fears TaN Second Edition’Pescaecaeen NANCY DOUGLAS * DAVID BOHLKE Second Edition NATIONAL | Grocraphic | + TEARNING |“CENGAGE learning NAONAL | (geese | < tearm |“ ‘ean oe, Seon ion "Nancy Daur and Dvd oie Pabener ode Rabon Secor Developmen ator Dee Marl ‘hina Take mile Drectoraf lea Maret Matin Prout Mthting Manager yer ical ugen Senor Cetet rect Manian Hck Manuf Paar Beh enbry ‘covert Desig: Create Decor “Gitoper ay, at Beet St Bab, Despre ex Dl Cover hts oth draws Prine inthe United Stas America 343678) 52221201918 Copyright ©2035 Nao Geogspe aingapatof ensae ering ALAIGHTS RESERVED. No part of his rk covered by copra hr ‘nn be repo rami trond yom or yy ea ‘phic decron or mccain bt tre pete ‘orig ening iting apg ib eta nfomatn nee rinomation serge antl er ep pred der Sectin 1 othe #76 Uted States Cop Ac tout te pro ‘wien poms ter Fe pions i att fami topo, sitet qa meen Student Bik ith One Wrkbock Ise asm os eee ISBN 76125 6491.0 ational Geograph enning Cengage Learns ai roof iti aig eto ith fe crs fourth meng Singapore he Une ngsm, ‘Stora Maca br sp Cena Lexig procs te repesetadin Crue Neon Euston st tos Geopaphicening online st gleengogecom ‘leur coparte wettest wanacenngs.comceed try er Unita re res Uni re Unit 1 eer ee ed Tend Peo Peeeeer ia Creer Peay ron ee) reer) eee endSport and Fitness Skin Deep Animals in Danger Violent Earth Islands and Beaches Success and Failure Global Addictions Epic Engineering Far Out Allin the Mind Artand Life Metical Challenges tts Game Makes an Olympic Champion? ‘What Beau kin: The Boy’ ‘The Nature of Rsk The Rewards of FaureScanning fr Spec Infomation Casing infomation Using Examples to Support Claims Determining the Mala tea of Paragraphs ‘Guessing the Meaning of Unfair Words Understanding Conditona Reltonshis Being an Active Reader Understanding Cause and Elect Relationships Labeling Deas ona Map ‘A: Recogniaing Metaphors UndestandingTanstions A: Understanding Pros and Cons sng a Venn Diagram to ls infomation 1A: Understanding Compound Words ‘Organiing Notes in achat 1A: Recogitng Phrasal Verbs Recognizing Appostves dentiying Defintons Identifying Lexie Cohesion Creating a Word Wed Sequencing Information Understanding an Authors Us of Quotes Infeing Information ent A: Wed Links un Living a High B: Word Link: ic -ate ‘bude 1 Usage: nifrm an Mask B: Word Link al aa ‘A: Word Link -ive cere B: Usage: contct 1: Word Linke Santoro Voleano B: Wed Patersip schedule le 1A Word Partners ank sare ie B: Thesaurus: pectacul 1: Word tink min md vage Mountan : 1B: Word Partnership reputation SY ES 1: Thess: frbermore Reece i 2B: Word Parnes steep 1 Word Link nov ith of Rain Forest 2B: Word Patnesip dense pi 1: Word Unk: ee Wilkin in Space B; Word Partnership precious an 1 Word Link: ble iby imp Mem B: Thesaurus: master RLS A: Usage: ress oun) een B: Word Lik: sn) or ink ms Word Partnership: emergency Paraguay ShamanWelcome to Reading Explorer! book, yout travel the globe, explore diferent cultures, and discover ‘of looking a the world. You'l also become a better reader! What's new in the Second Edition? New and updated topics ‘Explore the power of our planet, the nature Of ris, and our future life in space. New Reading Skill section eam how to read strategicaly—and think crteally as you rea, = Ae a Expanded Viewing section ‘Apply your language skils when you watch a specially adapted National Geographic video, Now you're ready to explore your world! & tntatonae Came) 7 | eae ee eee eee cee en ese 1AWORLD OF SOCCER ea ‘A. True or False. Look at the information above, Read the sentences below and circle T (True) or F (False) 4, Soccer the most popular sport inmost countries, © TF ofthe worl. 2. The continent with the largest number of soccer Te players ie Asa 8. More women play soccer in South America than ed ‘in North America 4. In most countries in western Europe, there are TF ‘more than 50 players per 1,000 inhabitants, BB. Predict. Why is soccer such a popular sport? Make a ist of your ‘ideas. Then read the passage. Underline all the reasons that are ‘mentioned. How many of your ideas ae discussed? 8 oatsThroughout history, humans have played some kind of kicking game. ‘What the world now calls football, or soccer in the US,, began as far back as 2500 e.c with the Chinese game of tsu chu. The sport ‘we know today originated In ran. By the 1840s, England's Football Assocation set of rules, and the modern {game was bor, Today, more than 120 milion players allover the globe inthe ‘game, truly making soccer the world’s sport So, why is soccer so popular? Maybe i's the {game's camaraderie the feeling that the team on the field is your tear; thie win is your and thelr loss s your ‘Or maybe i's the game's international ‘quality In counties like France, England, Spain, and Bra, major teams have players from many different nations and these clubs row have fans all over the world. Or perhaps it's the promise of great wealth. A number of professional soccer players, including Cameroon's Samuel Eto'o and Portugal's Cristiano Ronaldo, come from poor familes. Today, both ofthese players make millions of euros every year. Soccer s popular fr all of these reasons, but Ultimately the main reason for is appeal may be this: It's a simple game. It can be played anywhere with anything—a ball, a can, fr even some bags tied together. And anyone can pla it, "You don’t need to be rch... to play soccer,” says historian Peter Alegi. "You Just need a flat space and a ball Ccomaraana sing of ens ofa pat Stone prope who snot a exprenctogehe= vt 9Itis this unique simplicity that makes soccer the most popular sport in Afia. Here, even 5 in rural areas far from the bight lights and big stadiums, children and adults play the game, often with handmade balls: «| A Passion*for Soccer : ‘The story of soccer in Africa is ong one. In the mid-1800s, European colonists brought the game to Afica, Early matches were first played in the South Aftican cites of Cape \5 Town and Port Elzabeth in 1862, and in time, the sport spread across the continent. In the past century, as countries in fica urbanized and became independent, they joined the 10 ont Chien in the Demoxcratc Republic ofthe Congo play soccer with ball made of sng and tape. Intemational Federation of Assocation Football (FIFA). Today, some of the game's best players come from Alrican nations, including Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Ghana, and Nigera, and allover, the continent, thousands of soccer academies ‘Row recruit boys from poorer cites and towns to play the game. Many leam to play in their bare feet,‘ and they are tough, creative Their dream isto join a national team or one of the big clubs in Europe someday, For some, the dream comes true, but for mos, it doesn'ta But joining a professional team and making a lot of money isnt the main reason that soccer Isso popular all over Africa, says Abubakar ‘Abdul-Ganiyu, a teacher who works with youth clubs in Tamale, Ghana. "Soccer is the passion of everyone here,” he says. "it us." Infact, more than once, the {game has helped to bring people together. In Ivory Coast, for example, immigrants and ‘Muslims faced diserimination® for years. Yet ‘many of the country’s best soccer players are from Muslim and immigrant fares. ‘Asa result, the national team has become a symbol of unity and has helped to peace throughout the country. 0 In Johannesburg, South Afies, a group of fans cheer on thel team Allover Afica, soccer is popular with parents and teachers for anather reason: It keeps young people—especially boys—in school and ‘ut of trouble. “Most clubs in Tamale, Ghana, dont allow boys to play if they don't go to school,” explains Abubakar. "We're trying our best to help young people and to make them Tn society. Soccer helps us do this. For us, soccer is also a tool for hope." Aommairant pron wh cms veo ust 11‘Multiple Choice. Choose the best answer far each question meat. bit | 12 ostte What is this passage mainly abou? 8. the history of soccer soccer chibs © the popularity of soccer 4. how Alfican soccer began Inthe second paragraph, which ofthese is NOT given asa possible reason for soccer's popularity? the team spirit among players '. famous players from many different countries ‘. the numberof soccer games shown on TV 4. the possibilty of making a lot of money |. What does the author mean by 1a simple game. (line 8) 1. The ules are easy for people to understand, ' You can play it anywhere with anything. ce You don't need talent to play soccer well 4. There are many local versions of soccer. 1. Where did soccer originate in Aftica? IWwory Coast Ghana South Attica ‘Cameroon 5. What does some refer to in ine $87 1. poor boys soccer academies © national teams d. ties and towns 5. Which of these statements about the ory Coast national team is NOT true? 1 Many of its best players are from immigrant families 'b There are Muslim players onthe team. . One of its players is Abubakar Abdul-Ganiy 4, thas helped to encourage peace inthe country. /- What isthe main idea ofthe last paragraph? ‘a. More schools in Affca are opening soccer cubs '. Soccer helps people get beter grades in school ‘. Soccer helps young people be more responsible 44. Older soccer players help younger ones, Sino sociery Evaluating: The writer states that soccer can hhlp ring people together ‘What evidence is given to-support the claim? In ‘what ways might a sport such as soecer divide people rather than bring them together? Discussion: Do you agree with the witers arguments for why soccer {is so popular? What other reasons could account for its global popularity?aa "a Scanning for Specific Information Scanning is reading a text quickly to find specific pieces of information Ty these tips to help you scan effectively 1. Decide what kind of information you need to scan for—a number, a person's name, a specific ward or phrase, et. Keep that word or phrase in mind as you read. For example if you are scanning for the names of people or places look for capitalized words 2, Analyze the text before you scan Ifthe texts long, you may want to ‘kim i fist to determine where the information is likly to be. 3. Run your eyes aver several lines of text at a time. When you find what you are searching for, read the entire sentence. A. Scanning. For each item (1-5), decide what kind of information you need to scan for (for example, a place or a time). Then scan the reading on page 9, and note the answers. ‘when soccer fst began where soccer frst began ‘where modern snecer hear . when moder soccer began famous player from Portugal B, Scanning. Scan the reading on pages 9-11 and circle T (True) or F (False) for each of the sentences below. 