To tnAcoxémo Tou Aotepooxoreiou TiepKe, Nou avijKet oro Navernorqio row Eixayou, nopapéver ro PeyaAUTEpO SIONTpIKG TRAEGKOMO TOU x@opou and ro 1897, Adywtns orpoghs pos mv Karaoxeun KaTOrTpIKGsy THACOKOMiWY. EB) ane movigerar oe “avapynorint, ‘ suroypagia yia Thy ~ Senigneipn Tou Alvord: G10 otepooKoncio, 2 ong 6 Motou 1923. STAVE Ever EMLOTHLLOVIXO OEycvo EEL OuMOOMUETIOEL TTD HEVTOLXS OKO OTHY MESOSO j1iGs ETLATHUNS GOO TO Lévo cud Eva THAeORATLO yee THY aaTooVoLile. OvoUce EAA gVe, Tov laxivvn Anunovévo. zonotmoroujonxe vic te@aTH Powd oF aorOVOLunes TapaTHoHoELS and Toy TadtAaio to 1609, Ac Sev EmenpeOnze wax cutdy, Kurd tn didoxew tov GUOVOIV, ESEMYONME CTO LLLO. CTA KataOxEUH, TOV CUyeE ALYOTEOO GS HAG, O€ TOMUaAOKES WAuOOV TEVVO, AO TH dbo Pagid eidn tHAEOxOTIWV, Ta StomTOLAd xa TE KOMOTTOIKA, Te TOUTE ExoUW TAEOV WEVO LOTOOLES eVOLAPEDOY (uc EQEUVATI“G eoyaheta.BagiAeioc N. Mavipavng Ap Aorpovouias Emornuovinés cuvepyatgc Touéa Aatpaguowis, THijud udimr)s Navemornuiou ASTON H totopta THAEOKOMLOV Ef€epevva@v tac to Algoma H ETLOTHN TS AOTHOVOUIas civat BEBalo Str EyNAULwoNKE [Loa aNd Tm xprON TOU T- Aeckoriou. Mia npdagam avayvuypION TOU YeYovaTes aUTOU FiTaV.n avaKHpUEH TOU! éToUG 2009, SnAGSH THE Tetpakoolwonig eneteiou aNd MY TewTh KPrION Tov Opyavou auTOU mv aoTpovoula, wwe. AleSvolig Etous AaTpoVOUIae ek UépaUS Tou Opyanonod HywLsvav ESvav. Ol aatpovdpot Xonoiponoiobv Ta THAEOKOTIA KUpiWs yid va CUAAEYOUY. entapKelG O- OOTHIES Pwrds and aLUdpa (ekdxtora Pwteivd) Oupdvia cduaTa, Naps yia va EMerOXo UV uly dag LeyeSbvoeig TOUS. ANS TO PUTO GOTPOVOUIKS THAEOKATIO TOU Ta\IAGiou HExpt Ta at XpOvd Tepdoria Spyava, 1 SEEAIEN UrT}pkE UEVaAN: véeg TexviKés, abENON Ts @wTOSUAAEKT- Kiig WaveTMTEG KATA DeKdBeg XdSeg popss, tonoS4mmon MACoKonIaY oro BiGom pA Ko enéktaon of GAAES Teptoxés aKTiveSoriag NPA ANd To Puc, Snug sival Ta PABLOK pata} O1 axtives X, eival pepikés and Tic avruTMBGLaKés MpodSoug nou oneKOnkay NOAACI MPOAPOMOI, TPES EOEYPETES OL peyeSuvtikée kat BiaShaotikés iStnteg twv PaKdy Fray in yvwates oné Ty agKat- émta. AmAol pakol Katagkeuacyévol and opela KpLaTadAo (uopwpr SidepavoU YOAKZIa), Told: Tita anddeKTh Wore va Kp aIVorIOLoGyTGL we WEyEOUVTIKol, Sxouv avaKaNupBel OE LET OnuG0 Tuyo Mnpaye To Idaio Avrpo omy Kpiim. Ot apxég rou Biénouv Tous PaKous, Kat yeviKéTepa o KAdBog TH orrtiKris, SepeAtHSnKav eni- ong miptv ané m vedrepn ertoxy, and tov Khadio MroAepato (oto épyo tou «Ont ry», 20g a, 4X.) Ka Tov Inv EaA (rep. 940-1000 4.X.). H xprion «avaywworikdv NOwv», SnAadH weyeSuvtikdv paKav Tou Tous TonoSetovoay enavw oto TIpOS avayywon Keiyevo, eival Kad TeKUNpLW- névn oT pecawvrar Eupdrm, drws Kain egetipeon Twv yuahiov unepyeTpwniag, kal apyérepa, to 1451, tv yuahtdy puw- Tilag art6 Tov NikéAdo Kougavo. Enopé- Yd, 11 Yvon THY @aKdv Kal n Eupeia StadEaILd™mTa ToUg wo YUAhta opdoe- (1546-1601) umipEe «ye KaStotoUde SuvaTt Kat THY avaKdAULN Twy apxdv evs aMAOU TAEOKO- o reheuTaiog peyadog niou (nou Xpnoworotel cuvduaGHs SU0 PaKidv) SN aNd toy Meoaiwva, O mapatnpnorxss —_ Bee tavdc @tASo0@0¢ Kal enioKortog PoynepT FkKpSoTECT OUVEYpalpe LeTAEL goTpovopos mou Tou 1230 kal Tou 1235 my npayyateia «De Iride», orou éypage: oes . l Qot600, n MpaKTiKy epappioyr Taav Napandve apxdy eivai BEBato Sti do ener oe Ynoe apKera, apou éhaBe yapa omy OAdavdia nepl to 1608, eve THY Tu ya rina ues 1a npwreia SiexSixovaay tpetg dv9punor: 01 Kaye H MéXav Ainepou (1570- TAcoxoniou rou 1619) kat Zaxapiag Pidvoev (1585-ep.1630), Kataokeuactés YUGNGY Oto Mie Nedtwva, rou napouordornne orn BaoiAiKih VTEAHTOUPYK, Kat 0 TaKouN Métioug and to AAKUaap (yYwoTds KaL we Tid Kourt Avtpidavoouv, 1571-1636). O mpdtog MoTHVETAL He THY KaTAGKEUT Kat Eraipeia ro 1672. TH diGSoon oxediav yia To Mpito NPAKTIKS MAECKANLO, KaTABETOVTAG GTO! xia oTtg oNAavSixe's Apyég ati 2 OxTw6plou 1608 avagopiKd We SimAwpa eupeortexviag opyavou ayia va BAéneIs LaKpIva NpsyHata cay va HTav Kovtém, hiyeg e65opd5e¢ nipwv and Tov Métioug. Qaréa0, oToV yepyavixrig KaTaywyhg Ainepou dev KaTOXUPGENKE Bithapa cupecttexviag, Kaki 0 iog wxupioves elXe ek~ppaoTel Kat an AAAOUG, onmikolig. AAG, 0 Ainepau avtapielp9nke yewvat- 68wpa aNd Ty OAAaVSiKH KUBEPYNON ya THY KGTACKEUH Kat THY Na paxioprion mAEoKoniwy Tou. N¢ npos Tov MdvaEv, nou MiBavidg Htav edANVIKtig KaTaYWYTHG, 0 Ylog TOU KaTéBEGE EVEpKuC dt NaTépag TOU eiXe EELIPe TO THAEOKETIO To 1590 1 To 1604, Mlavtwe n aotpo- Vontit} KolvorrTa UNIpEE Yevvaisdwpn Kal UE TOUS TpEIG, OVOUAO- Vtag Tpog THUY TOUS LadipISHoUG KPATHIPES THs ZeAHWNS 12 Tovopixd OsnareTa mipdta aut tHAcoKOmia HTav GUVoUAUd evdg KUPTOU Kal Evds Kol Aou @aKOU. To apXIK6 oxEdt0 TOU Ainepau éBIve LEYESUVAN [LOAIC 