Unit TS oO Seneepens op shreas 2 stray in Three Diweonsions Lnkeoduetion !- ~ Aralysys of shrese fs eurely Sepecade frome ara of Shain - No Shreas ~stsain Yelatrons are jutrodued, - Reswts are cpplicable bo Shvess - o¢ourlpy in ony ep ie Same eae ~ fr 29, @ Viscaus Fluid, a a plastie Sol Similartye wer. gheain- . Genera Case:of stress clistibution 19 SOs: Lt 7s shown toe Sreesde aaying on be Six Sides of Cubse Qlemed Tan be clescrined bby six compared? of Sbress., 3 normal Shrostes. ce 67, 5* QS Shearing Swesos Grey = OYE Cye- Coy 2 Cee = Cree. ays Kirn , the THUS Pott op fue the i ° my era ® , EF these Componeuds oF Street as Op poiud shes auirg on any MCined Plane 1h He stressed bode Suppase Abe Stregses are bye Co Oa planes dey, RERYS |p fa® @ be mi go ger the Stress fur If jndined plare i "g we take a plane BCD M2 Yo Sy ab aaa dittare frm 07, S0 thar taslathe Plane manne ugith the coordinate plares Ga our from, the body a verp Small de, th Sipe Jetsahedron BFPO ; 28 se L Ginte. the sreeused Vary Cont nususlys overt oe ee Youre lop te body , the Stress aeting 0° Hoe “23 Sop er CUNO STE T ya Phe parasied plane att 1 Abeouyh © asthe Vemew rs mode jf iPitesimal : Gp Considering the Cond ef eg” of the clermentad tehrabedr the body fowres Can be © ed . Also, because the ch B verp sma, We Can Hye Vartalion oP He shressel tbe gides Q AsSuM! Mat “the Stresses are Unitermalp cLishitubIron arn therefore be The forces aumny 0? Hoe }ehaheel aa by mult plying the shoess companemts oy : fh fooen. Bch of hebahed., o xf ‘A’ denotes the area of the then area of the Bother fapes are obtaininel bie price: BP Nw the norma) tothe Plan At on & Cworclinate Planes , Bey , XR We worike, Cos (ed) = 4 slp) =, wosWe)= 19 the Gread of the 3 Other facet OF the tehrahedlron ave Ad, Am An af we deste by KY, 8, the 3 Components oP Sirens , Poroste) to fhe cocvdinader cues , atting am He indined fase GB , theo the componesct 8 foste acting ompbe fate Bcd in the oliredion of the 2e-a4a)3 AX» ASO He compared Of fevted in He 2%-cLredtion AGirg on the other fooer OF febahedran are At Soe , Am&ey Ae ' Eero AK ~ KA te — Am Coty Ay CE ARS Hb» Km Coy 4 Coen Tar comer anh (Og eat x eye 6 GaeQn 9 © Ys Cayde Sm + Gey tn SZ = Ceee se Tyemr bay a4 Soe Tory Tre) [4 Oe can or relate? g Cae tye be nD Thus Componenbs of shreas on arp Plane deprned oy the dyn Cosines 4,™M,~y Can £081 he oe Canduotecs fom es” @) ) ~ Provided the Six Componerts of Stress © Prinupat shresses: — Let normal Componad of shregs i ABAREX A rare frm e9 @ Y™ +Sn Substring values of xy % n = , 0 art Enon, Bn aahing. or plore Be ten) See t* + Soup m4 + Core v4 + Gey Ine by@ + ‘Cay PoP 1 Gus dn wenn + Sane Ne lee Pa _Soeths Byr0%4 dane 2%emn 12 Tare tn *2oyto TH the Variasion of dr Wh the cliveation of the normal mM Can be Yeprestidbed Afeorrenicatiy os fonews., ~ Let us pur in the olir? of A)’ a veetor uthase len ste? IS ipversle Proporrvonad fo the square root of the absolute Value of the shress Ory tat Jy ex W/V) = = lathere Kis const Gn) Oo The Co-ofdinates, of the Ond of