Episode 4

• The language made a dramatic leap forward.

• William Shakespeare.
• During this time, the English language, too, was reborn. English vocabulary
was rapidly changing. It expanded, grew, flowered, and exploded with new
words.
• Most important changes in the English language had come about through
foreign invasions, but in the late 1 6th century, the legendary repulsion of an
invasion started off a new chapter in the adventure of English.
• In 1588, English ships were battling it out with the Spanish Armada.
• Elizabeth I was the queen of 3.5 million subjects and determined not to
surrender to a much stronger and much bigger enemy. She appeared before a
crowd at the Port of Tilbury, and using all her skill with rhetoric, together
with the power of an English language growing rapidly in richness and
eloquence, she delivered her rallying cry.
• As England imported a huge cargo of goods, the English language imported
a cargo of vocabulary alongside.
• Portuguese had already made its mark in Brazil and Spanish had been
spoken in Cuba and Mexico. Arabic had spread through the Middle East
over 800 years earlier, and Hindi was comfortably establishing itself as a
vernacular, if not a literary language, throughout the Indian region.
• French, Spanish and Portuguese, Dutch, Low Dutch (Flemish).
• English artists and scholars and aristocrats explored Italy and its culture,
which was the dominating influence of that time. There they wondered at the
architecture and the science and the music, carrying back new ideas and a
sumptuous lexicon to describe them.
• But the biggest influx of words came from the classical languages: Latin and
Greek. In the 1 6th century here at Oxford, and also at Cambridge, the
Renaissance scholars wanted to revive Latin. They founded schools teaching
pure and literary Latin and Greek, and they also translated classical texts into
English. In the 16th century, it was not only the language of religion but also
the language of classical thought, science, and philosophy. Latin was the
language of scholarship, controversy, and diplomacy. English scholars spoke
and wrote in Latin so that they could communicate and debate with other
European scholars.
• Latin and Greek were the perfect building blocks for a new English
vocabulary to describe the new concepts, techniques, and inventions that
were coming in from Continental Europe during the Renaissance.
 • The developing field of medicine particularly relied on classical words.
• Latin seems set to honeycomb English, but not everyone agreed with what
critics called new "inkhorn" terms. Dissent was growing among the scholars.
The scene was set for the national uproar of the Inkhorn Controversy. The
Inkhorn Controversy, named after the horned pot which held ink for quills,
was the first formal dispute about the English language.
• Cheke even invented words, like "crossed" for "crucified," "gainrising" for
"resurrection," "ground-wrought" for "founded," "toller" for "publican,"
"mooned" for "lunatic," "foresayer" for "prophet," and "hundreder" for
"centurion." But it's again ironic that the very words he used words like
"bankrupt," "counterfeiting," and, indeed, the word "pure" itself aren't of
Anglo-Saxon or Germanic origin at all.
• Cheke and his supporters couldn't stem the huge influx of Latinate words
that people had started using. No one could control the English language.
• In the modern English that we read and speak today, we hear some of these
Latinate words that seemed oddest at the time, but some of these have
survived. However, Cheke may have taken some comfort in the fact that
some of the thousands of Latin and Greek words coined during the great
Inkhorn Controversy didn't survive. Through a process of natural selection,
"obtestate" (to bear witness), and "fatigate" (to make tired) have been lost, as
have "illecebrous," meaning "delicate," or "deruncinate" (to weed).
"Abstergify" (to cleanse), "arreption" (a sudden removal), and "subsecive"
(remaining over) have all slipped out of use. "Nidulate" (to build a nest),
"latrate" (to bark like a dog) and "suppeditate" (to supply) have also
disappeared. Whilst a word like "impede" survived, its opposite, "expede,"
didn't.
• English already had a great author in Chaucer, but now the English language
was to take on an even bigger challenge - to lay the foundations for a world
language.
• In the 16th century, English was a delicate, flowering language that needed
to be protected. It had long been in the shadow of other European languages.
• The very first English dictionary was put together in 1604 by Robert
Cawdrey.
22. Was Elizabeth I educated?
Composition became part of a good education and rhetoric had a fine
spokeswoman and speech writer in Queen Elizabeth the first who excelled at it she was a
literary and educated monarch she had private tutors
23. Who was Philip Sidney? What is he famous for?
he is a poet, had written the finest collection of beloved firms of his age he died in battle
when he was only 31 and achieved lasting fame
24. When was English becoming a modern language?
round the time of Sydney English was becoming a modern
26. What idea did Philip Sidney bring?
27. What was the area of disrepute? Why? What was its language?
area that we now know a Southwark or the South Bank just outside the city London
jurisdiction it was an area of disrepute
28. What was the feature of this area? What languages did it combine?
main feature in this dubious area and the most famous was the globe. english language
which they were hearing combining the rich vocabulary and poetry of the quarters with
the slang of the commoners
29. What attracted enormous audience? What did people require?
the scene was set for the most famous dramatist of them all William Shakespeare to
make his indelible mark on the English language the plays that were written by
Shakespeare as well as those of his contemporaries such as Marlo Johnson and Nash
attracted enormous crowds
30. Why was English ready to travel the world?
English is seeding the words was no longer restricted to the scholars and the quarter poets
with Shakespeare and his contemporaries English had a new audience it was ready to
travel the world all the world's a stage and all the men and women merely players
31. What is the beauty of the Shakespeare’s language?
the beauty of Shakespeare's language is that we can still understand it today
Shakespeare's English
32. What did Shakespeare write?
38 plays 154 sonnets and other major poems
33. What was the Shakespeare’s vocabulary like?
betrays his Midlands roots
34. What was Strafford like at the time of Shakespeare? Where did he study?
35. Did Shakespeare use regional and dialectal words?
37. What was Shakespeare’s English like?
the stratford accent is more influenced by nearby birmingham shakespeare's midland
accent was described as having been a mixture between west country and irish
38. Did Shakespeare use words freely?
Shakespeare was very free with words and would scan the same word differently within
the same scene or speech like whether you said complete or complete that was heretic
license and for writing more freely
39. In what way was his language unique?
As well as inventing completely new words, he used existing words in inventive ways,
for example he was the first person to use 'friend' as a verb, as well as 'unfriended'
40. Does his language live now?
yes
41. What are the two English language ambassadors?
Shakespeare and his fellow playwrights, Tyndall's Bible
42. What was English language like in the Shakespeare’s time?
To smooth that rough touch with a tender kiss.