3x. Oaive- Tat 611 uéoa ge Ayous prves and my epedpedt} Tous dpxtoay va KataoKeU- AZovtat TAcoKéria oT OAAavdia Ge LeydAUG apI9HOUs, Kai CUVTOHA Nn xption Tous e€anAdSNKe de OASKANEN THY EUpeTN,. O Kopugaiog Irakég erott}povag TaktAaiog (1564-1842) dxouge ya rip 1m 9096 yia Tn véa epedpeon oTn Bevetia Tov lolvio Tou 1609, eva undpece va KaTaaKeudael U6vag TOU éva épyavo Baciopévo oto Tapandva oxédI0 KupTo’ Kat Ko(Aou paKod ripcoapyooLEévwy oTa Gkpa YOAIBEIvOU cwhtva. Eng 25 Auyoworou Tou {10u étoug Mapoudiags pia BeATIWpEvN EKSOXH TOU (ue ueyéSuvan nepinou 8 Fi 9) ctov Béyn ths Bevetiag Aeovapvto Nrovaro, evirtoy Tou Meyéhou ZupGoudiou. H ZbyKANtos, ve avrayoiéh, KatéoTnGe 068ia TH 9Eon TOU THY é5pa TwY LGSNHATIK‘Y OTO NavertoTHUIo TH¢ Nd- BoBac Kat SMAaGiage Tov pio86 Tou Elvat yeyovds ont 0 FaktAaiog Oxi Hove UTTpE€ 0 Npdtog rou xenoWorot Noe GUOTHUATIKd To MACOKGrIO yia aaTpOVOUIKEs NapaTMpriCEIG, GANA aqLE~ PwaE Kal APKETS XPVO OTN BEATICWON Kal TeAEIoTIOION TOU opyavou. Katép- Swoe va KaTaoKEUdoE! THAEOKénIO Tou UEyE9uvE HEéxpL 33 Popss NepirtoU, ue To omtofo uéoa ge Ayoug ptives avakdAuwe Tous téagepic eyakous 5o- pupdpoug TOU Maviirh Ala, Tig NAlaKés KnAIBEG, TIG PdaEIG Ts AppOdiTng Ka To avayAUgo tng Zehtivng, Ot avaKaAtipeig tou KMdvioay TIOAAES apioTo- TedKEG MIENOL|GEIG Kal OTHPIEAV TO TIMOKEVTIKG EVaVTI TOU YEWKEVTPIKOU ouariipatos, Ee dean Trou Siopydvwce o purrs THs ertioTUOVIKT|G Aka Snulag tov AuyKav niiyKinag Devtepixo Tost, ong 14 Anpiou 1611, iatNY 0 PaArAaiog avd5eiEn Tou PadiAaiou we uéAoug TnG, avaKoivwoe TOUS MPOOKEKANLEVOUG EMTBemKvie! TO 671.0 @IAdg TOU BEOAdYog, NOINTAC, XNHIKES Kal LaASNHATIKS kadvyne ANN en hee otdveg, and to Zavte (ZaKuv90c), eixe emtvorjaet To SvoUa «TMAECKOTIO> Beveriog (telescopio) yia to véo ontiKé Spyavo Tou FaAtAalou, ané tig eAAnviKés pigeg Azovdpvro eTHAe» (=plaKpld) Kat «oKOTId» (sKoITad{a, BAEMw). ANd TéTE n OvoHAGIA aUTH Rrontye aa oa Kadtepd9nKe o1Ig eupwrtaikés yAdoOES. Toren Ag onjicww9el 61 Ta TAEOKéria MoU KaTaOKEUArE 0 FaAlAalog atoTeAGU- AuyoUcrou 1609, cay Kal pla erkepar naparteupn aoyoXia yt autév, Ka%G Ta TU- hoe ae eumépoug nou ta s6pioKav xproa ota Sardaaia TakSta Tous 1 Ta peTaNwAo’- cay. Tig mpéteg Tou cotpovoulKés avakaAd- Welg He TO THAEcKErHo nig Snuooleuve tov Madptio tou 1610, oe pa obvtoyN —Mpaypateta und Tov titho «Sidereus Nuncius (~AatpIKés ay- yeNagepos*) Tovopuxt Ocuara 13Ol MPQTES NMAPAAAATEE KAI TO KATOMTPIKO THAEZKONIO O peyddog Fepyavés aotpovépog Fio- xdveg Kérthep (1871-1630) éypawpe nipditos Ya opiouiéva TIpaKTIKd MAEoveKTHYATA evég TAEOKorIiOU Le 500 KUpTOUG paKoUG oto épyo tou «Dioptrice» (1611). O ripdto¢ TOU KaTaaKetade éva TéToIO THAECKOTIO Hitav o Inoouitns Kpiorée Eduvep, nowy ané To 1630, aAAd to véo axéB10, to oTIo{0 mp0- GsipEpe TIONG peyaATepo OMTTIKE Medio yia ion peyé9uvon, enixpamnoe peta to 1850. Ta npwta toxupd TnAEOKdTIG UE TO véo Oyé- dio KaTaoKeUdom™KaY Kal TAAL and évav OdAavd6, Tov onLavTiK6 emwotr|uova Kolonia Xéuxevg (1629-1695), arokaAobUevo Kai «OAAGV- 36 NeTwva», éretta a6 MOAN MoooMaGela kal Le ™ Gor8ela tou adehgou tou, Kovoravtly Me auté O yepuavicrig avakéhuije toug SaktuAloug tou Kpdvou Kal Tov WeyaAUTepo Sopu—PspO karaywyis Tou, Tov Titava, to 1655. OAAave6¢ onriKés es - . . Marchese H loXg Tou TmAEoKoniou NoAAaMAaaGomKe Le Tv abEnon mg diaué- omSavérepog TPOU TOU ELMPOOSioU ~TOU «aVTIKEIEVIKOU», 6rIWG aNOKAAEiTal- Gakol TOU. egeupérns Tou Evtodtoig, n KaSapéTNTa Tou e\dwAou Mou Napeixay ta THAcaKOTIa aUTA Te Tadeoxortiou. Plopi{tav and my UmapEn xpopaTiKod o~PAduatos, ETteid1} ot ako! Sia- Shobv Kata Siagoperixég ywvies Ta SiGpopa prhkN KUYATE TOU @wrde TOU AVTIOTOIXOUY Ta SlapopeTiKd XdLaTA. To NPSBANLA NeplopiomKE Le THY KaTaoKeUr AEMTOY AVTIKEYIEVIKOY @aKév, ot onoiot siya PEyaAn ECTLaKH andotaon (andotagn and Tov @ak6 UéxpI To oNYElo-mY eoTia- éniou coTid- ZeTAL TO puws GTO AAAO Gkpo Tou opydvou). AUTS odtyNGE ToUg aotpoVOLOUG OMY KaTaOKEUH THAEOKOTIWy [We WeyGAo LF|KOS. Tia MapddetyHa, 0 TCoBavi Kaoivi avakaAuipe tov Gopu~pspo Péa tou Kodvou To 1672 pe éva TAEOKEMIO Urkoug 11 Uétpwy, eve o EBEAtoc Kal GAAOI KaTaoKEWaZav 6pyava pe eotta- kég anootdoetg HéXpL Kal 46 Létpa. BéBala, aUTG ta THAsOKOrua Bey rita TIpaKTiKd, apou xpeisovrav oKahwotée H Yepavods yia va Ta cUyKpaTOY, ev 0 owhvag TOUS KaLNTSTay Kal TaAAVTwVéTAV aKdpN KaL aNd TY cha pOTEPH TivoH} TOU avéyioU, H KaL KaTéppEE. Meta to 1675 kataoxeudotnkav Kénoia THAEoKETHa Xupic OwAr}va: UTTp- Xe aTtkbe Eva AVTIKEILEVIKES @PAK6G KPEYLADHEVOg OTHY KOPUEH Evdg KO- Vrapiod, 5év8pou 1 GdAng UpNig Soutic, o ontolog otpEpstaV NpOG Tov ord- XO He Th BorieIa oyoWvi0d 1h LaKPaG PABBOU, Kal 0 MPCOMSAAIOG