a 3.2 Newton’s Law of Cooling 3.2.1 Introduction If we examine the behaviour of two simple differential equations , one for population growth, and one for the radioactive decay of a substance we could represent them as dy an r. If > 0, all the solutions grow exponentially, while for r <0 all the solutions decay is equation is of interest for either positive or negative values of the constant exponentially! With this in mind, let us examine another realization of a differential equation, this time connected with the property of cooling (or loss of heat) of a warm object in a colder environment. This is Newton's law of cooling. Newton's Law of cooling states that the rate of change of the temperature of an object is proportional to the difference between its own temperature and the ambient temperature (i.e. the temperature of ils swroundings). Newton's Law makes a statement about an instantaneous rate of change of the temperature. We will see that when we translate this verbal statement, into a differential equation, we arrive at a differential equation. The solution to this, equation will then be a function that tracks the complete record of the temperature over time. Let us consider an example: Suppose you heat up a big pot of soup. The soup has just boiled at 100°C. By cooling the pot in a sink full of cold water, (kept running, so that its temperature was roughly constant at 5 °C) and stirring occasionally, you can bring the temperature of the soup to 60°C in ten minutes. Find the temperature T of the soup as a function of time. Let T(t) = Temperature of the soup at time ¢ (in min). 10) =T. T, = Ambient temperature (temp of water in sink) = 5 °C. = Initial Temperature of the soup = 100 °C. ‘The rate of change of the temperature dT'/dt , is (by Newton's Law of Cooling) pro- portional to the difference between the temperature of the soup T(f) and the ambient Cooperate Ta Tht nan hat 22 (PT), Chat the soup ster tha the water in the sink T(#) — Ty > 0, then the soup is cooling down which means that the derivative dT'/dt should be negative. Thus, constant. ar Fe = WHE To), where k is positive Let us define y(!) = T(t) ~ Ty = Temperature difference between soup and water in2 sink at time t, and yp = T(0) ~ T, = T, ~ Ty = Initial temperature difference at time 10. ‘The solution to this differential equation is: y(t) = yee". Thus, T(t) — Ta = (To — T,)e™. Or, it follows that T(t) = T, + (To — Tae From the information in the problem, we know that T'(0) = T, = 100, 95 so that, T(t) =5 + 95e # We also know that after 10 mimutes, the soup cools to 60°C, so that t = 10, T(10) = 60 Plugging into the last equation, we find that we find that 5,To = Ts 60 = T(10) = 5 + 95e~1* Rearranging, 55 = 54951 555 = 95e1% 4 60 = 5 +954 55 = 95 x Thus, y— inlt3) _ 0.54 Soo = AF = 0.054 per min So we sce that the constant which governs the rate of cooling is k = 0.054 per minute. Now wo can specify the solution fully, since all constants have been determined from the information in the problem, The prediction is that the temperature of the pot of soup at time ¢ will be T(t) = 5 + 95¢°00% 3.2.2 Aim ‘To verify Newtons law cooling and to determine the constant of proportionality, k.23 3.2.3. Apparatus Heating mantle, toluene, test tube, thermometer, stop clock, ete 3.2.4 Formula T(t) =Ta + (To— Tale (3.2.2) where, ‘kis a constant governing rate of cooling, t is the time, T(t) is the temperature of toluene at time ¢ and 7, is the ambient temperature of the surrounding, 3.2.5 Procedure 1, Note the ambient temperature and the least count of the given thermometer scale. 2. Carefully place the test tube with toluene inside the heating mantle, Start the heater and ensure that the maximum temperature is set up to 70°C. As soon as the temperature crosses 70 °C, switch off the heater and wait for the temperature overshoot of few degrees, Remove the test tube from the heating mantle to the ambient. 3. Note the initial temperature of toluene, T,, (this is the temperature at 0 seconds and the rate of cooling depends on this temperature with respect to the ambient) and start the watch as the cooling starts. Note the time for every 2 degree fall of temperature. Take about 20 readings. 4, Record your observations in the Table mncirele the 5, Plot a graph between temperature in kelvin versus time in seconds data points, write the appropriate scale and ensure that the curve shows the gov- eming exponential function. 6, Calculate the unknown constant in the governing function, ie, 7. Using the value of k, predict the temperature at higher time (say, ¢ =300 seconds) and compare with the experimental value.24 3.2.6 Observation Table Fill in your observations in the following table 1, Ambient temperature, T, = cs K. 2, Least count of thermometer scale = c= K 3. Temperature versus time Time (@) | Tanparatwe T@)'C | Temperature TOK TABLE 3.3: Temperature versus time data for cooling toluene liquid sample. 3.2.7 Graph plotting An illustrative graph for T(0)(K) versus f(s) is shown below. Time t(s) —> Fic 8.2: Cooling of toluene liquid: (I) versus ¢(s) graph, 3.2.8 Calculations ‘You will do the calculations precisely as given below, depending on your data. Let us assume the following data: Tat 0 seconds — 7, — 345 K, T at ambient temperaturo = T, = 303K. Let us say at some time t = 181 seconds, the observed value of T(d) = 23 K. In your case the values will essentially differ. Assuming this data, let us calculate k a constant governing rate of cooling, and further predict the temperatureat any later time T(t), say, have: 1, T, = 345 K and T, = 303 K 2, At = 181 seconds, the observed value of T(t) = 323 K, 3. Thus, as T(l) = Te ~ (To ~ Tale 323 308 + (345 ~ 303) ev = 303 +42 «180 ence, 22 =e! or k= x m (2), this give ke 41x 10897 Hence, 5 york = sep x in ($F). This give k= 41 x 10 4, In order to predict the temperature at any later time (300), we use: 17(800) = 303-4 42 e089) 5 315K 3.2.9 Result Report the result as follows. 25 = 300(s) based upon Newton’s law of cooling. Hence, we 1. The Newton's law of cooling is verified and the constant governing rate of cooling is found to be st