1. Cistiano Ronaldo is from arch family. TF 2, Soccer is popular in Afica because = TF ofits simplicity. 3. Soccer spresd in Afica fom souh TF tonort 4, Many of Ivory Coast’ best players are TF from Muslim and immigrant families. 5. Abubakari Abdul-Ganiyu describes = TF soccer a8 a tool for hope. a 3Vocabulary Practice Y <. ‘A. Completion. Complete the information by cireling the correct word in each pair (Over the past two decades, sian soccer playing nations such as Japan, China, and South Korea have worked together to rase interest in the sport. This led to Brani's Ronaldo holds up the the fist World Cup to be held in Asa, in 2002. The ‘wophy ater beating Germany 14 7 defeat) was 2 (unique / D inthe Wot up fan because it was co-hosted by two countries South Korea. oe eee and Japan. total of 32 teams 8. ’ ) inthe tournament. The eventual winner ‘as Braz, who achieved 4, (defeat / victory) by beating Germany 2-0 n the fia, Over the event was 2 great succes Ithelped to 5. ( 7 promote) cooperation among nations and wat 8. 7 fr ereatnga new generation of soccer fans across sia 'B. Words in Context. Complete each sentence with the 1. If someone: something (eg. an organization) they it a. create », desttoy 2, In sports if you defeat another team, you ‘a win and they lose b, lose and they win 23. If something is |. itrlates to in the world Rierpecoia wall peach 4, Something or someone that unifies people causes them to 1. cometogether b. separate ‘The prefix uni- means “one” or “single,” eg. unify, universal, unique, unite, uniform, 16 uteBefore You Read sin Bolt crosses the irish ine to win |A. Completion. Read te information below and complete sentences the 100 meer gt ‘nt using the coret frm ofthe words nba teal inte 2012 Several athletes made headlines during the 2012 London Olympics London bmp Some, lke Usain Bott, broke Olympic records after many years of training Considered the fastest runner ever, "Lightning” Bolt continued his winning streak when he won gold medals in the 100-meter and 200-meter races, 1. Usain Bot is one ofthe world’s most famous 2 {is an essential part of preparing fora ‘sports competition. 3, The word's biggest athletis competition isthe 4. When people achieve something special they are awarded B. Discussion. Discuss these questions. Then read the passage to learn more about Olympic athletes, 1. Do you think anyone can train to become an Olympic athlete? 2, Do you think he life of an Olympic athlete is enjoyable? Why or why not? it 151 How does a person become an ‘Olympic champion—someone capable of winning the gold? In reality, a combination of biological, environmental, and psychological factors, as well as training and practice, all go into making a super athlete. Perhaps the most important factor involved in 10 becoming an elite! athlete is genetics. Most ‘Olympic competitors are equipped with certain physical characteristics that differentiate them from the average person, Take an elite athlete's 16 vote cet ceed em ee eae Seen muscles, for example, n most human skeletal muscles (the ones that make your body move), ‘there are fast-twitch fibers and slow-twitch fibers. Fast-twitch fibers help us move quickly. Olympic weightiftes, for example, have a large number of fast-twitch fibers in their rmuscles—many more than the average person. ‘These allow them to lift hundreds of kl from the ground and over their heads in seconds. Surprisingly, a large, muscular body isnot the ‘main requirement to do well inthis sport It is more important to have a large number of fast-twitch fibers in the muscles.5 “ “You have less than three seconds from takeoff until you hit the water, so it has to be reflex.” Greg Louganis, The legs of an elite marathon runner on the other hand, might contain up to 90 percent slow-twitch muscle fibers. These generate ‘energy efficiently and enable an athlete to ‘contol fatigue and keep moving fora longer petiod of ime. When we exercise long or hard, it's common to experience tiredness, ‘muscle pain, and difficulty breathing. These feelings are caused when the muscles produce high amounts of lactate? and can't remove it quickly enough. Athletes with many slow-twitch muscle fibers seem to be abe to clear the lactate from their muscles faster as they move. Thus, the average runner might start to feel dlscomfort halfway into a race. A trained Olympic athlete, however, might not feel pain until much later in the competion Fr come Olyepie competitors, seit important, Most male champion swimmers are 180 cm (six fet) or taller, allowing them to reach longer and swim faster. For both male and female gymnasts, though, a smaller size and body weight mean they can move with greater ease, and are les likely to suffer damage when landing on the floor from a height of up to 4.5 meters (15 feet Some athletes’ abilities are naturally enhanced by theirenviconment. Those raised at high alttudes in countries such as Kenya, Ethiopa, and Morocco have blood that rich in hemoglobin. Large amounts of hemoglobin carry oxygen around the body faster, enabling these athletes to run better. Cultural factors also help some athletes do wel at certain sports. Tegla Loroupe, a young woman from northern Kenya, has won several marathons, She attributes some of her success to her country’s altitude (she trains at about 2,400 meters, of 8,000 feet) and some to her cultural background. Asa child, she had to run ten kllometers to school every day. “I'd be Punished if | was late," she says. 6 % [Although genetics, environment, and even culture play a part in becoming an elte athlete, training and practice are needed to succeed, ‘Marathon runners may be able to control fatigue and keep moving for long periods of time, but they must tran to reach and maintain their goals. Weightifters and gymnasts perfect their skils by repeating the same motions again and again until they are automatic. Greg Louganis, winner of four Olympie diving gold medals, says divers must train the same way to be successful “You have less than three seconds from takeoff until you hit the water, 50 thas to be reflex. You have to repeat the dives hundreds, maybe thousands, of times." Training this way requires an athiete to be not only physically ft but psychologically healthy aswell “They have to be,” says Sean McCann, a sports psychologist at the Olympic Training Center in the U.S. “Otherwise, they couldn't handle the training loads we put on them, [Athletes] have to be good at setting goals, {enerating energy when they need it, and ‘managing anxiety.” How do athietes adjust to such intense pressure? Louganis explains how he leamed to control his anxiety during a competition: “Most divers think too much..." he says, “They're too much in their heads. What worked for me ‘was humor. I remember thinking about what ry mother would say ifshe saw me do a bad dive, She'd probably just compliment® me on the beautiful splash"® 2 Lactate i tance produce by your mus 4 Onggn's cr ann ar at se Spat pls nein 5 you compliment ancoe, you sonahing pte {but her appewaneorsmehng they 3 ea 17‘Multiple Choice. Choose the best answer for each question. ay 18 usa ‘What is tie reading mainly about? factors that make someone a super athlete the diferent moscle types ofa super athlete the size of a super athlete how to qualify forthe Olympics The word mare in ine 20 refers to _ 1. Olympic weightiters 1 fasttwiteh bers c. muscles 4. average people Having alot of slow-twitch muscle fers is particularly important for__. a. cyclists », divers © weightliters table tennis players ‘When lactate bulls up in their muscles, people feet a strength ——b. energy dizziness =. pain ‘What advantage do atlets from high-altitude ‘countries have? a. astrong sense of culture ', emoglobinrich blood lower amounts of lactate in their muscles 4 more muscles in their legs What i the main idea ofthe sixth paragraph (starting line 697° 1 Genetics is an important part of athletic success Divers must train tobe successfl {© Marathon runners mst train hard to succeed. 4. Success in sports comes froma lt of practice. What statement would diver Greg Louganis probably agree with? ‘Athletes cannot perform well unless they are under pressure. >, Is key to practice and tran hard, but try not to take things too seriously. «Its important to joke around with your teammates ‘before you perform any spor. 4. A professional athlete should never fee anxiety critical Thinking Interpreting: What do you think Louganis ‘means when he says most divers are roo much ix thelr head? How might this affect an athletes performance? Discussion: One of the aims of the Olympic Games isto improve relationships among ‘countries, Do you thinke they achieve this?Classifying Information ‘When you classify information, you organize it. There are several ways to classify information. For example, you can classify sports and activities by those that emphasize speed vs. those that emphasize strength, Or you could dlasify sports by those that are more popular with men vs. those more popular with women. Tcharts (A below) and ‘enn diagrams (B below) are two ways to clasiy information, ‘A. Classification. Write a+ in the chart to classify each ofthe following sports in three different ways. baseball ba boxing —_¢. bowling 4. golt esoccer surfing g.tabletennis_h, weightliting Sports that use a ball ‘Sports that don’t use a ball Sports usually played Sports usually not played| in teams inteams Sports that you think are Sports that you think are not ‘exciting to watch exciting to watch B. Classification. According tothe reading, are the following important to marathon runners, to gymnasts, or to both? Write each answer (a-f) inthe correct place in the char. a teining means D. slow-twitch muscles ‘hinners” Gymnasts repeated motions 4. psychological health small body size £ ability to control fatigue land keep moving for along time vate 19‘A. Completion. Complete the information withthe correct form of words from the box. Three words are extra adjust attribute automatic champion differentiate enhance generate genetic ‘motion psychological In September 2013, 1. ‘swimmer Diana Nyad became the fst person to swim from Cuba tothe US. state of Florida without using a shark cage. She had unsuecessfuly attempted the ‘177-kllometer (110-mile swim several times before, but at age 64, she finally completed the histori svi. In {ota she spent alittle under 53 hours in constant 2 in the water. She was fit hada team along to help her, and wore a special suit and mask to keep jelysh off her skin, Some suggested this equipment 3. er swimming speed, though Nyad claimed it actually slowed her €own, What 4. this successful attempt from Nyads four previous attempts? Experts sf her success to Nyad’s ‘mental determination, They belleve that her struggle was ust as muh as physical. She was not allowed to grab the boat ‘when the water was rough, because tis would 1. disqualify her. Her determination was s0 strong that even though she felt sick for much of the journey, she never gave up, US. swimmer Dana Nyad swam aro the treacherous Florida Strats from Havana, to Key West, lrda Definitions. Match the definitions (1-7) to words from the box in A 4. working by itself 2, the act of moving 8, related to the human mind 4 to make something better, improve it 5. to produce or eause something to begin 6. relating to your DNA 1 to move or change something slightly 20 vetteVIEWING Before You Watch ‘A. Matching. You will hear these words and phrases inthe video. Match each word or phrase with its definition. 