a eee ace Sg? Rat od [cae na ee eed Nee eS Rca TRANSCENDENT 2000 rrTHE SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM is show in Fig 1. The system is pre- patched, but is capable of generating 2 vast variety of different effects by Virtue of its 9 switch functions, 22 pots and 6 input jacks The VCO js the primary sound source. It produces either a ramp ora ‘square waveform. A ramp waveform has both odd and even harmonics, the square wave has only the odd ones. However, the VCO has a shape modulation circuit which can turn the ramp into a triangle or the square wave into a thin pulse. Thus, a wide range of harmonic structures is avail- able. Also, this shape modulation can be controlled by a sine wave produced by the slow oscillator. By dynamically modulating the shape of this waveform, it is possible to greatly enrich the sound quality of the VCO. (For instance, if the mark space ratio of the squarewave is modulated at about 1HZ. the output can sound like two VCO's:) Pitch It Well The pitch of the VCO can be controlled by several sources. A ‘pitchbend’ pot ‘enables notes to be bent up or down by about % an octave. A dead band in the centre of the motion enables the turning to be restored. An external input Socket with a sensivitivy of 1V/ octave allows a sequencer to be con- nected, ‘A manual tuning pot, (screwdriver adjustment), is provided so that the synthesiser may be tuned to the pitch of other instruments. Vibrato may be added, the speed being that of the slow oscillator. The squarewave also from this oscillator can be used to produce ‘two tone’ effects The VCO pitch can be controlled by the ADSR envelope or by random pitches genorated by the noise sample and hold circuit. All these controls can produce a wide variety of interesting sounds but the machine really comes alive when it is controlled by the keyboard. This keyboards 3 octave 37 note), Cto C device Wt is monophonic, that is it only plays one note ata time, this being the highest note selected. It generates two outputs, a pitch signal and a gate voltage. The gate controls the AD and ADSR sections, the pitch, the VCO ‘and the VCF. The pitch voltage is a transitional piece of information which has to be Femembered in an analogue memory, a sample and hold device. The droop rate of this S & H is about 15 minutes er semitone. This is quite good. 38 MUSIC SYNTHESIZER Designed for ETI by Tim father of some of thi Orr, late of EMS and eir range, our new Transcendent 2000 is a new concept in DIY synthesizers — a single board design! Apart from the PSU all the circuitry is contained on one easily assembled PCB. Ideal as on-stage machine, the 2000 has plenty to offer the ex- berimenter as well Uo ela Gliding in A portamento circuit has also been included into the sample and hold so that glides, as opposed to abrupt changes, between notes can be ro- duced. A transponse switch, + 2 octaves operates on the VCO. This Gives an effective keyboard control range on the VCO of 7 octaves. The keyboard § & H can be controlled by either the keyboard gate or by a pulse from the slow oscillator. This latter mode of operation makes the VCO pitch move ina series of exponentially decreasing steps between the notes played on the keyboard. ELECTRONICS 2000 orn (Noisy Output The output of the VCO is mixed with 9 noise signal and an external audio Signal and fed into the VCF. This is 0 voltage controled state variable filter, with Both bandpass and lowpass out: puts. The resonance is manually con- trollable froma Q of 1 t0 infinity, (self oscilation) The resonant frequency may be controlled by either a manual pot, a sweep voltage from the slow oscilla tor, an external footpedal control, the keyboard voltage or a random voltage or an attack decay envelope. TODAY INTERNATIONAL — JULY 1978PROJECT G ih ‘There are very few musical instru: ments that have any sort of dynamic filtering. The Attack / Decay envelope can be used to produce a rising or falling frequency sweep in the VCF, and by varying the AD time constants, ‘2 wide variety of sounds may be generated. The output of the VCF passes through a voltage controlled amplifier to the output socket. This can be on all the time, or it can be controlled by an ADSR envelope. This in turn ‘amplitude modulates the VCF signal so that the output has the envelope of the ADSR voltage. Sustaining Interest The ADSR is a waveform generator. and is initiated by the arrival of a gate voltage. When this arrives. it generates a rising RC exponential waveform with a time constant deter- mined by the Attack pot When it reaches a predetermined level it then begins a RC decay towards