thas, Vegi 4tll! be De 10 ae Wy ere Bene Sl ore Saori ae uct gene eal ou UE Dae S| Res a Bie ee? : ao) ve? 2 ae te ASX 2, tc? 2 moe Mpeg 2G & Re sesh Pge 7 Gee, tS 2) far, + 2Cne 2) ia sti Set ire “re [Be aed Fess Ey aye 18 1H OT 2 Ag the plane Geo voter © the pr 2). the ed) of Hye Vethe € alwsey Ler on the Surfare Of the 274 degree given '> auove > To find the amos 2,Y,2 UP — wherer Gre, Cred Gyo Prinupte slregse Shams , Gued ~ O4 Utuod. Slvess Gllipsoid 4 Srvess -cliv ecto SurPase: + =Sf 2) ¥,S — co drcnajer ames — are faten in the diy of prinepas Ames . " Goon. x2 SetPutty, Hoe value of 4,0 these! OP inn W & i 8 by Sn Stress - ~ 2 = OP oP éLtipeoid This means ot, rP far eavh inclines! Plane Diugeata fo “0? the Shress is Yepreseded le a Vector foorn 0 with the Componets x, YE He encls of al) Sudh veotors Aves 65 the Surfose of the Clrpsaid ayer voy) 9%. - Callec! Stress Uj pets: - Tk Semianes give the pwtncipal Shresses OF @ polit Pee Aria ih conducted) oad Sarnd ea goat say Anp Poiw is Hoe Laear of the BS principal srrexss ob tear ph. * Tt 26P me 3 pnncipa Skewel awe equal the Slress ellipsoid besemer an attipsod af revolution. * £f Hese Numoritadlp e7ual prinupal sreesset ave Of the Same Sign, the reswrad shesses OP a)! planes thi the aais of Spmmeny of the ellipsoid uaill be equal 1* to the planes on uobuth Hey aot: & Ln Haus case, the Shressed on Amy 2 £&% pranes a Jus anes Can be Conskbrecl 08 principalstesdes , * Cf al) BS principal Shresteaa are equa) LR of the Saree SF the Shres tl psord — besames 2 phere 2 are 8 1h ti | Gan be taken as prinupsl axes % Sf One prinupal Shrens = Gero.- EU ipaaid — betomes Wipse, Q the Yeotors yepresensing the streszeo on WI the planet Hy ' the poiud die in the Same plare. This Me plane shrese Cond? - When fedo prinepo slresses Cire 270 — Simple tension aaa *wminadion of the PYMMcpal shresses : - MF the shess Componets {ys 3 Coorcinaie plane Re. Sr Sp, % Are Enown = Magnituele @ ctireations oP the principal sWaleed Can be determing. = Let A, mn, — lit? Cosine oP pundpe Bem - — S_ megpi ride of | prinupas ‘S esr — Then Compmed oh Hus Shrew we X- 84 eA Shy ce 28H Supstihutna in 3” @ ak feu + Trey 1 + Toe? (ere oe ag ae imitas'y, — Tey 4 + CS- SUDA ACE | Stent Gye + Sete Lid = Theseai® Kamogenenui®§°# én, m0 — They uain give sos ott. farm Gero , fies Sear Of Mese es Sexo The akove e47 Can be expresteet o (Gu-S) Tory Tote 4 Cory (ops) Ge em | 20 Ge Ue Ges) » Catavasing Ws Aaeteaminat ives us. ox Coe =) L4H meer 2 pusting iy e5yat Ser, 8) Ayers) perseiph ghredeer'\=- 85 ee eos sep of OP oa rterde le + (bety 7 oye See the ee = Cap )s — (BR ApS +2 Type Cee Cory TYE — yeeee ee ee Shregs Bnvaciavts: — “a the stave of Shress ce. the Pagar ae Q Pyincipad anes a " — Com poneiss in any Ser Gf 20, ~/B Cees Can Teprase Sy SG) A) eur 1. toe Ola cr Coosa ouds e \ EPO aves Same 3 wats firs a ze. S S2, 3 ~ Consequeuttp Co- ef}. rmash be anders YY the Same, Thus Snvavieuts : ft, B 2&2, are Given as atove pesisca fe a ee (e4y) (4-62) + (Se-Se) +| G Cray Cyr eni@ecd) " 20,6 THIS tse