1, __ mountain sickness height above sea evel 2. hemoglobin . a colorless gas inthe air that people and animals need to live 3. altitude «the two organs in your chest tha fil with air when you breathe in 4. oxygen 4. a medical problem caused by low ar pressure at high places 5. __ lungs €. the red substance in blood that caries oxygen around the body 'B. Predict. Based on the ttle the vocabulary, and the mages below, what do you think the video willbe about? While You Watch ‘A. Sequencing. Number these high-altitude people from 1 to in the order they ate mentioned Inthe video. One group of people s not mentioned. people in the Rocky Mountains d. people in the Himalaya Mountains ewig 21B. Summary Completion. Complete the summary of the video using words ffom the box. biological breathe established fire Tangs oxygen sickness thicker thinner tools Living in mountains + sein + people take ines 2 ae = Mountains, studies tans ig Bait Ss tr ne + getmore oxygen into 5 High Altitude Peoples and move it around quickly ‘Andean people + hve more hemoglobin in thee blood : (hood is 6 a) Adaptations cultural Ethiopian highlands * ptiommenaie Sos + need warm clothes and ° to make them 10 ‘+ DNA studies may prove people are adapted to high altitudes 'A. Discussion. Discuss these questions with a partner. 4, Have you ever been ina high-altitude place? How did you fee!? 2, What other extreme environments have humans adapted to? 22 Vigeee el eno area cts ae ee Peete elt? rey 41, What kinds of things or people would you describe as beautiful? ee ee ee pers See eet ene Fe)Before You Read |A. Survey. Complete the curvey about beauty. Then explain your answers to a partner Yee {spend alot of time thinking about my appearance 1 think good-looking people have easier lives than other people. | think fs fine for men to wear makeup. ‘Women are judged on their looks more than men are, IF Lost my hair, might consider wearing a wig “Too many people diet to make themselves more attractive. Sean, Quickly scan the reading on pages 25-27. Match the ‘people with their attudes toward beauty People What is considered attractive The ancient Maya ‘smaller noses and chins Most women 'b, men with painted faces People of the Hui culture _€, crosseyed people Most men large white wigs 26 vatan teth-century French peopled, large shoulders and narrow waists tbe from Papua New Guinea preparing for an fnnual festival called sng-sngra. WHATis BEAUTY? Atrlnce geisha puts on her makeup in ‘Tue SEARCH FoR BEAUTY spans centuries and continents. Paintings of yplians dating back over 4,000 years show both men and women painting their nal and wearing makeup. On the other side ofthe globe, the ancient Maya of Central America considered crossed eyes' beautiful and hung litle balls between children’s eyes to develop ths look. In 18th- century France, wealthy noblemen? wore large wigs of long white hale to make themselves attractive. In cultures throughout the world, people have gone to extreme lengths to achieve the goal of beauty. Today, people continue to devote a lot of time and money to their appearance. According toa recent report, one aut of tvee consumers slobally say they are spending more money today on beauty and health Care products than ever before, Worldwide, sales of makeup, diting, hair and skin-care products, as well as gym memberships and cosmetic surgery? generate bilions of dollars every yea And there i at least one good reason forthe desire to be attractive: Beauty is power Studies suggest that good-looking people make more money, {get called on more often in class, and ae perceived as friendlier. tan 2526 itis cfficult, and yet we know it w se itor 0 we tink, "Beauty i health, says one psychologist. “It's a billboard saying i'm healthy. can pass on your genes." And our awareness of it may start at a very early age. In one set of studies, sb-month-old babies were shown a series of photographs The faces in the pictures had been rated for attractiveness by a group of col students. nthe studies, the babi time looking at the attractive fac unattractive one than the The idea that even babies judge appearance makes perfect sense to many studies done by psychologist Johnston at New Mexico State Un and David Perrett at the Unive Andrews in Seotiand, men regularly showed @ erence for women with certain featurelarger eyes, clear skin fuller lips, and a smaller rose and chin. Another study suggests that women prefer men wit lage shoulders and a narrow waist. According to scientists, the 5 mind unconsciously tells men and women that these tralts—the fll ips, clea skin, strong shoulders—equal health and genetic well-being, In other words, i's 2 part of human nature to look for these qualities ina Not everyone agrees with this however. “Our hardwiredness can be by all sort of expectatons—y cultural," says C. Loring Brace, an anthropologist at the University of Michigan What I considered attractive in one culture ‘might not bein another. Lookin most Western fashion magazines, for example, and the women on the pages are thin. Buti this the perfect” body type for women worldwide? Douglas Yu, a biologist from Great eran, and Glenn Shepard, an anthropologist atthe University of California at Berkeley, say no; what is considered beautiful is and varies around the world, Yu and Shepard found in one study, for example, that native peoples In southeast Peru prefered shapes regarded as overweight in Western cultures “Take another example: In every culture, one's halstyle sends a clear message. In the Hull culture of Papua New Guinea, men grow their hair long at a xymbol of heath and strength ‘Teenage boys in this culture learn from a young age to style and decorate ther hair—a behavior more commonly associated with the ‘opposite in many cultures. It's also the men inthis culture who are the objects of beauty. For certain festivals and celebrations, ‘men dress up and paint their faces. The more colorful a man is, the more masculine—and attractive—he is considered For better or worse, beauty plays a role in ur lives. But itis extremely difficult to define ‘exactly what makes one person attractive to another. Although there do seem to be certain physical tris that are considered universally appealing, its also true that beauty does not always toasingl, standard. person's cultural background, for ‘example, may influence what he or she finds attractive in others. Inthe end, beauty really i, as the saying goes, inthe eye of the beholder vnit2n 27‘Multiple Choice, Choose the best answer foreach question. ce 28 vatth Pi bite ‘What i this reading mainly about? 1. what people think about beauty i the history of beauty the worlds most beautiful people «how beauty is power “The ancient Maya hung balls between children's eyes__. a. because they hoped it would improve their eyes i. todiferentiate boys from gris because they thought crossed eyes were beautiful {to add an attractive “third” eye Inline 17, prceved can be replaced with a. known . seen «. treated 4. compared In paragraph 4 (starting Tne 18), the bables inthe study ‘were shown photos of college students ‘Were entered in beauty contest were rated for their beauty were abe to tell attractive from unattractive facee 5. What determines the beauty of @ Huliman in Papua New Guinea? ‘4. how young he is ’, how colorful ne is, «ow strong he is What do you think the saying inthe lat sentence means? _—_‘Enfersing: What do you a. Beauty is subjective and is diferent for different people. think Br '. Beauty is something that frst appeals to sight “Our hardwiredness can ‘© Beauty is something that is held in high esteem, be altered by al sorts of 4. Beauty of a person depends on their eyes expectations"? According to the writer, perceptions —__— of beauty. Discussion: Do you a. change over time agree withthe saying ave the same for every person “Beauly i in the eye of the have itl influence on a person's success beholder”? Give examples canbe easily defined to support your opinion,Using Examples to Support Claims Usualy when a writer makes a clam, needs tobe supported. One way to do tis by providing concrete examples. These may tut not always) be introduced with a phrase such a for example for nstance like, an such a inthe reading passage (on pages 25-27), the witer makes the claim that peopl continue to spend alt of time and money on ther appearance. This 's supported by mentioning the increased sales of makeup tng hat ad skin-care products, gym memberships, and cosmetic surgery. ‘Maltiple Choice. Choose the best answer for each question. 4. Use of makeup in which culture is given as an example ofthe long history of beauty? a. Egypt », the Maya Japan 4. Papua New Guinea 2. Which of these is NOT given as an example of “Beauty is power"? 4. Attractive people make more money. Attractive people get called on more often in class. «. Attractive people are seen as friendlier 4. Attractive people are perceived as more soca, 3. According to the passage, which rit isan example of ‘enetic well-being? |. clear skin ». strong teeth «thin lipe 4. a fll head of alr 4, The native Peruvian preference for heavier female body shapes i given ‘asan example to illustrate what? 1 that isnot necessary to spend a lot of money to be attractive that the notion of beauty never stops changing what is considered beautiful varies around the world 4. that larger women in Peru are more beautifl than thinner ‘women in the West Untan 29|A. Completion. Complete the information using the correct form ‘of words from the box. Two words ae extra alter conform devote fundamental gender notion predominantly uniform Anita Roddick Anita Roddick, founder of The Body Shop, was committed to the betterment of the world we live in. She was not prepared to ri to business practices that she saw as destructive tothe environment. Her belies in social and ‘environmental responsibility were 2. to the way in which she estabshed her own business and led her to 3. her time and energy to raising awareness of the need to protect the environment. When Rodelk died, Adran Bellamy, chairman of Body Shop International, said that ane of Roddick’ achievements was to 4 the world of business. Roddick beleved thatthe business world, traditionally, does things. 