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    No. 40 December 2013 ca UBT WU Ve "y Wi http://www jisf.or,jp/en/activity/scttindex.htm! es UT TY am it ” yr (tail "BE (ain Jopanese, or withstanding, resistance in English This issue, No. 40, features the fire resistance of stee! structures and the advanced fire protection and fire-resistant design applied to these structures in Japan; italso discusses an improved approach to the on-site welding of steel structures. ‘Special Feature: Fire-resistant Technology Buildings and Fite Resistance Bl Fire Protection for Stes! Structures [I Fire-esistance Redundancy in ‘Steel Framing BE] suneys of Fire Damage of Stee! Structures ire-esistant Design of TOKYO SKYTREE. FE Fico-esistant Stee! Stee! Application Technology [Bl On-site Weiding of Stee! Structures ee Buildings and Fire Resistance — Development of Fire-resistant Design in Japan— by Mamoru Kohno Reasons to Impart Fire Re Buildings ‘The frequency of building fires is natural- ly not very high. And, most buildings never experience even one fire during the life. However, even while the possibility of fire breaking out is low, once one does occur, it can cause seriously harmful effects to not only the building interior but the surround- ing area as well. In order to keep such effects within an allowable range, itis necessary for buildings to provide specified fire resistance, Currently, buildings must demonstrate the following capabilities during a fire: (1) Occupants (persons present in the building) ccan safely evacuate the building. (1) If some occupants cannot evacuate the building themselves, firefighters will be able to search for and safely rescue them. (G3) Even ifall or part of a building were to collapse, the collapse would not harm sur- rounding buildings. (F4) Heat radiating from openings or other struc~ tural parts of the building will not cause fires to break out in surrounding buildings. (65) Property incorporated within the building is protected from the fire In order to demonstrate these capabili- ties, diverse measures are taken—fire pre vention, confining a fire t0 a specified area, and preventing the destruction or collapse of a building due to heat from a fire. Fie resis- tance is commonly divided into three perfor- mance categories: load-bearing capacity (R), insulation (I) and integrity (E). In order to confine a fire to a specified area, insulation and integrity are important factors, and to prevent the destruction or collapse of a build ing, load-bearing capacity plays an important role. For example, in order to safely evacuate a building’s oceupants, the structural stability of the building, including evacuation routes, should be secured until the evacuation is fin- ished. Further, in order to restrict a fire from spreading beyond the fire compartment, insu- lation and integrity are requited for the walls ind floors that serve as the boundaries of the fire compartment. tance to BEI] 121 constuction odey&Tomorow Decenbe 2013 Professor, Department of Architecture, Tokyo University of Science Development of Fire-resistant Design in Japan ‘The structural design work that imparts the required fire resistance to a building is called fire-resistant design. This work is conducted so thatthe aforementioned three types of pet= formance are appropriately secured for the respective structural sections of a building In Japan, the Building Standard Law was en- acted in 1950 afier the end of the World War and, with other building regulations, exten- sively treats how to promote fire-tesistant de- sign, Several revisions have been made to the Building Standard Law, and the provisions of the law related to fire resistance prior to the revision in 2000 differ greatly from those af- According to the Building Standard Law, in eases when capabilities (f1) through (£5) above cannot be demonstrated due to fire and the resulting effect is severe, the building should be fire-resistant taking, into account the use, scale and location of the building Prior to the 2000 revision, the only available ‘measure was to specify that the main struc tural members, such as the columns, beams, floors and walls, were composed of fire-re- sistant’ members employing incombustible ‘materials. More specifically, pertaining to load-bearing capacity, it was required that ‘the main structural members be composed of fire-resistant members and that these mem- bers must have the fire resistance times pre- scribed in Table I forthe various main struc- tural parts (in addition, it was required for foors, walls and roofs to have appropriate insulation and integrity). This approach is called design by compliance to prescriptive provisions. After its revision in 2000, the Building Standard Law incorporated performance~ based design as well. Specifically, it pre- soribes that, in an assumed fire, a fire-resis- tant building structure be composed of main structural parts for which the fire resistance is confirmed to last until the fire is ext guished. As a means to ensure