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Draw dot-and-cross diagram to show the postion of electrons in hydrogen chloride (HCI) and name the type of bonding occurring. Covalent bonding 3. Describe the structure ofa metal in terms of bonding and electrons. ‘Metals are made of giant latice structures containing atoms arranged in regular layers. The outer ‘lecirom of each metal stun are delocalized and free to move around the lattice. There ia strong attractive force between the positive nuclt of the metal atoms and the negative electrons (electrostatic attraction). Ths attaction is called metallic bonding, ‘rans Laing Gt or GEE Cy omic Dy PRT age ate ORE Sua, 7194. Atroom temperature nitrogen sagas and graphite soll, '3) Whats the term that describes the temperature at which aliquid becomes a gas? 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Include state symbols. CalOHs) + 2HCIfag) > Cachaq) + 24:00), 2. Forthe experiment described above, identify: 4) The independent variable ‘The mass of Ca{OH) added bb) The dependent variable ‘The pH of the solution Three control variables ‘The volume of HCl used; the concentration of HC use the typeof indicator / pH measurer used; the amount of mixing between additions; the temperature “wing io EE Fa Caine See OO POAT3. The student recorded ther results inthe table below: ‘wass of {OH added (g) | pH of solution 0.0 06. os os 10 30 1 as} 20 322. 25 23 a) Plot the resuits onthe graph below and draw line of best it. Mass of €9(0H), added (@) 'b) Estimate how much Ca(OH); would need to be added to reach a pH of 8. See annotations of graph Approx. 1.2-1.3 gof Ca(OH: “eam erig ar SE al ni ne Scnee Om Paper — HERAT GAGS STAB Giton 2019Core Practical Activity 3 - Answers ( &) reparing a pure sample ofa soluble salt 1. Usted below is some equipment used to produce a pure, dry sample ofa metal salt inthe lab. For each item, state what itis used for. ‘Measuring eyinder | To measure out the acid Funnel fiter paper | To fiter off the excess of insoluble reactant ‘Water bath To heat the reaction mixture Evaporating dich | To evaporate the liquid from the saturated salt solution Glass rod To sti the reaction mixture 2. Astudent makes a dry sample of hydrated copper sulfate in the lb from insoluble copper oxide. ‘a) Name the acid required for this reaction. Sulfuric acid 1b) Name the other product of the reaction, water Put the experimental step in the correct order. ‘Stop adding metal once itis in excess | Filter off the unreacted metal oxide [Allow the erstalstodry Heat the solution to evaporate most ofthe liquid ‘Add the metal oxide tothe acid in excess while gently heating | Filter offthe crystals | Leave the solution to cool so crystals form 3. The acid is reacted with an excess ofthe insoluble copper oxide 4) Suggest why thisis done. make sure that ll ofthe acid has reacted b) State one way in which you would know the metal oxide isin excess. It stops reacting and remains asa solid in the bottom ofthe flask )_ Why isthe reaction mixture warmed? To speed up the reaction |4. After filtration, the only substances lft behind are the salt and water. 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Ther results are recorded inthe table below. 8) Complete the table. Wassof | Wassof ] Mass] Massof | Massof | Mass Ccurrent(A) | anode at | anode at | change of | cathode at | cathode at | change of start(e)_|_endig) | anode(g) | start(g) | end(g) | cathode (e) or 277 271 (0.08 278 2.02 0.08 02 2.70 2.60 0.10 72.82 2.90 (0.08 03. 259 2.48 015, 291 3.04 0.43 mm 2.42 223 019 3.05 321 036 b) Describe the relationship between the current and the changes in mass. ‘The higher the current, the greater the changes in mass / Proportional relationship ‘)_ Why are the mass changes atthe anode and the cathode not the same? Nota ofthe mass lor from the anode is deposited onto the cathode ~ some ofits impurities which stl tothe bottom ofthe container [renin f 3. Write the half-equations forthe processes occuring at: a) theanode Culs) > cuaq) +26 b) the cathode cum (ag) +26" > Cals) “ema for GE ae Chey mane ere ny oper —‘age TRE Wing aon 20SPART 2~ Electrolysis of copper sulfate solution with inert electrodes 4, Asolution of copper sulfate can be electrolysed using inert electrodes. ‘)- What is meant by the term ‘inert electrode’? An electrode that allows electrolysis to occur but doesnt take pat inthe reaction itself b)_ Suggest a material that could be use forthe inert electrodes. arbon/eraphite 2. Draw and label a simple diagram showing the set-up of an electrolysis cll using inert electrodes. Powersupply Ne 3 °e a sulfate solution) Inert anode — 3. Complete the table by stating the products you predict to find at each