MY IVORY CELLAR By JOHN OTT TWENTIETH CENTURY PRESS, INC. Geach 6 nursPreface Shortly afler making my frst automate Uiner and competing several time-lapse nequences of common fren fowers, I began thinking about writing 9 book fn the subject of Uane-lapee photography. However, {here wort hat time several minor problems Yo be Honed out before I could give ll the ancwers, Dut cach solved probe woul! create bigger one, thle project was temporarily postponed estaye thie wae mistake, for during the past thirty years the number of unanswered qvestons had ‘eniy increased and nt an ever faster ate. Like 50 tang’ ther subjects, considerable knowledge and ex Deviance are require tn tele how mach more thre Esti toe fntmed. Thi te ertalnly proving to be the in taking Une lape picture. Although Ihave expased « good many fet of motion ptr fm, I'am coneined I have hardly seratehed fhe surface a fa at Ue poslble applications of time- lapse photography to all kinds of research project Ie ie with thie in mind that 1 amn'now writing the tok to record the formation aad observations that eel are worthy of farther investigation. Te ix ay sincere hope tha the results of some of ay tte-lapee pictures may be bepfol to athers engnged in research Tork, and that by making Known at mach formation 4 potble, ie may narvow the gap sill remaing In fareving af the solutions to many unsolved problemsContents 1 Time-Lapee Photography 1 2 Further Afeld in Photography 25 18 The Steady and Orderly Bvolution of Plants a 4 Projet Sixty.One a 5 Growth Responses to Varlations in Temperature .... 50 6 Hindsight e 7 Pink or Blue? ‘The Bifect of Wave Length of Light nergy on Growth Response in Plants fe ‘8 Double Trouble 98 ‘Contemporary Influences 105 10 Interesting Simllartiee Between Reactions of Plants ‘sud Animale m1 11 Photoerinolagy—The Eifect of Light om the Glandular System ne 12 The Darkest Hour 128 13 “Tee, Toot” 19 Lectures Given by John Ot. “aMy Toory Calor eae ae) Chapter 1 Time-Lapse Photography "The principle of timetapa photography is very simple. Tis juat the opvoit of slw-tion pete, wilh Which most poople tony be more familia. In place of slowing fact motion down, it ysede up many times faster Duan normal sch subject as wer opening, ofthe complete growth of plant om tho ecteen inva few seconds, The actual time repecentod may have been everal months or even year, It in somewhat smile in Din tipi tothe animated carton type of peture. However, in place of drawing each frame or tndidul picture to be photographed ty hand with the seton adrsnoed tite each tine, ive grow ing subjecta are used. iti then necessary to walt for a title nowt to fake place between each picture. Tn some instances, Sth fie rapt developing mieroseopie subject, this may be nly a fev” seconde With the opening of the petals of an aver fe Hower, ft would be about every Ave or ten minutes, and with hmething lke the development and ripening proces of fruit that takes a much longer period of tine, i might be one pletare fevery hour or tor ‘The time intareal Between pletures may hve to be changed as the plant goes hsough diferent sagen Uf development, such ae te ening ofa oer, to he slower tnaturing provtst ofthe fruit: Nevertheless, the individual pee urea tet be takon regulary throughout the day and night My fret atlompt to make a ime Janse picture was in 1927 Ahoush el in high schoo, thit wae sn outgrowth ofan inter ft in all phases of photography ever since Tas old enough to told a Browne camera Some prolonged eye trouble prevented he fom reading at times and also made It necessary for me to shear vlnses for as lng ae {can remember. This together with Uiher ines kept me ott of achoa! fora conlderable pried of fine. To maken long story thor, aid not go to ealege but8 My Teory Cello Iogan working as & messenger for a sock-bokerage firm the ati part of 1829. After the big market crash in October of that stme year, the propose for aceancerent fn that lie of Daisies were not exactly what might be considered overheln- Ing, s0 T aii! for job with the First Notional Bank of Chicago. There the opportunity and experince of working It many diferent departtans, including the Investment Divison of te Trust Department, Credit and Foreign Departments, he ‘Traveling Audit Department, and Say an ofa in the Comercial Loan Departament Was invaluable. Tt helped a great deal in better nnerstading some ofthe problems of thse om [iinies for whom 1 later made Inditeal motion pictre fs For sx years night schol Kept me busy studying such aabjets ‘ar Accounting, Money and Hankiog, Heonomice, Business Law fand English. Daring the ronuner of 1997 the bank sent me to Tine-Lapse Photography ® tho Graduate Schol of Business Administration, Harvard Ual ‘erty, for special susumer course entitled Interpretation of Pisancit Statements For this Treeivad my fst and oly di ploma daring school whieh Tam very peo o ay wus aoarded vith dltintion”™ At uo time di my formal education ever In ‘elude any courses in Botany, Biology, Physic, Electronics, Agri allure, scaled health clases ct medica Maybe this was all or the best in tho long rum bese it Tit me fo salve many prcbloms by trial and error in my own ample may. Wale work Ing bart atthe bank, imeapse pictures continued a bobby fan alo the mating of some regsar ome movies, teladng family and travel scenes, My frst time-lepeo subject consisted of some apple bossome brought into the house for say foremg- 1 knew ie would be ecetnry to take a picture at regular intervals during bth the fay and wight ports but had no dea how faeaaent it ad to he done. Thegan by harrying home from school to take a ple fe every hour for the frat day and geting a alarm clock to ‘wake up during the nig. By the tine the escond ight rolled around, thought maybe every tra hours woul do Just a wel, tnd ehinged my alarm clack sceoringly. This basiness of wake fing ap, torning on the photographle lights, exposing Just one frame on the moving plctare film, tarning off the lighten ‘tying t go back to seep again became a Iitbe monotonous by ‘he thd night, and possibly Tmsest taking one or to of the Dletures along toward the tarly moraing hows of the fourth hight When fall completed, the pctaretarned ont far from perfect In fact the Nassoms opened so rapidly om the sere It twas elzost imposible to ace the motion at all—there was he ‘bud and then all ofa euddon st sas we open ‘This fst experiment was disappointing, of cours, but it did prove one thinz—uamely, that it as nowsaary to take tl Vidal pletures tore frsjuently and over a much luge pod ‘ft if the nal resulta were to aw the gradual growth and Alevelopment of the lowers, Teas alo evi that T weald have to bulld an automate tnachine to take the picture for me as it frequently war litle awkward to ron home every Bou To take another picture. As [recall iH was during history cast at school une day that the ke eae tome ast how T wo10 My Teory Cetlr build contraption to operate the camera automatically, To Sart with, T borrowed the works {wv the ktehen Sock and ‘mace my Ars Umer which stil is operating today. It always he been my Intention to pat the works ack ithe old itchen loc when T am nished, bt that time never seers to ome Basically a timer for thi purpote should have two eicults ‘one ‘to turn the lights on end of, and the other to trip the ‘Time-Lapee Photography n camera, Tt should also have some provision for adjusting the tine interval When I fret started taking Une lapae petores, the village Hskamsth shop aa stl in exstonee, and te Back sith was a grat belp. Howovor, there was asp anew machine op and a foune machinist, named Herman Schubert, helped tne'ith some of the more faite part, He baa singe bat much of the special equipment, induding my new automatic Dllstic proenhnure, and ako most of the equipment T now use {or taking mierscopie Ume-apae pictures In order to have an even amount of Tight and of the same conistnt color value, itis noeuary to ahit out the dasight find turn onthe came numer of electric Hts for exch pete. ‘Then te exposure sil be the sume day and night and on coady and bright days. Otherwize the picture would Ticker bedy. At first Tuo mal lctie mot with a wide pale whee Chat Simply wound sp the window ahude cond abd ataled when it teas completely ese, ‘he estch had to be removed from the Foller shade the spring would wind it back up aad unwind the cord trom the pulley when the curent went off sgain. A litte experimenting in balancing the olor power agninst the2 My Ivory Cellar ‘pring tension in the roller shade soon had everything working Ane. For an ordinary window shade a two-inch Maneter pulley whee) and one-tenth horsepower motor ie about right. This Iota of courae should be eonnerted to the sane elle circuit 85 tho lights and of 8 type that wil nat overhest when salle ‘Ths roller shade iden of stalling the eletietolor always hor rife ang veal engineer, bat ie wax simple inexpensive, and worked Ite principle drawhack was thatthe plot wore out rather vicky, abd occasionally broke before I could replace it The Sado slammed closet and rolled back up again with rather loud noise” ‘This geod to wake ap some ofthe ghar slepers in the house who di not have the ful understanding snd apprecie: tion ofthe base problams involved tn timedapse photagraphy. ‘On two occasions the police stopped into Investigate What the ‘ought had been some sor of explosion, or bomb going of That fof course would wake up everybody during the middle of the Dight, including come of the neighbors Fertnaely the raller Shades have long nee been replaced with more poitiveting fand silent shutters that elo smoothly and evenly hy sir pre Sure. They also stay cated at night, 20 the bright ptographic Tights no longer light up the whole nelghborkoad ‘Vacs afety features ad alarm sgnale have more recently ‘ben added so tha ifthe photographie lights retin on for more than thirty second a gong vings under my bed and an indiator tinan atneitor boar shows where the touble a Ie the tm erature inthe stadia gos beyond the predeternined maxima br minimum, the gong rings and the sanuncator board signal the difealty. Other posible trouble soeh a the sump pump ot ‘working oF the eeetric power going of il immediately tty the gong and show onthe signal board Thie system Works from slecre batteries 0 will ot be affected Hy faite of the pable Finding cortain subject materi to photograph was not alwys easy. Usually 1 tel growing the sabjecte melt. Sones ‘they eould be obtained from a osal ori or orered {oun eae ‘nurseryman'e catalog. ‘The latter Wat the ease witha papa tree. Aftr scareing through many catalogs, Baally found this tem llsted. ‘The small trees arrived eth bate tat the following spring, and T planted them with great care. One oe Ge ‘Time-Lapee Photogrephy 3 two small leaves came au, but all the tres fore soon dead, 1 eandered thre tore trees for dallvery the folowing spring find regoested that the roots be dug with « ball of dirt and ‘wrapped in borlp. These tees put forth & few moro leaves ‘han the het nes Gd, but by midsummer they to ha al ed "Then [wrote to the nureeryman and tld im of my experence land asked him for suggestions. He promptly replied that he bad never been sble to transplant theee trees succesflly, and he Ienew of no one else sho had done it, but would be gl to eon: ‘inve shiping them as Tong a anyone continued to order them Le aid vohatesr the information that he had wartd all his ‘oes from so qalte some years ag, ut ofcourse this method ‘would require considerable le to gtow a tee of any sae. ‘My fest encounter with any modal sabjects came through sn olde frend of mine (milaaged), who lived next door He Ined graduated aa 4 doctor and Was specialising In urgery, as Well a teaching at tho old Rush Medica Scheel in Chienge. He ‘Asked me to make some moving petures of diferent operations ere could chow therm ta the eeuents fn hls clases. He was on hight emergeney call at County Hospital, 0 this worked out fine for bth of ue. During one operation the fm ran oat in the middle of the most impertant part, so the pltuee ad to be finished af apother time. ‘This fm always enused considerable fomment, atthe patient hecume ao ale during the operation, ‘The rt man was a egro, and tho oeond was white Aout this same time I made my first microseopic time-lapse pltre of «mefeal eject, which came about as rst of an fire femily being brought Sato the hospital, stricken with {richinoss. ‘They all had eaten a home-butchored pir without proper Inspection or knowledge of the dangers involved. These Dietares showed the fichinae poing through varius slages of ‘evelopment. Several. yours Inari was my honor toe asked to gerve on the Board of Direstors of the North Shore Country Day School fn Winneta, Its. At one of the meetings the fact came up foe dseassion thats boy of mine i Ue schoo id tik meh fof some of the case-room fms e had seen. went ote to see te once, an was incined to agree with him whole-heartedly ‘After being challenged to do something about iT decided %01“ My teory Cottor Time-Lapss Photography 16 undertake the making of a clast-room Instructional fm. Thi ferialnly was a new experience By boy who Waa reaponaibie for getting me ino this tanto was sn ffth grade ad seemed tobe having some difleaty in sethmtie with fractions Thit wus as geod a subject a any, go the fm was ented WHAT ‘A fellow ntmed Grant Evans had previously done some eam fre work for me. He had a friend interested in