a sustain voltage. The ‘decay’ rate is controlled by the ‘Decay’ pot and the sustain level is set by the Sustain’ pot. It sits there until the gate voltage is, removed, (when the keyboard is released), whereupon it decays towards ground with a release time constant, this being determined by the ‘Release’ pot If at any time the gate is removed the ADSR goes into its release mode. Time constants of 5 mS to 2 $ and sustain levels of full on to com- pletely off are obtainable. On Key The ADSR can be started by the key- board, or it can be continuously repeated by the slow oscillator, oF it Can be repeated by the slow oscillator gated by the keyboard, as can the ELECTRONICS TODAY INTERNATIONAL — JULY 1978 ‘understand. These references are also given on each of the block if you wish to stick the whole the components which mala up Attack Decay, (AD), circuit This has two modes of operation. single shot, whereby it attacks to a predetermined level and then decays fn its own to ground, or HOLD ON, whereby it only decays upon the removal of the gate signal Sometimes when playing pieces, it may be necessary to release a key before anew note can be generated. If the piece is particularly fast then er- rors, in the form of missing notes can ‘occur. However, a device called the New Pitch Detector (NPD), can help eliminate this. When a new pitch is detected, it generates an additional gate signal which is used to reset both the AD and the ADSR. Repeating? ‘oth the AD and ADSR circuits can be controlled by the REPEAT function. This is a single piece of electronics to enable repeating envelopes to be a0PHOW IT WORKS ‘The voltage regulators a wA723. This has aan internal voltage reference with a low temperature coefficient of = S0ppm/*C, & differential amplifier and an output tra Sistor plus current limiting faciity. ‘The iit Operation is as follows. The secondary voltage ss full wave rec- tified and smoothed by C3 and C4. This provides postive and negative unregulated ICL is the voltage regulator. A reference voltage of about +7V5 is fed into the noninverting terminal, pin 5 ‘An external power ifansistor QI is used to-regulate the positive supply rail 30 that ICI remains cool. Short circuit current liming at 20 mA is provided by RE. Ether or both ‘output rails may be shorted out ‘without damage. jegative feedback to the inverting ter- ‘minal pin 4, ICL sets the output voltage. C3 reduces noise on the supply. C7 reduces the impedence at high frequencies. RVI sets the output voltage and this shouid be set to + 12V000! (or as near as you can measure) VRI isa cormet preset, which has @ 10W temperature coefficient generated. The outputs from this Circuit then drive the AD and ADSR. With the repeat switch in the ON position, the slow oscillator square wave output continuously gates the AD and ADSR. In the NORM position, the Key. board gate is the control. In the KB GATE position, the slow oscillator is only allowed through when the key- board is pressed. Using the REPEAT unetion ‘it is possible to simulate a fast plucking ‘banjo’ effect A DeeEssAhh? The ADSR is similar in operation to the AD circuit except that it has two more parameters to play with Upon receipt of the keyboard gate the waveform attacks until it reaches a predetermined level. Then it decays to 2 level known as the sustain level, which is manually controllable. When the keyboard gate is removed, the 40 "The components for appear on the main overlay. “The negative rail tracks the positive rail ‘The power is handled by Q3, the current limiting by Q2 and the feedback by 1C2 Resistors 2,8 determine the nogative rai voltage. As they are both 10k, 0.5% tolerance, the negative rail should be the same magnitude as the positive rail to ‘within 0.9%, ‘Avery stable power supply is needed for sasynthesiser. A Small power supply voltage Variance can produce alarming effects on the oscillator pitch. Also, i the machine Bets hot inside, the oseillator will drift in release mode occurs. The A, D, Rare ail time constants, the S is a level Whenever the keyboard gate is removed the device goes into its release mode. This type of envelope is particularly useful and versatile. With the sustain level at 10, there is no DECAY phase and so an ATTACK, HOLD ON. RELEASE envelope is generated When the sustain is sot at 4, there is an attack and a decay to the sustain level, which is held as long as the keyboard is held down and then a release. Using this setting it is pos- sible to simulate a piano sound, by Using a fast attack moderately slow decay and a faster release. The faster release simulates the damping of the strings as