Expectancy theory EN The expectancy theory of motivation, originally ‘consider are potential rewards (such as a bonus, a proposed by Victor H. Vroom, argues that we consider promotion, permission to leave early or a good feeling three main points before we make the effort necessary ‘of accomplishment), although we are likely also to to perform at a given level. These issues are shown. 40 take into account possible negative results (such as 5. in the circles of Figure 1, which shows the basic loss of leisure time or family disruption due to putting components of expectancy theory. in extra hours on the job). In your special-project situation, perhaps your boss has a history of giving rewards, such as recognition or bonuses, to individuals 45 who take on special projects. Ifso you might assess the P-+0 expectancy for taking on the project as very high. On the other hand, your past experience with special projects may suggest that the boss sometimes. arranges for rewards but other times forgets, Ifthis 50 is the ease, you might view the P-+0 expectancy ‘as medium in strength (perhaps a 50-50 probability of being rewarded). In the worst case, if your boss never rewards extra effort, you might assess the PO expectancy as almost zero ~ at least for rewards 55. available from the boss, 9 Pexgctaney ‘atin prabetty tatlean part tte ‘eyed ly? eern Perens BY in any given situation, there may be many potential rewards associated with performance. Rewards é t é . . ns Perce ee ees eee cae roticting aelowas actriase retardsin Panacea) Bee et eared ‘pe fear monctary rewarls tat anagers an EB Ettort-performance expectancy When we consider Fb pidsts canta at velion (eserse aa aes effort-performance expectancy we assess the the table in Figure 2) On the other hand, rewards brbabity ht or efor wl ead woe required IESE E Be een aE 65 successful performance, such as feelings of achievement, challenge, and growth, are known as intrinsic rewards. Considering various possible outcomes (both positive effort-performance expectaney works, imagine that efforts’ leading to high performance ~ the EP your bossa asked youto consiertakingon amsjor ——-Weenduptores «Bases 7 implementing a new computerized tracking system for red fe Customer complaints, to improve ndvidva customer Sewls wrrsiensNeetion FE service and find out more quickly about complaint w Loneheons 17 Free meals one-pot aes) | & trends, One ofthe first things younight think eboutis ren wucalewnts Cas i 20 the probably of your being able to achieve the high E cae eee eicnvosr chimera Pekin (omer ene) v Ade one mis |e the related environmental factors. Ifyou feel that you Carfcatesofrecagniion ———_ Urerees : dont know very much about developing such sysiems y-ray’ avast, “Foss wthconory |B and/or thatthe avallablity of resourcesis inadequate,“ esi : 25. youmight asses the probability of success alo On : romans toons | the other hand, ifyouTee that you are well qualified Silanes Trebrty gmeanctes, | P forthe project and that the avaliable resources are Ceepatnotlaecteg Mateo adequate, you might assess the probably of your fees, sdk cts ee Fe GEE EGF ESOL RERAE oD Ser ce et tr, hos 20 expectancy as quite high, However assesment of 1p or ios Repent ikon the effort-performance expectancy is only part of your (Family photo sessions a a t evaluation ofthe situation ome Ic i-sipt wie Sonor roots Tang Specialist Misi fe = wreseansbe-ets toner ForerauanComeny | in outcomes. The major outcomes we Figure 2 A table showing non-monetary rewardsand negative) we form an assessment of the probability ‘of our performance’s leading to desired outcomes. If 7 ourassessment ofthe P+0 expectancy is high, the expectancy will contribute to our motivation. If our assessment is low, the expectancy could have a negative effect on our willingness to perform ata high level. Stil, ‘we have another motivational component to consider ~ 75. how important the various outcomes are to us. I Valence With the valence component, we assess the anticipated value of various outcomes. Ifthe available rewards interest us, valence will be high. However, the value of possible negative outcomes, such as the loss 80 of free time or the effect on our family, may offset the value of rewards in a given situation. Th I n, In the specia-project example, you might view the possibility ofa special 85 bonus from the boss in an extremely positive light. On the other hand, if your rich aunt just left you $3 million, the bonus may be much less important, Still you may. Business vocabulary | Word formation: common endings Identifying the part of speech can help you to understand a sentence and the meaning of a word in that sentence. Common endings such as -ive, -ion, -al and others can help identify the part of speech. 1 What common word endings can you think of? Put |] them into the category that they usually appear in. Noun -tion Ver ate Adjective -al Adverd ly 2 Look at words ah from the text on page 8 Underline the suffix in each word. expectancy (line 1) o a performance line 7) —__ quickly (line 18) ie ¢ environmental line 22) 4 permission (line 38) ss € accomplishment (line 39) £ negative (line 40) g willingness (ine 73) h motivate (line 82) 3. Are words ah in 2 nouns (n), verbs (v), adjectives, (adj) or adverbs (adv)? attach a high value to the intrinsic rewards that might result if you develop the innovative project. Ed Expectancy theory argues that in deciding whether or not to make an effort in a particular direction, we will consider all three elements: EP expectancy, P-40 expectancy, and valence. Research suggests that Individuals are likely to make global judgements about 95. cach of the three elements in a given situation and then combine the elements in diferent ways, Source: K Bartal & DC Martins, Managemen, rin McGraw-Hill America 1998, pp.392-895 Glossary component (ine 6: (n) part offset lline 80): balance one thing against another so that there is less difference leave (ine 86): (\) give something when you die ‘element (ine 92): im part 4 Are the words in the list nouns, verbs, adjectives or adverbs? accomplish assessment environmentally expectation motivational _ negatively perform permit 5 Change the words in the list to complete a-f. accomplishment expectancy motivation permission environmental performance a Many people rewards to be at least equal to or greater than their effort. b A variety of non-monetary rewards can be used to _____ people. © The in which people work can have an effect on their motivation 4 Despite to the best of his ability the project was not considered a success. @ Smoking is not _ in the building. f She ___ the task as well as she could but unfortunately it was not satisfactory. 6 Correct the word form errors in sentences a-f. ‘a The staff were very unmotivation by their tasks. b One of the greatest accomplish of her career was promotion to the top of her sector. ¢ A strong perform can lead to promotion, 4 The decision impacted environmental on the town's development. e The expect of a high salary is often a motivation for going to university, £ He was given permit to leave early