• He called it "A Table Alphabeticall," and this is it. It's a list of English
words, mainly of Latinate origin, with a brief explanation. So we can see
that the very first word in this only surviving copy of this tiny dictionary is
"abandon", "cast away, or yeelde up, to leave, or forsake." We see that
"maladie" is a "disease" or that "summarilie" is "briefly" or "in few words."
"Argue" is "to reason," and "geometrie" is the "art of measuring the earth."
"Elegance" is "finesse of speech" and "empire" is "governement, or
kingdome." "Quadrangle" is "foure-cornered," and "radiant" is "shining
 bright." There are only 2,543 words in this very first English dictionary.
• "Crew," "detail," "passport," "progress," "moustache," and "explore" were
traded into English from French. "Embargo," "tornado," "canoe," and "port"
come from both Spanish and Portuguese. "Keelhaul," "smuggle," "yacht,"
"decoy," "cruise," and "reef," "knapsack" and "landscape," from Dutch.
"Fokkinge," "krappe" and "bugger" from Low Dutch, now called Flemish.
• "Apricots", "bananas", "limes", "mandarins", "yams", "potatoes:, and
"anchovies", "cocoa", "maize," and "port wine" (Spanish and Portuguese).
The words for "chocolate" and "tomato" come from the French. "Lychee"
from Chinese, "bamboo" and "ketchup" from Malay, and "curry" from
Tamil. "Yoghurt" and "horde" from Turkish, "bazaar" and "turban" from
Persia, and "coffee," "magazine," and "alcohol" from Arabic.
• "Balcony," as well as "fresco," "villa," "cupola," "portico," "piazza,"
"miniature," and "design" are all from Italian, as are "opera," "violin,"
"solo," "sonata," "soprano," "trill," "cameo," and "carnival."
• "Excavate," "horrid," "radius," "cautionary," "pathetic," "pungent," "frugal,"
"dislocate," "submerged," "antipathy," "premium," "specimen," and even the
words "manuscript" and "lexicon".
• "Atmosphere," "chaos," "critic," "strenuous," and "explain," along with the
other Latin- and Greek-inspired words such as "paradox," "eternal," and
"chronology." In fact, "concepts" and "inventions" are themselves words
borrowed from Latin, and "technique" is of Greek origin.
• "Skeleton," "tendon," "tibia," "larynx," "glottis," "pancreas," and "sinuses."
From Latin we also inherit our "temperature" along with the "parasites" and
"viruses," the attacks of "pneumonia," "delirium" and "epilepsy".
"Thermometers," "tonics," and "capsules".
• "Insulin," "id," "Internet," "quantize," "audio," and "video" are all 20th-
century inventions. The phrase "quantum computation," which is purely
Latin in origin.