5. for personal gan. However, she believed in the that “business can and must bea fore for postive socal change." ‘ania Rode B, Completion. Complete the sentences using the correct form (1942-2007) cof words from the box. Two words ae extra. | gender mate notion predominant subjective uniform 1, People don't have ideas on what ‘beauty is; opinions vary grealy. 2, Nowadays, in many places, people of both buy and use cosmetics itis not a practice restricted to women 3. When looking fora female peacocks ae attracted by the male peacock’ lage, brightly colored tal 4. Ourideas about beauty ae highly __ \What one person finds attractive may be unattractive to another. 2 tanSCE dN) Bs) NES Before You Read ‘Amakeup artst prepares a model ‘A. Discussion. In what ways is skin important to us? Make alist witha partner. for Fashion Week In ew York City, —__ a New Yor, USA B. Sean. Quicldy scan the reading on pages 32-33, Match each practice with ‘place in the world where it takes place Place Practice 1, ___ New Zealand 2, full-body tattoos 2. Japan De. scarring (cutting or burning the skin) 3 West Aiea .fullfacial tattoos i 37Protection and Color Ifyou took off your skin and laid it fat, it would cover an area of about 1.9 square meters (21 square feet), making it by far the body's largest organ, Covering almost the entire body, skin protects us from a variety of forces, such as extremes of temperature, damaging sunlight, harmful and dangerous infections. Skin i also packed with nerves, which \0 keeps the brain in touch with the outside word ‘The health of our skin and its ability to perform its protective functions are to our well-being. However, the appearance of our skin is equally if nat more—important to many 15 people on this planet. “Take skin color, for example. Your genes etermine your skin's color, but for centuries, 32 vente humans have tried to lighten or darken their skin in an attempt to be more attractive. In the 1800s, white skin was desirable for many Europeans, Skin this color meant that its owner was a member of the upper cass and id not have to workin the sun. Among darker-skinned people in some parts of the ‘world, products used to lighten skin are stil popula today. In other cultures during the 20th century, ascites grew and work moved indoors, attitudes toward light skin shifted inthe opposite direction. Tanned skin began {indicate leisure time and health. In many places today, suntanning on the beach orn a Salon? remains popular, even though people are more aware ofthe dangers of UV ray {Wy rays oleate ry) 2 what ae your sin% a | Identity and Status Just as people have altered their skin's color to denote wealth and beauty, so too have cultures around the globe marked their skin to indicate cultural identity or community status, Tattooing, for example, has been carried out for thousands of yeas, Leaders in places including ancient Egypt, Britain, and Peru wore tattoos to mark ther status, or their © bravery. Today, among the Maori people of New Zealand as well asin cultures in Samoa, Tahiti, and Borneo, fll-facial tattoos are stil used to identify the wearer as a member of a certain family and to symbolize the person's achievements in life In Japan, tattooing has been practiced since around the fifth century vc. The government ‘made tatooing legal in 1870, and though #5 there are no laws against I today, tattoos are stil strongly associated with eriminals— particularly the yakuza, or the Japanese mati ‘ho are known fo their full-body tattoos. The ‘complex design ofa yakuza member's tattoo usually includes symbols of character trats thatthe wearer wants to have. The process of getting 2 full-body tattoo is both slow and painful and can take up to two years tocomplete In some cultures, scaring —a marking caused by cutting or buming the skin—s practiced, usually among people who have darker skin ‘on which a tattoo would be dificult to see, For many men in West Afric, for instance, scarring Is arte of passage—an act that symbolizes that a male has matured from a child into an adut. In Australia, among some native peoples, cuts are made on the skin of both men and women when they reach 16 or 17. Without these, members were traditionally not permitted to trade, sing ceremonial songs, or participate In other activites. indicate her membership in Not all skin markings are permanent, though. the wie, In countries such as Morocco and Indi, ‘The serson the > face ofa Gobir woman from Niger women decorate their skin with colorful henna, designs for celebrations such as weddings and important religious holidays. The henna coloring, which comes from a plant, fades and disappears overtime, In recent years in many industrialized nations.* tattooing, henna body art, and, toa lesser degree, scaring, have been gaining in popularity. What makes these practices appealing to those living in modern cities? According to photographer Chis Rainier, whose book Ancient ‘Marks examines body markings around the lobe, people ae looking for a connection with the traitional word. “There sa whole sector ‘of modern socety—people in search of identity, eople in search of meaning..." says Rainle Hence, [there has been] a huge explosion of tattooing and body marking... [ts mankind wanting identity, wanting a sense of place ... and a sense of culture within their community” Noteiy taht‘Multiple Cholce. Choose the best answer for each question. ISIGSE 1. wai heading ny ao a. the skins role in our overall health the ways people change the appearance of their skin the fferent reasons people get tattoos 4, cultural ceremonies that involve skin tattooing 2, What can we infer about the tattoos of the Maori? Only men get facial tattoos. ‘Members of the same family have similar facial tattoos, [No one gets their entire face tattooed anymore. oth men and women get facial tattoos but never body tattoos (ENDER 3. Wy are tattoos disapproved of in Japanese socety? a. They ae often associated with rime They ae painful ¢. They take too long to complete &. They are ileal 4. In West Aca, what is done to mark a male chil’s reaching of adulthood? tanning », eatooing «. scarring 4, skin whitening = | 3 5. Inne ht bes heer customs am — cc males 4. celebrations What is NOT true about henna designs? fa, They are used to celebrate religious holidays. '. Some brides decorate their skin with them, ce They are permanent Relating: The passage 4. They are made with plants, fives an example of ‘rite of passage. Can you think of any other ‘examples in your own culture? inline 93, the word explosion can be replaced with _ a. bombing bb. destruction a. decrease Discussion: What are some other ways that people in your culture expres individual Identity? How do you? 36 vataDetermining the Main Idea of Paragraphs ‘While it’s important to have an overall understanding ofa reading, it's equally important tobe able to determine the main idea of | each paragraph ofthe reading. You should read the frst line of the paragraph and then quickly skim the rst. Some paragraphs also have headings; these headings often tll you what the main idea's. Understanding the main idea of each paragraph can be especially tseful when taking notes, or when creating a summary outline or word web ofthe reading, ‘Multiple Choice. Look back at the reading on pages 32-33, ‘What is each paragraph’ main idea? Choose the correct answer. 1, Paragraph 1 1. the importance of skin how to have healthy sn 2. Paragraph 2 8 the role our skin plays in our overall heath the importance of skin health and appearance 3. Paragraph 3 4. reasons for and ways of changing skin color skin tanning a a symbol of leisuretime and health 4. Paragraph 4 a. the history of facial tattooing cultural reasons for tattooing 5. Paragraph 5 1. howe tatoos ae viewed in Japan », how tattooing has changed in Japan 6. Paragraph 6 1. reasons for scarring the skin scarring as a rit of passage in West Aftica 7. Paragraph 7 ‘8. an example of non-permanent skin marking henna in Maracea 8, Paragraph 8 ‘8 body marking as an ancient phenomenon ». body marking as a means of identity in modern society © Inmany cuts, henna tactonaly used for special cccasions, sch ae | birthdays and weddings. i 25,'A. Completion. Complete the information using the correct form ‘of words from the box. Four words are extra, chemical criminal crucial denote external fade identity leisure maturity permanent Tattooing was traditionally a(n) 1. part of ie for members ofthe Iban tbe of Sarawak, Malaysia. Iban tattooing was a spiritual artform, and it was believed to have powers of protecting the Iban people from harm and dlisease, Tattoos were also used to 2._ the wearers skills and cultural 8. Ciginaly, the tattooing was done using ancient recipes involving natural dyes from plants and traditional wooden tools. The dyes were 4. _ “and could not be removed. Newly done Iban tattoos look dark, but they gradually 8. somewhat from sunlight, of asthe dye is absorbed into the skin. Today, for the Iban people, Wester tattoos are more popular than traditional designs, and modern tattooing machines are used. Modern 6 ___ dyes have mainly replaced the plant-based ones 'B. Words in Context. Use words from the box in Ato complete the definitions 1, person who breaks the law is a(n) ‘A. Anbar man showing —__— off istration tattoos 2. Ain) activity Is one you enjoy doing when you are not working, 3. Ifsomething is ,itlass forever. 4, fsomething ison the outside rather than the inside, itis 5. Your is your dstinet personality cor who you are. 6. A person's can be measured by his or her physical and mental development: 36 eteVIEWING \ Before You Watch ‘A. Labeling. You will hear these words in the video. Use the words to complete the picture captions in B, B. Sequencing. What do you think ae the steps involved in making a face mask? [Number the steps in order (1-4). a. The face is painted in b. Positive and negative are created, «The face is wrapped. 