PaKég, Tov onolo o Napamnpntiic LNopolGe va KpaTa [le To xEpI TOU H va Toy Toro Serei oe éva oTptyya. AUTa ovoLdoTHKaY «evagpia THASOKOTHa» Kal n Ta tpOmNrd TOUS anobiSsrat orov Kploviav Xduxevg Kat GToV adeAps Tou, xwpic aut6 va elvat 6£6a10, Onwadrinore, 01 dio aBeAgo! eiyay eumeipia oTHy Ka- ‘TaOKEUH MONU [leyGAwv Kat Nerv @aKdv, Nou pSavaV oF Bidyetpo Ta 22 14 Totopixe Oénaraexatootd Kal ce eaTIAK} aNéoTaGN [HEXpI 64 LETPA. Th HEyIOT EoTIAKH and- eran, 180 pétpa, Sé8ete Eva THAEOKSTUO KaTACKEUAOHEve aNd Tov TakAo aotpovéyo Avtpidy QoU (1622-1691). ThAcoKdria Le TOGO LEyGAO LrKOG srav aopahis eEaiperixd Sicxpnota Kat Sa npénet va aratrouoay To [éyl- oro TS emMBeiStytag Kat tS UNOLOVHS Twv NapaTHPNTov. Notéo0, evagpia ‘TMACOKOMA KONO WoNOU|SNkav Kal aNd GNYavTIKOLG aoTPOVsLOUG: avageE: petal 6t1 0 Kagivi avakdAuwje tov tpito Kal tov TétapTo Sopu~Pspo Tou Kpd- you To 1684 ue evagpiouc avTiKeiLeviKoUS @aKoUs Nou eixe KaTAKEUdoEL oO touténe Kapinévi (1635-1715) kat ol onolo1 diéGetav eoTiakés antooTdacic 30 xat 41 pétpa. Oa ta MAEoKOria NOU éxouv avagepSel LEXPIC £6 eivat SiormtpLKG, OU- YyxevTpGvoUV SnAaSr To Pw Ye @aKd. H GAN LeydAn KaTHyopIa THAEOKO- miwy eivat Ta KaTOTTTpIKa, MOU GUYKEVTPHVOUV To Pus He Eva KaTONTPO (Ka- Spéorm) KoiAou oXHWatog. H KavoTMTA KOIAWY KATORTPWY va oxNHATiZoUV eiSwha rtav mPavég yvwor| and THY apxaLdTNTA, Kal CUYKEKPILEVa aNd THY emoX1 TOU EuKAei&n (40¢-30g a. T.X.). Apyotepa, o FatAaiog, 0 Evetdg «pidog rou TéoBavi dpavtogoxo EayKpévto (1871-1620) Kar AAAou, ywwpiovtag rt ra KOLMUASYpapa KATOMTpA SieSetav Napspotec \IOTHTES Le TOUS pa- sous, efxav outntioet Ty Ea KataoKeuNS evdg THAECKONIOU [Le XPrON Ka- sOnTPOU AVTI TOU AVTIKEILEVIKON PaKOU. O Iraddg InoouitNS NiKohd TeouKe éxave éva Gra napanépa: éypaye oto épyo Tou «Optica philosophia ‘experimentis et ratione a fundamentis constituta» (1652-1656) 6v1 eixe npoonadr}- ei va aVTIKaTAOTHOE Tov aké evdg StontpiKOU TnAEoKoriou YE éva Opel y@Axivo KOiAo KéToTTpO To 1616. Aev néTUXe SWS va oxnuaTicel iKavoTOIN- TKO B1SWAO HE TOV KOIAO MPOGOPIAAULO aKd Tou. O [AAAOG GEOASYOS KaL uaSnyatixde Mapév Mepogv (1588-1648) Kat 0 ExwrodZog Teéiug FapsyKopU (1638-1675) npotelvay To oxHUa KaTéMTpOU (MapABoAoEIdéc) Kat StaTaEEIG wy oTONEIWV evég KaTONTPIKOU TAEOKOTTiOU NOU XPNCILOMtOIOUVTAL AKON Kal Ouspa, GANG Gev BiéSetay Thy npaKtua emdeEStnITa, olite ortriKOUG \kavollg va KaTacKeudooUV TéToIa TAECKOMA. Mia ané Tig mpures onesxovioess svg “OAAaVEIKON mAzoxoriou» amd To 616Aio «Emblemata of zinne-werck» (1624). To xapaxrixé auré elvan épyo rou Avrpiév pav vre Béve, nou pati pe Tov adeAgo Tou epydZovray oe runoypapeio dx baxpid and 0 ‘apyiKé orriK epyacrijpio rou Aimepou. Totopuxe Ogata 15To axpuparixs TmAeoxomo (axpaparing S16r7pa») rou Nrédovr, now extiSera1 oro XpeidomKe 1 OULGOAr} ev ax6uN KopUpaioU EmoTiLOVa, TOU loadiK« Netitova (1642-1727), 0 onolog ané to 1686 Katavénos Thy attia yia To KpU- HaTIKS O@GAuA. EiKéTEDG, GUUTEpAaVE awoTd STI KaVEva SlOMTpIKS THE okémo Sev Sa uMopovice va To anowptiyet TeAEing, Eved avTISETIG Ta KATO- TITpIkG THAEOKOMIA, MOU avTikaS.oTOUV Ty St4GAaON UE THY avaKAGGN, Lie To ws va jin Si>pxerar KaSSAou wéoa ané yuGA AAO otEpES OntTIKG UAKS, Sarfrav 6Aa anaAAayuiéva and xpaparike apap. Et auvéxeta, apyice va KaTaoKeUacel 0 i510g éva TETOIO THAEOKETO, TO oTIO{o COKANPAINKE To 1668 Kat anoteAzi to NaAGIbTEpO yvWOTS NEtTOUPYIKS KaTOTTPIKS THAECKS= Tio, Enetta and MoAAOUG Ne\pajaTicHoUG, enéAEEE wg TO THO KATEAANAO UAL- K6 Via To KUplo Karortp6 Tou éva KpdUa KaoUITE OU Kal XAAKOU. Apyérepa, eruvénoe He96Bouc yia Th Aglavar Tou, WoTdao TOU Ewe aoaIpiKS avti TapaBoAoeidéc OXH|\10 Yla va anAorton}GeI TH Siadikaoia KataoKeUrc. TéAOG, TpOGBEOE To oToIxelo TOU Sia9EteI 0 TUmtog MAEOKOTIoU Tov ortolo anoKa- AovLE oTjuepa «veuTioVvElo TASOKANo»: éva eninedo SeuTepevov KAToNTPO TONOSETHUEVO Siaywviag TOAD KovTA o™Y soTia Tou KUploU KatéMTpOU, TPOKEIJEVOU Va avaKhd To elSwho Kata 90 yoloed, oBnytivtag To os éva TipocopS4huio GOTH La OTEPEWLEVO THY TAEUPIK emU@dveta Tou owrF\va ‘TOU THAEOKoNIoU. AUTI n NpOGSAKN enétpEtpe Ty Magartipnon ts ElKOvag He OAS puKPH| NapEuNddion Tou KUpIOU KaTOMMTpoU, To NpéiTo GUTS épyavo, TPSBPOHOS TWY ONLEIVY yIyaVTIWY EpeUVNTiKaY TAECKONTWnV, EixXe KUPIO KATOMTPO dtaLéTPOU HOAIG 3,3 eKaTOCTAY Kat EcTIAKT aTaTaON 16,5 eKa- TooTiv. Me auTd, o Nettwy katép9wae va StaKplvel Tous Téce—pIG eyd- Aoug Sopupdpous Tou MAavrim Ala kat THY Appoditn wo "KES ploo~péyya~ 0. EvSappuLévoc ané thy emttuxia Tou, KataoKetaoe Kai Sevtepo THAE- oKémio ue LeyéSuvon 38 popés, To Orolo NagoUoiace oT BaciAucr Eraipeia Tou Aovdlvou (To BpeTaViK6 avticToIXo Twv akaBnLav mS NTEIpwTIKAG EU- ptiring), Tov