Materials Today: Proceedings 33 (2020) 3664–3667

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Materials Today: Proceedings

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Biodiesel from microalgae: Environmental aspects

S. Karthikeyan a,⇑, M. Periyasamy b, A. Prathima c
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Syed Ammal Engineering College, Tamilnadu, India
b
Department of ECE, Syed Ammal Engineering College, Tamilnadu, India
c
Department of Physics, Sethupathy Govt Arts College, Tamilnadu, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Several authors have defined microalgae biomass as the raw material with the highest potential for meet-
Received 10 May 2020 ing the goals of substituting biodiesel for petroleum diesel while not competing with arable land suitable
Accepted 16 May 2020 for food production. Research groups in various countries are searching for the most appropriate produc-
Available online 7 July 2020
tion model for efficiency, economic viability, and sustainability. This review focused on recent develop-
ments and technical challenges and environmental aspects for microalgae biodiesel production.
Keywords: Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Micro-algae
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Confer-
Biomass
Extraction
ence on Nanotechnology: Ideas, Innovation and Industries.
Biodiesel
Environmental

1. Introduction dominance of these raw materials, the bioenergy lives an expecta-

The study shows that, among the sources of energy, renewables
will have the most accelerated growth in consumption in the per-
iod, reaching 2.6% per year. The upward trend in oil prices, concern
about environmental impacts arising from the use of fossil fuels, as
well as strong incentives to increase the use of renewable energy in
many countries justify the prospects for expanding sources world-
wide [1,2]. Recent events have intensified the debate about the
matrix world energy. Since the end of 2010, instability is increasing
in countries in the region known as the Arab world, an essential oil
supplier in the world. Tensions arising from movements against
authoritarian governments in that region have led to the instability
in oil supply by these countries [3,4]. The risks associated with a
significant nuclear accident portion, due to the natural disasters
that occurred in Japan in 2011, reduced expectations regarding
the possibility of intensifying the use of nuclear energy as a strat-
egy in the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions anthropogenic
impact of the world energy matrix. Fuels derived from biomass
play an essential role in this scenario. Among the most promising
renewable fuels, biodiesel stands out, a mixture of methyl or ethyl
esters of fatty acids, produced by the reaction of an oil or fat with
an alcohol in the presence of a catalyst [4–8]. Biodiesel can be used
pure or in mixtures with diesel in diesel cycle engines, being, in
some ways, comparatively less polluting than diesel. Amid the pre-
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: karthikeyan@syedengg.ac.in (S. Karthikeyan).
tion for the consolidation of microalgae as a viable source of
biomass for the production of biofuels. The photosynthetic
microorganisms are used in aquaculture, for the production of food
supplements and the extraction of compounds of high commercial
value, presenting the potential for use in bioremediation and bio
fertilization, as well as for the production of several different types
of biofuels [9–12]. These include methane produced by anaerobic
digestion of biomass microalgae, biodiesel oil derived from
microalgae, the bio-hydrogen produced by photobiological pro-
cesses, bio-oil resulting from pyrolysis and bioethanol. It is worth
mentioning that, for some of the uses above, there is already com-
mercial production of microalgae, which demonstrates its eco-
nomic viability in these cases. Based on the leading world
producers, it is estimated that the current algal biomass production
is 38 million L, concentrating mainly in China, Japan, Taiwan, the
United States, and India. Sugarcane is the only traditional crop that
has an efficiency above 1%. Therefore, microalgae have the poten-
tial highlighted productively. The efficiency of microalgae in stor-
ing solar energy, through the production of organic compounds
via photosynthetic process its high yields in biomass and lipid frac-
tions obtained in controlled cultivation, its rapid growth, the use of
land and resources of low opportunity cost, not competing food, in
addition to CO2 sequestration, all these factors favorable conditions
sparked a wave of investments in research and development of
technologies that seek mainly to win the economic and environ-
mental barriers of this new opportunity to the renewable energy
sector [13–17]. The objective of this work was to address the main