such things 20 tere ut we came ip with ompleed lim for Ath goad indents intended to explain what fractions ere, ‘The plot was Into varous pects of equal iz All he ples were then neatly ‘laced bei the lower portion vr denominator to show that tls part ofthe fraction indeed ota how many pats the pine of6 My Teory Caltr woud had boon cut. Then a hand lifted out several pious at a how much of the entire piece of wood the top part or numerator epronntad. Ths, the Heth graders cold isl east hat tvortfts or avenvlghthy of piece of woot Was. ‘The same ‘dea was repeated with other objects, and simple as this wa Iaeemed fo get arous tothe 6th graders © cleat idea of wha factions are in a mater of ten titutes. This film recived some suet of sward, and fa snes en used by quite few fehols In elton sround the country. Next came a Teahest for thirty more clae-oom fms from eof Re larger las rom fm distetbators in the country to make a complete series on fcthmetic, ‘The only each was that while Chey liked the ect fim on fractions they felt that there should be a board of twelve profecors to advise on and approve of the wert E you over want some diferent opinions cn siniple fndsmentls ff fth grade arithmet all you need Se a group of experts on {he subject. ‘That fnahed it Hight then and there, ‘The succes of my original lm on fractions was due largely to ita amply, and thls was a good fundamen) role tet always tried to remember and apply when attemptlg to make fms later on of more complicated subjects ‘Soon after this representative of the O, BM, Seott & Sone ‘Company, grass seed and lawn cate produc, stopped et the house one day and asked if Twas the fellow thst made time lapse petures 0. Seat and’ Company wanted nfltn of the sbjetof lnm eure, inelnding the effects of 2-4 D the new weed llr. This was my few attempt to make « commercial fm “Among other things the petures showed that inatead of stints inte the weeds a0 that they erst sofas they dled from over- fchatstion, st was the common slory going around, that St D Sted ten poison an! caved 4 Getrtel and slowing down of the growth rate nil the weed gradually died, Another smiar Dleture showing the roots of plant geowg agains a sloping lace plate lari ineated they followed nora! pattern and ‘would not alter thelr extublished direction of qovrth to sak eat ther plant foot oe ooste, Recta tht did reach plant food Sr moistare developed larger and stronger, ut there was aheo Italy no Tndleation of any olher roots changing thelr normal Time-Lapee Photography " pattern of growth. This was directly contrary to the generally ‘ccepted theory, bat then my telapee cameras never went to wee collage elther.Varlous other industrial companies made snilar Fequess that necessitated getting more cameras. espetlly8 My Teory Calor auapted for time-lapse work, Soon Thad four cameras set up Under a spell night blll ver an ordinary basement window Tin connection with thee fms it was ocesionally neces to say afew words at some mectny oF after dinner grow. No fon could have elt more nwkward doing this so I decided to {ake a course in poblle spang. The course a helpful, but the only way to get over this stage Trght oF uneasy feling, vas ust to fo ou an do more pable speaking. Several local truups-the Garden Club, Amerie Legion, Thurs. Night Men's Club at the church, an ofters-asked te to show my timedapen pictares, and each time i became Title ease to tell about them. Before fog I had other rues, and beeen [hanving a repule fe. ‘There ix no doubt that this takes poople nprecate any program mace. ‘They put forth mone effoe to make the event'a success. Many people seem to thine 4 free Program isn't worth attending. Ie wax quite pleas to find how many people enjoyed matching the fimelayse picture, and with ach chowing there would he two of fhtee more noes, Tired to arrange for reyular backing agent to baile the necesary correnpondence sn athe details, but no one was I ferested im handling let oa just Romer Pnaly picked {name out of hat and ha some letterhead printed as “The Midwest Lecture Bureau.” My seretar, Mlst Cara Wright, took charge and handed everything far me on 8 very eal 4nd snes bast, Sometimes the facilites for darkening the lecture hall were ‘ot always the best Ocasloally it wan necsesry to wat uml after dark easide before stating Whe pietures Whenever this Was neccesary, the atory about ordering the pawpew. tres Ielped il time. TE nscesury Teould go on to explain thatthe following year a garden ch lady sent te seeds that did sprout and grow very nicely. Two year Inter though artim tem Dorary helper was weoding the garden and breder whore the baw-pnws wore geowing” He war 8 very: though and cot ‘ietions worker, ad that wat the end of my efor to row Anothee good story for fling te while waiting forthe san foot bad to do wih ordering some epeclal sil from North Time-Lopee Photography 1» Crolina. It had high Ieaf mold content on the aid side for ‘owing certain bog plants. ‘To start with, 50 pounds were ‘ordered on n trial bait, However he telephone connection was bot very good, and the man in North Carolin loaded 60 tons In tvo rllroad gondola cars Which aerived ag somewhat of surprise, ‘This made a considerably bigger pile of ert in the ‘ck yard than planed for. but provided the eas for many inlresting experiments. ‘Many plants shrubs and tres eon. sldered not hardy ithe Chicago climate grew and fowered ‘very well when they were a heir native sl in epte of weather coalitene In observing the growth of plants, I ntied that the flowers al eave alway faced into the light an tht the leaves notice thy droope from lack of water, tut would quickly revive when vena dink. Talwoys paced ihe camera 20 thatthe constant Alaylight came trom bebind and thas the lowers in facing the ‘Aylin woutd also be facing directly ino the camera, One night 1 dreamed up 4 wild idea of controling the gh, lemperatire and moatore to make the eaves ofthe plants move Inditrent directions. To accomplish this twat asessry to ostact spell Her pat that would move around on wheel, In each pot was place 4 smal etre heating tement and & water fube. Many diferent fowering plants were tested and brimroses found to respond the best to this teatnent, A fe tore refinements on my ting contraption and everything was let. The Nower pote were pull ateund on « track Ike an ‘fashioned cable ar, but ata speed of about inch an bow ‘he heating element wore fred wa a the proper time i tho eaves down andthe pants were lve just the proper mount of water to reve them again. A battery of ite was {urmed on ove side an then the othr which would attract the leaves from side to ide. Ths i wns posable to mae the Hants round miniature sage und conte both fhe up and down ‘otion and alo aldara mon ofthe Ives. It omy remained to synchronize this motion to must. “Thi soqueee lasted only two minutes on the sereen but reusted five yrs to complete Inciting an interraption af teo sears eile I was inthe Navy, This intervuptin caused few Dia frames on the tm Which went by much faster on the sereen than ie seemed to while Twas gone. These My Teory Catlor primrose always caused considerable ‘comment, and Inter T geo him a the opening theme forall Obtain ocean el ott a problem ally following ‘ime Lapse Photogrosky a the ar period while prostes were still in force. Beeryboty sways, wanted why T-neaded «particular typeof ited and what I Satended doing with se At fest I ted to quipment nessed. Filly one day I told the manager of the Slee department of «part tend the preset ae garen This ve accoss from the basement and provide # sultable or a akpight_After it as bull some of the Totes Tight hack where they ha been kvowing an every. Jed off ne an sooth ag, About this same tne the storage ofall the completed tine lapoe picts ens be she bad been keeping to give up small corer of the unity and ane of tne tabs for ye an talking to many diferent groups of i only an enjayable experience and made speaking2 My Teory Cetor much easier but leo taught me sever sons about to say AC one Inge convention Twat one of several Scakers. ‘The program sass ile hind schedule, and these invcharge were trying to hurry Things slong, To be as brief as sible, Tut my Intwductory remarks short and suggested we tart th fm, ax one pte wae as goa a ten thon ord ‘The next speaker wat a prominent United States Senator who apologized for not having any pletures but promised to harry AL the bac of thi bok i Hat of some of the organizations anid places where [had the privilege of showing my Ame and resting many wonderful peopie—people who have tid me many {tteratng hinge sboat plants and flowers and people whe gate te many very ofl siggeetions and est. I made many Friends and sequsttanoes that Iwill ever forget. Maybe some fone reading thie ook wil remember the guy with the tne 1m moat instances 1 gave only one lecture a day, ut fre quently eo; amd, ao I remonber, the eecord was for ltrs none day in diferent cites covering a ttal distance of two,Bs My Teory Color andre miles. Tho more 1 showed my sme in diferent paris {i hecounty: he more reqs het coming mand lo mare ‘eave ta has time par pltures made In Tay twas become Tne'imre ond ore ebvous tht timelines photography. was irl or au band wa ere ir aking Umeinper tune he ape Ce igs). erent ong enout even wih banker howe toe oer Thing done ttt waned td Thls was iia Gs, a sey ejoed the work at etn ater and gender awed {More and my unless ou oo hd worked tere tava st twenty seus mo Swab guile a welled {Emily rut Timelapoe photography war allright maybe ts hobby, ut surely noone nM ght nd woul eer te thing to uncnventonal apnea, 20 abe of et ft banking. Tecan sill hear one ol-tine inthe tank explain {hat Twas lavang In oder to ve more tine to take pictures Se Afvican violets and apple Heesoms. "Tero are bath advan faces and some diavantage to folowing in all the fam folate but there ane ao mee when Il «great rll Ut zy grandfather never made any Umelapse pictures, Chapter 2 Further Afield in Photography ‘When 1 frst hogan taking timelapse pictures sity as hoy, tid not malter too mach ia certain ower bloomed or mo. There were plenty of others that could easily be stb sited and ony th best pictunes used In fact prelay god detaition of an expert photographer is fllow who bas earned not to show his poor pictures. ‘However, at Teguests for time lapse pictures of specific plants or fowere were tecelva, it was necenary to try apd solve each individual ower's problem. At frst some seed to act lke a temperamental pela doo wit 4 deep paythoogical disturbance, bat sooner oF later abasic Piologkeal cause for thelr misbehavior would become evident Jn some caoes this was purely accidental, and in others the ‘esuls proved just the opparite from what had expeted One sveat advantage was the wide range of subjtts to be photo sraphed, One day T would be photographing the techies of lvbridzing oat towers in order to develop new dicase ress fant varieties. ‘The nextday might be the study ofa new type of electroe in an electric furnace the badng of yeast forthe ‘ewery industry, the demonstration of hetry mining machine ry or the effects oft ne antibiti drug on same microscope Aiscase causing organism. In order to make sn Interesting hd Inelligent moving peture on any subject, i was fie neceary to understand something about the tht to he photographed In some Instancs T worked jontiy with the top reset por one of many large companies nd university reser seen. Hiss. Acordingly, 1 had an Invalusle education ins rather Tound-about way. In ation to the tnelapee pictures of the subject under divest study, many of these people sggesta ether subject of Interest for timelapee pictures tobe taken in my spre fine, ‘What impresel me mt Was how so many spparenty ukeeated% My Toory Cellar subjects heya to it together inta an overall yattern and would respond to sinnr treatments in much the Fame Way. ‘One summer my schedule of lectures and picture taking tok toe to all corners of the country and In between points a well ‘On one trip to Parietinvoleano my wife and 1 ese to Nexis ty, drove on foal toads SO mle west, and teanaferred to ‘an od lo that could travel eller over the rocks and bumps ofthe back roads When the Jal” could yo po further, we de mien ver Jagged lave tow that were sil rather Un. Cenifortably hot, ‘The last few mile ad to be an fot, a6 the terrain was even too rough for a mule. As soon as we reached sod high place fom sich to take petra, our gulde Was eady to rotor. Me coulda’ understand why anyon. would ‘rant to spend the day In sucha place and wait unt dank ust to take night scenes ofthe fry lava ows and glant explosions fof malten lava. Perhape It was the ev spits of the voleane that frightened him, but nothing would persuade him to walt vvith in He departed, and we stajed om by ourselves, TE was “ule and peaceful except for one or to valent explosions that Tele maa avs and rocks high into the sie accompany ing sudden and terrifeally Io oles seemed to Tterally sake the arth and alert made bth of jump aut of ur skine ‘iyi sil refers to that day aa one of the mast besutifl and Deaceful days We bave ever had togetber just siting by the ‘olean taking petuves om ino the ight. In the distant moonlight could be sen the steeple of a church tat ws all that walt of ton of 10,000 inhabitants, Here were lava owe in the mong. In the al of the night coud te heard an echo of the days of Pompel, Mount Pelee and Kilaben 1 thought