A Project Report

On

Stone Crushing & Construction material supply Business

MANGALMURTI QUARRY WORKS

SUBMITTED TO
FACULTY OF MANAGEMENT

SUBMITTED BY:
JAINISH SHAH
202100620010370

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 “This is certified that Mr. JAINISH M SHAH student of Faculty of

Management has successfully completed Project work on the titled MANGALMURTI

QUARRY WORKS at this company under the supervision of MUKESH B SHAH from

05/05/2022 to 30/06/2022. I also certify that, the above mentioned student has carried
the research work was satisfactory.

MUKESH B SHAH
(PARTNER)

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 “This is certified that Mr. JAINISH M SHAH student of Faculty of

Management has successfully completed Project work on the titled MANGALMURTI

QUARRY WORKS at this company under the supervision of MUKESH B SHAH from

05/05/2022 to 30/06/2022. I also certify that, the above mentioned student has carried
the research work was satisfactory.

MUKESH B SHAH
(PARTNER)

3
 Faculty of Management *

Certificate

This is to certify that Mr. JAINISH SHAH Enrolment No.202100620010370

student of faculty of management has successfully completed his Summer
Project on “A STUDY ON QUARRY & BUILDING MATERIALS’” at
“MANGALMURTI QUARRY WORKS” in partial fulfillment of the
requirements of MBA programme of GLS University. This is his original work
and has not been submitted elsewhere.

_______________ ____________________
Dr. DEEPA VYAS
Dr. HITESH
RUPAREL ASSISTANT
PROFESSER

Date: _________________

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Place: _________________

Faculty of Management *

Certificate

This is to certify that Mr. JAINISH SHAH Enrolment No.202100620010370

student of faculty of management has successfully completed his Summer
Project on “A STUDY ON QUARRY & BUILDING MATERIALS’” at
“MANGALMURTI QUARRY WORKS” in partial fulfillment of the
requirements of MBA programme of GLS University. This is his original work
and has not been submitted elsewhere.

_______________ ____________________
Dr. DEEPA VYAS
Dr. HITESH
RUPAREL ASSISTANT
PROFESSER

Date: _________________

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Place: _________________

Declaration

I, JAINISH SHAH, Enrolment No.202100620010370 student of Faculty of

Management hereby declare that I have successfully completed this project on
‘A STUDY ON QUARRY & BUILDING MATERIALS’ in the academic
year 2021-22.

I declare that this submitted work is done by me and to the best of my

knowledge; no such work has been submitted by any other person for the award
of degree or diploma.

I also declare that all the information collected from various secondary and
primary sources has been duly acknowledged in this project report.

JAINISH SHAH
(202100620010370)

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7
 PREFACE

The successful completion of this project was a unique experience for me because visiting
various new places and interacting with new people, has helped me gain a better knowledge
about construction practices and other construction norms followed. The experience which I
have gained by doing this project was essential at this turning point of my career. This project
is being submitted which contains a detailed analysis of the research undertaken by me.

In this project I describe the construction sector in India and different types of construction
material-related services, I studied all this on my own.

To emphasize the practical aspect of management education, the faculty of N.R.

INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT has a modern system of practical training
of repute and following management techniques to the student as an integral part of MBA by
the above obligation undergoing project in “MangalMurti Quarry Works”

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

“It is not possible to prepare a project report without the assistance & encouragement of other
people. This one is certainly no exception.”

At the very outset of this report, would like to extend our sincere & heartfelt obligation
toward all the personages who have helped us in this Endeavour. Without their active
guidance, help, cooperation & encouragement, we would not have made headway in the
project.

I am thankful to our professor Prof. Deepa Vyas for her valuable guidance and support in the
completion of this project in its present.

I am ineffably indebted to our external guide Mr. Mukesh Shah for conscientious guidance
and encouragement to accomplish this assignment.

I extend my gratitude to the N.R. INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT for

giving me this opportunity.

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 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Executive summaries of pertinent proposals form the basis for a sizable share of business
decisions. The executive summary still plays a significant role in choosing which proposals
are further studied and which are rejected right away for judgments made after a more
thorough review process. This illustrates the relevance of developing a great executive
summary for all of your construction project proposals, without lessening the significance of
having an in-depth analysis throughout your proposal.
Have researched the preference of customers for constructions through literature review,
some primary sources of data like questionnaires, and some secondary data like government
articles, journals, company websites, and other datamurty have collected from the internet.
have used primary data like giving questionnaires regarding “preference of customers for
construction & construction related materials” to these home loan takers and have done data
analysis through these responses from the respondents.
Also, describe the introduction of the construction industry and do a PESTLE analysis of the
particular. In the next chapter, have given detail of my research topic “preference of
customers for construction & construction related materials”. have done my SIP in “Mangal
Murti Quarry Works”. So, I describe the profile and its products and services and also do a
SWOT Analysis of the construction sector of India.

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 CHAPTER-1
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

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1.1Literature review:

1. Ermias Tesfaye, Eshetie Berhan, and Daniel Kitaw in their research paper titled “A
Comprehensive Literature Review on Construction Project Risk Analysis” This study
presented the findings of a thorough analysis of the literature on the modeling and
assessment of project risk in the construction industry. The study focuses on risks
associated with construction projects like building, road, and highway development.
Peer-reviewed academic journals that are published in English are the only sources for
the target literature. The last 20 years' worth of construction risk assessment papers
has been evaluated. Utilizing keyword searches across several online databases,
including Emerald Database, Science Direct, Taylor and Francis, Springer Link,
Google Scholar, ProQuest, ABI/Inform, IEEE, IgentaConnect, and Web of Science,
relevant research papers are first found and compiled. To analyze the evolution of risk
modeling and assessment, the search was limited to papers from the databases' last
two decades.

2. A. R. J. DAINTY, B. M. BAGILHOLE, K. H. ANSARI, and J. JACKSON in

their research paper title “Creating Equality In The Construction Industry: An Agenda
For Change For Women And Ethnic Minorities”. Empirical studies that have looked
at many aspects of women's and ethnic minorities' employment tend to treat their
experiences separately. In contrast, this paper compares the employment and working
experiences of women and employees from ethnic minorities using the results from
two research investigations. According to the findings of both studies, women, and
employees of racial and ethnic minorities encounter both similar and dissimilar
obstacles as well as hostile work environments in the construction industry.

3. ADEKUNLE SABITU OYEGOKE in their research paper title

“CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY OVERVIEW IN THE UK, US, JAPAN AND
FINLAND: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS”. In four practices, the construction
business is compared and discussed in this essay. Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
figures and construction statistical data are used in the analysis of the study. The study
examines the construction sector and practices in light of the economy's prospects,
purchasing patterns, licensing requirements, construction, housing data, etc. The
analyses provide a detailed comparison of the practices. Additionally, it discusses
how macroeconomic and microeconomics issues affect the overall performance of the
building sector.

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4. Felipe Kesrouani Lemos, Adriana Cristina Cherri, and Silvio Alexandre de
Araujo in their research paper title “The cutting stock problem with multiple
manufacturing modes applied to a construction industry.” The purpose of this essay is
to investigate how the cutting stock problem can be integrated while taking into
account the environment of various production processes. The primary contributions
include suggesting an as-yet-unexplored integration of these problems; (ii) a clear
mathematical formulation (1D-CSP-AM) for this problem; (iii) adopting a simple
solution approach from the literature, based on a column generation procedure; (iv)
extensive computational tests, including real data and randomly generated data, to
analyze the influence of parameters on the difficulty of the instances and different
managerial contexts; and (v) analysis of the effects of parameters

5. MOHAMMED FADHIL DULAIMI in their research essay title "THE

INFLUENCE OF ACADEMIC EDUCATION AND FORMAL TRAINING ON THE
PROJECT MANAGER'S BEHAVIOR” This essay examines how formal education
and training affect project managers' (PM) behavior. A poll was done to see how the
formal education and training received by PMs affected their behavior. The findings
show that PMs with engineering backgrounds and credentials tend to be more
technically minded. This may lead to worries that project managers' obsession with
the technical components of project management may obscure the necessity for them
to give human management more attention. PMs that have worked on projects at the
"operational" level, however, have been less technically focused. Such an event
appears to have improved the PM's ability to motivate others and manage conflicts.

6. MarketLine in their Industrial Report title “Residential Construction in Europe”

MarketLine Industry Profiles are based on in-depth primary and secondary research
that has been compiled, examined, cross-referenced, and presented clearly and
understandably. Examining internal databases: MarketLine's internal databases serve
as the basis for all linked industry profiles. They were built using 250,000+ industry
interviews and consumer surveys, as well as analysis by industry specialists using
very complicated modeling & forecasting methods.

