Chapter 8 ® Applicability of Banana Fiber era as Reinforcement in Composites Sandeep Chauhan, Tarun Kumar Gupta, and Vishal Shankar Srivastava Abstract The present study aims to provide a single platform for various researches on the mechanical properties of polymer composites reinforced with the banana fiber. The study also aims to spread awareness among future researchers, academicians, and practitioners regarding the potential use of the banana fiber to prepare the rein- forced hybrid composites as a suitable material for various engineering and industrial applications. 8.1 Introduction In the present time, engineers need some new or alternative materials for developing new products. Products used in modern times are subjected to static and dynamic loading and environmental conditions (dry or wet, dusty), and thus require specific properties as per the applications. For this, composite provides a solution as a strong material, as the weaker material of matrix is made strong by embedding the reinforce- ment. The reinforcement imparts desired properties in the composite materials as per the requirement of applications along with strength and the rigidity to withstand the structural load. Properties of composite materials can be controlled by careful selec- tion of suitable material as matrix or reinforcement, Owing to the widespread use of composite materials in modern times, the present era is known as the era of composite materials. Composite materials find applications in almost every walk of modem life, Out of various composites, polymer matrix composites are widely used to make products that find applications in modern life. Although polymers have inadequate strength and stiffness for many structural purposes, these shortcomings are over- come by the addition of reinforcement materials. Natural fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composites attract the attention of modem researchers as these materials affect the environment less. Due to it, many research studies were undertaken by various S. Chauhan « T. K, Gupta (23) - V. S. Srivastava Department of Mechanical Engineering, G. L. Bajaj Institute of Technology & Management, Greater Noida, India © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022 n V. V. Rao et al. (eds.), Computational and Experimental Methods in Mechanical Engineering, Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies 239, btps:#/doi.org/10,1007/978-98 -16-2857-3_9B S. Chauhan et al. researchers for developing natural fiber-reinforced composite materials for applica- tions where high strength is not needed. These natural fiber-based composite mate- rials possess properties suitable for applications like domestic appliances, cabinets, door and window frames, bathroom accessories, wardrobe accessories, office acces- sories, personal accessories, decorative articles, racks, etc. The polymer composites having a natural fiber’s reinforcement are preferred in these applications due to ease in production with the cost economy and superior mechanical properties. These composites also find application for packaging of electronic gadgets due to the addi- tion of reinforcement by the fibers with high thermal conductivity in a low thermal conductivity resin matrix which helps in keeping the item cool by dissipating the heat to the environment. Natural fibers arc less expensive, biodegradable, and possess no health hazards, Although plenty of natural fibers like banana, sisal, jute, etc., are available in the Indian subcontinent and African countries, these are rarely used as alternative mate- rials. Presently, natural fibers are utilized to make yarn ropes, mats, articles like wall hangings, handbags, ete. Fibers like cotton, banana, and pineapple find applications in clothes and paper. Natural fibers are cellulose material and comprise microfibrils in an amorphous matrix of lignin and hemicellulose. These fibers include many fibrils that run parallel to the length. The hydrogen bonds impart the necessary strength and stiff- ness to the fibers. Normally, natural fibers are extracted from various plant parts and classified accordingly as shown along with examples in Fig. 8.1. The normally used natural fibers are sisal, wood, hemp, kenaf, wheat straw, coconut, flax, jute, banana, bamboo, etc. Normally, natural fibers possess some desirable properties as low- density biodegradability, renewability along with adequate strength, and stiffness. ‘This leads to the widespread development of natural fiber-reinforced composites Although natural fiber imparts desirable properties to composites, it has less adhe- sion with matrix due to the amorphous structure. Many researchers addressed this problem through suitable chemical treatment that increases direct contact between fiber and matrix. Banana fibers possess properties like high specific strength, low elongation, fire~ resistant, high moisture absorption capacity, and biodegradability. Due to these favor- able properties, banana fiber-reinforced composites are attracting engineers to apply them to manufacture