Aekép6pio tou 1672 Mic ddan oyediaon ya To KaTOMTpIK6 TNAEOKGTIO EruVoF|ENKE TO [to tog aNd Tov TAAAO tepéa Awpdv Kaceykpaty (rep. 1629-1699), kau eivat yver OTH [He To Svops TOU YEXpt oTIWEpA. Ze aUTS Tov TéNO THAEOKOMTIOU, To Seu- Tepedoy Kérortpo sivat TonoSeTHUsvo Ké9ETA OTHY MlOpEIa TOU (ATES, KO- vid omy eotia Tou KUploU KaTérrpou, Kal KaTeEUSVE MY TeCONinToUTA Kparixé Mouaeio O76 TO KU plo KGtonTpo SéouN pos To KEVTPO Tou TeAEUTaloU. Exel UNpyE! Tou Pxérivyney. Mla LLKPH ont, and Thy onoia SigoXeTal To Puig Kat EoTIAZETAL aKPIBAAG Ticw ‘TMG, O77 Aeyoutevn «eoria KageyKoaive, an’ 6nou yivetat n napatipnon. Xdon TO «BinAwya» THs SéouNg Tou @wrd, Ta THAEoKOMIa auTOU Tou TUMOU éxouv HiKpS HfiKog, We anoTéAeaya va TipoTt- uGvtai Téo0 oe peyéha peyé9n yia EPEUVITIKOUS OKOTIOUS (INVOTEpN Ka- TaoKeUT}) doo Kal we spaoiTexviKa (e0- KOAn [eTapopd).. Mepinou utod atbva apydtepa, o Tewy Xavtael) (1682-1744) avéntuge j1e- 86B0uc yia THY KaTaOKeUr LeTaAAIKdv 16 lotopixt Ofuaranapadohosidav KaTonTpAY aKpi6eiag, Kal To 1721 enéBelke To Mptito veu- nvelo THACOKOMMO pe TETOIO KATOMITPO OTN BaclAKty Etaipeia. H didyetpos ourol Tou KaTéTTpOU (Kat GuvaKd\oUSa TOU TAEOKONoU) Htay 15 eKaTooTA, kat) eoTiak| tou anéotaan 159 exatooTd. Ag anpeweel STi n NapasoAoEl- Sig ertpavela napéet MOAI KaAGTEpN eotiaan ané TH GepaipiKy Acr600, n éAAcIUN LESSOUV ya THY enapyUpwon (fh Thy KAUN He Kae ‘nolo GAAo avaKAaoTiké ertiotpwpa) un eninedwv KatoMTpwy WExpL Tov 206 aubva, Teptdpice Tov poho TwY KaTOTTTPIKY THAEGKOTTIwy, a~pati Ta SiortTp- AG ouvéxiav va TpoTpEpoUY KaSapdTEpN Kat MOA PwrEtvérEpN eikéva — Siwg Stav To XPWLATIKE OPAAHA TOV TeheUTaIwy HEIENKE oNPAVTIKA (K2- pig noré va efapaviferat teAsiwe) We MY ertivénon Twv Aeyopevav axpto- uoTiK@V @aKGY. Map’ 6Aa aut, o cUVsErE Kal ONHAVTIKES aoTPOVOHOS Qvuidiap Xépoed (1738-1822), nou Gpxice To 1774 va kaTaokeudfe! Katona mAsoxoniwy otov chsiSepo Xpdv0 TOU, MPpaypatonoinos onpavtiKéS notpovopikés avakaNuvels xpnaiionovdvtac UeyGha KaTorTTpIKG THAEOK- ma: Eekivnoe ond didpetpo 16 exaTooTiv, GUVEXICE [Le 46 EKaTOOTA TO 1783 a, xaréAnke To 1789 pe éva TAEOKETIO Bla TPOU 120 exaTooTAV [He EoTIO- +} anéotaon 12 éTpa. Me auTé avaKdAue Tov MAaviftn Oupave Kat eka- roviddeq vegehdpara H yadakies, eved TY TIpwTH vUKTA TOU XPOILOTOIN- = To eydNo Tou TAEOKEMIO, avaKdAulpe Tov ETO SopUPEpO TOU KPEYOU, tov EyxéAado (28 AuyoUotou 1789). To THAcOKSrlo aUTS ritav To HEyaAUTE- 90 otov KécHo eni 50 kai MAgOY XpOVia, worda0 HtaV SUOXPT|OTO, Kal o Xép- GEA XONTIPONOLOGoE Neploddtepo To ayarMpEvo Tou THAEOKOTIO Tw 47,5 exaTootiiy. Npoxsipévou HAtoTa va WEIGEL THY aMWAsta PwTds and Set ‘epn avakAaon, Xépoeh Kamipynge To Beutepetioy Kétontpo Kal avti yt utd é5uce puta KAion oto KUplo KATOrTtPO «WG MOG Tov aTSyO, ETaI date va. napampel aneuSeiag To eiSwho, Bxetikd ue auTH TY KalvoTOLia, navTUK, cixe noonyndel Hdn ané to 1762 0 Psaos emtoTr}Lovag MixayiA Aoyovdaoq (711-1765), 0 ontolog napouotage éva TéETOLO THAEOKONIO EvedroV TH Pwo aie Akadnpiag EmioTnLa@v. Totopixé Oéjiara To tnheoxémo Tou AépSou Pos, 0 «Ac6idSav™, oro Kdorpo Mmip ms IpAaviag. Me uiKos 16,5 néTpa at 51Gyerpo 180 exarooriv kareige Tov tirho Tou ueyaAUrepou mAcoxomiou arov kégyo and To 1845 éxpt ro 1917. Apiatepa To 64905 Siaxpiverar To mponyoupevo, pixporepo tHAeoxomio Tou Aopdou.i | | 0 Zayapiag Tidvoev Iwavvidng (ni8avic EAA Karaywyns), OAAavd6c kaTaoKeuvaor/¢ yuadiv puorriag ai urtopos, nou Srexdixei rv Epeupeon T6090 Tou TnAeoxomiou 600 Kar rou wixpooxoniou. To 1845, 0 OuiNay Mapaovg (1800-1867), yywordtepog Wg d6pB0g Pos, ELMVevopEVs an6 Tig emituxieg TOU XépaeA tov Eenépace katagKeudZovras Kal eyxasiorG- vrag omy IpAavbla to veutéveto TAEoKémuo Twv 180 EKATOOTY, TOU GNOKAHSNKE 0 «e6id9av TOU Napoov- TTaOUV», HE To onio{e avaKéAUWE Th OTEIPOEIT SoU} “vepehoudtwve, Nou at\yepa eival ywwoTd we oneIpoEt- Belg yadaklec Ol AXPQMATIKO! AKO! KAI TA METAAA AIONTPIKA THAEZKOMIA Mera my avakéAuyn tou artiou ya to xpwuaTixé OpAAa THY paKiav and Tov NeUTwVa, apKETO! onTiKo! ret- Papatiomkay Le pakoug KataGKELACPEvoUS and dtio 1 tpia SiagopetiKd e15n YANO’, Ge Lia NpOONASEIa va aAANACaKUpA- Qouv Ta opddyara Tou KéGe ei5ous, date va Katacrel SuvaTH Kat n KaTA- OKEUT TNACOKOTIWV [Ne LLKPSTELO F}KOG, O1 Bpetavoi Togotep Moup XwA (1703-1771) Kal TGwv NréAovt (1706-1761) urtipEav ot ripdto1 Tou MéTUxAV KAT! TETOI0 - 0 HEV Xwh aoXoobLEvos epa- O1TeXVIKG, 0 5e NTOAOVT, YAAAIKTIG KaTaYwYriG OTTTIK6S, NOAM To GUoTHUGT: KG. Aupérepor néviws evSappUvEnkav orig NpooMasElés ToUG and To NpO- avég Sed0USv0 Sut To avBpUVvo drt propel va Bivel EiKévEs KwplG you~ HaTIK6 opAAyG, napéTi eFaIpETIKG OUVErTUYLEVO Ge SiacTdaEIG, O