7. Luai Eid Jraisat, Lana Jreisat, and Christine Hattar in their research paper title
“Quality in construction management: an exploratory study”. Project quality is a
crucial notion that determines whether a project is successful or not in the literature
(Wanberg et al., 2013; Romeo et al., 2014). According to Arditi and Gunaydin (1997),
quality is defined as conforming to a project's statutory, aesthetic, and functional
standards. Quality is defined by Eng and Yusof (2003) as a concept and a set of
guiding principles that symbolize an organization that is constantly improving. The
quality dimensions that comprise degrees of quality, dependability and safety, quality
performance, durability, and serviceability can be used to translate quality. Face-to-

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 face structured personal interviews were used for to survey for two months
(September and October 2013), allowing for the verification of the information's
accuracy and the identification of quality-related aspects based on the questionnaire's
design. Interviewees received briefings on the study challenge, research aims, and
quality variables before the interviews. The chosen businesses' locations where they
agreed to participate were used for the interviews.

8. David Gastelum in their research paper title “A New Approach to Impacting the
Construction Industry”. According to Graham et al2011 .'s argument, the majority of
research being done in the field of construction is not tied to the needs of the sector.
"An examination of the literature shows that, historically, research has not played a
large role in the growth of the building sector," they found (Graham, et al., 2011). The
National Academy of Sciences in the United States has said that the nation's research
agenda does not cover the entire industry and that it is unable to identify the study
topics that would enhance the performance of the building industry (NAS, 2009).

9. Fei Cheng in their research paper title “Research on construction quality and
improvement of assembly construction”. The need for building construction has been
rising as a result of the speeding up of urbanization and the enhancement of living
conditions for our citizens. In this setting, the construction industry is strengthening
the use of new technologies to boost construction efficiency, and quality
improvement, and fulfill contemporary needs. China's engineering construction units
are currently working on a project to increase the use of assembly-type construction
technology, which will solve some of the low-level, time-consuming problems
associated with traditional construction work and encourage the steady improvement
of production efficiency.

10. F. Pacheco-Torgal, J.A. Labrincha in their research paper title is “The future of
construction materials research and the seventh UN Millennium Development Goal:
A few insights”. One of humanity's most peculiar traits is its massive use of resources,
especially non-renewable ones, which leaves behind pollution during the consumption
process. Even worse, the majority of the resources are consumed by a small number
of nations. This indicates that when more people can afford the same purchasing
behaviors, the trend will likely worsen. Meadows et al. [1] studied the relationships
between population, food production, industrial production, pollution, and the use of
non-renewable resources using a computer model based on the fixed-stock paradigm.

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 1.2 Objective of the study:

1. To check the awareness of customers for construction.

2. To identify construction norms & customers’ preferences.
3. To check the satisfaction level of construction & construction material consumers.

1.3 Scope of the study:

1. It focuses on the preference in people for different construction opportunities.

2. The study also analyzes the preference regarding construction materials.
3. would check all preferences for construction & construction material with the help
of “Mangal Murti Quarry Works”

1.4 Research design:

My research design is Descriptive research design.

1.5 Sampling:

1. Population: For this take customers of Ahmedabad city as my population.

2. Sampling Unit: Construction contractors & construction material buyers in

Ahmedabad.

3. Sample size: The total sample size of my project is 50 respondents.

4. Sampling method: Used non-probability convenience sampling technique.

5. Research Instrument: used a Questionnaire as an instrument to collect the data.

6. Research tools: MICROSOFT EXCEL

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 1.6 Data collection sources:

1. Primary sources:

Primary data sources are original data sources, that are, one in which the data are
collected firsthand by the researcher for a specific research purpose or project. For
this project, used mainly the questionnaire method for primary sources.

 Questionnaire method
For the collection of primary data, used the questionnaire method. A formal list of
questions, which are to be asked, is prepared in a questionnaire, and questions are asked
on that basis.

2. Secondary sources:

These are those data, which are not collected afresh and are used earlier also and thus
they cannot be considered original. For this SIP project, have used some data from
some company websites, articles, books, and other data collected from the internet.

1.7 Limitations of the study:

1. It is conducted in Ahmedabad city and findings may not be generalized to other

regions.
2. Besides the study has the limitation of time, place, and resources.
3. The study is based on a random sampling method instead of the consensus
method.

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1.8 Advantages of the study:

1. To know how the construction industry is rapidly developing in India.

2. Also due to research for this project gained useful insights about other
construction norms & supplier habits.

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 CHAPTER-2
INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRY

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 2.1 Introduction to Construction Sector:

The construction industry is one of the oldest and biggest in the world, with a market of
roughly 10 trillion US dollars. Construction has always been a contracting industry; there is a
tonne of little businesses that make up this sector nowadays. One of the greatest sectors in
any economy right now is building. It significantly boosts the country's economy and
employs a sizable number of people. Construction is a broad phrase that refers to the art and
science of creating organizations, systems, and objects. The building of roads and other
service facilities that become fundamental components of structures and are necessary for
their use, as well as the upkeep and repair of buildings and other immovable structures, all
fall under the category of construction. The processes involved in constructing buildings,
infrastructure, industrial facilities, and related operations through to the end of their useful
lives are covered by the term "construction" in its most common usage. The building of
transportable structures, such as trailers and ships, is not considered construction;
nevertheless, structural modifications and adjustments are included. Typically, it begins with
planning, funding, design, execution, and construction, and it also includes maintenance,
repair, and improvement work. Some stone and baked brick buildings have survived, and
historical builders have left us with many architectural marvels. The Taj Mahal, the Great
Wall of China, and the Egyptian pyramids are a few examples of historical icons. The first
structures in North America were homes, windmills, water mills, and grist mills.

2.2 Evaluation of the Construction sector:

Any project's controlling phase is crucial. One of the common techniques for managing a
construction project is the Earned Value Method (EVM). The management of safety is a
crucial managerial task that must be effectively managed on a project. Statistics on costs,
schedules, and quality should all be reported the same way. Only the schedule
performance index (SPI) and the cost performance index (CPI) are used in the EVM to
calculate the cost schedule index (CSI).

2.3 Various types of services provided by construction companies:

One of the key contributors to the Australian economy is the civil construction sector.
The booming mining sector and the recovering building market have recently given this
multi-billion-dollar industry a boost.
Small construction companies that offer services for building construction and civil
engineering are encouraged to thrive by such incremental advancements. Additionally, these
businesses offer management and maintenance solutions to the industrial and commercial
sectors for both public and private enterprises. Typically, a construction firm offers its clients
various types of construction-related services, such as maintenance, repair or remedial
services, and protective measures. To maintain compliance with safety, quality, and other
environmental standards, a construction company also creates its management system that is
appropriately linked with the construction industry.

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  Construction services: Construction firms primarily provide civil construction and
structural services, which often include prefabricated concrete for use in a variety of
construction projects, earthwork, formwork fabrication, and concrete construction.
Other services offered in the construction industry include sewer and pipe installation,
excavation work, wall and column erection, back filling, grouting, slab and roofing,
underwater construction, and much more.

 Remedial or repairing services: These services are intended to safeguard or extend

the life of a building or complex's current infrastructure. Along with the necessary
maintenance services, the repairing services primarily consist of renovation, repairs,
corrosion protection, or control. One can choose repair work for bridges, wharves,
subdivisions and apartments, plants and factories, industrial facilities, and other types
of sites as well that require high scale construction work by working with a reputable
construction business.

 Maintenance services: Along with fixing and building, a construction company also
offers a variety of maintenance services. Painting, carpentry, plumbing, janitorial and
restoration services, renovations, electrical work, and other services are among the
maintenance services for civil construction. These services can also be customized to
meet a person's needs.

 Protective coating services: Many institutions are established for carrying on

nonbanking financial services. Mutual funds are institutions accepting finances from
their members and investing in the long-term capital of companies both directly in the
primary market as well as indirectly in the capital market. financial institutions acting
as portfolio managers receive funds for the public and manage the funds for or on
behalf of its depositors. This portfolio managers undertake the responsibility of
managing the funds of the principal so as to generate maximum return.

2.4 New Trends in the Construction & Building material supply

industry:

One of the most notable black swan events was the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, which had
an extraordinary societal and economic impact. Some analysts claim that compared to other
previous events; this one has produced more problems than any other. The COVID-19 has a
significant economic influence on the building and construction materials sector. Trends that
will bring about change on all levels include cash flow disruption, supply chain breaks, the
rise of telecommuting, resource shifts, the necessity for social distancing, and others.