the piano keyboard is released. When the sus- tain level is set at 0, then the unit becomes an attack decay envelope which can be used to produce short sharp plucked sounds. To get a new pitch. The current drain per rail is only 80 mA and the heat dissipated by Ql and Q2is 09 watt each. This will not cause any heating problems ‘On load the unregulated rail is 28 V (at 250 VAC input) and so the mains can drop €0 about 180 VAC before PSU drop out occurs The unregulated ripple is S0mVpp and s0 the output will be lex than 0.Sm\ pp. ‘When there is no load on the power supply, a small high frequency sawtooth can be seen on the 12 V output, but this goes away completely when loaded. ‘envelope itis necessary to get a new keyboard gate signal. This either means lifting your finger off of one note before pressing the next, ora new gate can be automatically generated by switching to the NPD mode Moving On The prespatched nature of the design is intended to suit stage and other performance applications. The resul- tingsound from the synthesiser can be quickly and easily modified once the function of the controls aand their effect has been mastered. Take a look at the diagram on page 44 for starters. Another helpful aid to using a syn- thesiser is a ‘program sheet’ —simply a way of recording clearly but in- stantly a particular Set of control set tings to allow you to reproduce that sound again ata later date. Such sheets will be available for the Transcendent 2000—details next month ELECTRONICS TODAY INTERNATIONAL — JULY 1978The VCO is a logarithmic relaxation oscillator generating @ ramp waveform. ‘This wavelorm is then modified to give square wave ora triangle wave output, The fseilator section is IC10,Q9, C11, 1C12and Sn ts at of IC11 pin 6 1 voltage coming out of C1 pin 6 is fed into 1C12. This te an LMBIl, a fast ‘oltage comparator. A voltage of +5V43 i Setupon ts averting Input, (pin 3) and the Famp rom ICI ig fed int ts non-inverting input, (pia 2). When the ramp volage exceeds + 3V43, the comparators output, Gich was at 12 V) leaps up to OV. “This voltage turns on the FET switch QS which shorts out C22 and discharges I 0 Mmost V-Qshasa very low ON retstance ind hence the discharge time is Telaively Short about 800 nS. However, once the discharging has started. you would expect the comparator Sutput {0 drop back to —12V. Well i Stould do if it wasn't for the monestable Bult around t, (C23, R42) This monostable takes Qf tur on fora fed period of me, Eutfelent for the discharge process to be complete. "Note that the power supply to 1C11 is tocally decoupled to help protect the VCO {om piteh jitter caused by fluctuating Dower supplies The reset period causes he GeO to goat at high frequencies ‘As the frequency. of the VCO increases then so does the C22 charging current-But this current has to flow through Ral. Ths makes the voltage of the amp. (IC pin ©) Ierease in size'as the ramp speed le n= HOW IT WORKS creased, This in turn means that the ramp is eset prematurely and so the pitch of the VCO Will tend to-go sharp at high frequen: if we get the slze of this tendency 10 sharpness correct, then it can be used 10 tance! out the reset tendency to flatness. ‘The overall effect will be to maintain the tuning of the keyboard up to a frequency. ‘whieh it could not do without Ral. "The current that drives the VCO is sunk by the trangistor Q7. Thisis used to produce the logarithmic law necessary to convert the linear voltage intervals from the Key- board into musical intervals which are Togarithinically spaced. A Vig increase of avout Ismv will cause the Collector cur rent to double, (the VCO goes up an etave), so therefore the voltage per semitone ig about IVS. This is @ very small ‘voltage indeed CIO isa voltage follower and merely bulfers the bias voltage tothe emitter of Q7 Should 1C10 go berserk, during the power lap say, 1¢ might try t0 reverse bias the emitter of Q7-and cause it to zener, This process would corrupt the logarithmic Characteristic of the transistor and so de- Stroy its ability to produce musieal inter ‘vals: D12 prevents this zenering. Q7 has to be run at relatively low currents for two Firstly, the log law goes flat at high currents, (1 ma). Fhisis due to the effect of the intrinsic emitter bulk resistor in the transistor, The effective voltage drop ‘cross this bulk resistor is subtracted from ELECTRONICS TODAY INTERNATIONAL — JULY 1978 |. 