ofthe verse from the BIBLE, "Inthe begn- hing God created the heaven andthe earth” (Genesis 1:1) fand every living creature that moveth ». «and He sar that was good.” (Genesis 1:21) "But forget not his one thing, Toved, that ome day withthe Lord as a thousand years nd "thousand years ae ne day.” (I Petr 8:8) "For « thousand Sears in thy sight ae ft as yesterday when is past and ae eae the nigh” (Pass 84) ‘These quotations from the Bible in regard tothe creation of ‘tho arth, emphasize that « day t the Lord is many yours in Further Afeld we Photography a onmparison to man's day, and must be thought of as represent ing an infite period of tine rather than twenty-four hows, The many years required forthe reaton of the earl at son {nthe eves of man areas ut few days t the Lond 4s the fang lava conto to ert fom the eran, 1 ete ik it ary eh Ht a ian Ot ars ann Wher ld come ow What woe the thearn an he un and stn andthe moon ee ane ees tear came mi extents” Co soe fe sr a ‘arom opens fern ns an anise see {hae ral ure he pment Original there man have bra weak epae a es ek Ifo na dnc bout ang ey Cn woe hdr eten imine suc fy evens al Te {ign there nan wing tng tt nae a Seine sverat na of sta tat weet ae ce oe, set ine osm fort xa of thee ace Sint testy a he Soon ans Ban te Sea ld te One ther that arent cos of various gate ade thei avnearance ot of nowhere a bapa drag aed ‘other with everinctenng spr. Yast hare of eae ivy wre crete, and sty, ith the fay of eae ferme they began wing sro am rou Se eta sistem thous spc hey ra ater taster at inet fre at aity Gradual nti once row stoean SHS acer extremes ft ling me ga a toward th enter Preste develope, and ite fs See tia, present bats tere tht tale eae ‘as a Tifa conic otro ans rar more Sly i han satng down as ut aus heat wer ‘ane of Into mace ‘Map tetra aor dla in or nivern were Spr ofthe a tof fy tiga force. or ped anny fem The eel mae evi oa pening sa that they ull ca Ton fer tan te main by ofthe un Map ean ea separately alone itl ter sare te haves fa ier sem certain that ou ert ha grea el owe rom nea eonentnin rae fled ea 22 My Toory Cell ‘ul of re hot molten mineral and rock, The outer surface haw ‘ontinued to coal and form sold crust which shriveled and ‘hackeland braved as fh cooling sb shrinking proves went ‘on for many mare milions of years. ly thou al he rina ga that wea nti on stomurton tim ns on snl element, ot ota ‘ein toa nts Ot tote have mani [erent minrl ilo nc colo xi Lacy ala, ‘tw snl a gy at tt sae temas: {tre bot Intends sme sl mined in Ue gu ar, 1 Selave the it we reat, Sm ith todays pret regs St personae hla ave water esters Sve lcd fod, and we bnve keto vey arth l= To cntinn titan snr that ae the i hors fie rishor: Some sre yellow, some hit there Heck, shh red Cou lt this be just tock oF happenstance, or leita part of snorerall plan? Lick or planed, tho progress of development catinued. "The ai carried moistare frm the oceans to fall ‘in over the sli rock, to foro lake, large snd all, and 'o form rivers that flow from all para of the land, eviling and ‘hamlng asthe wators rush on, eroding the voeks and eaerying ‘inute partces of all the erent minerals tha originally ‘went Into thls earth of oars, down from te mountains, Uaoagh ‘the valleys, and back into the oowan agsin. The wind made weaver and the moon created des Ocean currents continued to ‘chu the waters unt nally the exact mistare of neva and ‘hemisas came fogetr with wn impact thal erated the greatest Talracle of all—ife-a angle col, but living cell a rlnute lant that could eat ana five and grow. Tt cou crete more I~ Ing eels by the simple process of dildig im to, each part continuing to grow-—fr It eontained Ife But this single ttle cell, the simplest form of lif, also eon- tained some of the mot complieatedmysteriee that sl remain Unsolved. They ae the chromosomes and genes that contaln the hereditary characterises and instinctive mpulecs. that. have cmtolld the development of all other forms of ifs. While ‘hee ells continued to malipy and crete millons of other ingle cells eractiy alike and are wl dong 9 today, somewhere Further Afeld én Photography 2» somehow a change took place ao that some cle grouped together ‘nd began to orm plants of dierent shapes and characterises, ‘AS time passod, further great strides forwand caine one after nother as plants developed separate parte tht were each de Dendent on the other for existance, euch ar rots eet, Teaves—teaves of all shapes and ntee—but regard of shape or sine, the primary fupetion ofthe lef isto tlie the power ated from the sun to combine sir and water with minerels {ken from the ground by the plant's root epsom and convert ‘these into foo energy that eupports all life en tie wor Suddenly another terrfe explosion andthe apheaval of more ‘ery lava started mo. T came back with « ot to the reality of ‘he present The moist were waiting to take us back to the Salon so wo could start our journey hoe Many of our other tripe were made by auto all he was. and some of our children accompenled us mart of the time, We sited almost all the national parks, ai bythe end of Une Summer thought we had seen que «Dit of Gods country. AS ‘might bo expected, I took w camera or two and afew miscell iets accessories along tn the car. We drove from Chas to the West Coast and back twieeOne trip included motoring ‘rom Southern Califaraia up the Coastal Highway tothe Cane dian border. Tn addition to going back and Torth across the country we alo went up and down from the top of Pikes Peak {o the fottom of Death Valley. We went felow sound by soe Carlsbad Cavern, and on another trip we fought the ras of els Canyon up the swift cusrent of the Snake iver One of the most memorable tes iced & ride on muleack ‘down tothe bottom af the Grand Cason in Arizona, Probaly hn plac in the world presente more intersting resume of the art's history than ean be seen written in the socks of this Feglonrocks of all color and character. "he dark rocks at {he bottom of the Canyon were formed during the frst perlad of geological time: rcks that have buen twisted snd bent der treat heat and prosure, and in which no evidence of life has ‘ver ean found. Above thee ae rocks of the aund pelos! Detiod of history, and show less benting sin twisting, bt con {ain traces of some of the earest forme of Pant fife. With ‘ach aon stratum of rock new and higher forms of bath1» My Ivory Cellar land and marine ie are exdent,for everywhere can be son focks af diferent origi, sone from ihe ding san of pre Nuc mes the soimets sf cent ses the dept from {hrly river, es well great Sows of lve all of wish tat ‘Siry of changing condone nd clint, the formation nod ‘ovon of rok andthe sry of ie ft Catexsted during hve ery ered of tie "The experience fain ayo the wonders fou national pans l'on eds nt. ‘Our National Park Service baa {erty donee momerfl fb in ong out se laces of We psn oh sf ft ppsrenily unrlled, bts of Sortie kept tying It olfer pictores of tataly erent subset that Til ey and flee tpeor further on nhs bok Chapter 3 The Steady and Orderly Evolution of Plants ‘The geological story ofthe earth's origin ie faslnatng, but the steal progress the development of tants from the most Brimitive to the more complex forms is slttont unbelievable ‘There are plants that veact fart enough to etch les for fod and plants that produce true egus instead of seed, Natore mst have experimented in many ways in formulating the laws or rules for plant growth. But for tach rule there aes to be some exception or new experiment, ad one of The bat ‘samples ofthis is the ordinary banana plant, Tapa pe ces fll Geveloped ani mature fait without the Rowers being Polinated. Te ie known a parthenoarpic plant and should ot be confused with a sel-pallinating ype of flower, "The nna Hower is male sterile and prodsees no pollen at al. The ls except for some very rare exceptions sre not viable This ln'agreat handicap to the frat companies that aloe nanan, 4s it therefor has not Boon posible to improve the present ‘atietee of nants through hybedzation si commonly dove with many other fruits, fowers and egetaties Cetaln insect, frusigceans, and worms are also known to reproduce Uy means of development rom an unfertilized egg. Some pants proce ‘oth spores and steds, and some nial ly tess but ave pare ‘mammal. Sounds confusing, but all sms tof together fo the overall patern forthe steady progres and development of Tito on oar act, ‘The fat plant lf is thought to have started in the sein the ‘warm topical wators where the tetapernture ema gute cone ‘ant. From these sunny climates started the mah of pate to cover the arth with their green mantle ts we see It todaThe Steady ond Orderly Boolation of Plante 88Pr My leony Celt A ble step forward was the emergence of plants out of the se to take toot om dy land und aap themselves to varying cond ons. ‘This was @ gradual stp that required many tke mil lions af years, but it went op sles deliberately. From the First pants that fring the oceans where they were constantly splashed by waves and covered by the tide, remaining of the water fr short perlods at a time the fst steely land plants began to grow. Ono of the moat primitive strity fad Dante isthe Heken Lichens are a combinstion of a fongus and an alga, and to ther, ths ombination accompliahed fats thst iter can do by itsett. oth fungl and algae are two of tho work's sldet forms of plants, and ved on the earth for millions of Sears before the thread ike growth of the fungus stared to grow rund the green cal of the alge, Ths ew combination Was thas ereated~someting that hat never appenel elsewhere In ‘he world af plant or anima ie ‘There are many varieties of lichens, but their charactritice ae the same. "Toy are one of the slowest towing plants In the world, but alo the most widely dlatebuted A singe pant one ‘nc Gn diameter might be fifty oF more years old. These very ‘small pnts have mferaseope hatrikerots that secrete an eld ‘hat actualy dieoives the rook as they grow, The. rote of lichens have bec nwa to penetrate a muchas has inch into solid rock. Whon rocks have been covered with lichens, they will crumble easly compared to bate rock. Thus these most Drimitive plants hasten the weathering and decomposition af Fock product sol for otter plants fo come From the earliest invention of cll-vsion plants that cate out of the couane the process of farther development began, Ta ome unexplained. wet, new and mone complicated forms of plants appeared. ‘Thee were the fest spre plana, such the Inowses, fons and horse. A spore a singe ell tat dope from the parent plant oF Is eheried by the tnd to « ne lo ‘ion, Wonderful us this no develapment was, the spore had ts sorteomings, a t was vulnarale tothe adversities of eather and elimates. Spores wil grow wel provided the molture eon ditions are jut right but inthis rerpct alone the spore Wa limited sto where these pate could travel. Ta the swan | ‘The Steady and Orderly Bvolution of Plante 35 ni marshes where conditions were right, the growth of the Spore plants wae unusually prolife. Cleb mossea and horsctalls from fo ane funded fort or move in helght. ‘Tree fore were fom. ‘The lish green growth of thee pore punts, the most fuurant growth the world ns ever ten, was aie height two Tuned milion years ago. This era continued for a hundred mln sears, A ured lion years fs quite long te even esloglaly peaking, and while these plat coinued to grow, {veloping great juiglelike forests of ant hora el Iosset aad tive ferme, other events of tremendous importance tere alco taking place A. few typeof primitive ereatures hd begun to move around Inthe waters The amoeba Wat one of the fest singleclld laimale that could change ite shape by pusting Zor ong lobes, tind inthis vay could move about, It could alo envelap other Inicrescopic partsis and slowly aor them for foad. The fimochay Iie the frst plants, alo reproduced yell dision. ‘Thon, just an plan cells grouped together, co id animal calls TTonticles developed that could reach oat for fod. But also, ‘hove animals develope x new method of reprodution.Tniea ft dividing in al, they developed a form of budding. Were & fort of bud starts growing, which tally breaks ff and con- fines to grow Newt, other microscope creatures that didnot Took mach diferent from some of the ear pants bags to move uch faster. But through the dcplined process of creation, hep hy ate, jot ax plants had developed thelr rors, stam, and Teawes, some of these ite creatures, after hundreds of thou lands of generations, bogtn to look diferent. They ad tl ‘whip-like paddles and could move about all faster—but thie ‘movement myuled mueh more energy, and to supply this nerzy fst enough, a radically new system of cating and. digesting food had tobe developed, Here was something entirely new fn dierent—anether great stride forward, Tut things da nat top now The litle paddles continued develop into more ‘rearlned s, and With the eater speed abd neceaty for fod, cine eves, gill skeleton stracte of bone, al above fia brain to rogulate these radelly new innovations of ie. The bran and ite itreate nervous ster, primitive aa it was Sn thie sari form of fh le, was erly marvel of creation to hol6 My Toory Cellar Here again, different forms and shapes of fh appeared. Nature war generous with color—all sorts of cole combina. tions some wore red, some yellow, others bck, or plain white, ‘at as tee ot fh cof te seca cat animal ide” Not ovr night in'e yar, bt