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    43 views28 pages

    Nationalism in Europe

    Uploaded by

    Aquib Irshad

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    The Rise of Nationalism in Eur PUT eT CHANGES DURING THE 1789 FRENCH REVOLUTION » eee Y France was under ‘Absolute monarchy. y ‘The evolution transferred the y ideas ke'La Pati’ (the y ‘The Royal flag was ‘governmental power or ruling fatherland) and Le replaced by the LF ower fram monarchy ta French Citayea’ thecitizen) were——_New French Flag people or ts ctizens, adopted, rr x 7 Ww 7 French became Uniformweights Abolishmentof centralized National Assembly was renamed thenationalandmeasures_—internalcustoms _administativesystem _as'Estate General which was language. were adopted. duties enddues. was established. rr NAPOLEON (1769-1821) ee Y y 1 ler of France fom 1799-1815. Became the fst consul by assuming absolute powers. elected by the citizens, 7 Napoleonic Code (1804) civil Code er \ y ‘implication of rightio ‘administrative property for divisions, French etzens, N aa 7 ‘abolishment ofall privileges based fonbirth right N yp Removed ‘Abalishment of restrictions on feudal system & dguids in towns, serfdom. N a ” “There was improvement in transport and ‘communication system, N 7 v Equality before law N 7 Greek War of Since 16th cen, Independence Greece was part of ‘Strugglefor Greece's Support ifornthe Greek culture and Independence started with West European erature inspired SW theottoman Empire. the Growth ofnationalsm countries. the poets and artists him Europe fram the Sy wno supported the {Gttoman empire in 1821 revolution, Ty 231 elected Drafted a Prussian King Thapatliament mainly ook Troops foribly representatives Constitution fora Friedrich WihelmIV. interestin the workers and disbanded the marches to take their Germannatonbesed rejected their artisans ~ asit was largely assembly. places inthe onconstituional demands, dominated by the midcle Frankfurt Parlament_ monarchy. lass members Efforts were made by the middle class Germans to write the alfferent ecions of German Confederation imtoa rationstate ‘These efforts were suppressed by the ‘monarchy anc rniltary and the landowners in| Prussia, SSS ——EEEy ‘The unification of Germany Currency, banking, legal na judicial establshec Prussian dominance systems were introduced by the New Mid 19th Century Was divided into 7 states. ony ‘Sardiia-Pedment ‘was ruled by an Itafan princely house. North was ruled by ‘Austrian Habsburgs ‘whereas the centre was under Pope. ‘And the south was uncer the Bourbon kings of Span. v y “The national CotteVon ismarkof 187 - Kaiser Wiliam unification was taken Prussia played therole was declared as the Under by the fofamain|eacerinact new Emperor of new leadership of Prussia. ofnation-bulling. Empire LL LL Europe German Empire I ‘Around 18808 Sardinia = 7889 1861 Piedmonts force ‘Austrian forces Victor Emmanuel For uniting taian marched ntoSouth —_weredefeated by became the king of Fea icelcaoel ltalyend the France Sorcinia United Italy ane Mazzi rogramwas Kingdomof theo ~ Piedmont Rome was fener Sholles and crove out alliance declared the the Spanish rulers, capital of aly. Young taly=asccre) I nr society was also formed during this tne. Failure of revolutionary ‘uprisings from 1837-1848 by King Victor Emmanuel I (Count Cavour ~chief Minster of Sarnia ~ Piedmont - led the ‘movement for the Unification of ta ly. Lr v v v v v Artists in Tethand Represented Female figures using French Revolution, _‘InFrech, she Tath centuries counity asa person becamean allegory grtstsvsed female allegory ascvistened personified nations. calecAlegory, ofthe nation, GSporvay deasiketbery, ‘Marianne S 7 rN justice and repubie v ¥ ” Germania wears accown ot Germariabecame _inred cap the teolor fea leaves asthe Corman theAlegoryat the cackade represented ‘ak ster for heriem Germany iberty ane the Repubte v 7 ty yN 7 BRITAIN Before sth century, Constant growthin England entenched as “An Act ofthe Union was Scotland and Ireland itwasnetanation” powerhelped Engish aration The power of formee between was dominates by state natontoextendther’ themorarchy wos EnglandangSoaland _Erglandinalaspects, x 7 conoloveroine: —takenover bythe bythe United Kingdom | v ations andislanés. Engish periament, of Great Brtan x 7 ani ” VISUALISING THE NATION nn Brish Nation was formed — ‘which included various symools- flag, National Anthem and the English language. ‘Ae the failed revolution led by the Wolfe and his Unted Irishmen (1798), British took cover Ireland forcibly. UU as tS Republic: It’s a state where the supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives. The president is either appointed through elections or nomination, Democratic