3. Our primary sound sour Voltage controlled oscillator. Reference for the connection points are made with roupect to the Block diagram, Figure One. "The “Pitch Send” control can provide ‘some variation to a solo by allowing the pote's pitch to be swung either side oF ‘correct during playing. the Vpq voltage and so the net effect is less Eoulettor current than was expected ‘Therefore to get a good musical perfor: mance, the collector current must be kept ‘slow as possibe. Secondly, large currents will cause self- heating, which will make the VCO pitch drift, although in this circuit the collector ‘voltage is a virtual earth and so the power Aissipation is relatively small anyway. Even though the second transistor com- pensates for the temperature change Vs, Problems there is another temperature EMteet to be dealt with. The pitch spread, ‘that is the number of millivolts per octave, ts temperature dependent. To compensate {or this effect, the resistor pair R33, 34 must Haye a temperature coficiet. (TC) of “t3400ppm/*C. ‘There ig no element wil this coefficient although an alloy could be concocted to produce it However, it just so happens that copper has a TC of 43900ppm/°C. Therefore & 870R copper wire wound resistor n series ‘with a 14OR metal oxide resistor looks like a Ticresistor with a+ 3400ppm/°C TC. There isan American company, (Tel Labs) that ‘makes a Q81 resistor, 1k 1% made just for the Job and this could be used instead of R39)34, that is if you can obtain them, ‘This resistor with the special TC Is, mounted lose tothe transistor pair so as to be at the same temperature. Some Ianufacturers actually glue the resistor (0 the transistor for best thermal contact. a‘cireuttry, ‘These interrelated the waveform onve- Tope shag AD generator: “The AD waveform is made up out of wo simple CK charge and discharge curves, QU G17. QSt and 109, 27.20. form te enerator circu The AD started by the Srrval of a postive voltage at 1026 pin 1 ‘This is a SEP RESET fp flop made out of io input NOR pates,Aigh at pin 1 sets pindiov and pin thigh, Thete ewe outputs Etive two analogue transmission gates, 1€zr- A high a the contol input (13 sn 5} tll open the gate, a low wil lose i Only fone gate is ON at any one time. The event Sequences a folows:1€26 ini goes high, IC3E pin 4 goes high, 1C25 pin 9 goes low Gos charged up'via IC2T pin 1.2 13-and RV26 towards a postive (48V7) reference Collage RV2E determines the charging Up Time (ATTACE. The voltage on C38is buffered by 129, voltage follower Assuming that the AD Fenetatorisints HOLD ON mode then the EEpacttor C38 wil be eharged up towards SSBV unl the gate put i temoved When this Happens the fp flop. will change state and the capacitor C38 will be discharged towards 0° via the other ana fogue gate and RVZ2 Tet Setting of V23 will determine the discharge time (DECAY). The purpose of iss te generate the HOLD ON by isa ing the SINGLE SHOT ciculty, QU 02) Iinigine the voltage on Cal ie 42 Vand charging up. QI? and Q21 willbe turned ON When’ he. voltage on C38" reaches SBVI"QU and Qel wil sar to turn OFF 42 HOW IT WORKS ‘The voltage at Q21 collector. which is the RESET control of the Mip Mop, wil ry to ‘ite positively (previously it was at0V) but itis prevented from doing s0 by QIS. Only ‘when the gate input x removed con the Hip Top be reset and the decay occur. fen the sng shot ee selected only'a postive going pulse is delivered (0 Cub pin 1 and 30 G18 canner disable the reset"The waveform charges up (0. +8 V. fesets the ip flop and then discharges. If owever the keyboard gate is removed before the attack phase has been com- pleted, the creuit Is kicked into its decay Ihode by diode D3l which resets the fip flop This means that no matter what mode ihe cicuie isin, always reverts to Hs Ateay more whe the Neyboard is Feleased {sige true forthe ADSR) he AD waveform is inverted by 1C3L and these complementary signals are fed to the AD sweep pot RV30. This waveform ls only used to.eweep the VCF and does not Control anything eee Fast ATTACKS and DECAYS are of the order of ¢'m5 time Constant and slow settings are Spproximately 2S ADSR: ‘The circuit is very similar to that of the AD ‘generator. C25 2 SET RESET Nip flop. {Cas and QU6 control the ATTACK, DE CAY, RELEASE time constants by enab- ling the three control pots. A kevboard gate voltage generates a positive going pulse 1C25 pin 1, causing C25 pin 3 t0 go tow. This then turns on Qi6 and thus C37 is charged up Via RV24, the attack pot IC30is ‘high input impedance voltage follower, ‘whieh controls the output VCA but which TSalso linked to Qts via R100 ‘When C37 has charged up to 8 V. QIS begins to turn off and in doing so, turns off QU0, The collector goes high and RESETS the flip fiop. Qt6 is thus turned off and the analogue transmission gate IC28 pin 1,2, 13, is turmed on via D27 Now C37 is connected via the decay pot to the sustain voltage, the wiper of RV29 land so it will discharge to tat voltage and remain there unt the keyboard gate 1s ‘emoved. When this happens the [C28 pin | 2:13 transmission gate s turned off via D28, nd 1028 pin 3,4, 545 turmed on. Now C3Tis discharged towards OV via the release pot ‘Also, when the keyboard gate is removed. 