confirmation, the Law preseribes a fire resistance verifiea- tion method. Meanwhile, in future cases where new fire resistance technologies and verification ‘methods have been developed and put into application but whose f be confirmed using the calculation procedure prescribed in the Law, itis now possible for the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Trans- ort and Tourism to approve theit adapt- ability based on the results of fire resistance resistance cannot Table 1 Required Fire Resistance Time for Load-bearing Capacity Fiteenth story or qo See ae potas pom ry es oni ey | memes wate eatin wa ae hows 2h aes wat 1 he hoe ahare cao ihe hoe a Fo tha howe ohare = tha hows Shae = suas nines Fig. 1 Fire Resistance and Building Standard Law DCCC Orc cay rol ns etek ee CaM ected one aan tT Ministerial ey ae approval ae a specification te) EM) Verification route Tecan Advanced verification method a oe eon tay Performance. evaluation Ministerial approval Confirmation evaluation conducted by an examination ‘committee composed of experts. Before 2000 only design by compliance to prescriptive provisions could be applied, ‘except for limited exceptions. Currently, itis possible to apply performance-based design in addition to design by compliance to pre~ scriptive provisions. (Refer to Fig. 1) Example of a Large-scale Building Collapse Caused by Insufficient Fire- resistant Design Even in apparently fine buildings, ithe fre resistant design is not adequately executed, the consequences for the building can be cat astrophic. An example of adopting insuft cient fire-resistant design which we investi gated is introduced below. A fire broke out at midnight on Febru ary 12, 2005 (local time) in a 32-story high- rise building (Winsor Building) constructed in the AZCA area of downtown Madrid, the capitol of Spain. The fire rapidly spread both upwards and downwards, engulfing nearly every floor. A large-scale framing collapse ‘occurred in the middle and upper stories that resulted in great amounts of curtain walls, framing members and building containments being scattered around the area the building. The fire was not only disastrous for the Winsor Building, but it also seriously affected the ability of the Spanish capitol to function by causing both the closure of roads in the area surrounding the business center and the suspension of subway operations. Photo | shows an overall view ofthe dam: age in te later part of March, one and a half ‘months after the fire. Most of the building's columns, beams, floors and bearing walls were composed of reinforced tures, while the columns of the building's ‘outer periphery, the end sections of the wide ‘open office spaces, were made of steel. With two technical floors located in the middle and lower stories, the building was structur: ally divided into low-rise seetion (up to the third floor above ground), a medlium-rise see: tion (fourth to sixteenth floors) and a high- rise section (seventeenth floor and higher). Fig. 2 shows the framing elevation, and Fig 3 the floor plan of the seventeenth to twenty sixth floors, including the tent where the fire brake out The Winsor Building was completed in surrounding rst floor 1976 in conformance with the fire resistance standards of the day. However, as shown in the photo, the outer periphery of the high-rise section together with the floor slabs caused 4 large-scale collapse, and at the same time f' Photo 1 Fire damage of Winsor Building, one ‘and a half months after the fire December 2019 Stel Consructon Today & Toner EI Fig. 2 Framing Elevation of Winsor Building Penthouse story 27h story 26th story 25th story 24h story 23rd story 22nd story 2Aststory 20th story 10h story ‘ath story 17h story T.2 story 44th story 15th story ‘ath story 13th story 12th story sth story large-scale collapse. Because the fire broke out at midnight on a Saturday, when only a few persons were in the building, it was for- tunate that no one died, Toward Further Enhancement of the Fire Resistance of Buildings In this article, we briefly described the need torequire fire resistance in building construe- tion, the development of fire-resistant design in Japan and an example ofa large-scale col- lapse of a high-rise building that was atteibut- able to the adoption of an inappropriate fire= resistant design. In the fire-resistant design that eurrently prevails in Japan, the main goal of realizing buildings that are safe against Fig. 3 Typical Plan (Upper Stori 10th story 9th story ath story Tih story th story Sth story 4th story 1-1 story Sed story 2nd-story 4talstory story (Spanish indication) z 1 EEUU the medium-rise section that sandwiched the technical floor was totally destroyed by the fire, In current fire-resistant design, even if a fire were to break out, it would be con- fined within a fire compartment, it would not spread to multiple stories and the columns, floors and other main structural sections ‘would not easily cause a collapse. Because the Winsor Building was de- signed based