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.05.779
2214-7853/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Nanotechnology: Ideas, Innovation and Industries.
 S. Karthikeyan et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 33 (2020) 3664–3667
advances and challenges of microalgae biomass production tech-
nology for the production of biodiesel.
2. Production of biodiesel
The production of biodiesel from microalgae oil, a priori,
involves the steps of extracting lipids from microalgal biomass,
removing of excess solvent and biodiesel production by transester-
ification catalyzed, depending on the physicochemical characteris-
tics of the oil, by bases or acids or enzymes, using homogeneous
catalysts or heterogeneous [18–22]. Other alternatives may be
esterification, esterification followed by transesterification,
hydroesterification, or, also, the performance of oil extraction and
transesterification in a single stage, also known as in situ transester-
ification. These processes can be conducted even with the applica-
tion of ultrasound or microwave [23–26]. Transesterification can
also be conducted in the absence of catalyst, using supercritical
alcohol conditions. This process, however, despite leading to
shorter reaction time and reduced significantly reduce the pro-
cesses of separation and purification of products, requires high
temperatures and pressure, costing in terms of materials and
energy. Methyl esters obtained from transesterification (ratio
methanol: oil 6: 1, reaction time 1 h, temperature 60 °C and 1%
m/m KOH) of the microalgae oil C. protothecoides presented in the
composition approximately 90.75 esters of unsaturated and, con-
sequently, an excellent clogging temperature value at cold
( 13 °C) and low oxidative stability (4.5 h) [27–30].
3. Environmental aspects
The environmental performance of biofuels and their aspects of
technical-economic aspects have been increasingly considered as
an essential element in the development of new processes and
products in this area. Its importance is directly related to the need
to identify critical aspects and the best alternatives from an envi-
ronmental point of view, as well as assessing whether, and to what
extent, the environmental impacts associated with biofuels are less
than the impacts caused by your competitors of fossil origin [31].
Several environmental aspects have been proposed in recent years
to evaluate the environmental performance of biofuels, with the
highlight: the energy balance (input and output), consumption
non-renewable natural resources, water consumption, the impact
on soils and biodiversity, the emission of the harmful gases green-
house effect (GHG) and the emission of several other pollutants for
the atmosphere, the soil and the water [32,33]. Among the
methodologies used to assess performance environmental impact
of processes and products has stood out in recent years, Life Cycle
Assessment (LCA), a specific tool ISO 14040 and 14044. ACV is an
environmental management that falls within the scope of indus-
trial ecology, being defined as a quantitative technique to deter-
mine the potential environmental impacts associated with a
product or service, comprising stages ranging from the extraction
of raw material from nature, which enters the system, to the final
disposal of waste. It is quantification performed from an inventory
of interventions relevant to environmental concerns throughout
the life cycle of that product or service CO [34–36]. In English,
the expression cradle-to-grave is used, from the cradle to the grave,
to reinforce the intention of a complete and systemic approach. In
the specific case of new technologies in the development process
development, such as biofuels produced from microalgae, ACV
enables the identification of technological bottlenecks and offers
support in the development of products, processes, and services
that have energy-efficient characteristics and favorable from the
environmental point of view, characterizing what has been inter-
nationally called ecodesign (consists of reducing the environmental
3665
impacts of the entire life cycle through improvements in product
design). A review of LCA studies for the production of biodiesel
since the 90 s points to convergences regarding the balance favor-
able energy level, with values in the range of 1.5 to 5.0 (a unit of
energy invested in the system produces up to five units energy),
with its variation associated with the different raw materials,
intensities in the use of agrochemical inputs and scenarios of co-
products [37–39]. Despite the wide variation in results regarding
the potential biodiesel in reducing the emission of gases provoking
the effect of greenhouse gases (GHG), a large number of studies
indicate reductions 40 and 85%, when using biodiesel to replace
diesel fossil. On the other hand, some studies are unfavorable to
biodiesel, when considering the direct and indirect emissions of
change in land use. Regarding emissions to air, water and soil stand
out the emissions of acidifying and eutrophic gases. In both cate-
gories, most studies point to a disadvantage for biodiesel, when
compared to fossil diesel. Technological development of the pro-
duction of raw materials for biodiesel has been targeting those that
do not compete with non-energy uses and which have greater
energy efficiency and environmental compatibility in the use of
natural resources. At microalgae have been identified as alterna-
tives to oilseeds of terrestrial cultivation, as raw material for the
production of biodiesel, especially due to its high productivity
per unit of area and because they do not have a present competi-
tion in land use for the food production. On the other hand, the
high demand for energy, fertilizers, and CO2 can limit the compar-
ative advantages of this alternative. Energy and GHG balances car-
ried out by Khoo and collaborators pain for different biodiesel