2 RESET is generated by the diode D29, 30 that the Nip flop is ready for another eycle. The ADSR voltage is used to control the YCO pitch and the signal level at the synthesizer's output. The ADSR is con. Verted into a current by Q19, D30, R102, R99 dnd used to drive & CA30BO acting as VGA. The OFF level of this cireut is ad justed using RV23, ‘The attack, decay, release time constants are variable over a range of 8m to 2. The Sustain QUIET position should provide at Teast 40 dB attenuation, ELECTRONICS TODAY INTERNATIONAL — JULY 1978Voltage Controlled Filter The VCF isa voltage controiled state vari able filter. This particular design generates both low pass and bandpass outputs. It has the same voltage response as the VCO, Le It is logarithre, as opposed to linear. A ‘Ca3046 transistor array converts the con- twol voltage into a log current using very Similar circuitry to that which was ‘employed in the VCO to minimise temper ture effects The control current needs to be sourced to the VCF, in fact to pin Sof Tet and 1c13 ‘which are both at about —11V4, This Is Accomplished with QU? and IC18. The cur Tent that comes out of the logging transis {or Movs into the emitter of QI and about 895 of it comes out of the collector, the other 1% flows out of base. As long as the The doesn’t vary too drastically asa func ibn of the collector current, then this Source of error will not be greatly significant. "The tracking accuracy of the VCF is much less of a problem than for the VCO. VCF tracking errors will only result in a slight change in cone, not pitch. TCI8 maintains QI? at a fixed bias vol HOW IT WORKS tage of approximately —0V62. The control current that comes out if QUI collector Splits equally down R68, 74 and into IC16, 19 respectively. These devices are ‘CASOS0'5, a tWo quadrant multiplier which is used asa variable gain cell to tune the fer resonance In fact they are gain controlled integra tors, where C28, 24 are the timing eapact. tors, The outputs are current outputs and are therefore high impedance. IC17. 20 are very high input impedance voltage fal Towers and they unload the outputs of the integrators. ICI6, 17,19, 20,23 is in fact an Analogue model ofa'second order differen: al equation, (Le. a tuned circuit oF & ‘mechanical resonator). ‘The loop gain, Which is controlled by IC16, 19. 1s linearly proportional to the resonant frequency, therefore by varying the current mo IC16, ICI9 the resonant Frequency of the model is controlled. Note that there is both. negative and positive feedback around ICG, C19. The negative feedback is fixed but the positive feedback is variable via the resonance pot RV1M, ‘As more positive feedback Is applied the ‘adel becomes more resonant the Q factor increases Too much feedback and the ELECTRONICS TODAY INTERNATIONAL — JULY 1978 circuit will oscillate, In fect stable, low Sistortion sinewave oscillations can be orduced by turing the resonance pot Tully clockwise. “the. diode. bridge amplitude limits the signal excursions an Wil thus stable the signal evel when the Ver isin is oseliator mode The VCF can therefore be used as alow distoruon oscar or aya iter However the signal tevel inthe oscillator mode 1s ‘michouder, (abou T0-dB)Uhania the iter mode, VCA The CA3080 is used as a two quadrant multiplier. That is the gain of the device Is Controlled by'the current flowing into pin 3 AAs this current has the same con {our as that of the ADSR, then any signal flowing through the VCA will have its amplitude modulated with the ADSR con tour. The output is buffered by a voltage follower providing a high level output ((ypically ‘Oatm) and a low level output (ypically ~20dBm). By putting a fixed DC current in, a constant output levels pro. duced (BY-PASS ON), unaffected by'the ‘ADSR, 43judosdde e1eym s120y0 jonuos sy ue Ledxe out OAS pus “SD0Iq yNDMD snoLER eys wos, 120dx0 01 opsus 2} souorojex nq “umowe ou et Sun ss0U Ze@ ‘preoqten OF 84M SIEeyLUAS PUnos 01 20\OS™OU OY MOUS pINoYs BUMP curtubieep 00g iuepueceuesy ys Jo Aayjorssen exp Jo top SL "3| WIM OP OL 1eYM pue Inoke] JouNd OL) euL “9 “BL nena mean RES! JWIHM GNV LWHM S4i00d IWHM ELECTRONICS TODAY INTERNATIONAL — JULY 1978 44SYOM LI MOH ‘Aam28) odes say exp pus ore: deome 1409 eBe0A eu “‘UOR:IUN