4 and Vevag 37While You Watch ‘A. Sequencing, Look back at page 37 and check your guesses. R-number any steps B, True or False, Mark the sentences T (True) or F (False) 1, Silicone is a rubberlike material Tar 2. Silicone prevents eyebrows and lashes from sticking. ee 3. It takes about an hour forthe silicone to dry TURME 44, The mode!’s mask is compared toa living mummy's mask. TF 5. It can take upto three hours to add one eyebrow. THe 66. The finished mask has both the ook and feel of real skin. © TF After You Watch ‘A. Discussion, Discuss these questions with a partner. 1 What do you think the masks are used for? 2. What part ofthe maskmaking process do you think is the most dificult forthe artists? Which isthe most difficult forthe model? rs ‘Model Casandra Wheatey holds a silicone mask of her face. 38 VioA lack rhino i rited to a new habitat fom hala Game Reserve, South Aiea eee Pen+o [ame resent ‘imuaaes loners aterm eat Before You Read |A. Discussion. Use the information above to answer the questions 1, What countries and regions do the birds cross? 2, Which ofthe birds shoven travels the longest distance? 3. Why are they being killed?” B, Skim, Look quickly at the reading on pages 41-43. Which ‘questions do you expect the passage to answer? Check (/) your ‘answers, Then read the passage to check your ideas. 1 wars tating these birds? 1 Hove does the weather affect bird migration?™ i why co some birds migrate and others don't? Bi wnat are people doing to save the birds? langh 02 metas (ince tgs aero 42040 id + main Pace onalenge utr res . saKeRrascon Legh To 2 tes 5 Ilene rat oak 2300 DANGEROUS ¢ JOURNEY _ * i * It's aw astounowe Feat: Every summer three bilion birds of some 300 species—songbirds, waterbirds, and many others— migrate from northern Africa to Europe and Asia. Inthe winter, they return to Affica’s warmer shores. As they travel from one place to another, they navigate using the sun, the stars, smells, and land forms to help them find thei way. Both lage and small birds travel thousands of kilometers, often stopping at locations along the way to rest. In late fallin the norther hemisphere, for example, golden orcs fly from 11 northern to southern Europe, and then cross the Mediterranean Sea into Afca, The bird often stop at cifferent oases! in rorther Aftica before fying almost 1,600 kilometers (over 4,000 mies) across the Sahara Desert and then on to central and southern Africa, 1 Annis (a cases a smal eens emt at ha waa pas tan Aa s s a "There are no birds. We walk for hours without seeing any. It’s really scary. ‘The birds’ migration is ong and dificult, and some ofthe animals inevitably die during each trip. However, iis not this tice-a-year journey that poses the greatest rsk to these animal. “The main teat tothe birds’ survival comes from human hunters. Allover the Mediterranean, rilions of migrating birds are kiled for food profit, and sport every year. Asa result, bid populations are dropping all over the region. In nations along the Mediterranean, many migratory birds ae legally trapped or sho. In adaition to traps, hunters also use electronic calls to catch bird, This tool, which a hunter ‘can operate from cell phone, mimies bie ‘sounds and is very effective in attracting the animals—so effective that in some countries bied populations have plummeted. “There are no birds,” says one Albanian man. “We walk for hours without seeing any. Its really scary.” Some hunters abo use nets to capture birds as they ty close tothe sea. The nets ae high—going from {ground level to just over 3 meters (11 feet)— and invisible tothe birds allowing hunters to trap hundreds of birds ata time. | Working for Change Countries all over the Mediterranean are aware ‘that bird populations are in danger, and many are working to address ths problem. In the European Union, hunting migratory birds is ‘legal in some countries, while in others, it isstrletly controlled—the birds can only be hunted ata certain time of year. This hasn't completely stopped bird poaching? in Europe, but more nature-protection groups are making sue that laws are obeyed, The organization ik 0 5 ® 8 YWWE* Italy, for example, works with volunteers to stop poachers and destroy birdsong devices that attract bird. This has been successful in many places throughout the country Scly, for example, was once a hot spot for egal bird hunting. Today, it has mostly eliminated poaching, and bird= ‘watching fs becoming popular on the island, ‘Acros the Meeiterranean, another group— Nature Conservation Egypt—Is working to increase protection ofits county's natural scenery and widife, including its migratory birds. As part of a current project, the ‘organization is trying to promote activities, such as eco-tourism along the coasts. The hope is that, as mare tourists come to visit protected natural areas, there willbe an Incentive to care fr the birds and their habitats. f this happens, say conservationists, bird populations wil quickly return to normal, “wide organizations around the ‘Mediterranean are helping to bring about change. Hunting bans are working, says ‘Martin Schneider-lacoby, a bird specialist for the German organization EuroNatur. But there ig stil more to do. Conservationists hope to ‘stop hunting and restore bird habitats allover the Mediterranean. If this can be done, the birds’ numbers wil increase. There's along way to go, Schneider-Jacoby says, but like an ‘oasis in the desert after a long journey, there ishope. 4 Poaching isthe uring a ing fain {LW sacs fo ar Wi Fd fo Nt, #5 hot pots a plate where somehing happens ely‘Multiple Choice. Choose the best answer for each question. as ~ =: = = 1. "This reading is mainly about 1, problems caused by migrating Bis ', how birds are being hunted worlwide ©. hov tourism is eausing a drop in bird population 4. dangers to migrating birds inthe Mediterranean 2, The purpose ofthe frst paragraph isto describe ‘how many birds travel large distances to and from Africa 'b why some binds migrate while others do not ‘. wiy bird numbers are starting to drop in the Mediterranean <. how migrating birds are able fo use stars asa tool for navigation 3. Whats the biggest danger to migrating birds? 1. crossing the Sehara Desert lack of food | © being hunted by humans 4, storms inthe Mediterranean 4. Which ofthese is NOT mentioned as a way of attracting and catching birds? a. taps 1 fering food fe nets bird calls Why has bird-watching become popular in Siciy? ‘a. The weather has changed and become more plessant. 'b There is now very litle poaching of birds. ( . Some extremely rare birds have been seen in Sicly. : ae 4, Birdsong devices are attracting more birds to the rea. Gee 6, What is Nature Conservation Egypt doing to protect ‘generally negative the birds? ‘or postive about the a, eliminating hunting future for migrating 1 promoting eco-tourism birds? Give ¢, banning birdsong devices examples from the 4. allowing hunting only ata certain time passage to support 17. Which of these statements would Martin Schneider-lacoby your answer, probably agree with the most? ee ‘8, More countries need to ban hunting to restore Discussion: | bird numbers. ‘Can you think of || by Ite kely that bird populations will continue any other animals to decrease in your country thet, «. There needs to be more protection of ae facing similar desert cases dangers? Is anything |. The only way to increase bird populations being done to | sto allow limited hunting protect them? 46 vat akGuessing the Meaning of Unfamiliar Words When you come across an unfamiliar word, you can sometimes guess its meaning by looking at its context—the words and sentences around it. First, determine the word's part of speech, Then look to see i there ae synonyms, antonyms, or examples inthe sentence that can help you Aetermine its meaning. For example, read the sentence below. ‘Most large birds kill and eat their own prey, but the condor prefers to ata carcass. ‘We may not know the meaning of the nouns candor and carcass. However, from the context, we can determine that a condoris a type of large bird, and that a carcass isan animal that has already died. ‘A. Noticing. Look back a the reading on pages 41-43. Find and undertine ‘the words in bold below (1-8). B. Analyzing. Now look a the context around each ofthe eight words in the reading. Choose the option below (ad) that is closest in mening tw each word 4, astounding (paragraph 1) a. true common ¢. amazing, strange 2. mavigate (paragraph 1) 4. findaroute b. stoponland looksheed d. stay warm 3. threat (paragraph 3) a. fiend i. Joumey —¢. knowledge 4. danger 4. mimies (paragraph 4) a. destroys b. imagines copies. -—d. telephones 5. plummeted (paragraph 4) ‘8 decreased slowly decreased quickly increased slowly 4. increased quickly 6. obeyed (paragraph 5) considered b. followed ¢. changed, ignored. 7. devices (paragraph 5) a. birds ’, areas «tools 4. hunters '8, bring about (paragraph 7) a askfor —-b.dealwith —¢, leadto.-— «od. move around tan 65‘A. Completion. Complete the information using the words from the box, Two words are extra. ban locations posed current effective eliminated strictly trap For decades, habitat loss and hunting 1. ‘a huge threat to the whooping cranes of North America. When the whooping crane was listed as endangered in 1967, there were Just 48 birds left in the wild Jn 1978, whooping crane habitat was established in several US. states. They now nest in three 2 Wisconsin, Florida, and at Wood Buffalo National Parkin Canada. Due to nest protection, reproduction programs, and a(n hunting that 5. enforced, the population of North America’s tallest bird isnow at about 600 birds. Though the crane’ future remains uncertain, its one of conservation's great success stories. 1B. Words in Context. Complete the sentences using the correct form of words from the box. One word i extra. ‘ 2. Alo) something is happen, 3. Alaw that 46 vent ‘An animal that is ‘cannot get away. 5. An) you to doit ——__—_—__—_—_— effective eliminate incentive inevitable pose trap itis certain to strategy is one that works well ____ poaching, gets rid oft. ______iscaught and to.do something encourages breeding and A. Conservation efforts have led to aliited recovery ofthe whooping crane, the tallest North Ameen beRi Pet > “SNOW eels tU) cpu Before You Read Snow leopards ive at ‘levations between ‘A. Quiz, How much do you know about snow leopards? 