According to the research, China accounts for around 14.63 percent of India's imports of
construction materials, with the US and Saudi Arabia each contributing 6.30 and 5.56

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percent. COVID-19 has also dealt a devastating blow to other important suppliers, including
Malaysia, Italy, the UK, Belgium, Germany, France, and Singapore. Although India depends
on a small number of nations, the economic crisis's worldwide effects make it evident that the
supply chain for building materials will be disrupted. The building material sector is
anticipated to change by approximately 15% this year, driven by the unanticipated
contraction of 50.3 percent in the second quarter.

Although cement is a necessity for construction, its manufacture accounts for 7 to 8% of

global CO2 emissions, underscoring the industry's huge carbon impact. And the heating of
kilns with fossil fuels is responsible for about 40% of cement emissions. The worldwide
concrete sector is also looking for ways to cut emissions, particularly given that it is predicted
to experience rapid growth over the next 30 years. The effort to cut carbon emissions is
particularly strong in India, and the country's cement industry is fiercely committed to
reaching long-term environmental objectives, as shown by a CDP report on the sector
(formerly Carbon Disclosure Project).
Five out of ten worldwide cement companies that exhibit low carbon transition are said to be
based in India, according to the report. Deep emission reductions, according to the paper, are
expensive—costing between $50 and $100 per tonne of CO2—and capital-intensive. The cost
of the cement will increase by twofold as a result. To reduce emissions as much as feasible,
the cement industry tries to enhance the use of alternative raw materials and fuels in the
production process.

2.5 Major players in construction sector:

Construction materials are things that are utilized in building. Buildings are frequently
constructed using a variety of natural materials, including clay, pebbles, sand, wood, even
twigs and leaves. In addition to the materials already in use, several man-made products,
some more and some less synthetic, are in use. The use of building materials is typically
divided into specialized trades like carpentry, insulation, plumbing, and roofing work since
the manufacturing of building materials is a long-standing industry in many nations. They
provide the components of habitats and buildings, including houses.

1) Ultratech - Cement Production:

a. The Aditya Birla Group's cement flagship company is UltraTech Cement
Limited. UltraTech, a $ 5.9 billion powerhouse in the construction solutions
industry, is India's top producer of white cement, ready mix concrete (RMC),
and grey cement. Without China, it is the third-largest cement manufacturer in
the world. Outside of China, UltraTech is the only cement manufacturer with a

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 production capacity of 100 MTPA or more in a single nation. UAE, Bahrain,
Sri Lanka, and India are among locations where the company conducts
business.

2) SHIVALIK GROUP

a. In 1998, an accomplished veteran of Ahmedabad stock market, Mr. Satish

Shah (Founder)ventured into realities laying the foundation of “S.N
Developers” and established a commanding position in the commercial capital
of Gujarat. Accompanied by his elder son, Mr. Chitrak S. Shah (Co-Founder)
as an on site, he laid a strong groundwork of diligence and humility.

b. SHIVALIK Group is renowned for it’s overall quality across all the projects,
based on a prime location. Our forte is fulfilling our commitments on and
before time. Shivalik Group invests in a style that never ages and benefits
from word of mouth marketing. The company also engages the services and
expertise of consultants in developing state of the art real estate masterpieces
with unmatched service standards

3) J K Lakshmi Cement:
a. The famous JK Organization includes K Lakshmi Cement Limited. With
activities in both India and internationally and a leadership position in the
industries of tires, cement, paper, power transmissions, sealing solutions, dairy
products, and textiles, this prestigious industrial house is more than 125 years
old. They have a revenue of more than Rs 4000 crores annually and are a well-
known and well-established company in the Indian cement business. The
cement markets of Northern, Western, and Eastern India, are incredibly strong.

4) PSP Projects Limited

a. PSP Projects Limited is a multidisciplinary construction company offering a

diversified range of construction and allied services across industrial,
institutional, government, government residential, and residential projects in

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 India. It provides its services across the construction value chain, ranging from
planning and design to construction and post-construction activities, including
MEP work and other interior fit-outs to private and public sector enterprises.
Historically, it was more focused on projects in the Gujarat region. More
recently, it has actively expanded its geographical presence to other states and
diversified its portfolio of services.

L&T

Larsen & Toubro is an Indian multinational engaged in EPC Projects, Hi-Tech

Manufacturing and Services. It operates in over 50 countries worldwide. A
strong, customer-focused approach and the constant quest for top-class quality
have enabled L&T to attain and sustain leadership in its major lines of
business for over eight decades.

We are engaged in core, high impact sectors of the economy and our
integrated capabilities span the entire spectrum of ‘design to delivery’.

Every aspect of L&T's businesses is characterised by professionalism and high

standards of corporate governance. Sustainability is embedded into our long-
term strategy for growth.

The Company’s manufacturing footprint extends across eight countries in

addition to India. L&T has several international offices and a supply chain that
extends around the globe.

2.6 History of the construction sector:

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From 1970 through the middle of the 1960s, the government actively participated in the
development of these services, and during this time, state-owned firms and government
departments sponsored the majority of construction operations. Construction of civil works
received roughly 50% of the overall capital budget in the first five-year plan.
National Industrial Development Corporation (NIDC), the first established professional
consulting firm, was founded in the public sector in 1954. Following this, numerous
architectural, design engineering, and construction firms were established in both the public
(M N Dastur and Co., Ltd., Indian Railways Construction Limited (IRCON), National
Buildings Construction Corporation (NBCC), Rail India Transportation and Engineering
Services (RITES), and others) and private sectors.
Over the past 50 years, around 40% of development investments have gone toward India
construction. Construction provides a living for about 16% of the country's working
population. More than 30 million people are employed by the construction sector in India,
which also generates assets worth more than 200 billion. It contributes more than 5% to the
GDP and 78% to gross capital formation of the country. From $1,436 billion, state and
federal government capital spending will reach $8,021 billion in 2011–12. (1999-2000). The
contribution of the Indian construction industry to overall gross capital formation (GCF)
decreased from 60% in 1970–1971 to 34% in 1990–1991 dollars. The fundamental cause of
this is because, despite increased efforts to involve the private sector in infrastructure
development through P3s and other arrangements like BOTs (build-operate-transfer), private
sector investment has not reached the levels that were anticipated.
In the corporate sector, 200 companies are involved in the building industry in India. There
are around 120,000 class A contractors registered with various government construction
authorities in addition to these businesses. Numerous small contractors compete for little
projects or serve as subcontractors for larger or other contractors.

2.7 Evolution of construction in India:

The History of Construction is Endless began thirty thousand years ago, when people would
travel from one location to another in search of wild plants to eat and to hunt for prey. Since
they were always on the move, they didn't initially construct any kind of shelter. The
Neolithic, or Old Stone Age, lasted from 9000 BC to 5000 BC. It was the final era before
woodwork was used in structures. Natural resources like as bone, stone, antler, hide (animal
skin), wood, grasses, and animal fibre were utilized to make the tools.

As the Neolithic peoples of the Stone Age evolved into much bigger tribes, the social and
cultural milieu gave rise to the Iron Age. Find out more about amazing Iron Age construction,
architecture, and invention examples here. Early phases of construction during the Iron Age.

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Medieval Building: The Medieval Age is the period in European history from the fifth to the
fifteenth centuries AD (from the fall of the Western Roman Empire to the Renaissance). The
Roman era is coming to an end, and major construction projects like castles, cathedrals, and
fortresses are only getting started. The Reformation and the development of moveable type
changed the nature of a building during the Renaissance, which lasted from the final centuries
of the 14th to the 17th centuries.

The essence of building design was fundamentally altered by the resurgence of the notion of
an architect (Vitruvius). The classical style of art, literature, and architecture was introduced
during the Renaissance.

Adopting technology is a significant advance as, until recently, much of Western Europe used
water mills to saw wood and turn it into planks. Using ironwork for tension members and
straps in roof construction is becoming more common among architects.

Terracotta roofing tiles were frequently used for roofing in Italy, but stone was still preferred
for prestigious structures. The Brunelleschi Project, which built the dome of Santa Maria del
Fiore, figured out a means to construct a sizable dome without using any formwork and
instead depending solely on the weight of the bricks. Building during the seventeenth century
This event marked the beginning of modern science, which would have a significant impact
for generations to come. The seventeenth-century constructions heavily relied on practical
knowledge, common sense, and the application of scale approaches. During this time, glass
was manufactured, and France developed the first cast plate glass. The majority of buildings
had lime mortar-bound rubber cores with stone ashlar surfaces. Many of the tools that were
created, including the drafting compass, line gauge, plum-line, carpenter's square, and spirit
level, are still in use today.