agin {frou he changes tat tl pace housh te fore at ne How adhe happen? The plone hat hs a sen waren atte ice of oar rst ay morn, Mi wee Bic atte nar retorts of cen we Shoat nen wich ana ot sgh motfenton fw bce cficent us of oxen. Peat te Bp Lang a ei Sething o ein te ein forte story tha {tone ah wold rane thy nds tbe Mile Tete afer uch So Many te tsp sh in a ‘Beater ee ps lye rtp ie nso a {tir en ate mtr do thy Nel el ew, ‘sven natal of i oat he ar Smal fee ‘len more moderate the Eayoian avs hae ecm ‘eat and calc ha aa a, ring th pen Le ecaary to poi fre Aa ses eh he yar, Thee ey sis oy tt Dog ie ender we. The fo sat stp. enya the mont, Seviop fom Hilo wets inthe water, The Srey another. ay While the appearance of etsy forms of fish and insets dur- Ing the er of spre pants naturally ha Tt aignieanee tn ater development, the spore plants themselves, hat were etowing At this im, play an important par uur modern eeetion {oday, for it was the layer upon layer of these early plants that ieew and fall ulling up the deposty of Plant material that ‘vas tobe compressed daring the next two hundred mallion years Into coal ‘Today foils of some of these sary plants reveal important Information, and one example Was brought to light in Gilbon [New York when a fash food raced down ot of the Cate ‘Mouatans im 1889, aso! away the old river bd) and One covered some pete tree stumpe. These stumps were af tree ferns three four foe in diameter and were andy Tt ‘here they had grown three hundred alion years ago. The rr ‘The Steady and Orderly Evolution of Plents 81 Important information revealed was that these exty tee ferns had prodced same primitive forme of swede in addition to spores The age of these puted tees ie determined bythe Kind of stone and rock they are foun in. At Saratoga, New ‘York, am outeroppng of stan lad down fve hundred sion sears ago revels an ungolved mystery. Curious sped abjecte ‘hat hae tuned to stone have ines Uke tee ings, bik, gen lng to all present theories, thee strange Uhngy grew wo Man ted millon sents sfore thre were supposed to have been aay Jind planta, Were thee some of nature's frst underwater ex periments with the type of growth or development af lnyer over Jager as Inter used in modern trees developed under water Ile everyting else, and raed up Into the hill milfons of vars ‘tte they ad turned int sono? ‘While we are on the subject, the great ptrited fort of Ar on is a excelent example of plant ad tres that have tuned fovrone. Te was formed daring the period tat immediately Fo lowed the tne when our eoal way being made. In the Aviaona desert at an elevation of over 5,000 fet isthe grcatett concentration of petvied wood known in the world Te Is not plain tone, but actualy agate, jasper, opal and ons, formed by the wood pulp nowy being replaced by minerals {he water tht seeped Into the Wood and hardened. These lant horetal, pins, and ginkges, nd are ibought to have Moated down rivers and lodged in their present feaion, which then ‘rans hah and fertile ser tropieal valley t ba level. Also In ‘remote section of Avon, le the fotprint of « dinosaur Tet fn the mmo of vor bank, Lng since harmed nt stone. White the great cosl-making era wat dominated by apore Dante, we have son That even prior to this thme nature had sterimented with nome of the Rest easy form of ects, bat {e'vaa not unl after the great swampa deed up that develop rent of ses realy got under was” Maybe natre wee Put to IU tn nd other ways to propagate plants asthe conditions pre valli in the warm mist swamps changed to thos of Wind Sept hile Apparently develnpmentof seeds wae steady andor ‘vay 0 that plants could tral fa the regions bejond Where the rst spore plants gre One of the eaves: seed plant wa theee i eeees—(‘i‘“‘iésOCO Ct 38 My Toory Cettr youd, which sill doarsbes today, but principally In the south in helaphere. Tele step halfway hetween a fern ai spall, Tut it do provoge seeds, These early types of seeds ate ealed “rated” weds, and row on an exposed stalk As they Hen, they merely fall rectly a the groved beneath. Instead of = ingle oil spor, they are a complete embryo of a new plant, “Supplied with a quantity of concentrated food and all wrapped hip ma weatherpront covering, so they can retain their spare tf fe overlong periods of drought or cold weather, and be ead to sprout when the right time comes. Another early experiment with aoed trees seas the ginkgo while grows principally in the northern hemisphere. ‘This ree most wont into extinction along With ome of the eee of the patie forest, and others Inown today ony through thelr fos $e The ging ea transition in the evoition to pine, the next tlep forwards Te isa combination of fern, pine ad tus bard ‘wood alli one Its pollen is sill to that of efor, Ite Wood ructore fe ike thst of pine, and ie broad leaves suggest foverunner of the hardwood trees to come, Aa isterssting fee ture uf the more modern hardwoed trees ia tht thelr sapwood tows in sach away that the eels form itl pipe-nestheohah ‘whic the ap doe, compared tothe sapwood of wal ood tes, ‘whlch itera the map through the walls of the cells from one to another ‘he pine was the fst of the true coniferous soft wood trees Moreover, ite oda reprventad big improvement over thoes ff the cyeade which grew In the open om the ed of the ated Stalk and meray dropped tothe round when vipe, There were to squlrrle or birds yet to steal the sods, but there ware tome Drimitive reptiles that might have eatan them. T pine tees ‘Were to spread it to dominate the plant word, they mist hare ‘ore ace and same Kind of protection so they would no all ‘eo eaten before they had s chance to start growing, So, in place ‘ot few oe stale, the pines were given many comes that were {ough and hard to break open. The pine cane develope ay smal bro the fist year on tho new growth. Pollen i azo produced in erent quantities onthe same treet and erried by. the send to fertile Uhoe newly developed cones. By the end fof the summer they are aed and woody aed Tea to withstand ‘The Stondy ond Orderly Booltion of Plante $0 ‘the coming winter ‘The second summer, the cones continue to row larger and larger, When the ssede a ripe, he cone pene Ein? out hey come ready to sprout the third year. But some: thing new hat alo buen eddeal Tho cous are equipped with & Ute wing so the wind wil carry hem further than the veut evs that jot fll othe groapd Quite an invention. But this is Just the begining. More moder plants have developed other Ingenious way of spreading thei sede. Some maple seed are ‘ving with a double wing. Plants lke the milled, cotton: ‘woud rece, dandelion and others havea Ute parachute arrange: ent tht carries them mich father. ‘Then when the air be. ‘comes oo! and most, the parachute loss and the sed fl to ‘the ground If the conditions where it lands are not Jost right ‘vay woos the seed inthe Wind Yo try some other leeation.” The fouch-menot end a numberof other plants produce thet sods inva pod tt bulde ep spring tension athe sweione of the pod diy out. Finally It burats open-thooting the eed ten to ‘teen foe, or farther with the id of the wind, As animals fapperred on the earth, same seede were given barbs that catch In the fur and get a free ride. The tumbleweed grows ike « ‘all and sprinks is sonde arons the countryside ne It breaks legs ands blr along by the wind. Later forms of sel ware previo in frut—but nature also put an ald In this ful to ‘make it sour and give anyone a tomach ache who ate it 120 Shon. But thie acid turns to aogsr when the seeds are ripe, and th fruit is offered as a tasty mal to anjone who Will help ‘lrry the see to some new heaton. Some saved po the Seeds In ile boats Chat feat away but diese in two or thoes favs, dropping the seed tothe hotom, ‘The wildcat though le Inore energie apd self-uilent In seedy were piven lege that tre activated by changes intemperatare and humid these Sends start oot walking on their en as eae sen rough fast ‘motion photography, antl they Tage tome place where they fan sare growing, Along with all hese improved methods of dstribating seeds caine improvement inthe design ofthe sned tf. More madera feeds ar pleco In a regular sad container sack a the pod of eas beats, various types of nuts, berres, and frat all of” ‘My Toory Cellor which ate the zeeult of encasing seeds within the intriate parts Ut the newly tested flowers. Here again was comething entirely fnew—fowera of ll shapes and sizes, Again nature was fen rows with color. ‘There were white owers ne Rowers vow fi buck flowers. ‘The fat very simple Bowers were palpated by the wind, and even today these sane verieties of pans are ll dependent an the wind to ear tele pllen from one flower fownciner As new form and shapes of Insets appeared onthe arth nator edad colorful petals, perfume and sweet nectar {othe were of the more modern plant Bat nature didnot Dut olor perfume sad tctr ints the ower t strat insets Iithou® 4 very dete purpose, and thie was to uve Ohe Insets {orca pollen from one lower to another The consistent progress and improvements ip both the design land function of more moder plants, the many similares be ‘ireen plants and aninals und ther increasing Interdependence fnench other Incame move and more overwhelming with etch Dieture made, Itwas san becoming ineeseinaly apparent that ome of these pictues of planta and Towers might reveal in- formnton of some considerable importance regarding both a nals and uum being ‘The more pictures I took of plants and Towers, the more interested T became in thers, and as T became Inove interested them, the mote pietseesT continued to take Chapter 4 Project Sixty-One Ae various industrial companies requested more time-lapse pictures T had sition opportoniies to pholngraph a sl ‘rider rane of subjects One lm on the siory of hybrid corm Meas of pariclar interest. Part of it showed pieures taken ‘through & mieroseope of the germination of the grains of pallen fonthe corn silk. Te farther ilgetrated how each of the sll st ‘he end ofan ear of corn Is atached to» kerne.om the ob. At Inset one grain of pollen mist fall from the anthers in the fave at the up of the stall om to enc ale Which eth stm Gf the eorn fer. The contents af the rain of dormant pollen then become alive and commence moving aut aa the Peat fof what appears tobe some sort ofa cemieal stimulus rcuived ftom the simon. However, thie movement in 29 tow that it ‘comes notieable only when greatly speeded up through tne lapse photography. A tbe grows from the mieroseopte eran of pollen and penetrates the ful lel of Ue cor ale, which ey2 My Teory Cotte nay be twelve or foarton Suches lng. The grain of pollen then ‘charges ts contents which Mow this entire distance. This lfustestes how poten a cngle gran of pln is, eetaily some thing not tobe tied with, When one or mote kernels on a ca fail to develop property, thin may he eto allen not having fallen on the stk Tending {o hore particular Kereta, ov the sll may have been eit oF ‘lana by ao insect. Tera also de to tad weather cond tlons oe « nutritional defieeney.. When poten from the came ‘rity of er falls om the all prodoces an inbred variety; Tut pollen from another variety prodoces a hybrid. When to bide are eruccd, the role fa double hyd. Hybrids will tot reproduce their oom warety tom ated, and these cremes dust be made every Year by sosmen to produce sed for each crop of hybrid corm Ditlerent pollen reepand in diferent ways to diferent stime- ants. In some cases pollen Would recpond to merely being paced Invcontct with apse ofthe stigma of sts ov ower, as might ‘be expected would always be the ease. The fet thatthe stigmas hr toon cv from the dome tay ave been partially respon tlble for thelr not stwaye reaityaetivating the pollen. Th some ‘aces pollen geriation resulted only after various mild chert fale were added, such a some of the amino acids vitamins, Hormones, yeast extracts or diferent combinations of thooe son with the signi of the ight tower. Tn other eases the "ia went eildly heated over 9 alebol fame, and in one eae esulte were not obtained nil nother pllen was also intr ‘ico long ith te pen being photographed. To extn with the purpose of thse pictures wae in connection with ndvertis- ing rub rll programs. Accordingly my per pu Powe was merely to get Oh required piture. Time nor budget tid wot perm the keeping of complete record of Jue wht Was Alone in each instance: bu this experince nevertbaess Was Invaluable ‘Meanwhile 1 had learned oon several dactor fiends that the Invitation of the nasal membranes eansing hny-fever was gem ‘ally thought to reslt frm simple contac with Uh outer sa ces of the gran of pllen in away smile to that in which tndinary pepper eausee poople to sneeze. Apparently Hite eon Project Sttpone os sieration had been given to whether oF not the polen remained {in a completely dovmant state Pocelbly the grains of pollen right be activate ifthe indvidoal nasal sda or hod chemi Cals were just that which are necesary to activate the pollen Inthe sume way the ctigma of @ flower does. These Une apac Dictaren were the frst that over shoved he primary tage of civty within © grain of pale Aba reul T learned ot bout pollen habits and retctions of many plants that hada fmmercal value, bt, unfortunatly, none of my ekente wae Inerestal n transporting, canning, oF otherwise growing oF procesing ragweed, 0 there was no epportunty of ding any ‘work along these Ines on a apansored or aid Boi From