Nrddove, enumAgov, dt46ave Tig oXeTIKéG SewpNTIKES [IeAETEG tou EABeToU paSmuan- Ko Aéovapyt OUAEp (epyasia pos my News) Akadnula Emompv To 1747) kat tou Zoundou Léyoued KNwYKEVOTIEpVa TO 1755, 0 ontoiog eiKe aye PtoBnMI9e! Ta anoTEAgquaTa TwY MeIpaLéTay Tou NeUTwva. ApyIKd ertvor- SNKaV axewpATIKO! paKoi anioTEAOUHEVOL aNd BuO emu:époug PaKoUG KaTA- OkeUaOHEVoUG and diapopetiKd eldn YUAALOU avTIBTOIXwG, GTEGAVGAD KaL Tupituaho. To 1765, o Miitep NrdAovt, vlog TOU Téwv, e1oryayE Tov TpITAS AVTIKEIEVIKE (PaKS, EVaV GUVBErO pa K6 Mou anoTeAeito and S40 KupTouG @aKoGg aTepavudAou Le évav KOIAo aks nupituddou avajicod Tous, Kata: oxeudZovtag NOAAG THAECKOMG pe Té- Toles «tpIMAEtess. Anuicupyr\Snxav Toi aKdun KaNUTEpO! CbVIETOI Mako TIOU ovopatovral anoxpwpatiKol. Tor MRO! PaKoi MpoTIvTaL KaL oT ONE To wrxoug 20 n0diciw (aves eww 6 yérpwv) THAeoKémo Tow Xépaca. Flapd ro éri frav 60Aa OTN Xpron, Ta weydAa TnAEoKOMIG enétpewav atov XépaeA va avacahiyer NOAAG oupdvia odipara, 18 lotopixd Osunapivd «axpwpatikd TAEGKGrta», rou aneUSUvovTat KUpiwg o& EpaditéxvEC, Le BeATI@GEIG PUOIKG Ge OYéON [le Tov 180 aubva: SIdKEVG HETAEU THY aTTAdY gaKdv nou yepifovta ue et5ixa dta9AaoTiKa éAaia f ang éXouv aépa, Xion PFopIOUwY TUMwY yUAALO KATL Extote dvoige 0 pug yia MY KaTaaKeUr} HeyGAOU StayeTpYUATog dio- MIpik@v MAkoKoniwv. To 1839, n StaueTpog Tou avTKEYLeVIKON PaKot) (MoU Roaktikd TauriZerat Le tH Sidpetpo tou mAsoKoniou) eiye PGE! Ta 38 EKa- ToOTA. To LeyAAUTEPO SIONTPIKS MAEOKEMIO CTOV KSGLO aN6 TO 1869 EuG TO 1873 rtav To THAEaKETIO NoUaA, SiapErpou 63 exaToorion. Eixe KaTaoKEUA- atel via Aoyapiaops Bpetavol epaciréxvn aotpovopou (and tov onoio mH}p= Kat To 6vo\ld TOU) GAAG XPNTINOTIOMSNKE eAAX\OTA, KAI HETA Tov B’ Maykd- gulo Mérepo Swpr|Inke aNé To BpeTaviKd Anji6a10 (ato onoio eixe Nepled- Sei) oTV EAAGBa, Acv eivat GAAo and to yvword HeydAo tThAEOKéMIo TOU Agtepoakorteiou MevtéAng (enfonun ovoyaoia: AotpovopiKdg Etagydc Ne- vrélng Tou E9viKou AotepooKoreiou ASnviiv), 6nou eyKatacTaSnKe To 1959. ZuyiZet 9 T6vvoug Kat éxeI Ur|KOG 9,1 UETPA, 6vTAg HEXpI OFLEpA TO 5é- KOTO Ge \oXU SionTpIKd THAEOKSmHO GE OA6KAN|PN Thy Euparn. Emotpéovrag otov 190 aidéva, 0 tithog Tou KaTéxou Tou YeyaAlitepou Biormtpikod MAcoKorou otov KGoLO nEpave Sta5oxiKd ora eEtI¢ odyata: To 1873 oto NauTiK6 Aotepooxoneio twv HMA, atv Npwtedouca Oudot- yatov (GidueTpog 68 exatooTdy), To 1880 ato Actepooxoneio ms Biéwng (69 exatootd), To 1885 oto Aotepooxonelo NovAKoBo tng Ayiag Netpourio- Ang (76 exatoatd), to endevo éto¢ ato AatepoaKoreio ts Nikalag oT) FadNia (77 exatoord), 10 1888 oto Aotepookonteio Aik otnv Kakipdpvia (91 exartootd) Kat Téhog to 1897 oto Aotepooxoneio MepKg oto Outoxdv- ow Twv HMA (101,6 exatootd). £m ouvéxeta dtc 0 GTUROg auTég avta- ywviouds 6ra6e Téd0g, Kaddg TIPO- aékpouge oto effi avUNEpGANTO Te- XWiko ELNSSio: THY Ropapsp@won TOU PakoU KATW aNd To {Sto Tou To G6apos. Enetdt} ak6yn Kal ula Tapa- HOpPwon TOU oXFWATo TOU paKo kara éva xiioord elvat un anodexti, kai erteidt évag paxdg pmopel va omprx8ei Hove and onpeia omy ne- pupéperd Tou, HeyaAuTepa StontpiKd tAeoKémia Ga napouoiazay npoBNt- para om eotiaon, aveEspmta and THY MOITHTA KataoKeurs. Bé6aia, Kal To KéoTOS KaTaGKEUNS ya ™m oTrptén Twy OAL YaKpov auTév op- yavwy titav MAgov Tepdotio, Kal KU- ping Twv S6duv Tou Sa émpene vata oteydcouv. Pia napdderyjia, to MAE Atompixé TnAcoxémia xupls owArva: oxé510 eves «evaépiou TmAcoxortiou» rou Kpioriav Xéuxeve (1684). Ta evaé pia ThAcoKéma émouoay yevinig ve Xpnowonorosvrar werd rv epevpeon Tou aypauarixol paxod. Totopux Oéjara 19To xaromrpixé TnAcoxémi0 Xouxep rv 100 wrotv Tou Acrepooxoneou Tou dpoug Touihoov, ro eyaAUTepo orov K6qy0 ané ro 1917 péxpi ro 1948, ue 7m BonSe10 Tou onofou avaxahigSnxay oF aAnsivés Biaoraaerg Kary BiacroAi rou Eduravros. OkOmWo Tou TepKe Exel UHKOG 19,4 "ETP Kal O GwAFVag Tou Quyiget 75 tovvous. Tay ita nepinou nepiodo, n B:4500n mg texvohoylag ya avaxhaotiki} enlorpwon Tou NOAAaMAaGlace T puateIwérnta TUV clddAWY TaV KATONTPIKiV THAEGKONIW, GANA KL) OTpO- 94 TeV MpoTepaIoTiiTwy tev aoTpOVSpwv and Th YeyaNUTE- pn HeyéSuvon orn LlevaNUTEpH {kavétHTA GUAAOYrS ates Ofiuavav To opiatiKé Tédog THE ertoxtig Tav SiormrpUKdy TAE- oxoriwv yia TY aotpovopiKH Speuva, Ty onola SiadsySnKe Tertoxth twy YtyaVTIWY KATOTTPIKGY THAEOKOnTwy, Tou dtap- Kel U€XP1 oF|HEpa. To FiepKc, Tou avijKe\ oto NaveruotH}uto Tou Zikdyou, rapayéver uéxpi or|Wepa To toxupstepO B10- TApIKS THAEOKENIO TOU xprayLorOMONKE MOTE Via ertoTHLO- vex épeuva. H EMOXH TON MEFAAQN KATONTPIKON THAEZKONION Katé ™ dexaetia tou 1850, o1 Kapa AouyKouot gov Erd.vyalA Kal Aedv OouKs erivénaay jiia StaBikagia yia Tv evandSeon