The development of new types of transportation infrastructure, such as canals, railroads, and
macadam roads, showed the Industrial Revolution.

The invention of new construction instruments such as optical surveying, circular saws,
machine tools, explosives, and machine-cut nails. Bangkok, Hungary. Steel was mass-
produced beginning in the middle of the 19th century and employed in I-beams and
reinforced concrete. Glass windows were also put into mass manufacturing and made a
wonderful addition to any building.

Iran's Golestan Palace: The invention of plumbing made drinking water and waste collection
accessible to everyone. Building rules have been applied with special consideration for fire
safety since the 19th century. The Second Industrial Revolution occurred in the twentieth

25
century. Prefabrication and computer-aided design were two new construction technologies
introduced. While the demand for labour was reduced by heavy machinery and power tools.

Mega-projects, or those with investments greater than $1 billion, are frequently planned and
built as part of a larger project that encompasses entire suburbs, towns, and cities, as well as
infrastructure. Examples of these are Brasilia in Brazil and the Million Program in Sweden.
Trade unions were established to advance the interests of construction workers.

Australian Opera House: In the latter half of the 20th century, environmental protection,
sustainable development, and energy efficiency all gained importance in the building
industry. By the 20th century's close, concrete and steel construction were the focus of a
construction revolution all their own.

2.8 Future challenges of construction industry:

In the last few decades, the Indian economy has made significant strides. The majority of the
infrastructure development sectors advanced, but not to the necessary degree to raise growth
rates to the range of 8% to 10%. The demands of the building industry have been emphasized
by the Union Government. Massive investment is anticipated in this industry given the
current focus on building physical infrastructure. During the 11th Five Year Plan era, the
Planning Commission has predicted that infrastructure investment will be needed to the tune
of around 14,500 billion, or US$320 billion. This is a very important criterion.

This much funding cannot be raised through budgetary means. The technique of Public
Private Partnerships (PPP) is ideal for locating the resources. Improved construction
management is necessary to make the most use of available resources and to increase output
and efficiency. By 2050, India's population is projected to reach 1.7 billion, which will put a
great deal of strain on the country's citizens, according to the findings. India's inefficiency
issue could have a significant impact on the future of the nation's building industry and
infrastructure growth. However, there are major efficiency issues in India, which may be
brought on by the underdeveloped labour force and frequent schedule and expense overruns.

2.9 Current scenario of construction sector:

Given that it generates investment opportunities in a number of linked industries, India's

construction industry is a significant indicator of the country's development. The construction
industry's proportion of the national GDP in 2011–12 was approximately 8.2 percent, or
approximately 670,778 crores (US$ 131 billion). The industry is divided between small and

26
medium contractors that work as subcontractors and complete the job in the field, as well as a
small number of significant enterprises that are engaged in construction activities across all
market sectors.
In 2011, India's total number of manufacturing firms for construction equipment was just
over 500. The industry employs more than 49.5 million people, including indirect jobs, and it
is labour-intensive. Construction is expected to contribute significantly to economic growth
and produce buildings that improve productivity and quality of life.
In the 20th century, economists, politicians, and others have frequently used the terms
"economic development" and "modernization." The terms "westernisation" and
"industrialization," in particular, have also been used to describe economic progress.
Environment and economic development are closely related. Government initiatives include
financial and economic policies, controls of the financial industry's trade, and tax policies in
an effort to achieve global economic goals including price stability, high employment, and
sustainable growth.

2.10 PESTLE analysis of Construction sector:

source: (business-to-you)

2.11 Meaning of PESTLE analysis:

A PESTLE analysis is a tool used to gain a macro picture of an industry environment.
PESTLE stands for Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal and Environmental
factors.

27
It allows a company to form an impression of the factors that might impact a new business or
industry. Some factors will be more important to different types of businesses, and a PESTLE
analysis will help identity risk factors for the SWOT analysis.

“PESTLE” analysis mainly consists of six factors like;

1. Political factors
2. Economic factors
3. Social factors
4. Technological factors
5. Environmental factors
6. Legal factors

Political factors include government policies, leadership, and change; foreign trade policies;
internal political issues and trends; tax policy; regulation and de-regulation trends.
Economic factors include current and projected economic growth; inflation and interest rates;
job growth and unemployment; labor costs; impact of globalization; disposable income of
consumers and businesses; likely changes in the economic environment.
Social factors include demographics (age, gender, race, family size); consumer attitudes,
opinions, and buying patterns; population growth rate and employment patterns; socio-
cultural changes; ethnic and religious trends; living standards.
Technological factors affect marketing in
(1) new ways of producing goods and services;
(2) new ways of distributing goods and services;
(3) new ways of communicating with target markets.
Environmental factors are important due to the increasing scarcity of raw materials;
pollution targets; doing business as an ethical and sustainable company; carbon footprint
targets.
Legal factors include health and safety; equal opportunities; advertising standards; consumer
rights and laws; product labeling and product safety.

1. Political factors:

Government spending is one of the main political forces influencing the worldwide
construction industry. Demand for building services may rise as a result of increased
government investment on infrastructure. The demand for trained labour increases as
a result, creating more chances for construction enterprises. Construction of public

28
buildings, such as bridges, highways, educational institutions, and healthcare
facilities, costs the USA billions of dollars annually.

The building industry has suffered greatly from the lockdowns in the UK and many
other nations. In response, the UK government released significant infrastructure
expenditure plans with the goal of boosting the sector both immediately and over the
long term. The infrastructure of a nation is typically destroyed by war and political
unrest.

2. Economic factors:

Since the construction business has a major impact on the economy, economic
variables like unemployment, inflation, interest rates, and government spending can
also have an impact on it. For instance, low demand for building services might result
in higher expenses for businesses and fewer employment prospects for workers. The
construction business is significantly impacted by the economic downturn and
uncertainty.

The construction industry is frequently experiencing a slump, which results in fewer

jobs and lower pay for construction workers. On the other side, during prosperous
economic times, people will be more inclined to purchase real estate, increasing the
demand in the construction business.

3. Social factors:

In general, only a small percentage of women work in the global construction

business.
Additionally, rather of being active on the job, they are frequently seen performing
office-based duties. The good news is that more and more women are entering the
field, debunking the notion that they shouldn't work in this field. In reality, many
businesses all around the world are actively seeking to boost the proportion of women
in their employment.
The pay for construction employees is moderate, if not low, in industrialized
economies. In the UK, construction employees are paid significantly more than their
counterparts in many other industries, according to statistics released by Linear
Recruitment in 2021. However, in many developing economies, the contrary is
frequently true.

4. Technological factors:

A crucial component of the contemporary building sector is automation. Customers

are expecting higher levels of productivity and efficiency as technology develops. To
continue expanding their market share, businesses must consequently devise ways

29
that satisfy these objectives while keeping prices down. Automation might
undoubtedly be quite important in this productivity and efficiency issue.
For construction companies trying to market and interact with their target audience,
social media is a useful tool. Similarly, online learning resources can enable
construction workers to acquire important skills without physically visiting a school.

5. Environmental factors:

The building sector makes a significant contribution to landfill waste, water pollution,
air pollution, and climate change.

Additionally, it generates noise from people and vehicles during a time when it would
normally be silent. Therefore, to lessen their harmful effects on the environment,
building enterprises should use less hazardous products, utilise renewable energy
sources, and minimise waste.

6. Legal factors:

The legal environment is the final topic included in the PESTEL examination of the
construction sector. There are numerous rules that can be used in the UK's
construction business, including the Construction (Design and Management)
Regulations 2015 and the Health and Safety at Work Act of 1974. Depending on the
region and the type of work being done, different rules and regulations may apply to
construction activities in the USA.
For reasons of both safety and the environment, the building sector is heavily
regulated globally. Laws are implemented differently in different nations,
nevertheless. Legislation undoubtedly has a positive impact on the industry by raising
standards for safety and performance, but regulatory compliance may also be costly
and time-consuming, which can restrict a company's growth.