3000 and 5,000 meters Read the sentences below and circle (True) or F (False. (9,800-17,000 fee inthe ‘Then read the captions on pages 47-51 to check your answers ‘mountain af Central Al ‘They ar perfectly adapted 1. They live in eastern and southern fica, Geena 2, When hunting they ean leap up to several meters, 3. They are most active at dawn and dusk dada 4. They lve in mountainous regions. B. Skim, Quicky skim the passage on pages 48-51 Check (7) the information thatthe writer discusses Then read the passage to check your ideas. methods of protecting snow leopards Chow young snow leopards survive in the wild 1B cconticts between snow leopards and herders Ute 47“WHEN A SwOW LEOPARD STALKS its prey among. the mountain walls, it moves... softly, slowly, ‘explains Indian biologist Raghunandan Singh CChundawat, who has studied the anime for years. “IF tknocks a stone loose, It wll each out 3 foot to stop it from falling and making noise. ‘One might be moving right now, perfectly silent, maybe close by, But where? And how many are left o see? 18 Best known forts spotted coat and long tal the snow leopard is one ofthe world’s most secretive animals. These elusive cats can only be found high in the remote, ‘mountainous regions of Central Asia, For this 68 ot reason, and because they hunt primarly at right, they are very rarely seen, Snow leopards have been offically protected since 1975, but ‘this law has proven difficult. Many continue to be kiled for their {ur and body parts, which are worth a fortune ‘on the black market In recent years, though, with local herders has also led to a numberof snow leopard deaths. This is because the big eats kil the herders’ animals, and the bodies away to eat high up in the mountains.‘Asa result of these pressures, the current fi snow leopard population i estimated at only 4,000 to 7,000, and some fear that the actual ‘number may ateady have dropped below 3,500, The only way to reverse this trend and bring these cats back from near extinction, say conservationists, i to make them more valuable alive than dead, Because farming is dificult in Central Asia's cold, dry landscape, traditional cultures depend mostly on lvestock (mally sheep and {goats to survive in these mountainous regions. At night, when snow leopards hunt, herders animals ae in danger of snow leopard attacks. Ifa family loses even a few animals, it can push them into desperate poverty. "The wolf? comes and kls, eas, and goes somewhere se," said one herder, "but snow leopards are always around. They have kiled one or two animals many times... Everybody wanted to finish this leopard tae 49To address this problem, local religious leaders two weeks through the tourist season, the have called for an end to snow leopard kilings, herders will ean enough income to replace 50 saying that these wild animals have the right to the animals lost to snow leopards. In addition, exist peacefully, They've also tied to convince 15 _ the organization helps herders bull protective people thatthe leopards are quite are, and thus fences that keep out snow leopards. It also itis important to protect them. conducts environmental dasses at vilage schools, and trains the organization's members Financial incentives are alzo helping to slow as nature guides, available for hire. In 55 snow leopard kilings. The organization Snow 12 exchange, the herders agree not to kill Leopard Conservancy-India has established snow leopards. Himalayan Homestays, a program that sends visitors to herders houses. Fora clean room and _In Mongolia, a project called Snow Leopard bed, meals with the family, and an introduction Enterprises (SLE) helps herder communities @ to theirculture, vsitors pay about ten US. ‘eam extra money in exchange for their dollars a night. If guests come once every promise to protect the endangered cat. Sow leopards are most active at dawn > - oF dusk, but are rarely seen in the wil “They prefer to ve and hunt alone, only paring up during mating season0 6 Women in Mongollan herder communities make a variety of produets—yarn for making 90 clothes, decorative floor rugs, and toys—using the wool from their herds. SLE buys these items from herding families and sells them abroad, Herders must agree to protect the snow leopards and to encourage neighbors to do the same 8 ‘The arrangement increases herders’ incomes by 10 to 15 percent, and elevates the status of the women. Ifno one in the community kil the protected animals over the course of at year the program members are rewarded with 220 percent bonus In adéltion to the money they've already made. An independent review in. 2006 found no snow leopard kilings in areas ‘here SLE operates. Today, the organization ‘continues to add more communities Projects like the Homestays program in india land SLE's business in Mongolia are doing. ‘well. Though they cover only a small part of the snow leopards homeland, they make the leopards more valuable to more people each year. If these programs continue to do well, the ‘snow leopard may just have a fighting chance,‘Multiple Choice. Choose the best answer for each question. (RGGI 1. Whats the main dea ofthe third paragraph (starting line 17)? a Local herders ae uncooperative in attempts to save snow leopards 'b The snow leopards endangerment is de in prt to the black market. €. Snow leopards are ke for tei fr and body parts 4. tis dificult to enforce the laws made to protect the snow leopard REE]. 2. tine 25, the word bots refers to a the big cats snow leopards €. local herders 4 the herders animals ee See ree ae [res (ears cae eee Goce ee oon. erotic a eee Pippen eee emt any eee ap = — ee Moncca pean? Spe paa ities tines _ Seer ee cee Inering Do Ceeeterciies Pak 4. Visitors pay $10 a week o stay at a herders house. besser bapeuata ‘or negative about 17. Why is the Mongolian women's status inthe community Himalayan Homestays “elevated” (paragraph 9)? ‘and SLE? Why do you ‘a They can encourage their neighbors, think 0? 'b They are saving money fr the snov leopards. «. They are earning money forthe community. Discussion: Do <4 They are living higher up inthe mountain. you think keeping ‘endangered animals Jn 2008 or parks isa good way to save the species? 52 uateUnderstanding Conditional Relationships ‘Conditional sentences express an action and its consequences. A conditional sentence expresses a situation or an action (the main cause) that depends on certain conditions (the dependent clause). The condition is normally signaled by ‘or winen. Note that the main clause (undertined below) can come first or last. Below are a few examples of conditional sentences, 1 jaguar is hungry, ikeats almost anything 1 can survive in an area of about 4.8 kilometers i if food ‘is plentitul, When food is scarce, a jaguar will hunt over an area of 500 square kilometers. A, Matching. Match the clauses to make four sentences about tigers. Condition Main Clause 4, When a tiger tives in 0, 4. its more likely to become a 2. If atigeris injured, man-eater. 3. If atigerbreeds witha lon, ‘i. itcan ive ive years longer than. 4. When a mate tiger comes across in the wild another male tiger ints tester, it gives birth to animals known, as tgons or ligers 4 twill usually threaten it ‘Completion. Look back atthe reading on pages 48-51, and answer the questions, 4. What will a snow leopard doi it knocks a stone loose while stalking prey? 2, Whaat can happen if a herding family loses even afew of their animals? 53. How will herders benefit if guests come to stay during the tourist season? 4, In Mongolia, how is the community rewarded if no one kills a snow leopard in a year? 5. If Homestays and SLE continue to da wel, what may happen?|A. Matehing. Read the information below and match the correct form of each word in red with its definition, ‘The cheetah, an expert hunter, sits slently and scans for the perfect prey. Finding a target, It lowly stalks the animal Ln itis close enough to get its reward. ‘The cheetah fs perfectly built forthe kil. ts coloring allows to clsappear into the landscape to avoid being seen. And its speed allows i to chase its target. Once the prey is killed, the cheetah drags the animal toa safe place However, decining cheetah numbers mean that the animal's status \s now vulnerable, To reverse the trend, game wardens are working to enforce the ant-poaching laws that should protect ‘cheetah populations I willbe asad day if this beautiful animal clsappears from our planet 1. to follow something in order to catch or kil it 2. to pull aheavy weight across the ground 5. to make something the opposite of what tis 4. tormake sure people obey rules A Acheetah anda vulture fight over prey in Serengeti 5. the broad view that can be seen around you inthe countryside eee 6, the state or condition of something ata particular time , Words in Context. Complete each sentence with the correct answer 1. Someone who lives in poverty ‘isin poor health _b. daesn’t have enough money 2. Confliet between two countries may reslt in between them, var bs increased trade 3. Workers who receive a bonus are usually __ a. pleased » displeased 4, If something is distinctive its easily. recognizable forgotten 54 vateVIEWING Before You Watch A. Completion. You will ear these words in the video, Use the words to complete the information below. | branch Jaws predator ‘The leopard isa quiet and deadly nighttime 1. Isholding ks 2. 2 —an impala—in its powerful z hil standing on a tree 4. in Mala Mala Game Reserve, South Aftica, ‘This leopard 1B, Discussion. What do you knovr about leopards? Discuss these questions with a parner 1, Where do leopards live? 2. What animals do leopards eat? 3. What predators, i any, area threat to leopards? Viewing 55,While You Watch [A. Sequencing. Put the evens inorder from 1 to 8, andl inthe Blanks with the correct answer. O tm kis anober impala. i Tre tioness tries to climb a tree but cant. Ty Another hyena tres to steal the impala 1 The leopard finishes its meal Oa arcves The hyena ran eve A leopard isan 1 Atiyena runs away with the impala B. Completion. Citcle the correct word or phrase to complete each caption ‘a. Leopards spend more time in trees than any bs, Relative to their weight, hyenas have the other (animal / big cat). strongest jaws / Legs) inthe reserve. . The hardest part for a leopard is (killing Its prey /d. The lon doesn't get the leopard’s prey deciding which branch will support the weight). because the lion is too (slow / heavy) After You Watch [A. Discussion. Discuss these questions with a partner. 1. From what you have learned inthis uit, in what ways are leopards and snow leopards similar and differen? 2, Which ofthe animals featured inthis unit do you think is most deserving of protection? Give reasons for your answer. 