what tle I had learned aa a layman abot hay fever, these now sbsareations on te reaction af corm poll seemed aulte exiting. Perhaps they mie reveal some sortie I formation tegarding ragweed pollen and how it enueshay-fever with some peop and ot othr. As quleky ae posable I rade arrangements through a frend in the pharmaceutical busines tormest one of the top authorities on pollen in the country. T showed him my timelapee pictures taken through the micro Soe of the contents of = grain of com pollen becoming active ‘when it received the proper stimulus from the orn ail At ormal speed thee ronctione ould not be natleed at al The fimelapee plctures mae i posible to eve jut when growth activities started and stopped, and when they speedup or owed down. They ale elnely showed how certain aetvitee going on within the aigma of x ower fect the ges of pen ‘when they come i eontact with each other. The aoe af ene lapse photagraphy, coupled, with alerowepe, ‘made these srowih activities apparent forthe frst ine, “Impossible,” mattered tho high aithrity in the country as 1 attempted 1 apply ta raged pollen and hayfever what ty recently completed pictres on the story of hyd corn showet garding the germination of corm poll. Had 1 gealaed how tontrary to the accepted ical ory this reasoning Wats T Decay would have “trad” more hgh “Riicaous grambled the top expert on such matters a8 he explained he had every hook of any importants ever writen on ths subjoet in his rary. There were sixty in all which ualoubtedty included several writen by hinelf. No mention was rue, ether dlectly oF by implietion, in any of them thet ‘oul poeiby-etstantate my theory inthe lightest. Further ‘more, he pointed out it wae obvious from my-own pictures Fequred atleast an hour for a grain of pollen to develop 8 pollen tube and discharge its contents. "hls didnot te Into the fact that anybody subject to hay-fever became immediatly af fected hen walking from an air-conditioned oom ilo the ot ‘ior alr during the pallen season. Tn addition to this objection, it's common prectie for various pharmacentea companies to put ragweed and other poen through "an eter batt” to deat thom, snd thereby inereuse thir Tasting qualities. This ether treiliment would poutively il any Le within the pollen sa edly as alcool ls ll kinds of germs and bacteria. Yet beople reacted just as quick, and Just ag violently to ether ‘enfatted pollen a they Jd toa elle "live" or “active” ple ‘This was dacouraping, but nevertheless the petures were pretty good; and for peopl intrested in tho story of hybrid firm, they created considerable favorable comment. At Sime ‘assed T mado othr Ams that required scanee of various dt. ferent kinds of pollen germinating. ‘Then one day. someting Trappened that made te decide to devote ne much time as por le to the further study of ragweod pollen, even though it Project Siztyone 45 would have to be done ona sustaining asi On this day nothing or particular interest had been happening. I aid not bather to eal every slide to-make it completely alt tight Suddenly 1 dotleed some activity or change ting place in one of tho slide ut could ot be sure Tt was like wondering i you really have bite or are just touching bottom when fishing, Unfortnatey, fhe unsealed slides were already beginning to dy up. AS lat resort Tadd e drop of plain dated Water to prolong the life Fle particular sbject toni plen tes right eventually trom. They didnt because at soon as the distilled water eas ‘dd, the grains of pllen began bureting from the capillary Drenare of the inceeated moist, Waita minut, my mind sald: Could this have any siglteance vith respect fo perton subject to hayfever walking from 8 tir-condtoned room into the outdoor alr duting the pllen or hayfever season? "Maybe the masture of the nas passage would burst the grains of ragweed pollen and releage the ete fontents without having to go through the step of rt groving pollen tube ‘This certainly should be somthing of major interest to my fiend withthe sisty books, but he was totally animpresed. The matter of tho ether de-atted pln was sil absolute root Against my completely onorthodow idean In spite of thi the fhiof obstacles had now been cut in hal. T decided to throw Tnlgts to the wind and go all at on abother one of My sus ‘ulning projects during the fllowing raged season, During the opring and arly summer Tculivate a good supe bly of both reatar ad giant ragweed. All summer the ragweed tras carefully watered, fertile and woeded. Some plants were Urowght into the timelape studio at alterent stage of growth for phongraphic obwervation. To do this, was necestry to throw out other eubjacts afore ay were completed, abject ‘hat hada commercial value. ‘This almost broke my. heart, bat Thad made up my mind to devote the basement time apes stu to nating but ragweed, and so nothing but ragweed twee S008 to be. Out west everthing to make tore and me goom for ‘tional tabs and poof carefully cllivated rmgweed,6 My Toory Cetior Aditional plants were brought into the studlo at various stages of development in onder to have complete coverage with fistant or Wideangle, medium closeup, extrome.close-ap and fnierscople shots and’ at diferent angles. Probl no ragweed Tul ever been 20 completely photographed trom all angles for Soom the nuthers developed In the spikesikestainate Mowers that stand erect Ike the tassels on corm plants. Also the Dictate seed producing flowers appeared at the Je noes Timilar to the ears of oem All the cameras were going seul, {lay and hight, some at five-minute intervals sme at to, ton fn itech to be certain of covering any possible unusual devel- ‘The pollen season comes and goes within Justa wee or 50 vith any particular prowp of plate of the sumo variety in a tiven leat. ‘Thevefore some apace in the main Umelapee freenhoue was dovoted to raising addon agreed. plats Projet Sity-one a and delaying the pollen season by controlling the daylight pe ods in the same’ way that chrysanthemams are brought ato lor Gut of season. ‘The wide-angle, medium close-up and extreme clea pie turer were interesting and recorded the complete sory on Stn ‘ot how ragweed gross, but the ral exiting pets Were thoes Taken through the microscopes. However. at frst oven these ‘were diaappanting for ae hard as [tried to activate grain of gweed pllen aot would produce s pollen tube, i reall ‘Then I decided to fellow another avenue of approach and ob- tained a sample of nasal secretion from lend who suffered severely from hayfever. Some ragweed! pollen was placed in, fd put under one ofthe eruicopes witha tmeapae camera, In watching this periodically through special eyepiece, ti ‘cared that ile droplets of fd were teing given of hough the many pores of the grains of pllen. Thit wae something Aliferoot fom al the otherpollen Thad previously worked ith After about twenty-four hours and not waiting to Snish the ‘A, Tpaled it From the camera and rorhed ft for proseseng ipaly the fn came bac, and the plctares clearly and un takably showed tle droplts of Mud coming from the ragyecod pollen. I immediately blained more samples of nas fl foe ber frends who sufered from hayfever, and kept one mito Scope and eamera going continously. Tn the other mieroseope {placed similar ides, exept the ragweed pollen was In samples of asal fu obtained from people not subject to hay fever In all T made approximately twelve auch experiments, halt hayfever and alt non hayfever ssanplen, and each specie from a person eabject to hay-fover, the ragweed ellen Fave of th droplets of td, and in each specimen from 8 persin not sabject to hayfever Uhe reels sero completely egative—no Aropleta given off "The ragweed pollen was Trom exactly the smo cours of supply In each instance Now the hig question was: Whet would the other defatted ot dead polen do ander the same circumstances? Tebained some ‘rom my fled With the set books and ot up the ee sees“ My Toory Celtor of experiments It aemed to take forever, and it acemed Uke ‘he tme would nover pate. Projects that fo, the past tok so tral years to complete seemed like nothing. “Twenty-four hours {ovtate the pictures and another twenty-four hours to rush the fA throug procesing seemed forever, but at lst the fm was ready for viewing through the projector. ‘The st pat showed ‘egatve ron from the experiment made with nasa fi fom ‘he person not subject to hay fever ‘Now the olher part: The ether e-fatted dead pollen in the sal ld of «person suffering with hay-fever- Teould badly Teieve my eves atthe little droplets of uid gan to appene dst ae they did with fresh ive pollen This to me wa one of the most exciting pictures I ave ever taken. Of course, one test ft nok enough bul more experiments reveled exactly the ne result, turrets rl min of Sy oe st ing ya “What docs this mean? 1 ie hard to say dofiitaly, bat Tm petal that it may ahow tha the body chemltey of people who fuller trom bay-fever. i just right to cause ragweed pollen to tive of thee htledrorcts of uy which in torn might pos. "hy be the irritating factor to the nacel membranes rather Gan ‘he mere contact withthe outer surface of the dormant grains of pollen themeelves If thi ie ao, then the exact chemical bal oe of the purtlclar Individual tat eases thi activity might be altered by raising or lowering such things asthe sugar ratio fF acaity (PIL) or something eze vital to agweed pollen. Por bly hayfever could then be prevented rather Shan trying to ane itor eountoract st ith medicines after the iertaion has _ Projet Siztyone 2 "The fact that the raxweed poll, in giving off these litle eopots at Au, rected diferent from all the other pollens had worked ith was noteworthy. Was this anolher este. tion tothe law of nature pertaling to the habits of pollen, oF had T just not yet hit om the tight combleation of things to REvae the conden 0 «pollen tbe would start growing? The ‘Stason wan just aout at an end, even nctalng fhe plants which Thad delayed in the greenhoureT tried one last experiment {orsctivate the contents of raged poten by using both a part ft the stgme of the sogweed fw together with pasal Auld fom a person subject to ay-fever. There was m short end of fm it tone entere and a more ma he abel atthe time ‘When it came buck from proces, It showed activity in one rain of ragweed pollen nnd starting in second The im ran nt Before pollen tube started to develop, but T now fedlrea- tnsbiy certain s tube would grow in the normal course of ‘rents, ‘That woe the last of tht you's rated, and there was Sothing more that could be done ual the following year when the ragweed would bloom againChapter 5 Growth Responses to Variations in Temperature One film on tuberculosle for Bastman Kodak Company caused auch difcalty and convinced me. that some subjects Toke ‘ore simple an thy really were ‘The project wan signed Yo demonstrate the use of X-ray fm In diagnosing the disease, ‘andi acre to me tha i ould be intresting to lasteate 8 Spot of TB on the mg by comparing it ta a black spot on & rove ea Dr. Ber Bert, Head ofthe Department of Radiology (X-rsy) at Northwestern University Metical School, collaborated with fhe production and actualy tok part init Dr. Barth explained Jina popular way that plants breathe through thele leaves nd animals breathe through their mgs. Consequently for purposes of Ilurtration there wa sine inert in commparing a back epot ta roe Tea anda spot of TB on slung. They are bot serioue If not quickly eradicated. One ebvious dierene, however, Ie that a black spot on a rose let i eaaly vale, but in order to detect spot of TH on a lung, an X-ray plcture ue radiograph is required To iNustrate thie diference graphically. i was decided to show microseapic time ager pitares nf the erst af the spares (ofthe black spot arganizm.” Dr O. 3. Kips, who hat hele With miroscopie peturesof pelle, vbtaibed pure strain of pores of Diplcorpon rows, ade ot otto take ptanes of their grow ‘This inthe tye of nitute on which ti almost impasse to atimate a edge in advance because unexpected problema may frie, Both De Bigs and T could think of no reaton why 6 Growth Response to Voriations in Temperature 61 ‘oald'¢ complete this peture in one day. Mabe cameras might Inove to rum ducing the night to oblain good growth of the mgs, but beyond this there shou be nothing tot ‘A bute of microscopic alder wete made up on the moraing tne prajet was stated We ueed oor previa proven metho bf an agar base sealed under 4 eoveralip to prevent drying cu ‘Two timedapec miroecople cameras were started, and We figured the growth activity should be evident by Ianch time or oly after, By late afternoon no fangs growth was yet event, no late that nightnor sven the next moran. The sare procedure wat repeated the Zllowing day. Again no lock, so at this point the Tudget had to be set aside agaln, and farther experiments Charged up experience Here sr another challenge fo, see ‘why the spores wouldn't grow, as it was so hard to keep them {rom growing onthe ser autora in the garde, We tried sng rove eaves in place of the agar, combinations of rove lenver, agar ad growth aimiante previously ed én ‘Gnnecton withthe pollen ube pleturs, bat nothing happened Werdciged the trouble must to tht the cultures were det but the had Det hack with addtional new cutares We tried “llcots of wavs of making on own Sesh elle taken airctly from rose Veuve ith black spot. Daye turned Into weeks, ‘months, and not the slightest encouragement. T brought rose plans inka my time-ipae lado and tel ll sorte of Ways of2 My Toory Cottr ‘ranamuting black apt to te leaves, I seratehed them with & Deed and rubbed thee leaves with infected leaves, T rubbed Sporws on the tp of leaves and underneath om the som and Toots. Diferentvarietis of vores were tried, but stl nothing Tappened. 