republic: It is a country that is both public and a democratic. It is the one where ultimate authority and power is derived from the citizens. Socialism: It is an economic theory, system or movement, where the production and distribution of goods is done, owned and shared by the citizens of a society. Socialist Republic: This refers to any state that is constitutionally dedicated to the establishment of socialism Absolute monarchy: It is a type of a governmental form of monarchy in which all governmental power and responsibilities arise from a monarch. Louis XIV of France is the most famous example of absolute monarchy. Utopia: An imagined place or state of things in which everything is perfect. Nation-state: A sovereign state, resided by comparatively homogeneous group of people who share a feeling of common nationality. Nationalism: Loyalty and devotion towards a nation. 9. Aristocracy: A class or group of people believed to be superior (as in rank, wealth, or intellect). 10. Serf: a person in the past who belonged to a low social class and who lived and worked on a land owned by another person. 11, Universal Suffrage: The right of all adult citizens to vote in an election, 12. Conservatism: Commitment to traditional values and ideas with opposition to change or innovation. 13, Habsburg Empire: The Empire that ruled Austria, Hungary, including the Alpine region of Tyrol, Sudetenland, and Bohemia, 14, Ottoman Empire: Turkish empire ruled by the Caliph - the spiritual and temporal head of the Muslims. 15, Ideology: System of ideas reflecting a particular social and political vision. 16. Plebiscite: A direct vote by which all the people of a region are asked to accept or reject a proposal 17. Ethnic: It relates to a common racial, tribal or cultural origin or background that a community identifies with or claims. 18. Allegory: when an abstract idea is expressed through a person or a thing. An allegorical story has two meanings, one literal and one symbolic. 419. Romanticism: A cultural movement, which aimed at developing a particular form of national sentiment and promote a feeling of collective heritage as the basis of a nation Ua 1688 ~The English Parliament had seized power from monarchy. Act of Union - Between England and Scotland- resulted in the formation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain. 1789 ~The French Revolution occurred. 1797 — Napoleon invades Italy, Napoleonic wars begin. 1801 ~ Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom 1804 ~ Napoleonic Code or the Civil Code was introduced, abolishing privileges based on birth. Upheld equality before law and secured right to property. 1814-1815 - Defeat of Napoleon by European powers-Britain, Prussia, Russia and Austria. 1815 - The European powers met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe. The treaty of Vienna was signed. 1815 ~ Conservative regimes were set up. 1821 - Greek struggle for independence begins. 1830 - The July Revolution sparked an uprising in Brussels, which led to Belgium breaking away from the United Kingdom of Netherland. Giuseppe Mazzini had sought to put together a coherent programme for a Unitary Italian Republic. Economic hardship in Europe. 1832 - Treaty of Constantinople was signed and Greece was recognised as an independent nation. 1830s 1848 - Revolutions in Europe 1848 ~ Renunciation of the French Monarch. 1848 - 831 elected representatives marched towards the Frankfurt parliament and drafted the constitution for a German nation 1852-1860 - Chief Minister Cavour, became the Prime Minister of Piedmont of Italy. 1859-1870 - Unification of Italy. 1861 - Victor Emmanuel I was proclaimed King of United Italy. 1864 ~ Bismarck fought a war against Denmark and took control of Schleswig. 1866-1871 - Unification of Germany, (An assembly comprising the princes of the German states, representatives of the army, important Prussian ministers (including the Chief Minister Bismarck) gathered in the Hall of mirrors at Versailles to proclaim the new German Empire headed by Kaiser William | of Prussia.) 1867 ~ Habsburg rulers granted more autonomy to the Hungarians. 1905 ~ Slav nationalism gathers force in the Habsburg and Ottoman Empires 1914 - Beginning of World War |. Choose 1 3. 