30
 CHAPTER-3
COMPANY PROFILE

31
3.1 Company introduction:

I have done my SIP from “MANGAL MURTI QUARRY WORKS”

Brief Introduction of how a Quarry works:

A quarry is a location where the earth's surface materials like rocks, sand, or minerals are
removed. Since a quarry is accessible from the Earth's surface, it is a type of mine known as
an open-pit mine. The most typical use of quarries is the extraction of stone for construction.
The use of quarries dates back thousands of years. Massive chunks of granite and limestone
that were manually quarried nearby were used to construct the Great Pyramids by the ancient
Egyptians. These blocks each weigh several tonnes. Stone cutting in marble, granite, and
limestone quarries was an incredibly tough task that was frequently inflicted upon slaves and
criminals in ancient Rome. Since the first quarries were mined in the Aswan region of Egypt,
methods for removing stone and other commodities from quarries have evolved. Hammers,
picks, and chisels made of stone or metals like bronze and iron were used to mine the earliest
quarries.
Communities without stone structures nevertheless have quarries. The Lakota people of the
Midwest of the United States and Canada did not mine stone to erect structures like
monuments or homes. They quarried for stones to build calumets, or ceremonial smoking
pipes, at a location in Pipestone National Monument in the U.S. state of Minnesota.
Quarrying was substantially more labour when it came to building materials. Stones had to be
hand pulled or carried out of quarries. Using pulley systems with ropes and movable wooden
rails or sleds, stones could also be transported. Thousands of slaves and other laborer were
frequently used in this operation.
Today, mechanical tools including hauling equipment, drilling equipment, and equipment for
blasting are used to mine quarries. Hard rock is cut with the use of industrial drills equipped
with diamond tips. To get to the target rock, some miners employ explosives to blast away
undesired material. Finally, massive mining vehicles remove the materials. Some mining
trucks have a capacity of more than 350 tonnes. Dimension stones are large, finely cut stones
that are extracted from quarries.
Building and monument construction as well as exterior building decoration both use
dimension stones. They are also employed to make roofing shingles and kitchen counters.
Graves are marked with polished dimension stones called headstones, which are frequently
made of granite. Aggregate is the term for sand, gravel, or crushed rock removed from a
quarry. To provide strong foundations for things like roads and train tracks, aggregate is
utilized in building.

32
3.2 Quarries and the Environment:

Quarries alter their surroundings. They evict animals from the region and move vast amounts
of soil and vegetation. Rarely do abandoned quarries leave behind enough soil to support new
growth. Some closed quarries may overflow and form man-made lakes.
Numerous of these lakes are deep and clean, making them safe swimming spots for both
humans and some aquatic creatures like frogs and birds. However, occasionally, mining
equipment is left on the bottom of lakes formed by closed quarries, making them dangerous
for swimming. In abandoned quarries, toxic pollutants exposed during mining operations may
also leach into the water supply. Because quarries are occasionally excavated below the water
table, they are vulnerable to floods.
Environmentalists worry that if the water from an abandoned quarry reaches the water table
in the vicinity, the harmful elements may seep into the groundwater. The Berkeley Pit, a
former copper quarry close to Butte, Montana, raises this issue. One of the most toxic waste
dumps in the country is the Berkeley Pit, and the water from it is only 61 meters (200 feet)
below the water table there. Miners occasionally need to pump water out of quarries to
prevent pollution. The water table around quarries is shut off. Quarries that have been
abandoned can potentially be used as landfills.

3.4 Products and Services:

Products:
 Specified Road base: A well graded material consisting of course and fine aggregates
to maximize compaction. Specification requirements may include, maximum particle
size, grading, plasticity, unsound and other design criteria

 Cement Treated Road base: Cement Treated Crushed Rock is a mixture of natural or
recycled crushed rock, fines, cement and water which is blended under controlled
conditions of grading, moisture content and cement content. A versatile option for
road pavement construction which require additional strength, durability and
compaction.

 Unspecified Crushed Rock: A graded material consisting of course and fine

aggregates to maximize compaction. Generally supplied when a specification is not
required and will be suitable for the intended application.

 Rubbles: Broken stones or bricks from a building or wall that has been destroyed.

 Concrete Sand: a naturally occurring substance having a nominal size that is typically
under 5 micrometers. Frequently cleaned and screened throughout manufacture.

33
 Usually provided in accordance with a standard based on Australian Standards, which
may include grading, clay/fine silt, pH, water absorption, and organic impurities.

 Specified Fill: Material used to fill a void or to create a level surface for pavement
hard stand construction. Supplied to a nominated specification.

 River Gravels/Pebbles: A granular material either natural or processed from deposits

of sand and gravel. Normally sized as coarse aggregate or fine aggregate.

 Fine Sand: A naturally occurring material with a nominal size fewer than 5
millimeters with a high percentage of fines on the 75-micron sieve.

 Large Crushed Stones: Crushed stone or angular rock is a form of construction

aggregate, typically produced by mining a suitable rock deposit and breaking the
removed rock down to the desired size using crushers.

3.5 SWOT analysis:

Meaning:
SWOT analysis is a strategic planning and strategic management technique used to help a
person or organization identify Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats related
to business competition or project planning. It is sometimes called situational assessment or

34
situational analysis. Additional acronyms using the same components
include TOWS and WOTS-UP.
This technique is designed for use in the preliminary stages of decision-making processes and
can be used as a tool for evaluation of the strategic position of organizations of many kinds
(for-profit enterprises, local and national governments, NGOs, etc.). It is intended to identify
the internal and external factors that are favorable and unfavorable to achieving the objectives
of the venture or project. Users of a SWOT analysis often ask and answer questions to
generate meaningful information for each category to make the tool useful and identify
their competitive advantage. SWOT has been described as a tried-and-true tool of strategic
analysis but has also been criticized for its limitations, and alternatives have been developed.

1. Strengths: It is defined as character traits or skills that are considered positive.

Strengths include knowledge, attributes, skills, and talents.
 High barriers to entry
 Highly experienced owner-operator
 Very high gross margins
 Highly visible website
 Limited start-up risk

2. Weaknesses: It is defined as character traits or skills that are considered negative or

not as well developed. It includes blind spots, poorly developed skills, or problematic
personal behaviour.
 Competitors can offer similar products
 Limited flexibility in pricing
 High transportation costs

3. Opportunities: It is openings or chances for something positive to happen.

 Continued expansion of the industry
 Affiliate relations with vendors
 Development of proprietary products
 Development of wholesale distribution relations

4. Threats: It include anything that can negatively affect a business from the outside,
such as supply chain problems, shifts in market requirements, or a shortage of
recruits.
 Changes in regulations can impact business
 Insurance costs are continually rising
 Increase in price inputs

35
 CHAPTER – 4
INTRODUCTION TO THE TOPIC

36
Typical Set-up & Sizes of Stone Crushers

There are large variations in the types of stone crusher setup across the country depending on
geographical locations, type of demand for crushed products, closeness to urban areas, type
of raw material, availability of plant and machinery locally etc. Primarily the stone crusher
industry sector could be divided in three categories small, medium & large. The typical
characteristics of each category of stone crushers are briefly discussed below.

Small Size Stone Crushers

There are different types of small crushers in various states with a production capacity
ranging from 3 to 25 TPH. Typically, the units having only one Jaw type crusher used as
primary or secondary crusher along with one or maximum 2 screens are grouped as small
stone crushers. A few most representative types of small crushers are described below.

• Crushers with completely manual breaking/feeding/ retrieving/stocking operation with single jaw
and single rotary screen

In these types of small stone crushers, the mined raw stones are transported to the crusher site
by trailors or truck and unloaded & stocked at ground level near the crusher. Big boulders are
manually broken one by one to about 8-10 inch size. Typically a team of about 15-20 workers
does breaking throughout the day. The coloured stones are manually sorted and separately
stocked, this is done to avoid mixing of different coloured stones in the crushed products, else
it may fetch less price. The broken stones are manually carried on head load to feed in the
Jaw Crusher. About 10-15 workmen are engaged for the purpose. The crushed stones are
discharged through a chute in to a rotary screen. The screened products of various sizes are
discharged on the ground below the rotary screen and the products are manually retrieved and
taken to stock piles. These types of crushers typically operate with crushing capacity in the
range of about 2-5 TPH. Such crushers are highly labour intensive and about 50 to 60 persons
are involved in the operations such as breaking, feeding, retrieving and stocking. These
crushers claim to produce stones of good quality due to manual sorting, uniform breaking etc
and lesser quantity of fines.

• Crushers with manual breaking manual/gravity feeding belt conveyors single jaw & rotary screen
type

In some crushers the rotary screens are installed at elevated position and the screened
products are separately collected and transported via belt conveyors to stock piles. The dust
product smaller than 6 mm size is stored mostly in closed on Stone Crushers silos. Such
crushers typically operate with crushing capacity range of about 5 - 15 TPH.