1 picked them and troke ther and tore thet It half but the rose plants in the time-lapse stud. resined perfectly healthy. ‘This was hard to understand, as the preven tion of Back spot was slays a tuajorprablrn with both ama teor and commercial rowers of roves, whether grow, Indore ‘The situation was no longer Fenny. No able pictures yet and the tna deadline for the completion of the fm aleeady Extended, Une running ont again, and of, the budget! SH ‘wanted to follow this through forier, even If Just for my own {atlsfacion and experienon Dr. Higa had other commtinets fominye up that would mae St Impose for hiv ta continge longer. He fet everyting possible had been tried but to ne ‘aval, It wa decided this project Would have toe given Up, at Feast forthe preset. Nevertheless, T asked hin to make one iat bateh of twelve tore slider to leave with me, and T would Keep on tying as long as they lasted. This he dd and then departed. We were both prety sad bout our complete fall After he let I pat on aide in each of the to microecopes fad started the cameras going. Tt seemed almost artes, n= there was nolng any diferent from what we had been doling or months, but mae the spores might suet to grow this time As soon a6 everything was inorder and running scat, 1 Saked dwn at the remaining tender that Dr. Eig had Jett and wondered if T might have pleked the eight two slides to begin with. Uf any of them sere gone to germinate, they ‘ould probably start atthe same Lime lke ro of sei in he arden. Would it be just my luck to have several of the ten des germinate at unce, and neither ofthe to in the mien Scope ting photographed? Maybe germbsation of the ten could be delayed’ by putting them in the kitchen refrigerator til thee inthe microscopes could be tested for a rafiint period ‘The next morning the to slides fn the mlroscopesshowet absolutely no ign of any fungus growth having taken ple, 1 Growth Renponsce to Variations in Temperature 58 felt little fotsh ty have ever held ot the lightest hope that ings might have Deen any diferent this time ‘Now, what about those ten sides inthe revigerator? 1 hated to thin nf all the ood fm already seated. Thi wat rally ting too far, but strange tings had happened before, and the Inlruccopes tnd cameras had een schedaled Tor thee tn more fides. Out went the fat to aide, and two more from the ictehen refrigerator went int their plans Before Chere war ven tie to tart the cameras, the spares looked. diferent Something was happening. T quickly stated both cameras and ‘eatched intently Within en hour something diferent was ap ening. The threalike fungus grow was definiely showing ach day For four ane days, to ational slides were brovehe flown faom the tefrgertor, and all of em germinated and trem perfect. When the fen wat projected, the protoplasmic mtents or eytoplaam af the spores showed 2 characteristic Selviy before any threadike fungus yrowth started. Tha ‘tivity was quite simlar to what showed within the grains of ples before pllen tube would grow. lite tag gat ml de twas a great relief to nally have the time-lapce pletures of the spore growth in the alck of tne for use in the fm on Soraya Te war even mate of & Fervonal satisfaction to have gotten them at all after co many months, ‘There seemed to be Some justifeaton for having gore completely overboard as aest My Teory Cater ss the budget was concerned, shuddered though with the thought of what would have to Be charged up to experience [Now the queetion: What was i aboot the Bitshen refrigerator that made these spores grow when they bad been pat thee to hold them back? Tt 3b happened thet Tas also making fiat tho samo time om spring Aowere. Thad just nish faiying the nesenry cooling period pring bulbe must intve ‘efor they wil start growing. The same cillng process seemed te appl ta the spores that case black spats om roe leaves, At leat this seemed to be aplsble answer to what had happened wth Tespect to the spore eultures suddenly growing onthe ‘Mies ‘hat had been hil But what about the fact that the Back spot disease could Japee stdlo? In checking back on tha, Use night temperate contol ofthe day-and-night doubleacting thenmartat wae found otto be working propecy~ ‘The sami even temperate at ‘ecdentally being wainaned bth day and night tn the studi ‘When this was corrected, and the night temperature lowered considerably, it weno trick otal to develop blak spot on the Teavee of the rove planta Inthe tselapoe ata This might possibly open up sume new ideas for further revearch in the control of back spot and ther sitmlar plant Alsaset by commeral growers of revnhoue roses, Home, there are also important factors to consider egnrding the moet sesirable day and night tsmperturee neenasy from the point fof view of oaining the bert rows; tht lesion of Hower, Tength of stem, stundines, color and other qualities Mt mist Sovoral years later the importance of the vavlation of day and night femperatares with light an darkness again became ‘parent An advertising ageney wanted 4 Lineage picture fa roc opening in order to preznt thee ellen's new product fn television. Ordinarily, the petals of arose open part Way the frst day and then eice yp somevrhat during the sit period. Each successive day the pelals open 4 ite wider and again fold together at night. This closing action at night was trouble Some, and the advertiang agency ented the tose to open ith steady continuous motion. To try and secompllsh ts, the Growth Reeponsee to Variations in Temperature 55 ose was placed under eonfinaoosartifilght Sndooes where iRwould not veelve any sunlight. The temperatare conte wa ‘et to maintain an even constant tampersture during bth the ay and night periods. Te was hoped that the even temperature ‘and coninbous light would make the rose bud row steadily ‘without the closing action duting the normal ‘ight period Tt wa found the tse would do this for apomexinatly forty ght hours, but then the petals would eolape ne thotgh Ove ome with exiaustion eves though the bud was only halfway ‘pen. Ordinarily m fey wll developed oe bud wil develop {o fll maturity even when eat and paced in water. Apparenty ough oven a eat fower must have ia regular night's sleep, sand enjors oF responds more favorably to lower temperatures luring this period. To acomplok this picture it wae cess torstart with rose bad more neatly open and phologeaph6 ‘My Teory Cottor under the continuous Tight and even tempersture for oniy nproximately forty.aight hours. "The growth of mast plants tales pace only daring the daylight hours, a thay seem to relax oF Mleraly go to sleep during the dark nit period. Core, however, continues to grow during btn the day and night hours although the growth thal takes pice daring the night i noticeably yellowish in clor, This ‘inne green during the daytime The growth that talker place tring the daylight hours e green right from the wart. An iter. ‘sting comparison of the grow response during the day and fight hore ean be made wih fh. Certain eropical fish wil fen faster and satare much quicker if kept wader contnacas Stell light for twenty-four Rogre day I lo ought these fish actally deep part of the Une even though they have no ‘yells and cant shut out the light from their eres ‘There a one more point to mention here regarding the miro scope, particulary for anyone more fatersted In the technical ‘sects ofthis mater of temperature. ‘They aro both enclosed fogetber with the cameras end other elated equipment in an incubator cabinet with abvolute temperature control, Tt Taust ‘be accurate within plus or minus twotenthe of degre, x8 any ieester variation of temperate vill throw the high-powered Tenses ovt of foras az the changer In temperature expand ad cantract the metal in the mlerscope With the Bln on X-rays completed, I thought this matter of thing the spores was coed, but it soon was evident that per haps 1 sctnlly was jet bgimning. At this me T caught a fommon hed cold. Perhaps it aa from getting chled While ‘Working ape evening In the timedapeo studio with the Back tot experiment. I began thinking more about this matter of ‘hl Tread what there was on the subject In several encyelo- bediae and asked to or three ctor friends ‘The preeent Uhoories are pretty indfite sad uncertain except in repurd to shiling. Here ti faily well agreed that hing Towers the ‘ltaoe ofthe body tissues making + indvidaal more sscep- tible to the attacking organins, whieh are thought, ut nat proven, to be some sort of a virus Could Ite posible that Instead of lowering the rosistance ofthe body ee, that eiling . 2 Growth Renponees to Vorintons ix Temperature 87 right stimulate of activate the attacking organisms, whatever they might be. ‘This would be the same principle of law of ature athe chilling’ that aetivated the black spot spores, "pring bolts snd many plonte and trees. feo, then thi might cola confiting reports. trom rela sources regarding ‘ohuther or not actual ching ofthe body is in any way com ecead with catching wold. Chilling would result sy etching ‘only If the eoli-eabsing organlame were recent in the body SE te Lie of hiling- Furthermore thew coldesusing agente ‘hight be present Inthe Ivy nan inactive or dormant condition for some period of Une and then be activted ae the Foul of hiling. The amount of ehiing necessary of course could be fin Important factor. Some spring bulbs need only Uhiry days At fly deprece Fahrenheit. The spores worked fne being Placed in the Kitchen refrigerator over nigh, but perhaps ten ‘nutes or les tight have done the fk Posty the tempers tore might nat have needed tobe anjwhor® as cool oreo a happened to be tthe tine, which I etimated wae proximately fontpsve greet Fahrenbit. The matter of normal tempers tare ofthe human body ln itself fascinating indeed, for only tne bal of one degree over normals contgere fo be somewhal ofa fever ‘The more I thought aboat the mater of elie, the more far- reaching the possible appietion seemed to be, T eco to take tome time hee mirowcopicpltures of my one nasal version St the time T had thet bad Head cold, just to eee what might Show up in the pictures, Any sort of virus would be too smal, fortaw, but maybe some resetons might be notieabe, ao 1 Started tubjete in bith mleroscopes ope evening. "The next ‘morning bth showed a well developed theaditefenews growth ‘When the fla were processed and could be projected on the seroon, the actual growth development of this Tangus was clearly ‘able, together with formation of new sporesends. ‘hls was something quite exelting, but of course there were many ways hat tome spores could have found thelr way onto Ut wldes ‘There are all inde of them Just oating inthe air {alte until over the cold and repeated the sume experiment. [No fongus growth appeared at ali fave sarple taken der the same conditions over bwoswecks period. Exactly the same8 ‘My Teory Cell postive and negative results were obtained with sinllar teat Tae with samples taken from four other persone who had Rend ‘is, and ngnin aftr they were completly recovered Tn each Instance the same characteristic type of fans grveth and forehead was in evidence. Tt war even more intresting to tne that with thee persone who had a dep chest cold and leryneitia that an entirely ferent typo of spore and fungus growth wa evident Again samples taken from the samo poopie ita later dato, when they were over tele deep chest colds nd Taxynaitis, showed negative result Both types of Fungus would grow rapily in the thin watery nasal id obtained daring the early stages ofa cold, but with the thickened discharge takes daring the edvaned stags of fold, the reaction wat qute different. Mieroscope time-lapse Pictures show that natal discharge fa thickened as @ result of Ee presence of mulitades of some sont of cell that i fn eon ant ate of activity, but again, activity only noticeable when really speeded ip throdgh Umedapse photography. Tn those tens where active cells were present, the fungus would not row, but would grow all stound thone areas where the active lls ware ot present. ‘The close similarity between the symptoms of hay fever and anorinary hen cold sale I very hard sometime to deftly Aliserentiste between them, Likewise the slmllar charactarie- Hes of not only the appearance but also the growth habit of Growth Reeponsce to Variations in Temperature 59 spores and pollen ate such thet it i frequent aificalt to tll tne from the other, ‘The activity of the coments i very sla, fd in many instanott the thradige fungus growth of spores embles 3 closely the fubte developing from pollen grain Prior to the introduction of the new Sak racine, both my wife andT were sways ite concersed during the polo season ‘whenever any of the children showed aymptoms of « gripoy Type of cold. The early eymptoms of polo ar very similar to ald and bay-ferer, We have always been advil otto lt ‘our ehildren get ciled or overly ied, far it does sor to be ognized that polio fs astcstod with eiling ror swimming ineold water or other sudden similar cooling effects, Pollo le ‘easonal and coma during the nd ofthe summer pried, whieh {a recognized also 06 The height of the mold