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    sample problem in polar coordinates

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    11 views8 pages

    Polar Coordinates

    Uploaded by

    Hatdog
    sample problem in polar coordinates

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    9119122, 218 PM 10.4: Areas and Lengths in Polar Coordinates - Mathematics LibreToxs 10.4: Areas and Lengths in Polar Coordinates Learning Objectives + Apply the formula for area of a region in polar coordinates, + Determine the arc length of a polar curve. In the rectangular coordinate system, the definite integral provides a way to calculate the area under a curve. In particular, if we havea function y= f(x) defined from { where f(2) > 0 on this interval, the area between the curve and the xaxisis given by ate A= [fede Similarly, the are length of this curve is given by . wf y1t'@)Fae. In this section, we study analogous formulas for area and arc length in the polar coordinate system. ‘Areas of Regions Bounded by Polar Curves We have studied the formulas for area under a curve defined in rectangular coordinates and parametrically defined curves Now we tur our attention to deriving a formula for the area of a region bounded by a polar curve. Recall that the proof of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus used the concept of a Riemann sum to approximate the area under a curve by using Consider a curve defined by the function r= f(0), where « <@< 8. Our first step is to partition the interval [a, 6) into n ‘equal-width subintervals. The width of each subinterval is given by the formula A@ = ($—a)/n, and the ith partition point 0, is given by the formula 6; = a +iA0 . Each partition point = 0, defines a line with slope tan 8; passing through the pole as shown in the following graph. hitpssmathbretoxtsorg/Bookshelves/Calculus/Map%.3A_Caleulus__Farly Transcendentals_(Stowarl/10%3A_Parametre Equations And Polar_C 9119122, 218 PM 10.4: Areas and Lengths in Polar Coordinates - Mathematics LibreToxs 0-6 Figure 10.4.1: A partition of atypical curve in polar coordinates, ‘The line segments are connected by arcs of constant radius. This defines sectors whose areas can be calculated by using a geometric formula. The area of each sector is then used to approximate the area between successive line segments. We then sum the areas of the sectors to approximate the total area. This approach gives a Riemann sum approximation for the total area. The formula for the area of a sector of a circle is illustrated in the following figure. Figure 104.2: Theareafasec fe cetgieby = Bo Recall that the area of a circle is A= nr? . When measuring angles in radians, 360 degrees is equal to 2x radians. Therefore a fraction of a circle can be measured by the central angle @. The fraction of the circle is given by 5—, so the area of the sector is this fraction multiplied by the total area: (10.4.1) Since the radius of atypical sector in Figure 104.1 is given by r; = /(@,), the area of the ith sector is given by A Fanon)? (10.42) ‘Therefore a Riemann sum that approximates the area is given by hitpssmathbretoxtsorg/Bookshelves/Caleulus/Map%3A_Caleulus__Early Transcendentals_(Stowarty10%3A_Parametre Equations And Polar_C.. 218 11992, 246M 40.4 Areas and Lengths in Polar Coordinates - Mathematics Libreexs my An = YA =D) 5 (AON 1(0))* (10.4.3) ‘We take the limit as n —> 0° to get the exact area: A= lim Ay = ‘ 5 woyran (10.4) ‘This gives the following theorem, egion Bounded by a Polar Curve Suppose f is continuous and nonnegative on the interval « < 0< 8 with 0 < §—a <2n . The area of the region bounded by the graph of r= f(@) between the radial lines @ = a and @ 1 4 [sore (10.45) 1» ff re (10.4.6) Example 10.4.1: Finding an Area of a Polar Region Find the area of one petal of the rose defined by the equation. Solution ‘The graph of r = 3sin(28) follows. T= asin20 Figure 10.48: The graph of r = 8sin(20). When #=0 we have r=3sin(2(0)) =0. The next value for which r=0 is @= 1/2. This can be seen by solving the equation 3sin(26) ~0 for 8. Therefore the values @ out the first petal of the rose. To find the area inside this petal, use Equation 10.4.0 with f(@) = 8sin(20),a=0, and f= n/2: 4 7 f inotao t [sin(20))?a0 ph, al 9 sin?(20)49. ‘To evaluate this integral, use the formula sin* «= (1 — cos(2a)}/2 with « = 28 hitpssmathbretoxtsorg/Bookshelves/Calculus/Map%3A_Caleulus__Farly Transcendentals_(Stowarty10%3A_Parametre Equations And Polar_C. 3I8 9119122, 218 PM 10.4: Areas and Lengths in Polar Coordinates - Mathematics LibreToxs [vane _9 af" 80) oy al” 1 cos(40)d0) sin(40) 74 sin2n Exercise 10.4.1 Find the area inside the cardioid defined by the equation r Hint Use Equation 10.4.6. Be sure to determine the correct limits of integration before evaluating, Answer A=3n/2 Example 10.4.1 involved finding the area inside one curve. We can also use Equation 10.4.6 to find the area between two polar curves. However, we often need to find the points of intersection of the curves and determine which function defines the outer curve or the inner curve between these two points. Example 10.4.2: Finding the Area between Two Polar Curves =2+2sin@ and inside the circle r= 6sin8 Find the area outside the cardioid Solution First draw a graph containing both curves as shown. 2sin Figure 10.4.4: The region between the curves r= 2-4 2sin@ and r = 6sin8. To determine the limits of integration, first find the points of intersection by setting the two functions equal to each other and solving for 8 Gsind =242sind 4sing—2 sing 4 2 htps:mathbretoxtsorg/Bookshelves/Calculus/Map%3A_Caleulus__Farly Transcendentals_(Stewarty10%3A_Parametre Equations And Polar_C... 4/8 9119122, 218 PM 10.4: Areas and Lengths in Polar Coordinates - Mathematics LibreToxs Ths ives thesouons 0 and @= "©, which ate thei of neraton The ice r= Sand isthe ed graph which i eon function and Ne alld 2-260 the ble graph, which henner fon To clea the aren between the curves, start with te aren ide the dice inween 6=Z and 6 2, tan subtract he ae inside the cardioid between 0 = and 0 = ° 6 ° 6 A= circle —cardioid 1 59° josinozao—2 f° 24-25ino?aa = FL [6sin 5 lena + asin = FAS sos? 9a — 7 "4+ 8nd +Asint ado was fife S829 app asin y ED ay ~90- sn) 8 ~ 1438 2con0- sin(20) Sx _sin(20x/6), 4m sin(2n/6) sin(10%/6) GG 2 im x sin(2n/6) 1 (aC) — hoon — 2/0) =4n Find the area inside the circle r = 4cos@ and outside the circle r = Hint Use Equation 10.4.0 and take advantage of symme Answer 4n =A a8 A=B42v8 ieee pnts The rd een prs the gn The sen why spoilt hn pa son 1, sno ce vaso @that sve is qutn red ~ 25D isan ing ar the cr we et 6sin (10.4.7) ‘The solutions to this equation are of the form @=nm for any integer value of n, These two solution sets have no points in ‘common, Regardless of this fact, the curves intersect at the origin. This case must always be taken into consideration. Are Length in Polar Curves Here we derive a formula for the arc length of a curve defined in polar coordinates. In reclangular coordinates, the arc length ofa parameterized curve (x(t), y(¢)) for a

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