on the building regulation stan- dards ofthe time, fire protection was not pro- vided for the steel columns on the building's ‘outer periphery. Further, the connections tween the floors and the exterior wall pan- cls, important factors in creating fire com- partments between floors, adopted a structure that easily ignited and allowed the fire to pen- citrate beyond its area of origin (refer to Fig, 4). In this way, an appropriate fire-resistant design was not adopted for the building. Con- sequently, the fire spread throughout entire sections of the building, thereby leading to a BRE sie! constuction Today &Tomorow December 2013 ie has been attained. However, in order to improve the appropriateness of fire-resistant design and its application, R&D will have to take into account the Following five tasks: + Understanding the high-temperature proper- ties of various steel products + Development of fire protection that consid- crs application effcieney vironmental concerns + Promotion of framing plans rich in fire ne- sistance redundaney + Development of standardized testing meth- od that can accurately confirm perform: + Structuring of social framework to assess the fire resistance of building as a whole (engi neers and evaluators) . durability and e 3) of Winsor Building 8 f I I T 1 1 ! ' 1 1 1 1 reso ee |e foe Secale a mn Fig. 4 Section of Perimeter Area of Winsor Building Glass > Varished plywood \Wood-gran printed cortugated board louver Metalic panel Fan col unit Layer closing: Wooden plate 10-20 mm thick (Gap width: 75 mm {RRR a A Aa A bd Fire Protection for Steel Structures by Shigeki Tasaka Fire Engineering Lab., General Building Research Corporation of Japan Outline of Fire Protection Because fire resistance is not direetly impart- ed to the columns and beams of steel struc- tures, itis necessary to provide fire prot tion in order to protect a building from fi Among the fire protections currently in use are spraying, coating, wrapping fire protec- tion and formed boards, which are commonly applied ina single layer or a laminated ma However, with exterior wall sections, it is not possible to create distance between the exterior wall and the columns oF beams, thereby making it impossible to apply fire protection to the contact points using only single-layered of laminated materials. In of- der to solve this problem, it is necessary to treat exterior wall members as part of the fire protection system for columns and beams and this has led to the development of com- posite methods of fire protection. In Japan, when applying a specif protection method to a fire-resistant struc- ture, the specified fire protection must satis- fy the performance prescribed in the Building Standard Law. The specified fire protection _method is tested and evaluated by a designat- cd performanes evaluation organization, and ‘ministerial approval is given when the fire protection satisfies the required performance. The fire protections that have obtained ‘ministerial approval are publicly listed on the website of the Ministry of Land, Infrastruc- ture, Transport and Tourism (MLIT). Table | shows the approval number. OF the total approvals, composite fire protection struc- tures account for nearly half. Further, a to- tal of 35 approvals are given for foam intu ‘escent coatings applied to columns, and 19 to beams, d fire Table 1 Ministerial Approval of Fire Protection for Steel Structures ‘Swucture | Required fre safety performance No, of approval In Japan, sprayed rockwool and caleiun silicate board are frequently applied in prac tical fire protection work, and sprayed rock- ‘wool and precast concrete board or ALC panels are frequently used in composite fire protection construction. Type of Fire Protection Materials Ministerial approval by MLIT is given to roughly two types of fire protection, * Fire protection structures that use single- layer of laminated material to coat the four sides of column members and three sides (excluding the surface facing the floor) of beam members © Columns—One surface is protected by the ‘exterior wall and the remaining three sur faces with a single-layer or lami ted ma Fig. 1 Example of Composite Fire Protec- tion Struc- ture of Stee! Column a Connection = ‘Of which, approval for Intumescent coating Coume "hour 8 8 2hours 16 hours hour 3 Zhou 8/88 hours terial; Beams—One surface is protected by the exterior wall, and the remaining wo sur- faces by a single-layer or laminated mat rial (excluding the surface facing the floor) (Refer to Figs. 1 and 2) The latter type is classified as.a composite fire protection structure, in which the exterior walls provide part of the fire protection, The connection ofthe exterior wall tothe fire pro- tion material i reinforced using a back ing material, ribs or reinforcing members to climinate any gaps. \d of Fire Protection Materials Fire protection materials can roughly be clas- sified into the following four types: * Sprays and coatings Rockwool, gypsum materials and cement are Wall panel \ Backing member Sie member Steel product \ (Horzontat section) Fire protection! directly sprayed or coated on the steel prod- uct, These materials are commonly applied while wet. Photo 1 shows an application ex- ample of sprayed rockwool fire protection. * Wraps Rockwool felt, ceramic wool brackets and ‘other inorganie fiber felts are wrapped around the steel product. These materials are com- ‘monly applied dry and are fastened using a fastening member. Photo 2 shows an applic tion example of inorganic fiber felt fire pro- December 2013 Stel Consracton Tay & Torow EI Fig. 2 Example of tection. ‘Composite Incombustible mater filed in connection of ‘* Formed materials Fire Protec- floor and wall Board members such as fiber-mixed calei- tion Struc- um silicate board, gypsum board and wood- ture of Steel cn board are attached or pasted to the steel Beam Floor product. These materials are commonly ap- plied dry and are fastened using a fastening ‘member or an adhesive agent. Photo 3 shows ‘an application example of fiber-mixed cal um silicate board, nlaene '* Intumescent coatings —— The top coat and a base coat of foamed coat- member Reinforcing ing material are directly applied in a laminat- ay ae ced state t0 the steel product. Photo 4 shows + Wat panel conection ‘Stoo Constcton Today & Tomoriow December 2013 Fire protection (vertical section) Photo 2 Application example of inoganie fiber felt fre protection ‘an application example of foamed intumes- cent coating sees Among other fire protection materials are thermal-expansion sheet members and moi tute aluminum packs. In addition, fire prote tion consisting of multiple materials is avail- able, . Photo 3 Applicaton example of fiber-mixed calcium siicate board fr pro tection PPhoto 4 Applicaton example of foamed itumescent coating Fire-resistance Redundancy Fire-resistance Redundancy in Steel by Kenichi Ikeda Professor, Center for Fire Science and Technology, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science Concept of Redundancy in St ing during a Fire The assessment of framing redundancy dur- ing a fire differs from room-temperature as- sessments, and thus itis necessary to exam- ine the extemal forces at work during a fire and the changes in strength characteristics of the structural members that these forces The first factor to be taken into account in nation of the working external fore is that a fire breaks out in one part of a building. Fig. 1 shows the differences in the external forces dealt with in fire-resistant de- sign and seismic design. The Earth's gravi- tational load works vertically throughout tn entire building structure; and, during an earthquake, the ground vibrates and the re- sultant seismic energy also works not only fon the foundation but on the entire building structure as well. On the other hand, because fire generally breaks out in only part of @ building and is extinguished before spreading through the entire building structure, temper- ature loads caused by fires work on only part of a building. Accordingly, the temperature of structural members located in the space here a fire breaks out will rise, but mem- bers located in sections untouched by the fire will not be affected. Another factor to be taken into account with regard to the strength characteristics of structural members during fire is that the temperature of these members rises due to the heat, and as the temperature of a mem ber rises, it not only loses strength and rigidi- ty but experiences thermal expansion as well Fig. 2 shows a concept rendering of the be haviors of building structures during a fire, The structural framing undergoes deforma- tion due to the thermal expansion that occurs in the members in the early stages of the fire, While the length of columns normally ap- proximates the height of the loor, the length ‘ofthe beams used in stel framing is several times the column length, Naturally the ther- ‘mal expansion of the beams is significant during a fire. The thermal expansion of the beams occurs in the axial direction, but the 1 Fram- Fig. 1 Difference of External Force between Fire-resistant De: Fice-resstant design: Par of structure Ie subjected to fre heat subjected to vibration Fig. 2 Concept for Behaviors of Building Structures during Fire Frame condition during fre Rise of steel Fire —> — mombor heating temperature Recuction of mati srongth ard git Thermal J otrmember Reduction of mmombor strength andy 4 Change of stress formation conliton of member Decemter 2019 Stoel Consrcton Tay & Torn EE resistance of the columns restricts the ther- ‘mal expansion, thereby providing bending rigidity that easily causes flexural deforma- tion in the columns. Accordingly, an impor- tant factor in examining frame stability dur- ing a fie isthe total length of the beams used ‘one layer. Then, because the beams pro- gressively lose rigidity asthe temperature ris- es, they start to undergo deflection due to the vertical load. At the same time, suffer strength reduction due tothe effect of the heat