BIOLOGY

CELL
 Subcellular : the different parts
There are two type of cells :
of cells
Eukaryote = complex cell,, Ex: animal plant  NUCLEUS : Control the,
contains DNA cell
Prokaryote = simple dan small cell ,, Ex : bacteria
 Ribosomes : protein are
SUBCELLULAR STRUCTURES made
 Mitochondria :respiration
1. animal : Nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria, cell  Cell membrane : control what
membrane, cytoplasm comes in and out, give shape
2. plant : Nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria, cell
 Cytoplasm : contains
membrane, cytoplasm, Vacuole, Chloroplasts,
enzymes, the reaction take a
rigid cell wall
place
3. Bacteria : Circular strand of DNA, Plasmid,
 Vacuole : nutrition
cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell wall
(Sugar and salt)
 Rigid cell wall : made from
CELL DIFFEERENTIATION cellulose, strenghtens the cell
 Plasmid :small rings of
Animal cell : nerve cell, muscle cell, sperm cell DNA
Plant cell : root hair, phloem, xylem  Cell wall : strengthen and
support the cell
Stem cell can turn into stem cell or replication and sperm  Sperm cell : transport male dna
cell or differentiation. It can find in human embryos or to female dna. There is enzymes
bone marrow. It also can be used to clone plants. and mitochondria in a head
CELL -> GROWTH, REPAIR, DEVELOPMENT  Nerve cell : carry signall to all
body
CELL CYCLE : Growth -> DNA replication -> Mitosis  Muscle cell: contract quickly, full
Chromosome: 23 pair of DNA in total 46 DNA of mitochondria

Cell cycle :

1. Growth, cell grows in size,, ribosomes and

mitochondrias
2. DNA replicate into chromosomes (pair of DNA)
3. MITOSIS,, chromosomes straight in the middle of
cell and divided in two then it pulled to each end
of the cell and arounded by membranes. Then cell
devided into two

MICROSCOPY

Km m mm micrometer nm

Type of microscopes :

1. Light microscope : 0,4 micrometer wivelenght

2. Electron microscope : 0,1 nm wivelenght
BIOLOGY

BINARY FISSION : procaryotic cell reproduce and devide

PROCARYOTE CELL has strain of DNA, plasmid, cell wall

and cytoplasm.

1. Replication, all genetic material replicate

2. Cell grows
3. Circular stran of DNAs spread opposite in side cell
4. Cell devided into two cell

DIFFUSION

Spreding particles from high concentration to low

concentration. It happens in gasses or liquid.

Factor affecting the rate of diffusion :

1. Themperature
2. Consentration
3. Distance

Particles that can pass through membrane : Blood vessel high concentration

1. Water
2. Glucose
3. Amino acid

Particles that cant pass through membrane :

1. Protein
2. Starch

OSMOSIS

The movement water from high water concentration

(water) to low water concentration (sucrose solution).

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

The movement of molecules from low concentration to

high concentration. Example root hair,intestine or gut

Intestine or gut:

Intestine or lumen

Microvilli for a large surface area

Intestine cell full mitochondria