production scenarios using the integrated system fotobiorreator-
raceway for growing micro-algae in Singapore obtained unfavor-
able results from the point from an energy perspective, with a total
energy demand of 4.44 MJ per MJ of biodiesel, with 13% of this
energy for the production of biomass, 85% for the extraction of
lipids and 2% for the production of biodiesel. Sensitivity studies
have shown that in the best scenario, with optimization of energy
use and lipid content (45% dry weight) in algal biomass, a reduc-
tion can be achieved in energy consumption to 1.3 MJ per MJ of
biodiesel, but that it is still disadvantageous [40]. Accordingly, Jor-
quera and collaborators found high energy consumption values
and, therefore, unfavorable conditions for the production of algal
biomass in tanks of the raceway and tubular and flat plate photo-
bioreactors, highlighting the need to increase the lipid content of
algal biomass for increasing the energy efficiency of the process.
The energy balance and the environmental impacts of the produc-
tion of biodiesel from microalgae, based on in laboratory results,
extrapolated to large installations commercial. The best alterna-
tive, cultivation with nitrogen deficit and the wet harvest, was then
compared to the life cycle of biodiesel from different terrestrial oil-
seeds and diesel oil. Comparatively, the microalgae scenario
proved to be the worst option in the categories effects: ionizing
radiation, photochemical oxidation, and toxicity marine, and the
second-worst in the resource depletion category natural abiotic.
On the other hand, it was favorable in the categories of impact:
eutrophication, change in land use, acidification, human toxicity
city, and destruction of the ozone layer [41]. Under the conditions
proposed, microalgae biodiesel is not yet an alternative environ-
mentally favorable, but with possibilities for improvement to
reduce most of the impacts identified in the study. The following
aspects are pointed out as relevant for the optimization microalgae
that maintain high levels of lipids with a high of sustained growth,
energy extraction methods efficiency, energy and nutrient recov-
ery from co-products and waste from the biodiesel life cycle,
within the concept of integrated refineries, aiming at the best
use of resources natural and energetic, with the minimization of
losses and generation waste. Results obtained by several authors
corroborate the results obtained, who point out the importance
3666 S. Karthikeyan et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 33 (2020) 3664–3667
Fig. 1. Shows the impact of environmental aspects.
of using residual nutrients, water, and CO2 from other processes.
An emissions study GHG emissions, based on LCA, comparing
microalgae biodiesel grown in open tanks with canola biodiesel
and diesel low in sulfur. The results indicated advantages for the
microalgae biodiesel for all fuel supply scenarios CO2 compared
to the other two fuels [42]. A comparative LCA to evaluate water
consumption of different biofuels proposed as an alternative for
reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the transport. The results
indicated a high water consumption for most biofuels, with
emphasis on those produced from terrestrial crops and microalgae
produced in open systems in semi-arid regions. The authors point
out that large-scale adoption of these technologies can have an
impact significant impact on global water demand. The fluency of
different parameters on energy performance (net energy ratio),
environmental (carbon and water footprints), and economic (costs)
of biodiesel production from microalgae [43]. O cultivation in open
tanks was the option with the lowest cost and emission of GHG,
while photobioreactors stood out for their low consumption
water. The energy balance, however, was equivalent in the two
alternatives. Regarding the other processes (drying, extraction,
and utilization of co-products) drying in beds, compared to the
use of centrifuges, filter press, and solar dryer; O use of DME
(dimethyl ether) compared to the use of hexane and, biodigestion
compared to gasification [44]. It is concluded that the main envi-
ronmental aspects favorable to biodiesel production from algal
biomass are its high photosynthetic potential and, consequently,
its high capacity of bioenergy production per unit area, compared
to other sources of biomass. On the other hand, the main chal-
lenges are associated with the search for optimized systems to
raise biomass production and lipid content, development technolo-
gies for harvesting and drying energetic algal biomass efficiently,
taking advantage of residual heat and surplus from other produc-
tion processes. Integration with other production processes should
consider synergistic aspects, such as taking advantage of energy
and CO2, resulting in reduced energy demand, and reduced mitiga-
tion of environmental impacts [45]. Fig. 1 shows the impact of
environmental aspects.
4. Conclusion
Research is underway in several countries, aimed at developing
the development of biodiesel production systems from microalgae
to viable costs. In the same line of studies, researchers innovated
using glycerol raw material derived from biodiesel plants as a car-
bon source of low cost for heterotrophic cultivation and, producing
biodiesel from this microalgae through direct (or in situ ) transes-
terification of algal biomass. The quality biodiesel was produced,
with excellent performance and, still, closing a cycle by enabling
the use of the main by-product of the biodiesel industry. We have
researchers involved in this area, developing projects for the pro-
duction of biodiesel, which has allowed advances that will enable
the expansion of lipid production on a large scale in the next 5–
10 years.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
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