evdc AerttStatou oTpdyaros apyOpou navw Ge yuGAWa KolAa KaTorTTTpA. To atpAi- Ha aut6 Katéomnoe Ta KTOTTpa TNAEGKOMiaY LOGE\a He TOUS KoWOUG OMKiG- KoUg KaSpéptes of avakAaoTikGTTA, BeATWVOVTAG KATA TIOAY TH PuTetd- THTA AANA Kal MY TOLTNTA TwY BMAWY TwY KATOMTPIKiOV THAEGKONN. Er TRoy, 10 eniotpwya aur elye To MeovéKMuA va avTiKaSioTaTal Ge Tepi- TTWON PEopAC, xwpig AAAAYH TOU OXTHATOS Tou UTIOOTPdLATOG, NAGS TOU katérpou. E&aANou, Ta MAE ovexTriHata KOorOUG Elva OUVTpITTIKG UTEP TwY KatortrpiKdy: éva KéToMTpO xpeIéteTal Aelavon We andkuT aKpiGela piag Ud- vo erupdvelag avti Twv dio eupavelav evdg PAK, evéd TO UH}KOG THAEOKO- iou iong loxtog eivar OAD piKodtepe -LBlwg atov Tomo KageyKpaiv-, Le anotéAeona va xpetdZeral Kal TIOAG ikedTEpOG BdA0g aatepooKoTeioU Via Ya To oteydoe!. Ané tThv GAN, 6a Ta KaTontpiKd THAECKOTIG elvat anaAAay- héva evtehdg and xowuaTiké opdAua, evi n oTHpIEN Tou KaTéTpoU yivera and ohdkAnpo to naw [1ép0g TOU KaTA Tov BéATIGTO Suvars TpSMO, date va Uny Snuoupyodvrar Kéyipere Mia napéhAnhn e&MEN tray 1 KatTaoKeU TeV véwy aotepooKoneiev Ge Ueyaha UUSHETPA (KopUMES BoUVéAY) Yia KAAGTEPN To\STTa Napampr- oewv, evi) apyétepa dao 0 eENAeKrpioLds abEave Tov VUKTEpIVS QwTIOLd Twv MéAewv- emMhéxSnKay Kal TonOSedlsg UaKpId aNd UsydAEc NdAeIG Apxice ertiong n Kupapxia Twv HMMA, tag xwpag mou eixe Hn Snutoupyr}- 01 Napddocn otny Rapatnprciaki aotpovopla and Tov 190 auwva Kal u- VEXIGE HE THY KATGOKEUT] Tw HEYAAUTEPWY KATOTTpIKGV THAEOKONIwy GTOV dopo and Tig Mpwtes SeKaeTieg Tou 2000 aldva, npw SnAady} Kataotei na YkOoHIA UNepSUvapN HETd Tov B’ NayKdauto MAASuO. ENHAVTIK OdAO oe auré diaBpapdtice Evag Kai Lovo dvSpuTiog, o TEwpTs Edepu XéIA (1868- 1938), KaSnyntiig Tou Navertotnpiou tou Fixdyou, nou eixe Sn puget to Aotepockoneio FepKc. 20 Totopixé OgjiaraTia to npwto LeyGAo KaTOrTTPIKS THAEAKEMIO Oo XEIA SEXENKE Wg Bip0 va KGTorIT90, diayéTPOU 60 ivrawy (1,52 uETPOU), aNd Tov eruxeipnuaTia nio- tépa TOU, AAAG KaTOP9WCE va EEAaparicel XPNUATESOTMON and Kowwwpent} SSpGpara, Kati oto ontolo anodeiXSnKe Biaitepa avg kard TMH SidpKeta TC erad106poulag TOU, Etol, To 1904 pUSnkE To AgtepooKoTeio Tou 6pous Touihoov omy Kadupdpvia (apxikd we HAtaKé Aotepoakorteio), to onoio oré- ya0e To MAEOKOMIO Twv 60 ITady, 6vTaG TO [LeYANITEPO ATOV KdOLIO ANG TO 3908 expt To 1917. H LeyGAn enttux(a aUTOU TOU opydvou, Tou ovaydomnKE empcorémio XéiA», éXei Eexaotel ofiLlepa |mpoota atic laTopiKég avaKAAI- Weig TOU MMAEOKETIOU XoUKEP Twv 100 IvTosy (2,54 j1ETPULV), TOU TO Biadé- xSnke om Séon Tou loxUPsTepoU THAEoKONioU GTOV KOLO, eyKaTEGTLEVO eto (Go actepooKoneio. H yUdAWvN Bday Tou KaTOMTpoU XUTEGONKE, Oru kai Tou NponyoUUEVou, oto UaAOUPYEio TOU Zev [koLNEV aT FAAAia, To 1908. Yotepa and apkeré npoShiwata we Tr Bdon aut, MoU Cuyi~e apxiKdes avn rwv d00 T6wuN Kal xpetdoTHKe TIdvw an6 Eva étog yia va KpUdTEL aPKETA apyé Gore va pnV payiel, To MAEOKETIO Twv 100 Wty OAOKANPHSNKE Ka Aertolpynoe Via rip’ Popa orig 2 Nocuéplou 1917. Me aut6, o Evryouly Xauir (1889-1953) npayyatonoinae Tic kopUrpale Tou NapamnpHaetc. Etdi- xOtepa, avaKGuipe 6x1 KanoIa vepehdpata Hrav oTHY MpaypaTiKémTa Ya- Aaieg 6&w an Tov diK6 [ag Kal, Le TH Bor}9ela TOU MU\ToV Xtobpavoy, Bia niotwoe 611 dha oxed6v Ta PAopaTa TOV pakp\vev yakaE fTav YeTaToTK- ouéva npos 10 epuSpé, ripdyia riou éBeixve Sti to Zipmay SiaotéAAeraL kat erioyiévag eixe KAnoIa apXt, Méoa a6 aUTS To TMAEOKENIO, ousIagTIKG N av- Spanémra yudpiae THY aAnBive EkTAGN Kat Thy [oTOpia Tou Z6uravtos. H tpiakovtaetiig npwroxa9ebpla Tou ThAeoKoniou AUTON Wwe TOU LoXU- pétepou oTov Kéapo TeAelwae To 1948, étav n Kolvonpakla Tou IvotttouToU Texvoroyiag mg Ka\@épviag (Caltech) Kat Tou I8pUaTog KapveyKt OAOKAH- pwoe to véo THAEoKETHo XEtA Twv 200 ivtowy (5,08 1éTpwY) ato AaTepoOKO- nafo tou dpoug MéAopap. H véa TonoSeaia, 145 xiAlbueTPA VoTIOAVATOAIKA Kai oe oxeS6v ioo Uipspetpo (1.713 J1), FTav avaykaia, Kadig Ta MTA ATS To yrydvrio pasiornAcoKomo oro Apeoipno Tou Mouépto Pixo, mou oxedidornKe ané ov EAAnvoapepiave Hnxavin riaspyo AouvdouAann. Towopuct Ogata 21To ayepixavo- veppaviné TmAeoxomio SOFIA Erparoopaipixs AatepooKorreio Aorpovoyias Ynrepuspou, Siapérpou 2,5 HE Tpwy), mou napatnpei and twos 14 xioperpow, THY Kovtivt} HsyaAodroAn tou Nog Avtiehes Suoyépawvay nAgov onpavtixd T1g aotpovopiKés na pampriceig and to dpog Fouth- Gov. EneiBr} 1 (@wrOCUAAEKTIKN) toxdg Ka9e TAsoKoniou sivat avdhoyn Tou Tetpaywvau tng Sia- HETPOU TOU, To [eyGho THAECKO- Tuo Tou MaAopap sivat 4 popés toxupdtepo ané autd Tou époug Touidoov. KataokeudotnKe jéow TS Npoopopas 6 exatoppupiov Sodapiwv and To Ivotitotito PoK- pérep, Ue UN6Ba9p0 Tou KUpIoU KaTéMTpOU aNé YUAN TUMOU pyrex. To