6 ‘and write the correct option. ‘What major issue was criticised against by the liberal nationalists? (a) Censorship laws to control the press (b)_ Preservation of the Church (©) Amodern army (d) Efficient bureaucracy Name the Italian revolutionary from Genoa. (a) Metternich (b) Johann Gottfried (©) Giuseppe Mazzini (d) None of these What was ‘Young Italy’? (a) Vision of Italy (b)_ Secret society (©) National anthem of Italy (d) None of these ‘Who was proclaimed the King of United Italy, in 1861? (a) Giuseppe Garibaldi (b) Victor Emmanuel 11 (0) Giuseppe Mazzini (a) Cavour The most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe, after 1871, was an area called (@) Ottoman (b). Prussia (©) Balkans. (d) Macedonia Which of the following did the European conservatives not believe in? (a) Traditional institution of state policy (b) Strengthened monarchy (©) Areturn to a society of pre-revolutionary days Which of the following was not a part of Napoleon's defeat? (a) Britain (b) Austria (©) Italy Treaty of Constantinople recognised as an independent nation. (a) Greece () Austria (©) Italy Which of the following did not play a role to develop nationalist sentiments? (a) Are (b) Music (©) Climate 10. German philosopher, Johann Gottfried claimed that true German culture was to be discovered. ‘among the: (a) Common people (b) Aristocratic (©), Middle class elite 11. The meaning of ‘Volksgeist: (a) Common people (b) Spirit of the nation (@) Music 12, The place where the priests and bishops were punished. (a) Siberia (b) Tundra (©) Mongolia Answers L@ 2.0) 3.0) 4. (0) 5.0) 6. (0) 7. 8 (a) 9%) 10.(@) 1. 12. (@) Fill in the Blanks Complete the following statements with appropriate word(s). 1. The Act of Union of 1707 was between and 2, Jacobin club was a 3. When conservative regimes were restored to power, many liberal minded people went underground because of the fear of. allegory represent the nation of France. were the most serious nationalist tension in Europe after 1871 Answers 1. England and Scotland 2. Club 3. Repression 4 Marianne 5. ‘Balkans Tues CTT Read each of the following statements and write ifit is true or false. 1. In Britain, formation of a nation-state was a long parliamentary process 2, Jacobin club influenced German Army. 3. The Napoleonic Code upheld reforms and equality. 4. From 1848, Prussia took on the leadership of the movement of national unification. 5. Mazzini was a great revolutionary leader of Romanian. Answers 1. 2. (F) 3. (7) 41) 5. ) Sequencing Question ii TT Arrange the following in the correct sequence. () Unification of Germany i) Unification of Ttaly (iii) Greek struggle for independence began __ (iv) Fall of Napoleon (a) Gui)-i)-() ©) Getivy-i-i) (0) Giti)-o)i-@) @ @ii)--tiv) Answer (0) Gii)-Go)-(i) 0) Correct and Rewrite Correct the following statements and rewrite them. (a) The Civil Code of 1808 — usually known as the Napoleonic Code ~ did not give away with all privileges based on birth, abolished equality before the law and secured the right to property. (6) In Italy, half of the population spoke Magyar while the other half spoke a variety of dialects (©) In 1813, representatives of the European powers ~ Britain, Russia, Germany and Austria ~ who had collectively defeated Napoleon, met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe. (@) Conservative regimes set up in 1816 were autocratic. Answers (a) The Givil Code of 1804 — usually known as the Napoleonic Gode ~ did away with all privileges based on birth, established equality before the law and secured the right to property. (6) In Hungary, half of the population spoke Magyar while the other half spoke a variety of dialects. (0) In 1815, representatives of the European powers~ Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria—who had collectively defeated Napoleon, met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe. (@ Conservative regimes set up in 1815 were autocratic, The following questions consist of two statements — Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Answer these ‘questions selecting the appropriate option given below: (@ Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A. (© Ais true but Ris false. (@) Ais false but Ris true. 1. Assertion(A) : During the years following 1818, the fear of repression drove many liberal- nationalists underground, Reason (R) : Secret societies sprang up in many European states to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas. 2. Assertion(A) : The development of nationalism did not come about only through wars and territorial expansion, Reason (R) : Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation: art and poetry, stories and music helped express and shape nationalist feelings. 3. Assertion(A) : Language, too, played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments, Reason (R) : After Russian occupation, the Polish language was welcomed in schools and the Russian language was forced out. 4, Assertion(A) : The 1830s were years of great economic hardship in Europe. Reason (R) : National Assembly proclaimed a Republic, granted suffrage to all adult males above 21, and guaranteed the right to work. {istory: India and the Contemporary Worlé-tl 9 Ar 5. Assertion(A) : During the 1830s, Giuseppe Garibaldi had sought to put to; programme for a unitary Italian Republic. Reason (R) : The failure of revolutionary uprisings both in 1831 and 1848 meant that the ‘mantle now fell on Sardinia-Piedmont under its ruler King Victor Emmanuel II to unify the Halian states through war nswer 1. (@) Ais false but R is rue. 2. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. 3. (C) Ais false but Ris true. 4, (b) Both A and Rare true but R is not the correct explanation of A. 5. (d) Ais false but R is true, Very Short Answer Questions Each of the following questions is of 1 mark and has to be answered in one word or one sentence. Q. 1. Who was Frederic Sorrieu? Ans, A French artist, who prepared a series of four prints, visualising his dream of a world made up of democratic and social republics. Q. 2. To which country did the artist Frederic Sorrieu belong? [CBSE (Compit,) 2017) ‘Ans. France, Q.3. Why did French artist, Frederic Sorrieu prepare a series of print based on democratic and socialist republics in 1848? ICBSE Sample Paper-2017| Ans, ‘To depict his Utopian vision, the peoples of the world are grouped as distinct nations, identified through their flags and national costumes offering homage to the Statue of Liberty. Q. 4. What was the concept of a ‘modern state"? Ans, A centralised power exercised sovereign control over a cl uly defined territory. Q. 5. What does ‘Nation-state’ mean? Ans. The one in which the majority of its citizens and not only its rulers, came to develop a sense of ‘common identity and shared history or descent. Q. 6. What do the ideas of ‘la Patrie’ and ‘le Citoyen’ emphasize? ‘Ans. They emphasised the notion ofa united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution, Q. 7. Which new name was given to ‘The Estates General’? Ans. ‘National Assembly’. Q. 8. When did industrialisation begin in England and other parts of Europe? Ans. Second half of the 18th century, but in France and parts of German states, it occurred only during the 19th century. Q.9. What was the strong demand of the emerging middle classes in Europe during nineteenth century? [CBSE (F) 2016] ‘Ans. The strong demand of emerging middle classes in Europe was freedom of markets and the 2. abolition of state imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital 10. When and why was Zollverein formed? ‘Ans, To harness economic interests which lead to national unification of Germany in 1834 Q. 11. Which countries met at Treaty of Vienna? ‘Ans, In 1815, representatives of the European powers—Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria—who had collectively defeated Napoleon, met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe. Q. 12. Who hosted the Treaty of Vienna? ‘Ans, Austrian chancellor, Duke Metternich hosted this congress at Vienna in 1815, 10 Qi. Ans. Q14, Ans. Qau7. ‘Ans. Q.18. ‘Ans. Q19. ‘Ans. 2.20. Ans. Qa. ‘Ans. Q.22. ‘Ans. Q.23. Ans. Q.24. Ans. Q.25. Ans. Q.26. ‘Ans. Q.27. ‘Ans. Q.28. ‘Ans. Q.29. ‘Ans. Q.30. Ans. ‘What was the objective of Treaty of Vienna? OR What was the main aim of Treaty of Vienna 1815 [CBSE (F) 2016] ‘The aim was to reverse most of the changes that had come about in Europe during the Napoleonic war. The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French Revolution was restored to power. What was the main aim of revolutionaries of Europe during the years following 1815? ICBSE Delhi 2016) ‘To oppose monarchial forms of governmen . Who was Giuseppe Mazzini? . Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary born in Genoa in 1807. He was one of three revolutionaries who made a significant contribution to Italian unification, |. Which two underground societies were formed by Giuseppe Mazzini? (i) Young Italy in Marseilles. Gi) Young Europe in Berne. How did Metternich describe Mazzini? “The most dangerous enemy of our social order’ Who were liberal nationalists? The liberal nationalists belonged to the educated middle class elite, among whom were the professors, school teachers, clerks and members of the commercial middle classes. ‘Name the Treaty of 1832 that recognised Greece as an independent nation. [CBSE Delhi 2016] ‘Treaty of 1832: Constantinople of Treaty of 1832. ‘Name the event that mobilised nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe in 1830-1848. [CBSE Delhi 2016] Event that mobilized nationalist feelings: The Greek War of Independence. Who supported Nationalists of Greeks in their Independence war? Greeks living in exile and also from many west Europeans, who had sympathies for ancient Greek culture, ‘What was ‘Romar ism’ during the age of revolutions? Acultural movement, which sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentimer ‘What led to widespread pauperism in Europe? “The