37
• Mechanical/Gravity feeding, single jaw with vibratory type screens with belt conveyors

In these types of crushers, the mined raw stones are transported to site by trailors/trucks and
are unloaded in an elevated stone well. The stones are retrieved from the stone well through a
chute at the bottom side end and the stones are fed by gravity in to the primary jaw crusher.
The crushed stones are conveyed to rotary/vibratory type screens by belt conveyor. The
oversize from the screen is returned either to the stone well or directly in to the crusher for
further size reduction. These types of crusher generally have production capacity in the range
of 15-25 TPH. These types of crushers are widely found in almost all the states & the most
common type of crusher set up.

• Single Jaw Bucket Elevator, Elevated vibratory screen with storage bunkers types compact units

In some crushers the crushed stones from the jaw crusher are raised to a high elevation with
the help of bucket elevators which discharges the material in vibratory screens and screened
products are directly discharged in various storage hoppers. The Products are directly loaded
into trucks standing below the storage hopper. There are no belt conveyors in the units. These
types of crushers are generally found in the States of Maharastra & MP etc.

Medium Size Crushers

Typically, those crushers having than one crusher i.e., one primary and one secondary or
one/two primary & two secondary crushers along with one or more vibratory screens are
categorized as medium size crushers. The mined stones are transported mostly by
trucks/dumpers and unloaded in to elevated stone wells. The stones are fed by gravity to
primary crushers. The Crushed stones are conveyed to vibratory screens. The screened
products of various sizes are conveyed to stock piles by belt conveyors. The oversize is
returned to secondary crushers for further crushing and back to the vibratory screen. Such
type of medium type crushers has a production capacity in the range of 25 – 100 TPH. These
types of crushers are mostly located near to the bigger cities and in the vicinity of major
construction projects such as Highways, Canals, Dams etc.

Large Stone Crushers

Those crushers typically having two or more numbers each of primary, secondary & tertiary
type crushers with at least 2 or more vibratory screens with mechanized loading, unloading
conveying operation s and producing more than 100 TPH crushed stones are categorized as
large crushers. Typically large stone crusher are owned by bigger construction companies
like L&T, Dodsal Construction, etc who have their own large construction projects demand.
Such crushers have a capacity range of 100 –200 TPH. These type of crusher generally have
their own/leased open-cast stone mines and a fleet of mechanical mining equipment , trucks
and dumpers, loaders etc. These crushers involve high capital investment and mostly operate
round the clock. All conveying operations are done through proper belt conveyors.

38
TYPICAL SET-UP & SIZES OF STONE CRUSHING

1. SMALL
2. MEDIUM
3. LARGE

39
Transportation Technologies
The mined stones are transported to the crusher sites using vehicles of various capacities
starting from bullock carts, trailors up to automatic dumpers. Most of the transportation
vehicles have hydraulically operated tilting arrangement for easy and faster unloading of
stones at the crusher sites. The capacity range of smaller vehicle like trailors is about 4 tonnes
whereas bigger dumpers can carry in the range of 15 – 20 tonnes materials per trip. The
loading operations are manual in smaller vehicles and are mostly mechanical using material
handling equipment for large dumpers and trucks. There are no continuous material handling
system like long belt conveyors or trolley type conveyors to carry stones from mines to
crusher sites, even in the largest stone crushers in the country and therefore transportation by
vehicle is most common.

Crushing Technologies
Various types of crushers are used in the stone crushing industry such as Jaw Crushers,
Roller Crushers, Cone Crushers, Impactor, Rotopoctor etc. Generally, only Jaw crushers are
used as Primary crushers. For secondary and tertiary crushing application either of Jaw, cone,
roller, Impactor or Rotopoctor type crushers are used. Various types of crushers are briefly
described below.

Jaw Crushers: These are the oldest type of and most commonly used crushers in use and have
changed little from the original design. In Jaw Crusher the feed is compressed between a
stationary and a movable surface. A few of common types of Jaw crushers, in use, are
described below.

Double Toggle Crusher: The Blake jaw crusher has a fixed jaw and a moving jaw pivoted at
the top. The crushing faces themselves are formed either of manganese steel or of chilled cast
iron. The maximum pressure is exerted on the large material, which is introduced at the top.
These crushers are made with jaw widths varying from about 2” to 48” and the running speed
varies from about 100 to 400 RPM.

Single toggle Jaw crusher: The single-toggle crusher is the simplest and the lightest of the
jaw crushers but is suitable only for producing low crushing forces and therefore used for soft
rocks.

Impact Jaw Crushers: In this type of crusher the crusher cavity is inclined. As there is larger
stroke and higher rotation speed (about 400 rpm) a stronger impact is achieved. As a result,
hard, tough materials can be processed.

40
Primary Gyratory Crusher: In the primary gyratory crusher the stress is applied to the feed by
pressure as the conical head periodically approaches the bowl. The primary Gyratory Crusher
is a large, heavy and expensive machine. It is used only for special materials and high
through put. As the crusher is continuously in action, the fluctuation in the stresses are
smaller compared to the jaw crusher but the power consumption is lower. It gives a finer and
more uniform product compared to the jaw crusher.

Cone Crusher: Cone crusher have shallower cavity than that of the primary gyratory crusher.
This crusher produces higher reduction ratios of up to 18. A uniform product size and good
shape is ensured because of the long parallel gap before aperture. The stroke is large and the
speed of rotation is 200 - 300 rpm, which ensures a cubical shape to the product. The shallow
cone crushers are mainly used for the fine crushing of hard and moderately hard materials.

Roller Crushers: The roller crushers operate on the principle that the stress (to the feed) is
applied between the rollers or between a roller and a crushing surface.

Double Roll Crusher: Double roll crusher consists of two rollers, which rotate towards each
other and are separated by an adjustable gap. The gap can be adjusted according to the size of
the feed and the required size of the product. Rollers with diameters up to 2m can handle feed
sizes up to 1m. With soft to moderately hard materials, throughputs as high as 3500T/hr can
be achieved.

Single-Roll Crusher: In the single roll crusher, a crushing roller acts against a crushing plate,
which is held either by springs or a hydraulic system. This design helps in coarse crushing of
moderately hard to soft materials.

Hammer Crusher

In hammer crushers the hammers are attached to the rotor via pivots so that they are
deflected when they hit strong and particularly large stones. In most cases the crushing zone
is surrounded by grate bars so that fragments which are larger than the openings of the
grating are retained in the crushing zone. Huge hammer crushers with rotor diameters up to 3
m are available which have throughput of even 1500T/hr. Although hammer crushers wear
more quickly than impact crushers, they can process moist materials more efficiently. Only
soft to moderately hard materials can be processed because of wear considerations. These
crushers are simpler than jaw and cone crushers and units with equivalent throughput are
much smaller in size.

Impactor/Impact Breakers

41
 The Impactor or Impact Breaker or double impeller breaker crusher uses the energy
contained in falling stone, plus the power imparted by the massive impellers. Rock fed into
the breaker falls directly on to the impellers (which weigh up to 6.5 tons) and rotate away
from each other, turning up and outward, at speeds from 250 to 1000 rpm depending on the
desired size of finished product. Pieces of rock are sent crashing against steel breaker bars
mounted in specific positions around the breaking chamber or crash against other rocks
hurtling through the chamber and are further reduced without the use of extra horsepower.
The stone falls again onto the impellers to repeat the cycle until reduction is complete. Size is
controlled by impeller speeds and the vertical and horizontal spacing of adjustable breaker
bars.

Rotopoctor

Rotopoctor is an impact crusher in which the feed is reduced through the impact imparted by
a revolving manganese steel rotor, and manganese steel breaker plates which form its outer
housing. Feed up to 150 mm enters the rotor centre, axially. The change in the rotor speed
varies the range of output size. The crushing chamber is designed to provide 900 impacts to
the material being crushed, which contributes to excellent particle size of the finished product

Screening Technologies

Screening is a process of separating into groups of different products of various sizes. Each
group consists of products of approximately same size. The mass, which remains, on a screen
is called the oversize of the screen and the material, which passes through the screen is, called
the undersize. The screens in between the primary and the secondary crusher help in
separating the oversize. The oversize goes to the secondary crusher while the undersize is
discharged through a chute on to the same conveyor belt, which receives the discharge from
the secondary crusher. This saves considerable power in the second crushing stage and also
increases the capacity of the secondary crusher, as it eliminates possible choking of material
in the crusher, particularly during wet weather or wet material.