Envewiaww- MInedron of the Mcueimunn shearing hres - CORB St i Yi eto Principat owes * Coups Gee Guano Sx, Sy, Be — Prinupal Shreses 4temin — clit” Covnes by 0 given plone Then from e3 “Se a al Sd 1! Gedo TPe BAbare OF tbe tote [siseer, on His Place ee bk! SX S Ue Be Vee A? op Bp 1 Bote Byrn Sen on (ret Sythe 492)” Th a the Square of the Shearing eeaecoh tek Ser al Plane Mush be h : Le G7) 3,4 = (ELAS! Ayo p Ban? _ Gath 45d) z eer _ Go ” &a oe Can iminat eliminate Ane oneo$ dir? Wysine ( Sop vy ust ; t by using 474 men) 2 then Aeterming XM 30 08h mote may Atber Subhi pu’ haa by Ceaerna Car Ae a! K S242, ym + SC) 1 mr) — Coe t4%y tec ~42 m3) ais c er Bey ne iN Se bee Stmpafy ng See Ms derivatives wort 4 Qin Lk agtulny Sen A[oe~8e 44 (4y-42)m> —y, (Su -42)] =0 Ww] Core -te)1* + Cty -5e)m* — Vy Cy-d2)] <0 j Mirecton cosines foe aplares Groen Cron th Sem, é Ni _| . tlh | ~ Fisk 3 Core ded qive a? of planes of Coordi ras ras as War Assume! oNgprally, Uh prinupal FIA ~ Stpresiv Q- gives min i — & rewarming coiex abe — qivea Planet Pee il Caen of He principal axes brseating the anges bet? tell use other Prindpas oxes. Substihsty the cli? Cosine, | of thee 8 plage: ints a presshen ® ne | my Nat Coyote AA Cae ge) GA ‘I|- This Shows hod, Limon Qoke on the plane —brseomt |} the anate ber” largest Z the Smallesh principal she KIS Xue hb host the cH, bor rhese 2 privunis A Sor (Boz te) . Ta)a dir of nape fe sf 0B = oc = op — So Hor 7 - fo the sian? pe oF the tehranedran hos Aw? Cosine deinen? [vB ,t- Normal srsess on Hut fouse. Paes ry 21" Sn a @ Sp- Va (bx +4748) | ~ Ths 7 Cased ‘Mean Stres’” The Shear Shes on the is given 2" Vets Neg Cat ryt 622) — Vase rbyrbe)™ Ths Can AISo be written SF Vig] Con ap)" 1C oy ton (60-05) Using ee Cis Va C Sx 457 dCep-4e Gece Ths fs Cased‘ ottahedsas Shear $rrexs”” — Ag art on fore of ottahedro frejuenstp owteurs in theory of Plosrrei te nora eo: Deformation ~ ZS 2 Consider | omy Sma! deeemasron,, — Such oF OLeur i Engg Sraudttures . “fe = Lek uyV,u2 = ave Component of arog) Ais plaserouts \ Of the Panitle) of a deferred bnedy , Pare! he | the Coordinate odes (C1 ~/& vespry, ||) Sh ppewbine 2) Campanends owe Very smal — vargind | V2 Cominucrsyy, oer the vol of the bedy arg J) Cumsider, 02 an cxampe., simple bende oh a (fay pasmarre bar fired ar tye upper ond (9-7 EMA ie + VUytt ob HO Of the bow the ex - Uyrebte, ALE = Usk Joterad Cputrasten, Wey useuhy vee lures Lek 20! ¥2/ — Co-crdinaes!“OP the ph. gtte dofrmasin then ae’: ceru = a Ge = eC I+e) pe= 8] cise)® Yeyave y-uey ~ ¥CIn ee oye es Shum VE > 4 Z ie SG ueee) ve. 2/0-e8 = Sh we Consider @ plane in the bar befyse dlefermatias uth Hak Gives by eg? q ax t of 7 card Then). a sphe@ of radius ” detvms Ini» a> etlepseid se ci--ee) 2 et (aD) Cofsifelabibs Yeansie oreo enoras tPPe of deforma (alsth te Comporck orcdinades | Ugh Semiates -@CI*FD , ~ The Simple ettension ,& lateras “re presenk ob pha! particular cote of a more has-ot1 the propecissfouns abate for the-case 1” Wed? £8 of Fre of de placemtud PUY ua are ear F @ te type ef