electrode during ‘electrolysis, along with any observations and a relevant chemical test, ifany, you could use to ‘confirm your predictions. Copper sulfate ‘Observations ‘own solid on the cathode cathode ae (regative) | —_T___ — Product Copper Observations | _Colourless gas bubbles at anode ‘Anode (positive) Test Relights a glowing splint Product ‘oxygen “essa or EE aC omnedenee Paper — Page SUGTSE Bag vcion TSQuick Quiz 3 Answers 4. Name the product(s) formed in each ofthe following reactions: 18) hydrochloric acd + magnesium ‘magnesium chloride and hydrogen ‘nitric ald + thium hydroxide lehium nitrate and water (sulfuric acid + calcium carbonate ‘alum sulfate, carbon donde and water 4) hydrochloric acd + sodium oxide sodium chloride and water 2. Indicate which ofthe salts listed are soluble in water. Sale Ts iesoluble? “Amamanium bromide v Silver nitrate v Galelum carbonate [ Lead chloride Potassium sulfate Z 3. Label the following pH values as acide alkaline or neutral, and suggest what colour these solutions might be If you added universal indicator to them. PH | Addi/Aikaine/ Neutral Colour 5 aide Yellow/orange 3 “Aitatine | __Blue/purple ° aide fed 7 Neutral Green as | Alkaline Green/blve [i oni 4. Witc acids considered tobe a strong ai. 2} What does it meant callsomething3‘trong ai’? ‘The acid ionses completly when drove in water 'b) One solution of nitric acid has a pH of3, while another has a lof 1. Which solution has 9 reater concentration of H"ions, and by what multiplication factor? H 1 solution is more concentrated {pH unit =H" concentration changes by a factor of 10, so two units = 100x greater “rw ~Leig 6 or GES cel Ces oars ay aperd ‘age SST RED on 205. An electrolysis cells set up using molten sodium chloride asthe electrolyte. 12) Predict the products that are formed at each electrode, Include state symbols. Cathode: Na(s) ‘node: Chi) 1b) The experiment is repeated but with sodium chloride dissolved in water. Will the products at ‘each electrode be the same as before or different? If different, explain why. 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Paste bag Paper bag Tor renewable raw materials | Renewable raw materials (paper Raw materials | (poiymers from oll/ natural gs). {rom wood) Energy usedin ‘manufacture Less energy to manufacture More energy to manufacture (more/ess) ‘C0: production Produce less CO: in manufacture | Produce more CO: in manufacture {more/less) “i wfacture | Prod ‘Orin man Biodegradabilty Not biodegradable Biodegradable ‘Can be recycled but recyling an easly be recycle Recycabiity ] requires energy to melt plastic Can easily be recycled ‘A company that manufactures plastic bags publishes an LCA of their product on their website. Should ths information be trusted? Why or why not? CAs are subjective and do not show all aspects ofa product's ie cycle such as cost and product performance. The information could be biased in favour ofthe product so that people are more ely to buy '3, Two cobalt compounds form part of a reversible reaction. The forward reaction is endothermic. {At equilibrium, the solution is purple. ‘Cobalt compound As Hydrochloric _, Cobalt compound B + aed - Water ink blue 2) What is meant by dynamic equilibrium? A state in which the forward and reverse reactions ina reversible reaction are happening atthe same rate 'b) The forward reaction needs a certain amount of energy in order to happen. The reverse reaction gives out energy when It happens. How does the amount of energy involved in the two reactions compare? The amount of energy absorbed in the forward direction / released inthe reverse direction is the same “ewig or GE ae iy one ee Ooi Paar) —‘aap TRE WP Sction 244, (HToniy) Predict what will happen tothe equilibrium position ofthe reaction shown below in tach ofthe following scenarios, and explain your answer using Le Chitelier’s principle. Fg + Big Cag + Do exothermic * endothermic 1) More Bis dissolved in the same amount of solvent ‘The concentration ofa reactant has increased, so the postion of equlrium wil shift to the Fight hand side to counteract the change and increase the concentration of products b) The site ofthe reaction vessel is reduced ‘The pressure has been increased, so the postion of equilibrium wil shift tothe side with fewer «gas molecules (the right-hand side) to counteract the change and reduce the pressure 4) The temperature is reduced The temperature has been decreased so the position of equilibrium will shift to the right-hand side to counteract the change and give out thermal energy to increase the temperature 4) Acatalystis added ‘catalyst has no effect on the position of equilibrium Foner earings Tor SEF ery (anne ans On apse ‘age ak OF ang Eaton 719