56 viwingJory EARTH te ee ee eesBefore You Read A. Definitions. Read the caption on ths page and match the words in bold with ther definitions below, 1, used to describe a voleano that could erupt at anytime 2, (for a voleano) threw out melted rock and smoke 3. sending people away from a dangerous place 4, the gray or black powder thats left after something burns 5. the top of @ mountain 6, believed to have a connection to God, and given respect B. Prediet. Look quickly atthe tile, headings, and captions on ‘ages 59-61, Which two voleanoes are discussed inthe passage? Check (7) the information you think youl read about them, C1 bales about the voleanoes Di wy scientists are concerned about the voleanoes Di the size ofthe voleanoes Ci omer natural aisasters in the two countries 58 uatuk Indonesia is home to many active volcanoes, Including Mt. Bromo (the sumaitisin the distance). Many Indonesians belive the vokanoes are sacred, 12011, tt. Broma erupted, sending smoke and aah int the a The area vas prepared forVOLCANOES ARE BOTH CREATORS AND DESTROYERS: They can shape lands and cultures, but ean also cause great destruction and loss of life. Two ofthe best-known ‘examples are found at opposite ends ofthe world, separated by the Pacific Ring of Fre. Japan's Sacred Summit It’s almost sunrise near the summit of Japan's ‘Mount Fuji Exhausted climbers, many of whom have hiked the 3.776 meters (12,388 feet) through the night to reach ths point, stop to watch asthe sun begins Is ascent, spreading its golden rays actoss the mountain For everyone, this san important moment: They have the dawn on Mount Fuji—the highest point inthe Land of the Rising Sun, Located in the center of Japan, Mount Fu (whose name means “without equal") isa sacred site, Japan's native religion, Shintoism, considers Fuj a holy place. Other people believe the mountain and its waters have the power to make a sick person well For ‘many, climbing Fulis also a rite of passage. Some do it as part ofa religious journey; for others, itis a test of strength, Whatever their reason, eaching the top in rder to stand on Fujfs summit at sunrises a must for many Japanese—and every July and August, almost 400,000 people attempt to do so. in 59‘Climbers normally Begin > their ascent of Mount Fu around noon so they can Stand at the top of Japans highest mourtain at suns the next morning Fuj is move than a sacred site and tourist destination, however. tis aso an active voleano around which four milion people have settled, and sits just 112 kilometers (70 miles) from the crowded streets of Tokyo, The last time Fuji exploded, in 1707, it sent cut a coud of ash that covered the capital city and darkened the skies for weeks. Today, new data have some volcanologists concerned that Fuji may soon erupt again, ‘According to Motoo Ukawa and his associates at the National Research Insitute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, there has been an increase in activity under Fuji recently, ‘hich may be caused by low-frequency 60 vatak earthquakes. Understanding what causes these ‘quakes may help scientists predict when Fuji the largest of Japan's 86 active volcanoes, will come back to life. Inthe meantime, locas ving near Fuji hold special festivals each year to offer gifts to the goddess ofthe voleano—as they have for generations—so that she will not erupt and destroy the land and its people below. Mexico's Smoking Mountain Halfway across the globe from Ful, Popocatépetl—one of the world’s tallest and most dangerous active voleanoes—stands just 60 klometers (37 miles) southeast of Mexico City. although the voleano (whose name means‘smoking mountain") has erupted many times over the centuries, scientists believe its last great eruption occurred around £820 a0. In recent years, however, E1 Popo, ‘as Mexicans cll the mountain, has been threatening to explode once more: in December 2000, almost 26,000 people were evacuated when El Popo started to send out ash and smoke. As with all active volcanoes, the question isnot iFit will erupt again (an eruption is inevitable); the question is winen it wil happen. “Every volcano works ina different way," explains Carlos Valdés Gonzalez, a scientist who monitors I Popo. "What we're trying tolear here are the symptoms signaling that “ "What we're trying to learn are the symptoms signaling that El Popo will erupt." Carlos Valdés Gonzalez 1 Popo will erupt." These include earthquakes, ‘or any sign thatthe mountain's surface is ‘changing or expanding. The hope is that scentist will be able to warn people in the surrounding areas so they have enough time to escape. A powerful eruption could displace ‘over 20 millon people—people whose lives can be saved ifthe warning is delivered carly enough, For many people ving near El Popo— especialy the farmers—abandoning their land 's unthinkable. As anyone who farms near a volcano knows, the world’s richest sols are volcanic. They produce bananas and coffe in Central America, fine wines in California, and enormous amounts of rce in Indonesia, Today, many people who lve near £1 Popo continue to see the mountain as their ancestors did. According to ancient beliefs, a voleano can be a god, a mountain, and a human all at the same time. To appease? El Popo and to ensure rain and a good harvest, locals begin a cycle of ceremonies that starts in March and ends in August. Carying food and gifts forthe voleano, they hike up the ‘mountain. Near the summit, they present their offerings, asking the voleano to protect and provide for one more season, singh 61‘Multiple Choice. Choose the best answer foreach question, 1, Whats the third paragraph (starting line 18) mainly about? 1. how Mount Fuji became an important religious site the healing properties of Mount Fuji reasons people cm Mount Fuji 4. the visitors to Mount Fuji 2, Which of these statements about Mount Fuji is NOT true? a. Itis the largest voleano in Japan Scientists believe it may erupt soon, Ithas erupted recently. 4. Locals have traditions concerning the mountain - Inline 75, the word symptoms could be replaced with a. earthquakes bs signs ©. sounds 4. lessons IRE). sciensits can date the ast great eruption of £1 Fopo a by talking to people who experienced the event fom videos of the eruption «. fiom investigating geological evidence 4 fom descriptions in religious Books What was the reason forthe evacuation from El Popo in 20007 a Ash and smoke were seen coming fom the mountain. '. Alarge earthquake was fe. A change inthe mountain's surface was noticed 4 A powerful eruption tok place. . Which statements true about both Mount Fuji and El Pop? a. They have both erupted recently 'b. They are both less than 100 kilometers fom a very large city. €. Local present gis to both voleanoes for protection <4 They both provide ich soi sed for producing coffee. \ICBRERERE| 7. The flowing sentence would best be paced a the end of which paragraph? For tis eason peopl wi tay on hon, even f th fae danger 4 (staring ine 31) 6 atarting ine 55) ‘¢. 7 (starting line 72) 4.8 taring in 85) 62 Wotse inking Inferring: Why do yu think farmers ‘would rather risk their ives than move and set up their farms away from a volcano? Discussion: ‘Where do you think is the safest place fin the world to live? Which isthe most dangerous? Why?Being an Active Reader ‘Active readers are fully engaged with a text, making connections and | asking questions as they read. The following tps will help you be a more active reader, Look atthe tile, headings, and photos. Use them to think about what you already know about the topic 2. Circle any unfamiliar vocabulary. Wite definitions inthe text's margins. 3. Identity what each paragraph "says" (ts main dea) and what it “does” (ts purpose). Connect ideas in the text. Notice words lke however, importantly, and finaly 3. Write any questions you have about the text in the margin. ‘Make word webs, outnes, or charts to help you understand ideas visually. ‘Summarize the textin one or two sentences. {Create exam questions about the text, Share and discuss them with a partner. | ‘Applying. Use the tips above as you ead this text. Then discus the ‘questions (1-8) with a partner. Living Near a Volcano ‘As world population grows, more people are living in dangerous area, Including near active volcanoes. The Decade Voleano Project has named 16 of these voleanoes as particularly worthy of investigation ‘based on ther potential for destruction. The project aims to increase study of these particular voleanoes—their historical timeline for activity how we can better prelct future activity, and, most importanly, what people can do to prepare for an eruption. Itmay seem strange to think of "defending" a town against a volcanic eruption, but the project already boasts several successes. For ‘example, during the 1982 eruption of Mount Etna in Sicily, a lava flow \was threatening the town of Zafferana. Local authorities blocked the flow in a tube that was feeding lava from higher up the slope. Flying, in helicopters to keep a safe distance, they dropped large blocks of, concrete into the tube's opening, successfully plugging it and diverting the lava away from the town, 1. Did you cle any vocabulary? Which words? 2. What s the main idea and purpose of each paragraph? 3. How would you summatize the text? ‘aly’ Mount Etna Discussion. With a partner, crete tree exam questions about the lights up the night sty. text, Share them with another pair i 63‘A. Completion. Complete the information with words from the box. (One word is extra abandon ancestors dawn disastrous holy monitor ‘Many legends (stores passed down from 1. involve voleanoes. According to The Legend af Popo, the two voleanoes ‘of Popocatépetl and Iztacihuat tell the story ofa princess and a soldier named Popocatépel, who fll in love, but with 2. consequences. In one version, l2tacihuat dies of grit after she is tld by her father that Popocatépetl has been killed in battle. When Popocatépet returns from war to find her dead, he caries her body to the top of a nearby voleano, He refuses to 3. er body and he waits to die. Eventually, snow covers them Both and they become two mountain. Itis sad thatthe gods were touched by Popocatépel's sacrifice of refusing to leave letacchuat's body until he died. Today, smoke can ‘often silbe seen at 4. rising from the summit of the voleano, which many people regard asa mysterious and 5. place. According to legend, this is the torch of Popocatépet, who stil stands guard over his beloved's body. 1B. Completion. Complete the paragraph with the correct form of ‘words from the box. disaster displace expand inevitable monitor witness ‘The islands of Hawali rose out ofthe sea asa result of voleanic activity on the ocean floor. One ofthe islands’ volcanoes, Mt Kilauea, fs currently the most active volcano on Earth, and Hawallans have 1.