season in regard to hayfever seers, The geo pero of eran spores cul be as seaunal aa the Blooming perfod of the flowering plants vith which everybody ie mach more famine, This i certainty ‘worth taking noe of Following ene talk 1 gave with my pictures, a chemitt told ame he had found that the inldence of certain typee of food ‘oisning rose rapidly withthe practic of re-hesting fond ter had heen refrigerated. Possibly certain airborne bacteria dnd spores that ete onthe food cine activated again a the esult of refrigeration When these foods are retnoved foto My Teory Cater ‘the refrigerator it ike going from mld-inter into the warm Sing tmperatutes that maken everything start to grow axsin ‘During the production of ale for large paper company, 1 earned from one of Hai ener people at the paper nse {uy soften faced withthe problem of a Bacterial or mc growth {veloping every now and then in the wet Wood pulp that is ‘led inte continuous sbets of paper. This can case consider Se low of time ad production sn adition tothe cost of eeaning ‘the equipment. There are also other industries that ther [rlully tee certain mold growth oF have problems controling it that might be affected by various growth reactions as stim Inte by changes of temperatre Another time-lapse project worth commenting on in regards to temperature change was designed to show the diference in Srowth of plants when given a complete balanced plant food ‘Th picture vas to how fo similar tomato plants growing tit by side, They were both in the stme poor soi bat one ad ten fed the particule plant food to be ustated. Pinal Lpproval to stat the projeet wa not received until hot summer ih already arived, There wore alo cosalderae dolays with the installation of some new Yentlatng equipment for the tine Taner stu. ‘To my surprise, there wes no nolleable difference fnvthe growth between the two plants belong photographed or fiitional check ants Ut T had abo growing inthe green- Hae "Ths experiment. was started over again several Une But It wae not until fall when the westher and temperature in zy arownhouse mat considerably eosler that noticeable difer {nce between the fed and unted plants wae event. ‘Then the Siterence was m0 goeat that i as almost wnbeivabl. Again Sariations tn temperature duting the day aid aight period are Ivimportant fucor ta not only. dreds stimulating growth the Pants bln jn otimolating ool bacteria. Thee in urn hep breakdown the mera the plas food and make Them fvallabe ina form that ean ie taken up by the rots of plants {This a subject tat holds tremendous posable for further study. "The gardenia isa patticuleniy good example of s plat that ig very mnstie to variations in day and night temperatures the Mower buds can sand quite warm femperature during the Growth, Response to Variations én Tomparature 62 Anytime proving there i sfcent sunlight, However, if the hight temperature js not malntalned blow 65 depres Palee het the Nowe bade wil turn yellow ul drop off All the growth nergy ofthe plan i then deste toward produelag new leat froth.” The eelatonship between ig intensity and tempers tre is an important tactar im many oer plasty algo, Just fs some plants are forced into bloom ahead of the nortal atom ty controling the light and dark perio, the zaen ean be forced Into bloos ahead of time by controling temperature, It is 8 common practice now for commerest growers of this plant to force early bloom hy placing the plantain ead woragerefiger- ators and advancing the arma winter season. When the te ‘erature is malutained at 40 degrees Fahrenheit, the rants may bre kept jn total darkness for twenty-four hours 4 diy for several weeks witht the plants losing their levve Aone this temperature the azfen plant wil se thee leaves unless there ‘san increasing amount of light ao the temperature in rased ove the 40 degewe mark After the plants have hed the ness ‘ary winter chilng, the can then be Tareed into bloom ins warm greenhouse daring the topular winter inthe. rom ather information gained as a raul of having produced flim onthe sary of garden peat and insects for Swift and Company, I sm convinged hat some insats must be chilled Ife they will omplete the pupa stage, The cocoon or cheval 15 not solely for the purpose of sefpreseration during the winter period. Tis known tht many mathe and butters wl hot emerge from cacoon or chrysalis if rou Into the house to early inthe fall Tt Ls thought the reaton ie that they dry ‘ut if Rept inside too long. ‘There iste if any Ingormion ‘egarding the neceslty of chilling in conneeton with insects, ‘ut there is consideraie information avalale sto jst how such ara weather is required for certain insects to emerge ‘rom the pupa stage. Ta discussing this with several just pln food old-fashioned naturestudy teachers—i0 T may” refer to {hem as such Tam tld that € cocoons are paced inthe revi trator for awhile, when brought ndoareeaeiy im the fal, Cat then there is no preblem about their drving ot. "he bute ies and moths wil emerge perfectlyeC e My Teory Cettor ‘One day I noticed picture on the back page of Chicago per of two penguin. Ove wae king penguln and te other t'iniey penguin. The eaption mentioning that the sal fry engin was a species, that never normally grew very Tatge} ndthatpensuine very ately, of virtually never, reproduce any Seung in copivty. Ths meme carious, s0T asked the director Stone of the large ona what animals most rarely reproduced ny young in capi and what the theory was sbout thi, ‘Me quickly named several animals—reindeer, polar bears, pen fins-ad with a fe exception thoes animals ordinarily found AU the Arctic or Antaretc rors. He farther explained that ‘he generally accepted thoor about this was that these animals ‘wore the farthest revel fom civilization, and therefore the yovchologicl smpact wae greatast on them when Brought nfo aptivigyanl caged up in 8300. ‘Maybe the fur ofthese animals might be ap Ue that they ace ton warm inour climate Te hus been deal proven that ihe ‘humaa mle reproductive organs. must remain slightly Cooler than the body Rasit of other may become sterile ‘This resulting slight variation in temperature 1 the most im- portant reason for eonreting an undescended testicle. ‘Although the penguin cage fm same 200 are airconditioned turing the summer months, they ar ever the eulvalent of eal Arete or Antarctic weather. Although Tam eetainly not fan authority on thls subject, and have no books in my Ubrary hat mention anything about iT doubt that the psyehclogic impact of being eaged up should be 0 much greater on polar ‘Done than op any other kindof beare that mares aw of i> inet would not overcome Besldes most zoos are closed to the ‘reine public at wight td the nights ave ust ae dark in many ‘ton as they are [athe pat open spaces. When I first thought aboot this whale story of comparing the chilling elfctom Back spot spores ith spring ball it seemed fo imple and cbvious tht sareiy Ht mast have been written inthe records snd long since forgotten, but maybe all he eects of chilling ave not been fully recognized in the pas Chapter 6 Hindsight In thinking ack over various me-lapse project, thene is one in particular that seems to tie In clowy to the eflets of tiling, Enel in the summer of 1948 Northern University Medical School was interested In a project of time-lapse sty sf ther vino of case el IMaonaon new fype phase-contrast miroacope had recently es Teeased, Dut following the war deliveries of all sch equipment were ll very slow and uncertain. ‘Northwestern. Uitersity Medical School ad one on order from the Broseh & Leni Optical Com pany. They had been quoted a twovyear delivery dite, ‘This fered a long. way off and was very dsappointing.Kowever, it's happened T gave a lecture and showed ome my time. Iagee pleture in acheter, New Yerk, where the beadguarters ‘ofthe Bansch & Lomb Company are located ollowing the lee ‘ure, as was wsualy the eate,« namber of people tame down front to ak questions. ‘This patiular night T was presi for time fo enteh tran on to my next speaking engagement aid ‘nad passibiy boen a Ue hasty in trying to ack up all the projection equipment and bo on my way- On the train while Dling ticket stube and similar misallancuy iems oat of my Docksts, there was a card T remembered receiving. from ‘ah ‘erly gentleman He ind made the catual real about being interested in timelaee pictures, and for me to be sue to let hen know if he cout ever be of any hel. Lat af people ad frequently rade this same remarie jist ts conversation, 40°T ‘aad not taken tis particular gentieman too teviosly. at the time. However, upon looking at the ard again, T ntiod ‘he happened to be president of the Basch & Lamb Opteal Com. any. Could he be rally serious in wanting t hep fn any way sible? Immediately apan aviving homo, x tet to kim Was tn the mail The result was Northwestern Medical School hado My Ivory Cattor phase-contrast microaope within two weeks Jnsted of the Collated to Years ‘this accomplished, the aext sep seas to design and have made none specie glass chambers that would 6t within the ‘Rutseted space of the new type microscope. ‘They had to be Tec perfect so as not t cae any refraction of tit. The See chamber held regular covert with the ving cancer Ae nara ‘uederoeath, waa also esuipged with an thtake ah discharge gas tobe 20 8 cnfinuous flow of {exh ‘ists con be supoled to keep the cancer ells growing, Next Din lor cabinet was built wit special acess doors. Adjur- ‘RIN sould be mae om the mceoscope ty reaching in throws res eal doors and not materially lowering the temperatare Uf the eave cabinet. Finally-a system of feansprting the bow care slides fa heated Thermos Jugs from the medical ESR Go he limelape etaio was worked out so thatthe exact ‘2k temperature cou be maintained while the slides were in tate fev wna coniderel to be of the utmost. inportanes, TEXRAU eae eunjects would note elle or otherwise subjected fo any harmfel eet. "The teow cttre slides were prepared from rat tumors, New ailden were prepared every few ays and Drought out to the dd. "e distance of approximatedyAfeen miles. This project seetaed ail summer and well int the flowing winter, Dozens Ske'Simens of slides were prepared and carefully transported {ite heated Thermos ju, but nota single pctre showed any in ison taking plnce Beerybody had been eo optimistic Sou hopetel that fois project might reveal some important {Nformation thro time lapse photography, Unfortunate the arm vary dinappotning, ad the enthusiast Garthe part of those particpating as rapidly waning. Serious Choeeration was beng ven to the question of Row much {ager twas worthwhile to carry this projec further. Then one Erste intern who was bringing the beated Thermos jug care Tec tle the cover fo gpl Hose nthe back of the eae Xin fome off The slides were cold on arrival, snd me both felt ‘ey dofousy Had been complete Tuned. We eame very else We anowing them out but foasrach a8 the cameras were all adj and wothing eae was avaiable to photograph ab the Hidignt 65 moment, T pat them in the microscopes anyway, and started the cameras golnge ‘There wes just enough fm on the end of Mutmgnte or ore eine seer When e ‘was Gnished, it went in for processing as usual. ie Te had Desoto, king a fm aftr An ton cancer et tres tnd iting sre Mepening. Ak Shu partial war rointed, ected to be the sme oy oer sotn The Rat fart showed cl vison. The iss of i conaed the seen ofthe eee el hat ot ferme cold an then rete ob fomperstire: Would the i ey trent athe on of having ua hd? Fin ths soqutns anon th cron snd te cleo fier ‘They some wore stv lve Sulenly oe id {ogcer ites compac mn shape Te romeo wih {Gere nea pan mpi in bean fe canal ally Aide. e'mae hard foveal tha fers hese month of ios My Teory Color work here was the plcture we were after, and It had happened Whi stge tat through careesrneas bad boen chilled so that Ire considered it hardly worth photographing at all, Thin was The Test lide that showed any call division. We didn't know ‘why, but from then on discontinued transporting the aides in {he Rented Theres jugeTrecorded in my notes that just (Monte Inter tht ney, and pt dvens eat big question mark. rom then on we were abe to get all the pictures of ell vision Ne wanted, andthe project was 200 completed. The tore rcert Ubwervatigna on the effect of ching certain bulbs and. bitk [Spat spore seem to te in wth thmulting ell vison in hese Tiley cancer pictures, bit the question as to just what the SSimifcaoe might be needs further study. “Ondine warmth is asucated with stimulating growth snd col retarding i SU ating im the warm sun on a hot day Shakes one lary or sleepy, while cool weather oF &quiele dip In ait eater a very invigorating. Bt Interesting bow tempers fare controls certain rowth responses of some pants more than ors, The tulip grows exerting well n Holland where the prevailing winds of he North Sea both moderate the winters fh muake the summers col. The temperature averages flegress Pahrenbeit during January and 66 tp duly. ‘Tulip bal ‘ptdetion fs imited to areat where the sll temperature remains Tniow 80 degrees Fehrenbeit for long periods of time, "Higher Utmperatares of ther loaitie ripen the bulb foo quickly atee flowering and ‘donot allow enough time to atore up energy and Dreee the next yeart Hower bad. "Ths rakes the bulb and Fesulting Rower smaller each year In many areas where other Howers nat ervey flected by tamperature such a8 day Ties