Kato TTPO GUTS AetavEnke TH SeKaeTia TOU 1930 atig HMA, aAhd o NOAEUOS KAN otépnoe Thy eyKatacracr} Tou. O npidTog aoTPOVoLOS TOU To KPHaYLoTIOt os via Tapattipnon ritav o XaumA, Mia TapaAAnan Texvikt EAL onLEIONKe Stay o T&wv Nr. Expovyk (1905-1992), vag veapdg pucikéc oto Caltech, avértuge pla Texvikr ya THY eniotpwon KaTonTpwV He Va IOAN THo dlapKés otpUpA aTSpov adoULIvioU o€ kev6 aépa. To 1932 enahoupivwoe npitog éva KdTOrtpo kat Tpia xpdvia apyotepa n TeXviki} TOU EGaPUdETHKE CTA MPOAVaMEpSévTa THAEoKOMA TOU 6pous FouIAsoY, rou HéxpI TéTe xpEIaovtaY véa eniotpwon apyipou kAe Alyoug ynivec. Me 1 E8080 aur, nou emapydzerat wEXPL oF\Uepa, 7) enaAoupivwon yiverat la popd Kae Tévte sig Séka xpovia, avdAoya [le ‘tm xoron. To Madouap kateixe Ta oxiintpa Tou toxupdtepou THAECKoMTioU ato K6- GUO HEXPL THY CAOKATpWON, To EtOS 1975, ToU MeydAou AATaCioUSIAKOO Th- Aeoxontou (BTA-6) tg EZEA otov pwarkd KaKaco, To onoio éxet Stauetpo 6,05 Hétpa. Navrws, napott ve toTOpIKt} ONHAGIa To HeyGAO MAEOKOTIO TOU Mddouap unoAeinetat capac tou THAeckoMiou Tou 6pouc FouiAdoV, amv KowvH YV@LIN, [EXPL Kal Ta TEAN TOU 2000 aidiva, n AEN «MGAouap» trav oU- vaévuLN TOU Kopugaiou MAEcaKoriou GTO K6OHO. H AEtToupyla aKdun peya- NUtepwv MAcoKOrIwY énpere va avapével MY ELoaywyh HEddSwv ya THY KaTooKeUr Aertév KaTéMTPUV, MOU 8a ENalpvay To OXIA ToUC UE 11 Bor}- Seta TAS OTHIPIE|G Tous, KaSic Ta xovdpd KTOrTTpA MahaLot TUTtOU HytaV TO- AO Bapid we CUvaKOAOUS NPOBARLATA, drive T StapoperiK SepjiIKr} Bia- CTO Twv Lepav Tous (yia Napdbetypa, to KdtorTpO TOU MaAouap Cuvier 14,5 towwous). Ero USTAEY, MOAAG KaTONTPIKd TAEOKEMIA Tw 1 Ewe 4 WETPWY EyKaTA- oTaSnKaV 08 apKETES GAAEC xGpES XPNOWOTOIVTAG Th OXETIKGS PSNVT oxediaon Kaceyxpaiv, npoogépovtag tepdotia wSnon oTY avantuEN HS Tapatnpnoiakt¢ actpovopiag naykoopiwe. Tétoia napadeiyyata otny EAAdda eival to Actepookonelo Kpuovepiou omy Kopiv9ia (1,22 uétpou, ‘and To 1975), 10 yeydAo TmAcoKdmO Tou AotepooKonetou ZkivaKa omy Korim (1,3 Hétpou, ané To 1995) Kal To TAAEOKSTIO «ApicTapxoG» Tou KeA- Hou (2,3 UéTpwy, aré To 2004), to LoXUPSTEpO Kal Ge HeYAALTEpO UYSLETPO 22 Totoprxé: Ocyiare(2.340 1.) edAnviKé TMABOKOTIO EXPL oFIEpA. To «ApiotapxoG», eivat ent- ang To LeyaNUTepo THAECKOnIO Twv Bahkaviwy Kal to Sedtepo HeyahJtEpo omy nreipwrtuar} Eupaorm, H véa Texvonoyia épepe, de ouVBuaop6 He Ta Aentétepa KatonTpA, THY swoaywyr Twv AeyOuEVww EvEpYOY OnTIKdV KAI IPOGAPHOOTIKéY ortTIKaY, nou ouvictatal om edagpd rapaudpgwon Tou oxHyaTOS TOU KUPIOU 1 Kat Tou SeuTepetiovtog Katontpou KaTA TETOIO TpdrIo wate va eElcopponei TY FapaLdpewon TwV KULGTwY TOU Pwrds TOU MIpOKAAsiTal KaSwE aUTA dta- oxifouv ™ YAWN aTHOT@aIpa. EkatovTddec [IKpd éu6oAa oT Tow MAcUpA TOU KATOMTPOU [LETABGAAOUY To GXF|LIa TOU NEPiNoU 100 Popés To deuTEpd- AeNTO, We TedTIO Nou UMOAOYiZeTAL GE TIpayLATIKO XPdvO aNd NAEKTPOVIKO umoAoyioTh. Tapa Ta n aotpovopia pnopotoe va woeAngel and Thy KaTa- oxeur] MAcoKoniwv SiayétpoU 6 éug 10 uetpwy, n oNoia Gpyise Ty SeKaetia Tou 1990. Napadeiypara anotehouy ta SiSupa thheoKdmua Keck 1 kat Keck 2 om XaBdn (10 HéETPWY ExagTo), Ta enfong d{5upa Gemini twv 8,1 HETPwv (oT Xidr} Kat oT XaBan), To TeTPAMAd euptontaike MoAU MeyaAo ThAecKdmio (Very Lage Telescope/VIT, 4 tAcoxérua Tuy 8,2 wétpwv) OTN XIAN, to NoTtoagoiKa- viKé Meydho ThAeaKémio (SALT) Tav 9,2 HéTpwY, To Hobby-Eberly (HET) twv 9,2 uétpwy oto TéEag Kal TEhos To VEo Meydho ThAeoKomto Twv Kavapiwy (10,4 UETPWY), TO LeyANUTEpO OTOV KOOHO OTLEPA. Ze La MpoondSeta nepiopt- SHOU Tou KéoToUG, Ta SALT Kai HET eival TonoSeThLsva OB pla opiCévTIa nAaTPSpHA, NepiotpE~Psyeva Ldvo yUPW and éva KGGETO GEova, EXoUV Sn AadH Tepioptouévn ikavoTNra va otoxsGouy Ta oUpdvia odpata. To peyéao Thaeoxémo PAAIOTHAEZKONIA KAI AIAZTHMIKA THAEZKOMIA ——Aovepooxonciou Nahopap, vio ro O 206¢ ativag, ektdg and tm xwpis MpONyoULeve AUEON TH¢ tox4og oneio eivar twv tnAcoKoriav, yvapice Kat 500 GAkEc, eFicou onpavtixés, efeNiEeIs ned - ToUG: MY ENékTaGN TwY TAcGKOTIIWY GE GAG [TKN KUHATOS THG NAEKTPO- gotepooKoneio LayvnTiKtg aKtivoBodiag ekTéc aUTiV TOU OpAaTOL pPATSs Ka THY ToTIOSE-oTAV KadpépvIE ToT Tous oto Aléompa. agou jrav ro Ph . é He yaAuTEpo Tou H mip@tn oxetikth eEEAtEN rita Ta padloTMAsoKémta, Tou avywvEedouY Kéouou and ro ekalpetixd aodevy} padtoKGpata (GnAASH KU}iATA STIwE aUTE TOU PAdLOp- 1948 éws ro 1975, you Kat Twy ao¥ppatey mer xoWwviGv). ErtetSH n OUAASKTI- 10) emtpaveia (MpSkerrat Kau Ma Ayla MapaodveIdr KaTorTpa) dev Xpetdgerar va éxet Thy iia oxpiGela, aAAG artotedeirat ané ama @UAAG ueTaAAou, eivat eQIKTH OIKOVOLIKG Kat TexvIKd N kataoKeur) NOAU peyaAite- wy opydvwy. To npato tétoI0 Opyavo KaTaoKeUdoTNKE OTIG HITA ané