Chapter3 Partial Loss of Prestress If. step-by-step loss analysis is necessary, the loss increment at any particular stage can be defined as log t, — log 4\ (Fp: ial 8 rie - 035) (38) hy where f, is the time at the beginning of the interval and fy is the time at the end of the in- terval from jacking to the time when the loss is being considered. For low relaxation steel, the divider is 45 instead of 10 in Equation 3. Squation 2.19, Mowe as shown in 3.3.1 Relaxation Loss Computation Example 3.3 Find the relaxation loss in prestress at the end of 5 years in Example 3.1, assuming that relax- ation loss from jacking to transfer, from elastic shortening, and from long-term loss due to creep and shrinkage over this period is 20 percent of the initial prestress. Assume also that the yield strength f,, = 250,000 psi (1,571 MPa). Solution: From Equation 3.1b for this stage Sou = Sos ~ Myatt) = 0.75 x 270,000 = 202,500 psi (1.396 MPa) The reduced stress for calculating relaxation loss is fy = (1 ~ 0.20) x 202,500 = 162,000 psi (1,170 MPa) ‘The duration of the stress-relaxation process is 3 From Equation 3.7, fost (fa ) = okt (fe Shae Farag (Ge ~ O58 log. 44,000 (162,000 = 162,000 = 055 10 = 162,000 0.4643 x 0.1543 = 11,606 psi (80.0 MPa) 730,000 3.3.2 ACI-ASCE Method of Accounting for Relaxation Loss ‘The ACI-ASCE method uses the separate contributions of elastic shortening, creep, and shrinkage in the evaluation of the steel stress-relaxation loss by means of the equation for = [Kre — IA(fpes + focr * frsn)] X C ‘The values of K,. J, and C are given in Tables 3.4 and 3.5. 3.4 CREEP LOSS (CR) Experimental work over the past half century indicates that flow in materials occurs with time when load or stress eaists. This lateral flow or deformation due to the longitudinal stress is termed creep. A more detailed discussion is given in Ref. 3.9. It must be empha- sized that creep stresses and stress losses result only from sustained loads during the load- ing history of the structural element.3.4 Creep Loss (CR) Table 3.4 Values of C Stress-relieved fos strand or wire 0.80 0.79 078 om 0.76 075 145 0.74 1.36 073 127 on 118 on 1.09 0.70 1.00 0.69 094 0.68 089 0.67 083 0.66 0.78 0.65 073 0.64 0.68 0.63 0.63 0.62 058 0.61 053 0.60 0.49 Source: Post-Tensioning Institute. ‘The deformation or strain resulting from this time-dependent behavior is a function Stress-relieved bar ‘or low-relaxation strand or wire 128 122 1.16 it 1.05 1.00 0.95 0.90 oss 0.80 7s 0.70 0.66 061 057 0.53 0.49 0.45 oat 037 033 of the magnitude of the applied load, its duration, the properties of the concrete ing its mixture proportions, curing conditions, the age of the element at first loading, and environmental conditions. Since the stress-strain relationship due to creep is essentially linear, itis feasible to relate the creep strain ¢cg to the elastic strain ¢¢, such that a creep coefficient C, can be defined as Table 3.5 Values of Kae and J Type of tendon* Kre J 270 Grade stress-relieved strand or wire 20,000 ous 250 Grade stress-relieved strand or wire 18,500 od 240 or 235 Grade stress-relieved wire 17,600 013, 270 Grade low-relaxation strand 5,000 0.040 250 Grade low-relaxation wire 4,630 0.037 240 or 235 Grade low-relaxation wire 4,400 0.035 145 or 160 Grade stress-relieved bar 6,000 0.05 In accordance with ASTM A416-74, ASTM Ad2I-76, or ASTM A725 Source: Prestressed Concrete Institute.Chapter 3. Partial Loss of Prestress C= (3.9) ‘Then the creep coefficient at any time r in days can be defined as 0% b aC 10+ As discussed in Chapter 2, the value of C, ranges between 2 and 4, with an average of 2.35 for ultimate creep. ‘The loss in prestressed members due to creep can be defined for bonded