peoniee, iri snd many more, got newer after the Gat Sar unt specad out to produce mare Rowers. The foliage of {how athe plants remains green after the Rowers are fished ‘looming and ade beuty toa garden all summer Ions Tn addition to Tight and temperstare, there are other inft- acing factors controling plant growth such as humidity and possibly luo changes im barometec preseure. Plants hove a EEndeney to erow much staler at higher aitodes. Many of the miniatare alpine foveers found on mountain peaks belong tothe sme pant failor ay the much larger varieties that grow 1 lower sites Many of the socalled orental dwarf frees 7 Hindsight a have merely been brought down from the higher mountain peaks und transplanted into fancy looking pote. The timberting, {hat is the altude above which toes will not grow, i wel over 20,00 fet at the equator” Inthe Slate of Colorado it averse 41500 foct above sen level, and the further you go from the ‘ttator toward either the North or South Pole, the lower the lUnberine I. AE the Arctic circle the timbrline je right down torsen level and further noth there are no tress at al, Another curious and unusual phenomenon thet was revealed in the time-lapse pictares of cancor cols was the prosnce of Some extremely active cls that put out pcp and quikls retracted thom with an smocbold type motion. ‘hese active ell Gnly appeared in those tinue caltare slides with cancer cll Drseent. They didnot appear nthe normal Uanueeulturer. Tit ‘f courae could have been purely clneldental, bu nevertheless ‘vas of some Interest. "The motion refered to was mch fester Intelation to any other normal cll aetvity. In fact, I was ost tively violent by comparison. No one has yet been able topos tively Identity thane extremely active eal which only become ‘apparent through time lapse photography In one of my most recent pictures of ragwend allen in the ‘nasil fd of a person subjest to hayfever, 4 sma type af sctve cll fe present. hie tne, however, it stare from Derfety dormant ell and gradually becomes more active sa the rains of ragweed pollen give of the ile dropleta of Auld ‘There Is also u similarity of mation in the calls presnt fn the ‘thickened nasal fluid at the advanced stage of 4 head cold that seme to control or prevent the penetration of the Tungut sromth. T believe thew vilenty active cells have something fovdo with nature's way of combating disease or disorders in the chemical balance ofthe hutuan body. Heretofore thie acilty dha gona noticed becate could nt be seen at normal sped, but now becomes apparent through timelapse photography. ‘Thece highly active cell seem tobe Jnfuenced by. chemial cng within the bady Huds and may be of ats ome impor tance in maintaining the normal belance of the body chemintry. Thaliee they are worthy of further serous study,My Teory CettorMustrtions n 0 My feory Cetlor‘My Teory Ceteor6 My Teory Cellor ustretione ooChapter 7 Pink or Blue? The Effect of Wave Length of Light Energy on Growth Response in Plants ‘The waltzing lowers were not the only subjects that required pical equipment. I had experienced considerable dial in {eying te make tselaneepictares of cen grag In he ease freenouse. Although the pitres were god, the corn alwys row spiny, The ears would not Gevlop to normal size, and fhe leaves were long and natrove. Te war not posable to te imelaper pictores of car growing outdoors Decanse of the vind and weather. The leaves wos be im diferent potion for each plctane. Finally trod roving eam outdoors and Icing diferent plants develop to diferent stage. "Then TDult ft makeshift enclonure stound them and feed to photograph the formation of the cars aid Tassels after the plant had grown tut in the open to the tine hese parte began to appear. Tn Ihaking the enclosure Ht was more convenient to ust some of {The new plastic sheting that hal jst come om the marc. Tho fora grow much tnore normaly under plete than did ner (fuse! began experimenting with the growing of cor and “ther plants under diferent Kinds of patie. Bost ordinary ass stops over #8 por cen of the ukrsvoet radiation whereas ome plastics allow approximatsty 95 per cent oF more To past Through, The practice of ldtime experienced murserymen in ormpletly removing the sats sac from the eld frames during the daytime to expror the young seedling pants to direct sun Tight always intrested me. The improved growth warranted the additional labor of completely remving the cash In place ‘ot raking Ha Ite for ventilation during the daytime, and Feplacing it again at night when there malght be danger of fot. TE ‘The Beet of Wove Length of Lioht Ensnry 88 ‘The result of ing plastic in place of glass were so much beter that eee 9 bla no Hsien ene sithoat ga This wo hear fo th ina fh call {mmr en, Herman Shar, sein fat the ele ‘rocare inhi chine hep. Tens ble ecto, thon Stemanted at rone tthe tbl catenin he bk Ys ‘ther ventas urate oe SRS A Se ea tove a My Toory Cettor Compared with the skrlight over the basement Umelapre studio the new paste greenhouse was « big improvement. ‘The ‘atte roof aren an ell asthe ent, south, ad west ide were ee ve The Effect of Wave Length of Light Buergy rade of clear plastic, so the growing pants would receive much tore sulight. These large areas ud tae coveted with wate mate shutters that cowed each tne Picture wan taken tn ‘ner to have the sme amount of photographie light just as Inthe basement tao. Thee lange shutters tke giant Venetian Dlnds worked independently of each other and. automatialy followed the sun so that the louvers al mained parallel to the raysof light aa it moved aeossthe sl. In thi way they ees ‘he West amount ot shadow and let inthe manimumy amount of rect sunlight. The north wall was sid and wae peintel sy Dive to act aa photographie backgnond forthe suc being photogeaphed. Sky blue seemed to be the most natoral colar {or a background and mate it easier to match backgrounds of time-lapse pictures taken in he greenhouse with Toga shots rade out in the Hel. "The new greenhouse slo had more heed oom 80 tall eben snd aml trees cod be grown Sasde, This made Tt posible to stare taking time-nper plturer of many ‘ore new subject that alo erent msay mute new probleme When the new patie greenhouse was completed to the point where time-lapoe cameras could be starts the Ferry Morse Seed’ Company wanted @ time-lapse pueture of one of thle ‘aretlon of morning plories. ‘This certainly appeared to bo one Bf the simplest asiznmente Thad ever undertaken, The results of the earl experiments with growing corn and other plats Under plastic ae contrasted to thove grown tnd elas had been fo outstanding that T visalized extra ne morning glorieo Dursting into bloom, 1 planted somo seas in anuther all ean gas greenhouse by the garage. ‘Thar rasa gon place to start sme subjects and grow them intl they ware ready totale time-lapae peturey of hem. In this way valuable space In the naw plane greenhouse cul be eanatrved and. ised only for plants setually being bhotagraphe ‘As the morning lory vines neared the budding stage, I moved them trom the lacs houre tothe plastic hoase, Brerything vent sell until the bude were Just Teady to open. Then bud fatter bud would coliapee withont opening. ‘ile was terily Aiscoaraging afterall the experimenting doe with dfeeat pla6 My Tory Catar ties. How coul I justify the substantially higher cost of having hpi an alrlastic promhouse, ony to nd that my. morning {lores positively would not ope, eventhough Use bada seemed {fo develop quite horny. Tis Was perplexing, to sy the lat (Could the reste of having moved oF hanged the growing ‘onions during the bd development perio? Any such slight ‘Guang af contin should have ten a forthe etter. Never- ftelest started moe sade right inthe plastic ereenouse where they cou be photogrann and nothing would have to be moved tr changed in the slightest during the entre growing period ‘Rustn though, exact the same ae befor, the bude ollaped Jt when they should have opened. 1 could remember having Seen morning glories growing in ase greenhouses ith flowers In Tull bloom, so everything was cleared out of ho glass green House. Thun cameras, Fights timers, sbuttere—the whe works Were moved jn again, and more moraine gloves were started From seeds This al tok time, andthe summer was Just about ‘ver, but with any lack there shoolt sil be time for one more Stop et morning elvis, "Thoagh all Seappointed aboot the faults in the plastic grsenonen, the morning glories snd eam- tras wore all vtaled In the old glass Fan-to alongside of the fgerage, By slightly swallowing my pride and wath nite luck, ‘Rernapa te peture might still be completed daring the current Soars 'But--as the buis reached the potst again when they Should open, the same tang Happened no luck Besides having a rather complete Tbrary of fm showing morning ehry bods eilaping, the fact that the bods stil Fete to open in the pase greenhouse Indicated perhaps the Dror nas not ith the plat afer all. Tas in toe was ule matifying even thouph Tail did wot have the necded Tetures no any real clue az to why the morning glory bud perited in cllapsing without opening. One thing Ieaaed rgb atthe startin trying to take tmelage pictures was not to photograin plants out of Sheir-aormal snowing season. TL Is Fard enough with mot pants, fot pretically impossible, to fn them af all out af teas, let alone teving to pet flowers orth potogeaphing, People ae not inerested In looking st Door pleure, even though ft may be of the impossible, This raj had to go own in tho recor as unfnshed The Effect of Wave Length of Lioh! Energy 87 Meanwhile dating the very ay days of tevin Thad bon sshd to appear mer pq a eh ems mela Histres of towers Daring fhe ean days when teen {tio wer fing Aiea ang sae mater or thar increasing tours of air fine ihe rogram tector of oe of the fst Chea ston ead me the poe, Co Bring cme of my ot fms sad ep ht ot for en hour th Satay aferocen? Thi was eething now and ster Sta clones, to, Everyhng went gute wel ond Tas Invite back he folowing Samay and the Sunday after tht rd av on. After oly afew Sune of beng the rosa ‘incor 2a hoor of tm, Twas eet sry tore snp ame sted the ppes arta TY pereamaliy Ths ees {Ekin an entry aire pon of reo he walter of mer fetiny to a talt tour's fe un eomehig beter cal be Arrange for. Nevers, the Sunday ha Hors contin tod even expanded to asad my parttpaten eter er28 My Toory Cellar Sram tones ae ma Tee Se ge paral wuts eter pa ee eri aep ere ae ee ar tae masirase ate hat fl when the morning Pros nee casing ch ceshien prom as ene taj of ehprnteraman Th {Sion eto nro rom tn king asta atwayeatemied ogee sito nee IR intr hia mie te something abot he oy ete yarutar ower and its wa fin eons Sow hey ae ed comer mee yey iatag sary abot bw Sunes aceon su of reason, Tay are now aval ful oom Sr a Nato a ery Saar 2 gach hs sume te Sarat sem hart bts open ta te ach fete ans onl a ent Teentaal te ee ot rts ah of a ro em soy onal ae fr ntl eon cone terse Pe with lack oth omer oe Serena bang te Se erat tae ne ee reas fer aoe ceo pete See ey te Tack pel rt Shean ha ery cs Hes ae oe ee dapat hoe and oe Ce ea lng a ae ani Moe tl tae gogo et fe soils ie Oe ners Me hice oe ‘The Bifect of Wave Length of Light Bueroy 89 normal dark period. My morning gloves had no problesa of setting buds: Twas Just that they woul open. The Tight nly aeced the Setting of buds on ehrysanthemums, an afer they were once set an showing ite color, they woud coninae to develop regardless of th lang ofthe day ot nlght pero, 1 was also trying to take timelapeo pictures of poinsttias for my Christinas TV program, and ran int similar problems, The Dosen ere—that ithe esl bracte—iterally stopped In their tacks as soon asf startnd photographing them. TE rede tno diferene how fa along the Note wat Thea sory From Honolua that the Chamber of Commerce thee on the ion ‘an lnto the ame dietty when an atzempe wae ade to torn Aooilghte on some of the poinstias In ont of the parkes 1 leo Koown that «steeetlpht. ton near eveethoee of pi feitins, wil cause all Kinds of probleme as far as thelt not looming Ts concerned. Cornett poinsettia givers have also suite recently started to contol the ight snd dark peed te bring thelr plants tnto pea bloom sight on Chrismas, Day. oineettis are another tower that set their bs a ome ito Doom as the dare night hours grow longer dering he fall winter period. Accirdingly as the eth of daylight shortens amr In the season the further north you, posting so blo earlier up north Inthe Chicago are they come ito fall blot aroupd the Rest par of December, and fori inthe past have had diftalty in holing the pants for the Cheat tae ‘Now ite customary to tura the lights on inthe greenhouses for approimately two hours st midget for a ten-day pvt came mencing. September twentyeinth, ‘This. when ‘poinettas ‘dinar bogin to set thelr buds a the Intitude of Chicago. Ty fuming the lighte on and interrupting the might perio, the proves of soting bade i delayed, snd now the helght of the looming. perio ip attained ight'on Christmas Dep. this ‘way the plane are mh fresher and il lt longer inthe home, All this sored tote nto my morning lary probe, bat just how was the real question, Nothing seemed tft exactly, hat nothing further could be done with morning glries anyway Unt spring. The time went gulcly, and soon ie at tne to Plant mae seal When the fst bods were ready to pen, {ad Iorning glories all ovr the place in the plate eeenbouse, in