esas and Design 30 (2000) 671-673 journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matdes Contents lists available at SciencaDiract Materials and Design Effect of cold plastic deformation on electrical conductivity of various materials Cem S. Getinarslan* Deparment of Mechanic! gineering Fcy of Ermer nd Artec, Trae Univer, 22180 ie, Torey ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT ‘aie ity ‘Ace 1 May 2008 ‘valbe colle 27 May 2008 The study fc Focused on the invertigation ofthe effect of cold plate deformation on the electrical con Activity properties of diferent materials. Tha plastic deformation that occurs atthe upseting of the specimen andthe varying ofthe codlctvity properties were the main subject ofthis study. Aluminium, Copper and brass were used asthe test materials inthe experiments. Measurement results ofthe upset (deformed) specimens were obtained with a conductivity meter instrument. Result which was obtained ayers Eda Fate Betavine ftom the experiments was presented graphically. Finally, is concluded that in general eletial conde tivity decreases slightly due to plastic deformation of the deformed material ‘2008 Eleevier Ltd All igs reserve, 1. tntroduetion All the properties of a metal that are dependent on the lattice structure are affected by plastic deformation or cold working. Cold ‘working can be described as working a material below its recrys- tallization temperature: the process of changing the form or cross-section af apiece of metal aa temperature below the saten- {ng or recrystallization point, but commonly at or about room tem- perature, It includes rolling, crawing. pressing. and stretching Tensile strength, yield strength and hardness are increased while ductility is decreased. The hardness increases duting cold deforma- tion due to strain hardening. Among other things, distortion ofthe lattice structure hinders the passage of electrons and decreases the electrical conductivity. This effect is slight in pure metals but note- ‘worthy in alloys [1]. Cold working is an effective strengthening ‘method with a small bad effect on electrical conductivity [2], Gen- erally, strength and electrical conductivity act against each other; that is, materials with a high strength tend to have a low electrical conductivity [3]. Electrical conductivity is the power to conduct or transmit elec tricity of the quantity of electricity per unit area transferred through a body at a given voltage gradient. The conductivity is caused mainly because each atom exerts only a Toose hold on its outermost electrons (valence electrons): thus, the valence elee- twons form a sort of sea around the close-packed metal nuclei ‘There have been many studies on the electrical conductivity of aluminium, copper and ther alloys. Nestoravic etal. pointed out that the electrical conductivity of pure copper is higher than that mal ddr: cemconyaedutt 261-3060/3 sce font mater © 2008 sever LA is reserved foe 1o1orejimaaes 20080035 of alloy (Cu-Al), and also that electrical condueti slowly decreases with the deformation degree [4 ‘They also investigated the changes of electrical conductivity of, pure Cu and Cuzn during cold rolling, ie, the dependence of elec trical conductivity on deformation degree and as a result the elec: trical conductivity of the alloy slowly decreases with the {deformation degree. I is known thatthe increase in the cold work- ing results in a decrease in the electrical conductivity [5 Lim etal investigated the relation of electrical conductivity and hardness of| aluminium alloy 7175 in combination with variation of alloy ele ments for thick forging applications [6]. Baydogan et al. deter- ‘mined the effect of retrogression temperature on the electrical conductivity of RRA-treated 7075 quality aluminium alloys for a retrogression time of 60 s [7], Nagarjuna etal. investigated the ef- fect of prior cold work on mechanical properties, electrical conduc- tivity and microstructure of aged Cu-Ti alloys [SI In addition to this, they studied the effect ofT additions on the electrical resistiv ity of copper and it was also determined by means of this study that additions of Ti to Cu increase its resistivity quite significantly, (effect of Tis higher than Zn, Ni Sn and Ge, but lower than As) [9] Lu etal. [2] determined that trace additions of B and Ce could sig- nificantly increase the tensile strength and! electrical conductivity ‘of copper alloys (Cu-Fe-P). Zhang and Meng determined that the electrical resistivity of Cu-Ag microcomposites increases with the increasing of draw ratio [10} ‘The presented study was directed in order to extend the knowledge of the material behaviour in upsetting in terms of the ‘lectrical conductivity. The variations of the electrical conductivity for different materials and different plastic deformation (upset- ting) ratios have been investigated experimentally. Aluminium, copper and their alloy were selected as the test materials due t0 their relatively good conductivity. Especially, the variation of con- ductivity at the axial and the radial directions was investigated ty of the alloyen etna Merril and Design 30 (2009) 671-673 experimentally. Furthermore, it was observed that al the results fare in good agreement with the related literature [11] 2. Experimental procedure 2.1. Definition ofthe testing materals and specimen geometry In this study, aluminium 5083, «wo types of commercially pure aluminium, commercially pure copper and CuzZn40Pb2 brass were used as the test materials. Firstly, cylindrical specimens were pre- pared. specimens were machined (turned) to diameter of 5 mm and a height of 25 mm from all the materials. 