from the fee AL this stage, in common framing struc tures, even when a group of members 1o- ccated in the section where a fire breaks out lose their strength, the surrounding mem- bers that stand outside the area ofthe fire re- tain their strength and thus are able to redis- tribute the stress and prevent a total framing collapse. Fig. 3 shows an image of the stress redistribution. In the framing shown in the figure, even if fire breaks out on the lower Foor and causes some of the columns to lose strength, the axial forces previously borne by these columns is borne by the framing of the upper floor through stress redistribution, thereby preventing the frame from collaps ing. In eases when the columns and beams are rigidly joined, stess is easily redistribut- ed. Further, in eases when multiple numbers ‘of beams are installed on the upper floor and there exists an allowance in the sum of the bending strength of these beams, the possi- bility of frame collapse is further reduced, Because seismic resistance is required for approval in building construction in Japan, rigid joining is commonly adopted for beam- column connections. Further, in order to {reat the horizontal force caused by an earth- quake, columns and beams are provided with strength exceeding that needed to support the vertical load. Generally there will be some fires after an earthquake, but during an earth- quake violent fires that threaten the structur al stability of buildings do not occur. On the other hand, when violent fires break out that threaten the structural stability of buildings, it is extremely unlikely that an earthquake will occur during a fire that is capable of threatening the structural stability of build- ing. Accordingly, the inereased strength pro- vided to handle seismic forces serves to en- hhance the safety factors designed to prevent framing collapse during a fire. It is general- ly accepted that buildings constructed with a specified seismic resistance have higher fire resistance, and therefore have high framing redundancy vis-i-vis fires. Performance-based fire-resistant. design BHIEET tt Concructon Today & Tomarow December 2013 Fig. 3 Image of Stress Redistribution in Framing At q Ww A At ait Fig. 4 Condition of Framing when Part of Structural Members Lose Thei Even when the axial-drection force of the column at the lower Noor is lost due to fire, the ‘beam just above the lower ‘oor transfers the force to the right- and left-side frames due to beams shear strength. ‘Strength due to Fire (Indication by increasing deformation magnifica- tion) WII ATS aS CPN TIAL IN CN | Sarr IN is practically applied by actively taking into account the redistribution of stress in fram= ing during fires, as mentioned above, In such ceases, it is necessary 0 examine fire resis- tance by taking into account not only the nal fire conditions but fire development as well. In recent building construction, pla- nar and vertical frame composition has ‘come more complex, and in some cases the framing type proper has become complex. In such eases, itis necessary to prepare a fram- ing plan that considers the stress deformation conditions during a fire from the perspective ‘of secular change as well Example of Fire-resistant Design Cap- italizing on Redundancy Fig. 4 shows an example of fire-resistant de sign that takes full advantage of framing re dundaney during a fire. The building is com. posed of mega-traming that adopts diagonal columns at the outer periphery of the build ing, Loss of strength in the horizontal struc tural members, such as beams, will lead to collapse and falling of floors; therefore, itis necessary to provide fire protection to these ‘members so that structural strength during a fire ean be retained. Even if vertical mem- bers such as columns lose stre bome by these columns ean be redistribut- ed to the diagonal columns mmega-framing This design example allows the elimina tion of fire protection for some columns by examining and confirming stress redistribu- tion, The examination, in addition to study- ing fire development, confirmed two stress conditions: stress in the peripheral frame caused by thermal expansion in the columns: and stress in the peripheral frame caused by loss of strength in the columns. Fire tant design, as applied in the case of mega- framing, is becoming frequent because itis easy for the corresponding columns to redis tribute stress tothe diagonal columns having high strength, the stress tat compose the Toward Enhanced Redundancy dur- ing Building Fires For common buildings, “member-lev. resistant design is adopted whereby the fire resistance of the entire frame during a fire is secured through securement of the fire resis: tance of the building's structural members The use of such fire-resistant design guaran- tees the fire resistance of the framing of com- ‘mon buildings during a fire. However, whi strength at the member level during a fire say have been confirmed, there are cases in which a building suffers total collapse trig- gored