clebormation af at! the prper'es found the case of Simple Fension. Planes SE, Cae 4 veDwn lane @ Shey cfder defermatren , Parallel 2 Winer tenw | lel afte, dlefremadten + A gphere betorres Vellipediel etter Pla« leformatren, Thur WC called “homageneous defarmasco”? Q Gr tls Case, the ddlemotin in dnp atven dHrextto iis) the Some Ab all potuts Of the delormed bacly | : @irGienera!, Case ~ the determahen vayiel Ove* ‘ body On ‘Such Cases “n) eo os . Or homogeneous Aetusmattan 4 an of the strain hy the newbkorhond oP a poli it necessory » above for the vor of aShan at & pond: = ue uw, s 2 ‘ Les, 00) > -& = @gmall dinane elon . cUr” cosine 4, 1D el row on Co enti 0, (eG. Sma profeorens of Hut | A Ova are a. | We S fe: a Qeme yeaa mee ca | of 5 ey : Birk... | con aren They respresent the Co-orel rales : P' p “ 4 a thy "0" a9 the orfain: a “ @ Won ae. ye ones on OE j.0 - By Uy ut. com ponents) OF ithe piaserced | cluning deformation of the body, a Gaited ols plasmas of pr’ 0) be Uy .Mi Ou Uo Us Ga ox + Bh bp + BeSa " av he Vis ve By ber Bey + oe Se pw Wy erat) BR Se + So Sy + ee oe ee er ae meek Hint , Ese Ly, ba are Smal] — oegiecting LIgh prcess § pwd in @ es Ruate eee hoa OP the poms 0) beome , der Aefoemaren Cust Se) -u au ou = Ser Bese + WY sy + Bt Se Cu+sy) =v, w av is he gh ©) = Sy Bet By ae 5 Se + BE ei, 2 sy + 35 Se C-odindtes — are Linear f?* op So, by) Se Dewce He detematen in a at a pro Cus) -w — These Vere smos\ eters of a bea, 7 CAN Considered a1 homesoncous — Let, us Considev the oto EN OP Slomeus “Be olue hr Hit ALbymosion » @® the Squaves of the Femath OF Huts element afte cefrmasier FS €qug) to the Sum of the SQUBTEI Of Fhe Co orcuncs (8) Hence, rf @ cs tHe unir Chengasien OP Hor Plemeut. Lue find (er ewe CRAG BBY Bete ; * (97% Be Mey + C84 GR Sen OH by +R he a clividing ey > 2 Using e977) baGteo*s 4 FY C C1 BY) pm Bu Ayeone 0 aoa *O tm (19 wv 2 i yt OReT] + Lt tt met 2 Yermembeing thar hie 3y +7 C18) @ See a ce ist & tre chor vedtyes Puta. uti Ose Si Q ay AM mete Ny seh Prvductas con be capt Ge NY wv Ae a By tn Se alm Ct 7 edn (2424) +m (34 + ML). - 8) Hence, tive elongosion ef an Semed “2” can peat rovided Hs re au Arent ica Ce (BE BL) - Ore ton aoe * cribs i sere 3 BY +BY = ep v, 97 116 besomer - e, (Gaieet aye Ge HPs By Ln + Doce tne Byer | Prinape! Axes of shain:— Frum 64? Gi) — — Variastan oP strain © a Pi Car be obkaine | = Pur Lit” of ea tincar eferreno — Sush Ot em fo a vashius Veator_of he lergrh ( Bsean | APL) ve] Theo BRP e Cet Pa oe Typ Ye thao Sein a +3 simi 02 Shexs _ —The shape & orienSadion of Hult surPare 15 Completes leter- mlred ley the Shove of siraln at the Pond @ iy Incepencterf of rhe reotons of Co croUnates , . } ~ 6943) ~ (Shean shane ps Sere) — giver prgupd Ques of strain — Corres pening Shains — Prboeape oh ~ “Prind:Pat aes — 1° » each othe - Oféer defy:Oe ie vechanyalar pavatielepripes! wath the icles eT Prineipas Planes yermun @ reetarpuky paratienep ir! I] dtormation - By genes fr worn howe Lundlegone a sk Yokasion | Bf 2,5. — are prigups) eae! of Shoo Hen, Etonganen