newer products. This paper aims to provide a detailed summary Fig. 8.1 Classification of Seed hair natural fibers with examples + Cotton Bast fibers Leaf fibers 7 ute + sisal + flax + banana8. Applicability of Banana Fiber as Reinforcement 9 of researches carried out recently to analyze the reinforcement effects of banana fibers on the mechanical properties of developed composites. Section 8.2 describes the important chemical and mechanical properties of the banana fibers while Sect. 8.3 comprises a discussion regarding the studies conducted by different researchers to study the performance of banana fiber-reinforced composites. Section 8.4 presents the discussion on conclusions drawn from the present work. 8.2 Characteristics of Banana Fiber ‘This section presents a discussion on the important properties of the banana fibers. Chemically, banana fiber consists of cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose. The usual ranges of components of banana fiber are presented in Table 8.1 along with other properties of the banana fibers. It is adequately strong with lightweight. It shows little elongation when subjected to tensile loading. Its shiny appearance depends upon the extraction process [1]. It easily absorbs moisture contents. It is recognized as an eco-friendly fiber due to its biodegradable properties. 8.3 Fiber Preparation Banana fibers are extracted from the banana trunk in two phases. Firstly, the banana trunk is allowed to dry in sunlight for (wo weeks, and then it soaked into water for another two weeks and again dried in the sunlight to get the fibers (3, 4]. Afterward, the dried fibers are cut into the required length and passed through a rolling machine for thinning. 8.4 Methods of Composites Preparation Two methods are frequently used by various researchers [5, 6] for producing the banana fibers composite—the hand layup molding technique and the compression molding technique. In the former technique, first, a de-bonding agent is applied to mold followed by a pigmented gel to obtain a good surface finish. When the gel Table 8.1 Banana Fiber Properties (Kumar and Rajesh (2]) Particular | Cellulose |Hemi | Lignin | Moisture [Density [Lumen | Tensile | Young’s % cellulose | % content | (kg/em’) | size | strength | modulus % % (mm) | (MPa) | (GPa) Value [6x64 je19 [so jiou [isso |s 529-914 | 27-3280 S. Chauhan et al. becomes tacky, the fibers and resins are manually applied in layers on the surface When sufficient layers are added, then the mold was closed and left to cure for suffi- cient time at the required temperature under calculative load. The cured composite was ejected from the mold for further process, In the later method, the known weight ratio of resin, hardener, and fiber was well mixed by a mixer and then poured into the mold cavity and closed. Sufficient pressure is applied for a known time for curing purposes. After that, the composite was ejected from the mold for further process. It has been observed that the surface finish obtained by the former method is better than the later while the time taken to complete the process is more in the former method. 8.5 Banana Fiber-Reinforced Composites In this section, some of the studies are discussed that took place to analyze the effects of banana fiber parameters on the behavior of composites manufactured. The summary of the studies carried out by different researchers in recent times to analyze the effects provided by the banana fibers used as reinforcement to the composites produced are presented in Table 8.2. Normally used matrix materials for devel- oping banana fiber-reinforced composites are Epoxy resin, Polyester, Polypropy- lene, Phenol formaldehyde, and Vinyl ester. Although some research studies utilized cement and natural rubber as a matrix material to develop composite material for specific applications while some of these studies used hybrid matrix material as Vinyl ester and epoxy resin, Cashew nut shell resin liquid mixed with resin, The length of fiber and fiber loading significantly affects the mechanical properties of composites. To understand the influence of the length of fiber on the mechanical behavior of the composites, Sumaila et al. [26] performed a study and introduced the concepts of the critical length of the fiber. While Ghosh et al. [8] undertook a study to analyze the effects of fiber percentages in a matrix on the mechanical behavior of the composite and observed an increasing trend in tensile strength with increment in the fiber fraction after an initial dip. This leads to the concept of critical volume of fibers. Many research studies conducted by various researchers found improvement in the properties of banana fiber-reinforced composite if banana fibers are chemi- cally treated before introducing into the polymer matrix. Some important studies conducted on this are discussed here. Among them, Joseph et al. [12] conducted a study to compare the performance of composites reinforced by banana fibers with various coatings and compared their performance with that of untreated fiber composite. They observed improvement in the mechanical behavior of composites with all coatings except latex coating. While Rajesh et al. [19] investigated the effects of pre-treatment of fibers with sodium hydroxide on strength and vibration behavior of composite. Short Banana and Sisal fibers with random orientations were used to develop the composite, They observed improvement in the behavior of composites81 8. 