Hydrogen sulphide gas evolved. dipped in - a filter paper dipped | neduction - Sulphide ion is present. lend nitrate solution -|in lead nitrate| aoa sj near the mouth of|solution from ee the test tube. colourless to black, | PP(NOs)2 + H;S > PbS¥ + 2HNOs (lead nitrate] [black] WORD EQUATION: Metallic sulphide + Sulphuric acid [dil] > Salt + Hydrogen sulphide gas. GAS EVOLVED: Hydrogen sulphide gas. CONCLUSION : The anion in the salt solution is - Sulphide [S?-] 24AIM ~ TO STUDY THE ACTION OF DILUTE SULPHURIC ACID ON A METALLIC SULPHITE APPARATUS ~ Dry test tubes, test tube holder, a bent test tube with cork, bunsen burner & filter papers. CHEMICALS ~ Dilute sulphuric acid, metallic sulphite e.g. sodium sulphite [Na,SO3], blue litmus paper, lime water, potassium dichromate solution, potassium permanganate solution. PROCEDURE ~ + Take about 1 g. of the salt ~ metallic sulphite e.g. sodium sulphite [Na;SO,] in a hard glass test tube. + Add about 5 ml. of dilute sulphuric acid to it + Warm the reaction mixture and observe the gas evolved. OBSERVATIONS — Gas evolved: Colour : Colourless Odour : Suffocating. TESTS FOR THE GAS EVOLVED: TEST -1 Hold a moist blue|The gas evolved | Nature- Acidic gas. litmus paper - tums - | Product formed - Sulphur dioxide gas may be evolved. near the mouth of| moist blue litmus red | 5 tion - Gulph y the test tube. and bleaches it. eduction - Sulphite ion maybe present Reaction, Na,SO3¥" H. > Na,SO, + H,0 + SO, [g] TEST ~ 2 Bubble the _gas|Limewater turns —.»| Product formed - Sulphur dioxide gas maybe evolved. evolved - milky. Deduction ~ Sulphite ion maybe present. into clear lime water Reaction solution. Ca(OH), + SO, > CaSO;¥{mitkiness] + H,0 TEST - 3 - Hold a filter paper|Gas evolved turns | Product formed - Sulphur dioixde gas evolved. dipped in - = a filter paper| Deduction - Sulphite ion is present. potassium dichromate| dipped in potassium solution ~ dichromate solution near the mouth of from orange to clear the test tube. green. Reaction K,Cr,0; + H,S0, + 380, > K,S0, + Crp(SO,); + H,O |. |TEST - 4 | Hold a filter paper | Gas evolved turns - a| Product formed - Sulphur dioxide gas evolved. dipped in - filter paper dipped in| Deduction - Sulphite ion is present. potassium permanganate | potassivin permanganate | ay solution - near the| solution from pink to pena ee rice enna 2KMnO, + 2H,0 + 550, > K,SO, + 2MnSO, + 2H;S0, WORD EQUATION: Metallic sulphite + Sulphuric acid [dil.] > Salt + Water + Sulphur dioxide gas. GAS EVOLVED: Sulphur dioxide gas. CONCLUSION : The anion in the salt solution is - Sulphite [SO,-]AIM — TO IDENTIFY THE CATION IN THE SALT BY USING THE FLAME TEST APPARATUS ~ A platinum wire fused in a glass rod, watch glass, bunsen burner. CHEMICALS ~ Conc. HCI, a sodium salt [e.g. NaCl], a potassium salt [e.g. KCI], a calcium salt [e.g Ca(NO,)9], a copper salt [e.g Cu(NO3)9]- PRINCIPLE OF THE FLAME TEST Certain salts essentially chlorides when heated in a non-luminous flame of a bunsen burner - volatize and ionize and the cations produced ~ impart a characteristic colour to the flame. Platinum wire The salt to be placed in the flame is placed on a Renan wire, Platinum is used in the flame test since: & It is non-reactive, is not oxidized in the flanieVand itself does not impart any colour to the flame. Y Metallic Chloride eat, Characteristic colour PROCEDURE FOR CONDUCTING THE FLAME TEST Step 1 - Cleaning the Platinum wire + A platinum wire is a short wire sealed into the end of a glass rod serving as a handle. + The free end of the platinum wire is immersed into a watch-glass - containing conc. HCl. + The wire is then heated in a non-luminous bunsen flame ~ till no colour is produced in the flame. Step 2 - Identifying the cation in the substance + Take a small amount of the salt - in the watch glass. «Add a few drops of conc. HCI - to the salt to make a paste. + Dip the clean platinum wire into the salt paste and hold it - in the lower end of the non-luminous zone of the bunsen flame. Step 3 - Observing the colour of the flame + The colour imparted to the bunsen flame is observed a] by the naked eye b] through cobalt blue glass.[+ PRECAUTIONS WHILE CONDUCTING FLAME TEST Cleaning the Platinum wire The platinum wire must be dipped for cleaning in cone. HCI placed in a watch § and not directly by dipping in the reagent bottle | Making the paste of the salt For making the paste of the salt ~ fresh conc. HCI must be placed in the watch glas The acid used in the watch glass for cleaning the wire - must be thrown out - '¢ watch glass to prevent contamination by the impurities. | and new acid placed in th Acid used for making paste of the salt | - chlorides are volatile in nature and volatize due to heat - whereby the cations impart the characteristic colour + DEDUCTION OF CATIONS — BY OBSERVING CHARACTERISTIC COLOURS f FLAME COLOUR Through naked eye |Through cobalt blue glass| Nature of Conc. HCI is used for making the paste of the salt ~ since unlike other compounds of metals + Golden Yellow Not visible Persistent colour of _ | Sodium [Na’*] flame ion present + Lilac Pinkish violet Non-persistent | Potassium [K*] |ion present [. Brick Red Very light green Non-persistent Calcium [Ca?*] ion present + Green Not distinct Non-persistent Copper [Cu?*] ion present LILAC - BRICK RED - Cation present - Potassium GOLDEN YELLOW - Cation present - Sodium Cation present - Calcium