Grizzlie type Screens

The Grizzlies are normally used to remove "undersize" before primary or secondary crushing.
The width of a Grizzly should be about 3 times that of the largest piece of material. The bars
are usually iron or steel castings, tapered towards the lower end to avoid clogging. Grizzlies
are of three types, Stationary, Cantilever and Mechanically vibrated types.

1. Stationary Grizzlies: Coarse screening of dry-type material is done with the help
of stationary grizzlies. It is inclined (plus or minus 300) so that the feed slides down
appreciably. The grizzly is made self-clearing by having bars placed in such a way
that there is maximum width at the top and minimum width at the bottom. The same
can be achieved by having suitable cross section of the bars.

42
2. Cantilever Grizzlies: The grizzly is fixed at one end and the discharge end
overhangs and is free to vibrate. The vibration of the bars results from the impact of
the material. This type of grizzly is more effective than the stationary type due to its
design. (there are no cross rods that are found in the stationary type). The cross rods
lead to clogging in the stationary grizzly. This type of grizzly can handle larger
tonnages, it is simple to use and easy to repair and operate.

3. Mechanically Vibrated Grizzlies: These grizzlies are simply bars mounted on

the eccentrics. The entire assembly is given to and fro motions at some 100 strokes
per minute. This is the most common type of grizzly used.

Vibrating Screen

Vibrating Screens save space and weight, and operate on little power because the
screening surface may be actuated by vibrating, gyrating or pulsating movement of small
amplitude, but at frequencies that normally exceed 3000 cycles per minute. Combination
of frequency of vibration (speed) and amplitude (throw), affects performance of any
vibrating screen. A correct combination of slope and direction of mechanism of rotation is
vital for inclined screens. The larger the opening the greater the amplitude needed for a
screen. Vibrating screens are mainly divided into two classes. Mechanically vibrated and
electrically vibrated. The mechanical shaking screen comprises of a rectangular frame
with perforated steel or wire cloth. It is usually inclined and suspended on loose rods or
cables. They are used mainly for special tasks of coarse screening. The screening media
that are normally in use are of many classes. Following are some of the commonly used
media in the stone crushing industry. • Bars or rods of the grizzly vibrator or feeder.
• Perforated screen plates, sheets, or plates of metal with round or squares openings.
• Wire cloth (woven of metal wires or fabric) for very fine screening,
• Rubber-clad perforated screen plate
• Profile screens having small parallel tapered bars for de-watering and fine screening
• Polyurethane modular panels
• Polyurethane tensioned mats
• High tensile steel wire screen decks.

Rotary Screen

Rotary Screens are cylindrical shape perforated steel cylinders, which keeps rotating
during screening operation. The crushed stones from the crusher are fed at one end and
travels to the other end and during process material of various sizes gets screened as per
the diameter of the perforated screen. The production capacity of the rotary screens is
limited and therefore predominantly used by small crusher and these are hardly used by
medium and large capacity stone crusher.

43
Conveyors Types of Conveyors are as follows

• Apron Conveyor: This type comprises overlapping beaded metal apron for carrying non
granular hot or abrasive materials, horizontally or at inclinations dictated by economy and
allowed by flowability. Normally these conveyors are supported and moved by a pair of
matched roller chains with the usual head and foot sprockets. To withstand the severe
impacts involved when receiving very heavy loads, the aprons may be of shock resistant
alloy-steel and slightly under their path at the loading point, rails or other means may be
installed to help curb permanent deformations of those that yield under shock.
• Belt Conveyor: Comprising an endless belt operating over idlers, this type is the most
widely used conveyor in stone crushers.

Types of Raw Material and Supply Zones

Various types of raw material are used in stone crushing unit such as Granite, Black
Trap, River Bed Pebbles, Semi Grade Stone, Soft Rock etc & varying in different
geographical locations and as per the local demand requirements. The type of material
varies depending on the colour, hardness, inherent moisture content etc. The supply zones
for the various types of raw materials range from local hillocks, open-cast mines, river
bed, cliffs and other miscellaneous sources. Mostly small size stone crushers source their
raw materials from the supply zones like local hillocks, river bed and other miscellaneous
sources. Medium and large size units with permanent type setup source their raw material
from leased or owned open cast mines. Royalty, as imposed by the Geology and Mining
department is paid on mined stones as per rates fixed in respective regions. Open cast
mines up to even 80-to-90-meter depth are quite common. Overburden is removed from
the mine top layers and stacked along periphery of mined area.

44
 CHAPTER – 5
ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION

45
1. What is the name of the organization?
Ans.

2. Name of the contact person

Ans.

3. Contact person Designation

Ans.

4. What is the project about?

a) Roads b) Railways c) Buildings d) Schools/Colleges e) Metro-related

projects

PROJECT ALLOCATED

12% ROAD
24%
RAILWAYS
16% BUILDINGS
SCHOOLS/COLLEGES
METRO-RELATED PROJECTS

20% 28%

5. In what industry does the project fall under?

a) Education Industry
b) Manufacturing Industry
c) Service Industry
d) Government Project

46
 INDUSTRY

17%

28%

21%

35%

EDUCATION SECTOR MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY

SERVICE INDUSTRY GOVERNMENT PROJECT

6. If the project is building-related, what type of building are we talking about here?
a) Bungalow
b) Schools/Colleges
c) Tenement
d) Commercial Buildings
e) Flats

BUILDING

16%
20%

20%
20%

24%

BUNGALOW SCHOOLS/COLLEGES TENEMENT

COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS FLATS

7. What type of material do you prefer?

a) 10mm
b) 20mm

47
 c) 10-20mm
d) 10mm VSI*
e) 20mm VSI

PEOPLE
10MM
10%

20MM
20MM VSI 12%
34%

10-20MM
14%

10MM VSI
30%

8. If the project is a road project, what material do you prefer?

a) SP-GSB
b) V-GSB
c) 10mm
d) 20mm
e) 10mm VSI
f) 20mm VSI
g) Wet-Mix
h) 25x40mm

48
 PEOPLE
25x40mm
10%   SP-GSB
16%

Wet-Mix
16%

V-GSB
14%

20mm VSI
14% 10mm
8%

20mm
6%
10mm VSI
16%

9. If the project is a railway project, what material do you prefer?

a) 90mm rubble
b) 40x63mm

PEOPLE

29%

90MM RUBBLE
71%

10. If the project is a metro project, what material do you prefer?

a) VSI

11. If the project is a high-rise building project, what material do you prefer?

49
 a) 10mm VSI
b) 20mm VSI

PEOPLE

20MM VSI
46%

10MM VSI
54%

12. If the company/project requires doing explosive work, which material do they prefer?
a) 6mm
b) 10mm VSI
c) 20mm VSI

PEOPLE
6MM
14%

20MM VSI
38%

10MM VSI
48%

13. If the project requires levelling of land (other than road levelling) which material, do
they prefer?
a) Dust

50
 b) Mitti (Mati)

PEOPLE

MITTI (MATI)
48% DUST
52%

14. What is the budget of the project?

a) 5 lacs - 10 lacs
b) 10 lacs - 50 lacs
c) 50 lacs – 1 crore
d) Above 1 crore

PEOPLE
ABOVE 1 CRORE
16% 5-10 LACS
24%

50LACS - 1 CRORE
26%

10-50 LACS
34%

51
15. If the project is a high-value/high-budget project, companies usually prefer VSI
materials. Therefore, if the project budget is above 1 crore, would you like to go for
VSI materials?
a) Yes
b) No

PEOPLE

NO
36%

YES
64%

16. What would be the time duration of the project?

a) 6 months
b) 6 – 12 months
c) 1 – 5 years
d) 5 – 10 years

TABLE 5.1
DURATION FREQUENCY
6 MONTHS 8
6-12 MONTHS 15
1-5 YEARS 17
5-10 YEARS 10

Table 5.1 shows that there are mostly projects that have a duration of 1 to 5 years.
Least votes have been given to 6 months long projects.
17. Is this a government project?
a) Yes
b) No

TABLE 5.2

52
 ANSWER FREQUENCY
YES 17
NO 33

Table 5.2 shows that majorly private projects are undertaken.