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Chauhan et al. suoneardde jemsnpar ‘vurweg padojanact Austap ‘Jessop wos. sraqy povueg, soysaKiog a rere nuyz| s66r st PuDveur duypyng sv 98h 0} ajqeitns sousoduoo wt paynsor sour &q 259] PUP 'g Noomiog Fepeoy woM saggy euvaeg podnd eng omp 1m sous mnsax woneuumzode snjmpour onsepp 41ou> amisexy “dons [exmxoLy step 12 spqy pow, msug| s9qy WE Sy EIN LI Jo sanqea 1soury atotp rene wp3uons Tsu 2tp “oXoMOHT Ausuap ut yuoutossp om Buoys qs, ogy ar wwouasouT gata thuons axtssoxdaros ain pue uondiosqe amsrour ur wuouosour pomous Apmis atu, ssouprey "orduir emxoy ‘aqisuan “ESUap 480) uondrosqe amstoyy, wre tama puepiog. soz Axodg P66 @ loz] Te 19 erreans | e107 @ S3u031 ae ‘ump Benn TeHoeu MEP somay | 3x ‘ou 3g 88 (ponunuos) 7°g ager,8. Applicability of Banana Fiber as Reinforcement 89 due to the enhanced interfacial bond between matrix and fibers caused by chemical treatment. Amiret al. [7] conducted a study to evaluate the influence of fiber orientation on the behavior of Banana Fiber-PP-MAPP composites and found that fiber configuration affects the tensile and flexural strength of the composites. They also proved that yarn fiber configuration provides the best mechanical properties in the composite, Joseph et al. [11] developed banana fiber-reinforced composites that possess mechanical properties, comparable with synthetic glass fiber-reinforced compos- ites, used as a structural material. While Zhu et al, [27] used kraft pulped banana fiber at a loading of 14% by mass with Portland cement to develop composites as commercially viable building materials. Zu et al. [6] also developed banana fiber- reinforced polyester composites that exhibit the properties, which makes them suit- able for industrial applications. Similarly, Olusegun [11] evaluated the mechanical behavior of banana, hemp, sisal, coconut, and E-glass fiber-reinforced laminates to ascertain the suitability of these materials for engineering applications, and Savas- tano et al. [23] used sisal and banana fibrous wastes with OPC cement for composite manufacture, whose physical properties are sufficient to use it in low-cost housing construction. Kumar and Rajesh [2] produced composites by adding 30% loading of short fibers of banana with natural rubber matrix to prepare composites and performed various mechanical ests to understand the influence of the different treatments on the fiber surface. While Patel et al. [9] proposed a mathematical model using regression analysis and ANOVA to optimize drilling parameters for banana fiber-reinforced composites. Some studies were initiated to develop hybrid composites by using two or more reinforcing elements with polymers. Idicula et al. [10] developed composites by adding short and thoroughly mixed banana and sisal fibers with random orientation in polyester to analyze the effects of relative volume fraction of the two fibers on the properties of the composites. While Ramachandran [20] developed and analyzed ‘two-hybrid composites where the first one is developed by adding bamboo and banana fibers with epoxy resin while the second one is developed by adding bamboo and linen fibers with epoxy resin. They observed better Impact strength and compatibility of fibers with polymers in the case of bamboo-banana epoxy resin composite while better hardness properties were observed for bamboo-linen epoxy resin composite. 8.6 Conclusions The present study explores the uses of the banana fiber as a reinforcement with the polymer resin and cement to develop composites with an emphasis on the chemical composition and their mechanical properties. The study also explores the effects of the chemical treatment of the banana fiber on the properties of composites and concludes that the chemical treatment of fibers augmented the reinforcement effect. The present study also demonstrates the potential of the banana fiber-reinforced90 S. Chauhan et al. composites in various areas like decoration and structural work due to less cost and lightweight with comparable tensile strength. This can be a great benefit to a country like India by producing useful components by using the banana fiber and its wastes in composites. Thus, the present work concludes that deterministic and sustained research in the future will augment the applications of banana fiber- reinforced composites. References 1. Preethi, Palpandian, Balakrishna, G.: Physical and chemical properties of banana fibre extracted from commercial banana cultivars grown in Tamilnadu State, Agrotechnology. (2013). hlips:// doi.org/10.4172/2168-9881.S11-008 2. 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