rise of food prices or a year of bad harvest Who was Otto von Bismarck? Bismarck was the Chief Minister of Prussia and was the architect of the unification of Germany. Who was proclaimed the King of United Italy in 1861? ICBSE (At) 2016] Victor EmmanuclII was proclaimed King of United Italy in 1861 What is an Allegory? State any one example to clarify the same. [CBSE Sample Paper-2016] Allegory: When an abstract idea for instance; greed, envy, freedom, liberty is expressed through a person or a thing. It is symbolic. Examples: Statue of Liberty, Marianne, Germania, etc Which female Allegory was invented by artists in France? ‘Marianne’, a popular Christian name, which underlined the idea of people’s nation. What was the Allegory of Germany? Germania ‘Who remarked “when France sneezes the rest of Europe catches cold”. [CSF (AI) 2016] Metternich ‘Who was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles in January 1871? Ic E (AL) 2016] Kaiser William I of Prussia was proclaimed German Emperor. ll Short Answer Questions Each of the following questions is of 3 marks and has to be answered in about 80 words. Q. 1. What changes were introduced after the French Revolution in France? Ans. (i) A centralised administrative system was put in place and it formulated uniform laws for all citizens within its territory: (ii) Internal custom duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted, Q. 2. What was the main aim of the revolutionaries behind the French revolution? Ans. The revolutionaries declared that it was the mission and the destiny of the French nation to liberate the people of Europe from despotism and to help other people of Europe to become nations, Q.3. After becoming the Monarch what changes were introduced by Napoleon? Ans. He had incorporated revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system more rational and efficient. (i) Napoleonic Gode or the Civil Code, (ii) Simplified administration abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and Q.4. How did Napoleonic trade benefitted the businessmen and small scale producers? ‘Ans. Businessmen and small scale producers of goods, in particular, began to realise that uniform laws, standardised weights and measures and a common national currency would facilitate the movement and exchange of goods and capital from one region to another, Q.5. What does ‘Liberalism’ stand for, since the French revolution? Ans. (i) For the new middle classes, liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law. (ii) Politically, it emphasized the concept of government by consent. (iii) Since the French Revolution, liberalism has stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges. A constitution and representative government through parliament. Q. 6, How was liberalism adopted in revolutionary France? Ans. (i) Revolutionary France, marked the first political experiment in liberal democracy. (ii) ‘The right to vote and to get elected was granted exclusively to property owning men. (iii) Men without property and all women were excluded from the political rights. Q. 7. What kind of conservative regimes were set up in 1815? Ans. (i) Conservative regimes did not tolerate criticisin and dissent and sought to curb activities that questioned the legitimacy of autocratic government. Most of them imposed censorship laws to control what was said in newspapers, books, plays and songs and reflected the ideas of liberty and freedom. They were autocratic in nature One of the major issues taken up by the liberal-nationalists was the freedom of the press Q. 8. What was Mazzini’s role in the unification of Italy? Ans. (i) Mavzini believed that god had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind. (ii) So, Italy could not continue to be a patchwork of small states and kingdoms. Ithad to be forged into a single unified republic within a under alliance of nation. Q. 9. How did Polish use their language as a weapon of national resistance against Russia? Ans. (i) Polish language was used for church gatherings and all religious instructions. (ii) Asa result, a large number of priests and bishops were put in jail or sent to Siberia by Russian authorities as punishment for their refusal to preach in Russian, (iii) The use of Polish came to be seen as a symbol of the struggle against Russian dominance. 