tov Fkpdre Pépnep to 1937 Kat eixe Stayetpo 96 é- Tpa. MeTartoAeuiKd, Weta Tovopuxa Ouara 23O Kopyiadéverog Acrpovopinds Zragusc Kouovepiou gudokevei 10 Mpiiro pe yaAo epeuvnrixd Tndcoxomo (rar 0 npiiro katomrpixé) nou eynaTaoré9nKe ge euvoiKi yia Taparnpnoess Tonro9eaia ornv Edda (1975). dianiotwon 6ti pmopodv va avixveuSouv diapopa aotpovopiKd epeuvATIKa avtike(uieva ota padtoxdpaTa, doxioay va KaTaoKeUAZovTal HeyaAUTEpa pa- diomAkoKSmua: Tou TCOvTPEA MmavK Tw 76 UéTpwY OTHY AyYAIa (1957), TOU Tkpny Mravk Twv 91 Létpay ong HITA (1962) kat tou EqeAourtepyK toy 100 HETpwv om AuTiKH Fepuavia (1971). To NEkdplo padloTNAEOKETIO Tw 300 uETpwv aTO Apeolyno Tou NougpTo PiKo (1963) Exel TeAEIwG aKivnTo KATO THpo -ce pila ak6yN uN NpoonGGela yia Leiwon Tou KéoTOUG-, KaTA- OKEUAOHEVO HéOG Ce [LG PuoKKT] KoIAdTHTA TOU Ed4QoUC. Ekelvo Tou KIvel- tat eivat 7 kepala-SéKTMG, enttpérovtag Tm OTSxeUGN LExXPI 20 poipes and To Zevis. H 6An oXediaon éyive and tov EAAnvoapepixavyd pnxavixd Pdpyo Aouvdouhakn Kal MapapEvet To WeyaAtepo ewaio KdTorTpo padioTmAc- oxoniou orov Kéap0. Qot600, to HEYAAS WKOS KUpaTOS TwY PadioKUUTwV ONWaiveL Ort aKO- hn Kai To tepdorio auté Spyavo Sev Lnopel va Sdaet weyaATEpN peysSuV- On an’ 6,11 Eva UIkpd spacrTeXviKe OMtTIKG TACOKETIO. MeyaAUTEpES LEYE~ SOvoEIg LMOPOUV Sg va emTEUXSObV ané oLA5eq oUVTOVIOLEVwY paBIO~ TAcaKorinv rou okoNeVOUY Tov {Sto oTSxo THY (51a GTI, xdpn aE Ula Te- XMikt} TOU OvoaZeTaI CULBOAOLETPIA. TeviKie, 1 LoTopIKH| Tan OTN Padioa- atpovopia eivat 1 napariipnon os 6No Kat LiKpdtepa UKM KULaTOS, ota Aeyouleva jiKpoKGyata, uéxp éva 6pt0 (nepintou 1 xwoors tou uéTpOU) népa ané to onoio n axtivo6oXia anoppopatat and m yFtwn aTudopat- pa. Ero onpeio urd pnops! va urio- omprxdel Ot n StaoTRUUKH Entoxt} TA- 9 OTHY KaTAAAMAN dpa, KadioTd- vrag equctry ty extOEEuON TMAECKO- Tiwy G8 TpOXId aNd To 1960 Kal ETa, Ta onoia 6xt ants KGAUIpay To Weya- NUtEpO LépOG aNd Ta UTOXAooTOLE- TpIKA LNKN KUaTOS Expl To eyyuS unépuSpo pwc, ahd enekéteivay THY Mapattipnon os dAkeg meploxés aktivoBoNag Mou elvat aduvato va avixveusouv and my empaveia mg Tg: otig aktives X Kat ¥. ErunAgoy, Siaompd MAEoKdria oto opats ug, Orwe To XapMA (ge Aetroupyia and to 1990 éwg or|Lepa), 5a9étouv HovadiKd MAcoverTiyata (éAAEWyn aTLoopaipiKéy Siatapaxwv, vepdoe- @y, iKavéTHTA yla diapKr} eiKootte- TedwpN Mapathpnon) oe oxéon pe Ta eniyela, uoteptivtag Hove ge Siape- po. ThAeoKémia duwe Ue Tov yvmpl- HO, OUNGATIKG oyed\agLs eivat ysvo 24 Totopixe Okaraauté Tou unepidBoug Kat Tou unépU9pOU parE. Ta Acyojeva sme oK6rtia aktivwy y» sivat ou- maoTiKé dUoTOWKles avIXvEUTEY. To Mpato SaomHpIKs TmAE- oxomIo UTepUSPOU HTAV TO HAIG ekaTooTéo épyavo Tou IRAS AatpovoliKés Aopupépoc Yne- pUSpoU}, 0 onioiog eKtokebOnKE and 1 NASA orig 25 lavouapiou 4983 kal pepe ertavaotaon oTHV actpovouia unepd9pou otous udAig 10 urives tng Aeiroupyiag tou. Ga Tipérret 6jtog va opie Sei 6m kat ra entyeia mAcoKéria opatot pwrés elvat ikavé yia r10- pampriaeic oto eyyiig unépuSpo ay BploKovtai ce weyaho upope- po kat oe Enpéc nepioxés, driwe ra Keck. To ipéto SiagTHpIK6 TH Azoxérto unepldSoug rtav To OAO-2, mou ektofednke and t™ NASA otig 7 Aekey6piou 1968, ewd 0 prog texNTdg Sopups- Pog apiepwyévog oTNY avixveu- om akrivey X frav 0, eniong ayte~ pikavikds, Uhuru, Tiou mripe To Svopd tou and 1 ASE «ekeuSepla» gt To TyAcoKémo yAdooa couayidi, [11a avagpopd omy enételo Tg aveEapTnaIag THe Kévuag “AP/oTapKoG» omig 12 AexepSpiou 1963, Kadag n extdzeuon éyive and Tic akTés TH XOPCG Nepalseppagn Tou auniig my (61a nuepounvia tou 1970. TEdog, 0 TipHtOs avixveUTT|g aKtivwy Y XeAyod sivas To oto didotnya Hav o SAS-1 (Mixpdg Aopupdpog Aotpovopiag), Tou ckTo- ‘OXUPdTEpO Ka! GE EeUSnke and m NASA atig 15 Noeppiou 1972 een To uéMov Tou MmAcoKoniou emUASOUEI GopaAtg Kat GAAEg MPOSSOUG eAANVIKS kai KalvoToUles, [Ue TIGavdTEpES oTO dyedo \WEAAOV THY eyKaTdGTaO GTO MAEoKSM and To AiGotnHa WeyaAUtepuv onTiKeY MAEOKONIwy Kal SiaTaEEwW TAAEOKOMI pe 2204 HEXPI orHEPO. Suyatommta oupBorouetiKOv napamphoewv. Hl BIBAIOFPACIA (1)Bond P.: «TELESCOPES IN HISTORY», oro Paul Murdin (ernp.), ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS, institute of Physics, MmpioroA 2001, 0. 3285 x.£. (2) Freedberg D.: THE EYE OF THE LYNX, University of Chicago Press, Zixdyo 2002. (3) King H. C. (emp.): THE HISTORY OF THE TELESCOPE, Charles Griffin & Co, Aovdivo 1955. (4) Sines G. - Sakellarakis Y. A.: «LENSES IN ANTIQUITY», American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 91 (1987), 0. 191-196. (9) Van Helden A. - Dupre S. - van Gent R. -Zuidervaart H. (erup.): THE ORIGINS OF THE TELESCOPE, KNAW Press, Auorepvray 2010. Toropexts @épora 25