18. If this is a government project, is it a State Government/National Government
project?
a) State Government
b) National Government

TABLE 5.3
GOVERNMENT FREQUENCY
STATE 22
NATIONAL 28

Table 5.3 helps us by showing that of the total government projects undertaken, they
are mostly national government projects.
19. Have you ever had a similar project before?
a) Yes
b) No

TABLE 5.4
ANSWER FREQUENCY
YES 34
NO 16

Table 5.4 shows that there are many contractors that have done similar projects
before.
20. How was the service/project result of your previous material supplier?
a) Satisfactory
b) Neutral
c) Unacceptable

TABLE 5.5
ANSWER FREQUENCY
SATISFACTORY 15
NEUTRAL 22
UNACCEPTABLE 13

53
 Table 5.5 shows that not many are satisfied with the services of their material
supplier.
21. Did the previous supplier have a wide variety of products to choose from, like ours?
a) Yes
b) They had some, not all
c) No

TABLE 5.6
ANSWER FREQUENCY
YES 12
THEY HAD SOME, NOT ALL 27
NO 11

Table 5.6 shows that not many suppliers have the same range of products as our
supplier.
22. Were the after-project services of your previous supplier consistent?
a) Yes
b) Consistent, but not acceptable
c) No

TABLE 5.7
ANSWER FREQUENCY
YES 14
CONSISTENT, BUT NOT 26
ACCEPTABLE
NO 10

Table 5.7 shows that after the project services of suppliers aren’t as per the
expectations.
23. Since how long have you been in the business?
a) Start-up
b) 1 – 5 years
c) 5 – 10 years
d) More than 10 years

TABLE 5.8
YEARS FREQUENCY
START-UP 2
1-5 YEARS 5

54
 5-10 YEARS 15
MORE THAN 10 YEARS 28

Table 5.8 shows that there are majorly players with more than 10 years of experience.
24. How often do you change your material supplier?
a) After 2-3 projects
b) Look for new suppliers in each project
c) The Suppliers are signed on a contract basis, so after the contract expires, so does
the association
d) We don’t change suppliers

TABLE 5.9
ANSWER FREQUENCY
AFTER 2-3 PROJECTS 9
NEW SUPPLIERS IN EACH 19
PROJECT
ON CONTRACT BASIS 15
UNCHANGED SUPPLIERS 7

Table 5.9 shows that most contractors go for new suppliers for each project.
25. What would be the possibility of retaining/re-signing the contract?
a) Highly depends on the results
b) Highly depends on the after sales services
c) We look for new suppliers after each project

TABLE 5.10

ANSWER FREQUENCY
DEPENDS ON RESULTS 18
DEPENDS ON AFTER SALES 15
SERVICES
NEW SUPPLIER IN EACH 17
PROJECT

Table 5.10 shows that there is a mixture of choice between the possibility of
contractor signing a new supplier.

55
CHAPTER – 6

FINDINGS

56
Environmental Impacts Of Various Control Technologies

The application of emission reduction systems is associated with both beneficial and adverse
impacts on air, water, solid waste, energy, and noise that may be directly or indirectly
attributed to the operation of these emission control systems.

Impact on Air

Impacts on air emissions associated with the application of the alternative emissions
reduction systems for the control of particulate emissions from both process and fugitive dust
sources are discussed here. Because emissions from fugitive dust sources are typically large
in area and are discharged directly to the atmosphere in an unconstrained manner rather than
through a stack, such a quantitative measurement of these emissions is considered to be
difficult, if not impossible. Similarly, because of the nature of wet dust suppression systems,
no data are available that permit a quantitative comparison of the control capabilities of wet
systems versus dry collection systems on process sources. Typically, the uncontrolled
emissions from 200 to 600 tons/hr. crushers range.

Impact on Solid Waste Disposal

The method of disposal of quarry, plant, and dust collector waste materials depends
somewhat upon state and local government and corporate policies. When dry-type bag filter
systems are used, the solid waste (dust) collected can be sold or used for a variety of
purposes. Collected fines are sometimes disposed of in an isolated location in the quarry if no
market is available which is generally in the range of 0.5% of the total production. If such
waste piles are properly controlled by any of the techniques discussed above, no subsequent
air pollution problems develop. Thus, the solid waste generated by the application of dry
collection methods can be dispersed without any adverse impact on the environment. When
wet dust suppression is used, no solid waste disposal problem results from that produced by
normal operation.

Impact on Energy Consumption

Application of the alternative control techniques in stone crushers necessarily results in an

increase in energy consumption over that required to operate a plant without air pollution
control.

57
Enforcement of Visible Emission Limits

The enforcement of visible emission limits in terms of opacity or as a percent of the time
when emissions are visible is a feasible approach and is especially useful for fugitive sources
of particulates and open processes that are controlled by wet dust suppression. Visible
emission limits can also be applied to enclosed sources and used in conjunction with
quantitative emission limits or as a single limit.

Enforcement of Equipment Standards

Equipment standards relating to the design and installation of both process equipment and
control devices are feasible alternatives for limiting emissions from some of the crushing
processes. For example, enclosure of conveyor belts, the hooding of screens and crushers and
venting through a fabric filter system, or utilization of water spray systems may be specified.
This format for regulation is not quantitative but does ensure that emissions will be
minimized through proper selection and utilization of equipment. Due to the variations in
stone crusher plants, overall equipment standards may be difficult to apply. Such regulation
can be used in conjunction with both quantitative and visible emission limitations.
Enforcement of equipment standards is accomplished through plant inspections and
observation by an experienced and trained person. An inspection can be completed in one day
by a one or two-person team.

Regulatory Options

The various available regulatory options for the control of particulates from stone crushers
are discussed below for both process sources and fugitive dust sources. The regulatory
options are formulated based on the application of alternative control systems. Each option is
discussed from the viewpoint of its applicability, emission reduction, cost, environmental
impacts, and enforcement.

Regulatory Options for Process Sources

Implementation of effective dry control requires the installation of a fabric filter type system.
Alternative formats for such dry collection systems include quantitative emission limits in
concentration, mass rate, and process weight rate units, limits on the opacity of visible
emissions, and equipment standards. The regulations limit both emissions discharged by the
collection devices as well as fugitive emissions at the point of generation which escape
capture.

58
For wet controls the regulation limits emissions at the point of its generation. The standard
requires no visible emissions for 90% of the time. A quantitative emission limit is not
suggested due to the absence of any accurate measurement method and it may call for
constructing a capture system for enabling measurements that would be costlier.

Regulatory Options for Fugitive Dust Sources

Quantitative emission limits are not considered applicable to fugitive dust sources in stone
crushers because there is no accurate method of measurement. Visible emission limits in
terms of opacity and as a percent of the time when the emissions are visible are enforced. In
addition, the equipment standard or type of work practices regulation is enforced. The
performance standard specifies the manner in which the sources should be constructed or
operated and specifies standards for some fugitive dust sources such as enclosures for open
conveyor belts. In addition, the fence line ambient standards are applied to assess a plant’s
overall impact including fugitive emissions on particulate concentration. Typically, the
regulation recommends that “reasonable precautions” be taken to minimize the potential of
fugitive dust emissions and suggests some general techniques to achieve this goal.

59
 CHAPTER – 7

RECOMMENDATIONS

60
➢ It is suggested to the company use more paid B2B websites for searching for new buyers.

➢ It can be suggested to the exporter of the company to book shipment as soon as possible
also they can book in advance.

➢ It is suggested that the company have to think about the glass jar packing of peanut butter
for
the export market because it has more demand in the international market.

61
CHAPTER – 8

CONCLUSIONS

62
The purpose of the study was to identify the challenges faced by Indian stone crushers & their
contractors. The study resulted in the stone suppliers who have less experience in stone
crushing & construction-related material suppliers facing more problems compared to
suppliers who have more experience in the industry. In terms of awareness about foreign
trade policy, it clearly showed that there was a lack of awareness among the suppliers about
the foreign trade schemes. Suppliers were still not aware of the suitable scheme available for
them. It was therefore concluded that both suppliers and the Government need to take
initiatives for enhancing export awareness.
Due to the low cost, the transportation part is most preferable compare to other modes of
transport. But road transportation is suitable for all products. Direct contact, private sources,
social media, or B2B websites are the most preferable sources for finding the overseas buyer
among the exporters because by this mode the suppliers get their potential customers easily.
Most suppliers take payment through a Letter of credit (L/C) which secures the exporter in
the matter of payment. In most cases, late delivery affects the payment term. People who are
not in business consider the language barrier as a major problem compared to others but in
reality, the language barrier is not a major challenge but other challenges like payment
methods, different legal norms, find the right supplier are major challenges. Due to changes
in freight rate and currency exchange rate the rate of the actual goods also changes it
affecting international trade most.
Suppliers face many major or minor challenges at different stages directly or indirectly, some
challenges may be eliminated, and some may be reduced. Suppliers have to learn from their
past experience and from any person to reduce the challenges like challenges in payment
terms etc.

63
ANNEXURES

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