op anp Linear cbemenr Wit m2 | | % Shearing Sain os otic? -& Q -2! [ Teg oak ose at)General Theorems. — DrPheveudiad €5 uasions oP Ga witibriun C Uermentery €9?eP 64) ~ Considey the sheas as a Point of an elastre bode , “LRH US consider Now the Variation ef the Shas as Weche the Pgsition oP the pot. re b ee Pots at a Ve Lek the Sores metab on ditt” a Narre) Goa Sl. \arees M THE hs Gase@) | Seen Cu Coup 4 MEL OR» Coes Se © ber 2 toe , Sor cerca = © 42. tex ty atm AB + Coys ee @ 400 28y be, Cee ee ‘ ss © Q By, Toe Oe say Oy oie Bey eye A HAT OY } BU rteifen- Ne Ee Sao tna 462438 ee: Op ) (422 OS) + Cae: Cody) SC tex + 0 Sax -O2 ) (Ox 4y) + X (Ox: dy-de)=0 i yobs ~ 62 Af 4s PEE doe Ay de + Sy te Tyre: Behe =e Ax Ay de + re ty nt pea Are DP Ae we K Choe Ay be) =0Divi —— 7 Oi wh Ncing ey TAeet ae =a > + oe i [peSeers 2a aa ma cx a mn YY RB Aireos, ee +20 Plvee , Oye Ob « [| 5 aaa ae eae Corn eal Conditions, _ COSI Componeds of Strains ad each Pold ave Completers determined by the 3 FS uv sua, represeuding tipe Components of dis plasemed- | We Kno Het, | Gy - a) ey Gg 22 Pere 2 Bae aU ps yea oe : Dye > Rye Shey mB So Cee oh i EY ae Seis ee Aive* ey 1 ey ate Serco. ene. i} Oxy AN Bxvy > PR2y% four watith | ere -@ eye | crmrory Quigg - Qyrnere yelasions oP the some kind can be obraned by ey clic interchange of He bettes 29/4, « (oe us he BE By = Ordy de" > ec es SO y ett ey poe Bes a ey ne = Oy ae omy 5 f ae = Aye prueve c 2 oes) Cy \- (aE ears rae / i" j | ee of Zee mF ayoe * + (sae > ay) 2g) aby ,) Sor eeneenennnesee mee /__ Compasseitity 5? in — We _Icnae thar y peer a @): eee ae epee Lex, See A Oh mE a arr mee ek isae 4 ORE _o ye a 6) oy De |}: aye p Bey Teale a 3a)" ate ~ 2a a = (2am a a) = ae Ist oan Pao -@ fi Sirmiodp B eae &? @) pvEe)& @ rG Sm Que ie bin 9% Po 2a Timost Problems af eashieihy fovouia pure bondi ef prea bats: — Pare Bemcling of Prismaste “Bars: — ~ consider a prismasic bar Leu Jn one o? 1 spe Planes by oe lee & oppasive a “4 CHa) - TolGn, jn Of the Co-ordinates at Te Cemmord op the Ys | e—t cd ® A eg plane in the Prvuped plare of fa dad ee iee Stress components aver of the Usudd elementary theoy of bendig® are. ie CRE Sy Smt es aa styaro - - @ 4t7 R in whith R - 3 the rostius ef Cuyvartire of the bar after bendi the Sleess Ce fp the e9S of e7?, @) ot Sasstied tf there are no brew forces —The beuncary Conditions CGO) fer the Laderad surfooe oF the bar, adhiith wm free form external fences are ara cathy - The boundarp Conditiens (0B) AD a the ends Tequive Huot the Surface fortes musth be disminted over toe nds in the Same manner o1 the Shesses Sy — OWy under Hee above Conctitf,, do the sheiee @ | the eaatt SOolutton Gf the prolers zeThe 649 ha” a aie Ig the €7° M4. | Ge Aya. { Et das de . (ea aes VE oPan [Carel] €7e as oie [N eae ty ] a Ly L mr SP the Cle af the beam wrt Na WS bere fre tat . a Mth ge q Wet Rbadn formule Of the element! Wee? _ Lek Us tonsieler naw the olfs plasomeute fit Hoe Casde ST pure Lohere of bere | berding . 