by thermal expansion in the structur- al members of neighboring buildings during a fire—like the collapse of building WTC7 at the World Trade Center. In the structural d sign of stcel-frame buildings, it will be nec essary to Work out a structural plan that takes {nto account structural redundancy during a fire, . Full view of Shimizu Institute of Technology of Shimizu Corporation, where R&D is being promoted toward futher improvement offre fesistance of buings (photo courtesy: Shimizu Corporation) Decomber 2019 Ste! Constuction Today & Tomorow EI Fong Ss TE SLA A Surveys of Fire Damage of Steel Structures by Kenichi Ikeda Professor, Center for Fire Science and Technology, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science Concept for Fire Damage Surveys Fire causes localized damage in a building due to the heat ofthe fire. Because the dam- age occurs in only part of a building, build~ ings subjected to fire damage are frequently reused. In order to reuse such buildings, it is necessary to understand the level offre dam- age and, further, to confirm whether or not the damaged building can tolerate euse, ‘A fire damage investigator diagnoses the level of fire damage and proposes from an engineering aspect what kind of repairs and means of reinforcement are required to fa cilltate the reuse of a damaged building, The target performance to which a fire-damaged building should be restored is decided by the building owner and/or building aiministra- tor, and its users Ifthe target building is to be restored to previous levels of use, the agreed upon per- formance at the contract stage must stipulate complete restoration. On the other hand, in ceases when the servive life of the building is in decline and the building is scheduled for reconstruction in the near future, itis feasible for the structure's target performance to be settled at @ level sufficient to remain in ser- Viee for only a few months. In most cases, the settled target performance is functionally equal to pre-fire levels. With its main focus fon targeted performance, the Architectural Institute of Japan has prepared “Guidelines for the Diagnosis of Building Fire Damage and Repair and Reinforcement Methods and Commentary” (draft). Flow of Fire Damage Surveys Fig. I shows the workflow from the fire dam- ‘age survey to the repairiteinforcement work. A fire damage survey is composed of the fol- lowing three parts + Preliminary survey: Collection of information about the damaged building from drawings and information about the fite from newspapers and other media prior to visiting the fire site + Primary survey: Visual on-site survey of the fire conditions + Secondary survey: Implementation of tests ‘onthe structural members extracted from the ‘Stee! Constuction Today & Tomorow December 2013 damaged building, if necessary Based on the survey results, the range and level of damage due to fire are diagnosed Then, plans for repairs and reinforcement are worked out based on the fire damage di- agnosis. At this stage, settlement is reached Fig. 1 Flow from Fire Damage Survey to RepairiReinforcement Work Preliminary survey ‘Secondary survey regarding the target performance to be re- covered, the method of recovering the per formance is selected, end the repair and rein- forcement works are implemented Figs. 2nd 3 show the workflow in judg- ing the level of fire damage in stocl-struc- ture buildings. Inthe ease of surveying stecl- structure buildings, not only the lowering of material strength due to fire heat but a so the deformation of memibers and frames due to thermal expansion greatly affect judg- ‘ments regarding reuse. Accordingly, estimat- ing the heated temperature of the stel-rame ‘members and measuring the deformation of these members compose the main tasks in fire damage surveys. Estimating the heared temperature of the steel structural members is made in order to assess the changes in the material charactr- istics of the steel frame members targeted for reuse. Changes inthe mechanieal proper- ties of high-strength steel products and high- strength bolts, whose strength is enhanced during the manufacturing process, occur at comparatively low temperatures. Even among ste! structural members that are bare- ly affected by the hea ofa fire, some mem- bers suffer large deformation due tthe ther ‘mal expansion of other steel members. For steel-siructure buildings, the heated temper ature and member deformation are surveyed to diagnose the fire damage. . Fig. 2 Workflow of Steel-frame Repair and Reinforcement Based on Estimated Heated Temperature Whether or not Repair and reinforcement of connection December 2019 Ste Conucton Today & Treo ET Fig. 3 Workflow of Steel-frame Repair and Reinforcement Based on Deformation ‘Examination of structural member Yes. Member deformation sates recovery wget ‘xenon of member ram aspect ot sucualdesan ncusng rssotsaan recovery ge clung se prostate) ‘Te reser target for member deformation”

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