pfoy PUR exces piEoqAeY avLpwt auy SE~Ze0 tye Suv e€'ZE91 2 199. YOLVTIDSO MOTS YOLVYINAD ASION 45 ELECTROWICS TODAY INTERNATIONAL — JULY 1978‘The keyboard generates two outputs. A pitch output and gate voltage. This is then Fea via Ris, C12 (reduces contact bounce), toa schmitt trigger IC4. When a key is pressed the output of 1C4 goes high, when it Brreleased it goes low. This gate voltage is tused to operate the keyboard sample and hold and the AD and ADSR units. "The Keyboard voliage is generated by passing a constant current through a pre: GiSion fesistor chain. Thus a series of pre tise voltages s set up along the chain which ‘can be picked off by the keyboard contacts, ‘The constant current Is generated by 1C3, RO. RO puts 2.526 mA into the node at 1C3 pin 2. This then adjusts its output so that Elmost exactly 2526mA flows down the Tesistor chai. ‘When a key is pressed, a voltage appears whieh tells the sunthesiser which key has been pressed. If more than one Key is pressed, then the voltage is(2.526327-4 x N) iV where Nis the number of resistors between the top note pressed and 1C3 pin 2. "Thus the keyboard always generates the voltage of the highest note selected, and this afed via R13, RV2, Qa to C13 where itis Stored. Qd is a FET switeh which has an on Fesistance of a few hundred ohms and Pinch off resistance of a few hundred megohms. it's turned on and off by the keyboard gate voltage, The sequence of operation Is Esfollows, The keyboard is pressed. A pitch voltage Is selected. A gate voltage is produced. Q4is fumed on and C13 is charged up to that ‘Above and right: lenuded synthesis 46 1. Next month we go on to ‘ull construction details of the design, but as you ean ‘ally couldn't be eesicr. The photo on the HOW IT WORKS voltage via RIS RV2. The keyboard is ‘eleased, the gate voltage dies, Qa is turned fff and the voltage on C13 remains where it I, iCBisa very high input impedance (1000 Mp, voltage follower, and so buffers the voliage on C1310 the rest ofthe electronics. ‘A. PCB guard Ping surrounds C13 so that surface leakage droop rate was about 0.1 mV/S which means that It would take 6922 cand oadriftone semitone or 8903 seconds The measured droop rate was about 0.1 mV/S ‘which means that it would take 682 seconds to drift one semitone oF 8305, seconds for an octave. Portamento effects are obtained by varying RV2, anticlockwise the charging time of C12is about 0.2 ms, when clockwise this becomes 380 mS, and the effect is to produce @ slewing between notes, Ifthe Keyboard contacts are badly out of alignment, a pitch change at the start of rnotes can be produced. Ifthe first contact to close is the gate pair then this might ‘cause a problem: The sequence of events is, as follows: ‘The gate contacts close. An envelope with the VCO at the previous pitch is produced. Then 10 of 20 mS. later the pitch Contact is made and the sample and hold Sand ence the VCO jumps to the correct ns 'The result is @ pitch “hiccup” at the Start of some notes, If this is noticeable on any notes then the gate contact should be carefully’ bent so that it doesn’t make tcantact before the pitch contact. New Pitch Detector Circuit “This circuit decides whether or not a new higher note has been played, even though the gate output signal (IC pin 6), has remained high all the time. IC3 is a high tzain amplifier which looks at the voltage on the piteh contacts. Ifthe pitch changes, the [AC ‘component of this change will be amplified bv 1C3, If the output goes positive, a pulse is produced which passes through C4, D7 Endends up across R23. Ifthe output FICS goes negative, the pulse goes through Cl. Be. is mverted by IC7 and passes through Do into R23. again as a postive pulse, This pulse then drives ICB which is-a schmitt Ihgger. Its output is normally low. and the frtval of the pulse makes it go high for a Shore while'and then returns to its low State. Thus an ascending or descending Scale of notes wal cause a series of short pulses (at TCB, pin 6) to be generated, one Pernew note, When thelast otehela down Evremoved there is no pulse produced. ‘When the same note is repressed the pitch hot actually being any different, a pulse is fenerated (ths is what is wanted) via C1 fom 14 pin 6. This route only generates pulses on ve edges, that isthe start of a few gate voltage The pulse output from C3 iS used to turn Q6 on and off This in tums uaed to momentarily turn off the AD and ADSR circuits, Thus the NPD can be ised to provide @ retrigger of the AD and ADSR eeu Fig. 9. On the right is shown the circuitry associated with the ELECTRONICS TODAY INTERNATIONAL duty 1978, \