members as (3.9b) (3.10) where f,, is the stress in the concrete at the level of the centroid of the prestressing tendon. In general, this loss is a function of the stress in the concrete at the section being analyzed. In post-tensioned, nonbonded members, the loss can be considered ¢s- sentially uniform along the whole span. Hence, an average value of the concrete stress f., between the anchorage points can be used for calculating the creep in post-tensioned members. ‘The ACI-ASCE Committee expression for evaluating creep loss has essentially the same format as Equation 3.10, viz., Ep = Mfpce = Ken (les ~ fest) G.11a) or AMfycr = "Kcr Us ~ fess) (3.11b) where Keg =2.0 for pretensioned members 1.60 for post-tensioned members (both for normal concrete) ju=stress in concrete at level of steel cgs immediately after transfer Foa=stress in concrete at level of steel ogs due to all superimposed dead loads applied after prestressing is accomplished n= modular ratio Note that Ky should be reduced by 20 percent for lightweight concrete. 3.4.1 Computation of Creep Loss Example 3.4 ‘Compute the loss in prestress due to creep in Example 3.1 given that the total superimposed load, excluding the beam’s own weight after transfer, is 375 plf (5.5 KN/m). Solution: At full concrete strength, E, = 57,000 6,000 = 4.415 x 10° psi 270 x 105 _ E. 4.415 x 10° 4 x 10° MPa) 612 75(50)" X 12 = 1,406,250 in-b (158.9 kN-m)85 Shrinkage Loss (SH) 83 + Msoe _ 1,406,250 x 11 fat = 33,750 From Example 3.1, 158.3 psi (3.2 MPa) Fr, = 1.2264 psi (8.5 MPa) Also, for normal concrete use, Ky = 2.0 (pretensioned beam); so from Equation 3.11a, Afpcr = Kew Gos ~ fess) = 6.12 x 2.0(1,226.4 ~ 4583) = 9,401.5 psi (64.8 MPa) 3.5 SHRINKAGE LOSS (SH) As with concrete creep, the magnitude of the shrinkage of concrete is affected by several factors. They include mixture proportions, type of aggregate, type of cement, curing time, time between the end of external curing and the application of prestressing, size of the member, and the environmental conditions. Size and shape of the member also affect, shrinkage. Approximately 80 percent of shrinkage takes place in the first year of life of the structure. The average value of ultimate shrinkage strain in both moist-cured and steam-cured concrete is given as 780 x 10° inJin. in ACI 209 R-92 Report. This average value is affected by the length of initial moist curing, ambient relative humidity, volume- surface ratio, temperature, and concrete composition. To take such effects into account, the average value of shrinkage strain should be multiplied by a correction factor yey, a8 follows 54 = 780 X 10°® yy (3.12) Components of ys, are factors for various environmental conditions and tabulated in Ref. 3.12, Sec. 2. The Prestressed Concrete Institute stipulates for standard conditions an average value for nominal ultimate shrinkage strain (€s,,), = 820 x 10% inJin. (mm/mm), (Ref. 3.4). If esis the shrinkage strain after adjusting for relative humidity at volume-to- surface ratio VS, the loss in prestressing in pretensioned member is. Afpsir = €s11 X Eps G.13) For post-tensioned members, the loss in prestressing due to shrinkage is somewhat less since some shrinkage has already taken place before post-tensioning. If the relative hu- midity is taken as a percent value and the V/S ratio effect is considered, the PCI general expression for loss in prestressing due to shrinkage becomes Vv fps = 8.2 X 10° KE ( 1 = 0.06 ¥)av0 — RH) (3.14) where RH = relative humidity Table 3.6 Values of K,, for Post-Tensioned Members Time from end of moist curing to application of prestress, days 1 3 5 7 10 2 30 60 Ky 092085 080 0.77 (073-064 0580.45 Source: Prestressed Concrete Institute.