22. The upsetting tests Experiments were carried out using flat faced dies and a hydraulic press of 150metsic tons capacity with 5 mms ram speed, Flat ended dies were machined from AISI H13 hot work tool sel. Dies were oil quenched and tempered at 550°C. Flat faces of the dies were ground after heat treatment by using a grinding, ma- cine with a magnetic plate in order to obtain the final dimensions and surface quality. Hardness values were measured as HR-= 52-54, The experimental set-up is shown in Fig, 1 ‘The cylindrical specimens were centred on the lower die and were upset at different deformation ratios. Before the experiments. the surfaces of dies and specimens were cleaned with pure alcohol for each test. Specimens heights were measured and recorded) be- fore and after the tests. An electronic circuit stopped the vertical ‘movement of the upper die. Thus, experiments had ended at pre- determined upsetting heights. ig. 1. Experimental serap. of: Turing Upseting 2.3, Machining of upset (deformed) specimens for electrical ‘measurement At this stage of the study, the cubic parts were machined (iting) to 10:mm® (10 « 10 5 10) from each upset specimens at various deformation ratios. To measure each direction in the same way, the specimen geometry was agreed upon as cubic. The preparation process of the deformed eubic specimens is shown in Fig. 2. . — Ss a ed Elta! conductivity HIACS) Deformation Ratios) Fig. 3. The effect of cold defoonation alo on the cecil conduciviy of Shmiiin 9083 usc species a Commercial Akminum (type 1) : $5 — 2 am i Deformation Rat) b_ Commercial Auinum ype 2 z Bea ea es na Bono ‘Deformation Rati) ‘pes commerally (as purchase) alumi upset specimens r) Milling Milling specimen Fig 2. Process soquece of he cubic conauctvy specimens preparation,ern Matra and Design 30 (2008) 671-573 wn Commercial Copper HE 1 = Deformation Ratio%) Fig. 5. The fleet of cold deformation ratio the electrical condactety of tunel pute copper upset specinens Electrical Cconauetyesiacs RNBRERR Deformation Ratio) i the eer of cold deformation ration the ceria conductivity of brass pst specimens 24 Electrical conductivity measurement Electrical conductivity of the cubic specimens was measured, using an electrical conductivity meter AutoSigma 3000 D as 21ACS. ‘The SI derived unt for conductivity is Siemens per meter, but the conductivity values are often reported as Z1ACS. Conductivity val- tues in Siemens/meter can be converted to Z1ACS (International An- nealed Copper Standard) by multiplying, the conductivity value with 1-7241 x 10 ®. Each specimen was measured from both axial and radial directions. 3. Results Measutement procedure was completed according to the above ‘mentioned procedure. All the measurement test results are shown inFigs. 3-6 for different materials and different deformation ratios. ‘Measurements were cartied out at both axial dtection (upsetting direction) and radial diection (barreling ditection). Fig. 3 presents the electrical conductivity values for the upset cubic Aluminium 5083 specimens. Values are cose to each other for almost all the deformation ratios. On an average, value of 32.5MIACS was obtained at the two directions Fig. 4 shows the change of electrical conductivity for the wo types of the commercially pure aluminium. The two types of alu- ‘minium were purchased from different sellers. It can be seen that the electrical conductivity does not change clearly with increasing deformation ratio but decreases a fittle after approximately %38 deformation ratio for type 1 (a) and type 2 (b)- Ie can be said that the average conductivity value of commercial aluminium is ASHIACS for type 1 and 284ACS for type 2 As it can be seen in Fig. 5 the conductivity values decrease slowly with increasing deformation ratio for commercially pure ‘copper specimens. CChange of the electrical conductivity values with the increasing {deformation ratio forthe brass specimens is seen in Fig. 6 and this, change is similar to that of copper specimens. Conductivity de- creases slowly. 4. Conclusion In this study, electrical conductivity of aluminium 508, pure aluminium, copper and brass has been examined. Evaluation of the test results led to the folowing conclusions: 1. Though the electrical conductivity of pure copper is higher than its alloy (brass, its conductivity decreases similarly with the increasing deformation ratio. Brass specimens could not be ‘upset until high deformation rate because of their brittleness, Which is due to cold drawing. 2, It-can be concluded that the electrical conductivity does not change significantly with the inereasing deformation ratio for aluminium 5083 andl commercial aluminium (its possible that the slight decrease in the commercial aluminium because of their purty s only atthe commercial level) 3, Conductivity values do not change significantly forall the tested materials according to the measurement direction (axial or radial), 4, AL-based materials are affected more slightly than Cu-based ‘materials from plastic deformation in terms of the electrical conductivity. The effect of plastic deformation, that is strain hardening on the electrical conductivity of aluminium and its alloys is small, almost imperceptible. 5, This investigation can be extended using diferent cold working methods (rolling, extrusion, etc.) and different materials. Acknowledgement ‘The author would like to thank Dr. Murat Baydogan (Istanbul ‘Technical University) for his help in the measurement processes. References [1] Avner. tnoauction wo psc! metaugy 2nd od. Mecrawr 4 178, [2] tn br, wang) Zeng WY, Ls Sun 8. Stacy on hgh seg and igh-conductvy Cute Pally. Mate cng A 206 421:254-9 ts] Romo V Nagy Sve Mt emoWa fvarga, Moar Developing mates oper drial conto yy oy ean 14] NestoovieS Maroc Dhani niece of degre of derma i ling fn anneal hardening eer ot 3 ast copper alloy Ball Mate. 8.2003 aca 15] Netrovie 8 Mave D, wane Ltnuene of te of nating anneal Faden fet ofa cast cally. 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