2 Using Howre’s lad & €3"F, We firoh foro 2o"@ ? Gy. H. BE 2g Ba ee =e wo ies - SS = le E) using Here Aitheresied Gustin: Q talttry jake Cencidoak be the fastening. Condtans of the bar, the olisplosernends can Oblajna in the Sarre moames Four eB) we frre! By Be grarg UL = Regret Wo | in ublien Wty TS a f” ve x Xy ony — The ort eg 84 i? @D give eu \ 3eCC Her tee, Uo Ru, emote Unkneidn fr€ 9 #2 ay @ rene Expressions @) jp, 2°@} Cas OY Ae) ee oe pers * Ss soe es c ov ao, I ie 2 V6 ae Yop ee 1} Peek AM ae be Satisfied fy Qnp vatue P & heme, Prue 279 aie oan £0 Fea © & By Pvaegsaston , aber : Uo = “et hey 5 @ Vor ketal fe reey R of ©47Ca) We fired Ra Suunsti hairy ©) 2G) fuso Ho first | 24. aw 2 2wo 5 weet PS ay a 2 Te Po, BAH) i esens) ie SB [sage - te hee] Te FSR it ~e glee a ee Bxcoy ee “2u av “ne Mito, 4 af) y > feo ey o6 ay Te = 7 OE Ba, Ph aie NS. Clee a St arene Pee p eating thet onye the JS! term tn Hus eg? depends on We Conclude Har tr 1S necessary b have, Pte PAD A) gy See ey ee OR ) Thedes eqns 4 ar yequire Hat, } PR Ne fury = — Hoe 7 B 1 Aiba 2 PEt iy atim utter 10, bk Bry are arbitrary a OLaMNE « ‘The expressions fw te ais prosemenst Og? >See ee a. 2. Ws a thre ae ot = - me ae SE rap ry ee _ the Vi - 18 wet ~KREB Q = = +r ETN BA BI Te areiians censrauks ave determined «fun Hoe Cantons op fastening - ~ ASsummsy thad the poiud 4 the ceLureid of He left end CF the bar , together Wash On elemenk of He € ais 2 97 Clemad of the 2S plare ere foes , (le ave ae=Y-F=6 Ue weg) a a) ayol) Se Tes Cond are sasisfied ‘op taking aU) the Oreste (onshe e4uad Ib Be Then, _ [afte esa) te ee ‘To Get the cloptection curve of the aast of the bar We SubsHute fo the Above E95) 2e=p=0 Then ase oe 4 SPA Ane N= W=o . 2 ean This the Some clepleaiory Curve as is given toy ‘the-Cerned. Hheorp of bending. _ Ler us consider MAO amp cls E=c adustane C from, the lett end oP He bay! After delormasien, the Polus of 4eucs ols wait! be 7m the plane, 2 Ce S= ous = Cr OH Zein Pure bemebrq Hse Cle yerrdins plane as 1D Aim in the Clemetanp theo .. 7 examine the dehusmasizn oP fhe Cls in ite plane, cemsider ye tb (fra tac®) atter bending We have, an eee mane ~aeett titiesP a Bie tb+y - tb(1- U2}g) @ cs é The STekeg bevome inCtined af shadn inthe fiqure bop dotted Aine + The ote hoo sitleo of the cls = ta ure reprowsd ter 4 Bencting lop the equations &atearust a ~ 25 [et 0 Cay] ‘They are therefse bed fp parabodie curves |, wlan canis oli CePlaged UUM QubAti¢nt Aoruramdy hep an arc ok chee yaatitte R}.e¢, When tre olefesmaton 6S Smad! — $n considering te Upper ov lower soles 4 the bar it aa evident Hat «tule the Curvature of these Sreles atte. bard, tS Conver clordn in the te noice olireasion , 176 Cama ip the cCroseuoire Bureation B Lonves upisend - Courcur Lines fw eure QuditlasHt Surase Wit! be As chown in fr 106@ i e e Faxing BU = Cons in the fist OF G%B)) Sey we fond Heat the ef” fe the conta ins, z =P —-epy?= consr AX Thep ave Hrerefore hpperbotart tuostin she Aspen Ga e?- 4h p7=0 ; fron tor eg? the 02 ‘os fut frm fr 1@e@ qf baru > Yor cass £9” Kort been used! fer determining 20 =<—