12 Q10. Ans. Qu. ‘Ans, Qi. ‘Ans. Q.13, ‘Ans, Qs, ‘Ans. Q.15. ‘Ans. How did Prussia outstrive in Germany? (i) The nation building process in Germany had demonstrated the dominance of Prussian state power. (ii) ‘The new state placed a strong emphasis on modernising the currency, banking, legal and judicial systems in Germany. (iil) Prus Explain the concept of liberal nationalism which developed in Europe in early 18th century. Liberalism meant different things to different people. Political liberalism: © Itstood for equality before the law. © Revolutionary France marked the first political experiment in liberal democracy in which right to vote and get elected was granted exclusively to property-owning men, ian measures and practices ofien became a model for the rest of Germany. © Men without property, and all women were excluded from political rights © Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, women and non-propertied men organised opposition movements demanding equal political rights. Economic liberalism: © I stood for freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital © Customs Union or ‘zollverein’ was formed in Prussia, joined by most of the German states. © The Union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty towe. ‘What do you mean by conservatism? Highlight the main features of the beliefs. Conservatism was a political philosophy that stressed the importance of the tradition and preferred gradual development to quick change Features of the believers of conservatism: © They believed in established, traditional institutions of state and society. © They believed in a monarchy, the Church, social hierarchies, ete © They did not propose a return to the society of pre-revolutionary days. Rather, they realised that modernisation could in fact, strengthen the traditional institutions like the monarchy. ‘Write three features of the painting of Frederic Sorrieu, Features: © Men and women walking across the statue of liberty offering homage. © Statue of liberty has a torch of enlightenment and Charter of the Rights of Man. © On the Earth lie the shatte How was France responsible in spreading nationalism to other parts of Europe? ed remains of the symbols of absolutist institutions. ‘© Students and other members of educated middle classes began setting up Jacobin clubs like in France, in European countries. © Their activities and campaigns prepared the way for French armies which moved into Holland, Switzerland, Belgium and much of Italy in the 1970s. © With the outbreak of the revolutionary wars, the French armies began to carry the idea of nationalism abroad. Give a short note on the Habsburg Empire. © It ruled over Austria-Hungary. © Iwasa patchwork of many different regions and people, © Itincluded the Alpine regions — the Tyrol, Austria and the Sudetenland —as well as Bohemia, where the aristocracy was predominantly German-speaking. © Italso included the Italian-speaking provinces of Lombardy and Venetia. Q. 16. Which conditions in France depicted their political liberalism? 13 Ans. Q17. Ans. Q.18, Q19. Ans: Q.20. Qa. Q.22. ‘Ans, 14 © The right to vote and to get elected was granted exclusively to property-owning men. © Men without property and all women were excluded from political rights © The Napoleonic Gode went back to limited suffrage and reduced women to the status of a minor, subject to the authority of father and husband. Explain the role of romanticism in national feeling. OR “The development of nationalism did not come about only through wars and territorial ‘expansion, Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation.” Elaborate ‘upon the statement. [CBSE Sample Paper-20161 Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation; art and poetry, stories and. music. They all helped express and shape nationalist feelings. © Romantic artists and poets created a sense of shared collective heritage, a common cultural past, as the basis of a nation. © It was through folk songs, folk poetry, and folk dances that the true spirit of the nation was popularised. © Emphasis was given on the vernacular language and the collection of folklore to carry the modern nationalist message to large audiences. ‘What kind of policy was followed by Bismarck? How did he manage to oust Austria from the German federation? © Bismarck followed the policy of ‘Blood and Iron’ © He was the architect of this process, which he carried out with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy. © Three wars were fought for over seven years with Austria, Denmark and France, which ended in the victory of Prussia and completed the process of unification. How had Napoleonic code exported to the regions under French control? Explain with ‘examples, [CBSE Delhi 2019) The Napoleonic Code was drafted by a commission of four eminent jurists and entered into force in 1804. The Code was a major step in replacing the previous patchwork of feudal laws. It has a special place as it is one of the few documents that have influenced the whole world, ‘The Napoleonic Code was not the firs legal code to be established in a European country with a

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