__its evolving shape over huncreds of years. Often, sections of earth are 2. bya sudden jolt, or pressure builds up under the surface asthe hot molten rock 3. ‘causing an eruption. Nowadays, the shape of the voleano is closely 4. by scientists. They know that a future eruption is 5. but they hope they can prevent it from being a forthe people According to Hawalian who live nearby. legend, Pele, the goddess offre and voleances, Ives | in the top crater of Mt Kilauea. The formations made by cooking lva were ven names ike Peles Tears and Poe's Hai,ya |A. True or False. ‘The map above showe the areas that are most at risk of disastrous earthquakes, Read the sentences below (1-3), and circle T (True) or F (False) 4. Southern Europe and Central Asia have serious TOF earthquakes 2, People lving along the east coasts of North and TOF South America are often affected by earthquakes. 5. Australia has a low or moderate probability of earthquake = TOF B. Scan. Quickly scan the reading on pages 66-67 to answer this question: Does the author ofthis passage think that predicting earthquakes is possible? Then read the passage to check your answer, unten 65Cee ae ae er ioe oa eee | Is Prediction Possible? Never before have so many people packed into cites—places such as Los Angeles, Istanbul, Tokyo, and Lima—that are regularly affected by 5 earthquakes. Located near the edge of Earth's huge, shifting plates, these cites face the risk cof death and economic disaster from large {quakes—and from the tsunamis fres, and other destruction they often caus. 1 We understand earthquakes better than we did a century ago. Now, scientists would lke to predict them, but s this possible? Today, some ofthe simplest questions about earthquakes are stil difficult to answer: Why do they start? What 15 makes them stop? Perhaps the most important {question scientists need to answer is this: Are there clear pattems in earthquakes, or are they basically random and impossible to predict? 66 vitae F In Japan, government scientists say they have an answer tothe question. “We believe that earthquake prediction is possible,” says Koshun Yamaoka, a scientist atthe Earthquake Research Insitute at the University of Tokyo Earthquakes follow a pattern; they have ‘observable signs, Yamaoka believes. Infact, Japan has already predicted where its next great earthquake will be: Toka, a region along the Pacific coast about 160 klometers (100 miles) southwest of Tokyo. Here, two plate boundaries have generated huge earthquakes every 100 to 150 years. And It could be a ‘massive quake. The section along Tokai hasn't hada major quake since 1854. The theory is that straint is building up inthis region, and that it's time for this zone to reduce ts stress. Unfortunately, thisis more a forecast tabreaorsecme sagea 6 6 ” than a prediction. Its one thing to say that an earthquake is ily to happen ina high-risk area I's another to predict exactly where and when the quake wil occur ‘The desire fora precise prediction of time and place has led to another theory: the idea of "preslip.” Naoyuki Kato, a scientist at the Earthquake Research Instiute, says his laboratory experiments show that before a fault inthe Earth's crust finally breaks and ‘causes an earthquake, it sips? just alte. If we ‘ean detect these earl slips taking place deep in the Earth's crust, we may be able to predict the next big quake Clues in the Desert ‘Scientists working in Parkfield, California in the U.S. are also trying to see if predicting ‘earthquakes s possible, They've chosen the town of Parkfield not only because the San ‘Andreas Fault runs through it, but because it’s known for having earthquakes quite regularly — approximately every 22 years In the late 1980s, scientists in Parkfield decided to study the fault to see if there were any waning signs prior to a quake. To do this, they drilled deep Ino the fault and set up equipment to register activity. Then they waited forthe quake. Year ater year, nothing happened. When a quake did finaly hit on September 28, 2008, it was years off schedule, but most disappointing was the lack of warning signs. Scientists reviewed the data but could find no evidence of anything unusual preceding the September 28th quake. It led many to believe that perhaps “We believe that earthquake prediction is possible.” Koshun Yamaoka, Research Scientist ‘earthquakes really are random events. Instead ‘of giving up, though, scents in Parkfield dug deeper into the ground. By late summer 2005, they had reached the fault’ final depth of three 75 kilometers (two miles), where they continued collecting data, hoping to find aclu. ‘And then they found something. In an article published in the July 2008 journal Nature, the researchers in Parkfield claimed to have 0 detected small changes inthe fault shorty before an earthquake hit. What had they noticed? Just before a quake, the cracks inthe fault had widened sight. Scientists registered the fst changes ten hours before an 15 earthquake of 3.0 on the Richter scale hit; they Identified identical signs two hours before a 1.0, {quake—demonstrating that perhaps the “pre- slip" theory is correct. nother words, it may in fact be possible to predict an earthquake. 8 Although there i stil long way to go, it appears from the research being done all over the world that earthquakes are not entirely random. If this sso, inthe future we may be able to track the Eath’s movements and design 15 eafy-waming systems that allow us to predict when a quake wil happen and, in doing so, prevent the loss of fe 2 someting lip, ale ou opin. |The lela seal ace for messing how sve Zearigaieis Higher number sre mare svete itso 67‘Multiple Choice. Choose the best answer for each question. (ENGHE) 1. Whatis the reading mainy about? «earthquake prediction falares 1 the Japanese governments work on earthquakes €. effort to predict when an earthquake wil happen 4. the Parfeld investigations 2. Which of the following s closest in meaning othe readings fist sentence, beginning Never before have... ‘2. Many people who lve in big cities have experienced earthquakes. ', Cites crowded with people are more likely to have serious earthquakes, ‘Some ofthe biggest cities in the world suffer damage from earthquakes. 4d. More people than eve ive in cies that are affected by earthquakes, 23, Inline 61, what does do this refer 1? 4 walt foran earthquake study the fault «predict an earthquake 4. setup equipment 4, In ine 68, the word reviewed could be replaced with 1. recorded deleted 4. studied 5. Which of th following statements is NOT true? ‘a. Amajor earthquake occurs in Tokai every 100-150 years. ', Scientists believe thatthe “pre-sp” theory could help predict earthquakes. Data supporting the ‘pre-slip" theory was found in Parkfield. 4. There was a major earthquake in Parkfield, in ate Ea ELL summer 2005. According to Parl scentists hw did cracks in the fault change before an earthquake hit? Evaluating: In 2. They became much wider corde to prove useful, 3 They became slighty narower how long before an € They became slighty wider sarthauake should the 4. They became much narower. caly-waring system 7. What i the main idea of the last paragraph (starting line 90)? ‘send a waming to a, Further research will help us avoid loss of life in the future. fnpaght 1s Earthquake research has had along and succesfl history. a . Early-waming systems are being designed to Discussion: Which prec earthquakes ‘ype of natural dnaster 4. is unkely we wil everbe abe to predict the Earths mentioned in this ‘maverent accurately. ‘nit concerns you the most? Why?Understanding Cause and Effect Relationships When writers expan process, they often describe an acton’s | cause and/or its effet. Words that indicate case and eect, | ‘eatonships include caused as a est, because, so, therefore, and the reason. As you read a tent, ty to make connections between events by asking questions that answer What caused... ? and What was the result of... ?an event. ‘A. Multiple Choice. Look: back atthe eaption on page 66, Choose the correct answer for each question. 1, What isthe main cause of buildings moving from side to side? a. Powaves: S.waves 2. What effect can a building's deep foundations have? 1. protect the building from earthquakes 1b make a bulling more lke tobe damaged by earthquakes B. Completion. Read this text and answer the questions (1-2), “The San Francisco earthquake of 1906 left about 225,000 people homeless. However, more property was destroyed by fie than by the earthquake ise. Fires broke out in many parts of town after natural gas pipes broke. Other fires were accidentally started when firefighters, trying to create frebreaks, used explosives to destroy bullings. This resulted inthe destruction of many buildings that might otherwise have survived the earthquake. 4, What two things caused fires to break out? ©. Avie looking don Pine Streetn the wake ‘ofthe 1906 earthquake, San Franca, Calor usa 2, What di the use of frebreaks eventually lead to? vite 69‘A. Completion, Complete the sentences below using words from the box. drill massive random schedule track zone | 1, Scientists ‘oles into the ground near ‘earthquale fault areas to learn what is happening under the surface. 2. One reason earthquakes are so hard to predicts that they don't seem to follow any regular patter or they appear to occur almost at 3, Scientists who the movements of the Earth’ crust believe that a ‘earthquake, known as “the Big One" will eventually occur in southern California 4, Research ater the 2004 Asian tsunami found only two dead Dutfales in a large wildife conservation in ‘vi Lanka, This led to renewed belie that animals are sensitive to ‘the near arrival of earthquakes. B. Completion. Complete the information with words from the box. (One wort is extra ‘Agi and her pet dog ata temporary shelter after the ae 1995 earthquake in Kobe, sass iaiaaaid Japan, Researcher Misuale (ta believes tha some cats Researcher collecting 1. from experiments in a and dogs inthe area were ae as well as those observing animals inthe real able to detec the quake ‘world, suggest that animals are much more aware of the world around before ithappened ‘them than we human beings. For example, some scientists believe that dogs can be used to predict earthquakes. Mitsuaki Ota of Azabu University, Japan claims that dogs can 3, big ‘earthquakes about three hours before they happen. Some scientists are confident that with the help of dogs, one day more 4 predictions could be possible. 70 viasVIEWING [A. Inferring. Read the caption below. What do you think scientists hope to learn fom, thelr research in Santorini? ‘A. Scientts are investigating a voleano off the Greek sland of Santor They believe a massive eruption in 1630 nc may have caused the ‘Minoan ciizaton to vanish. The voleanos now mostly underwater 'A, Viewing. Check (/) the opcs that ae mentoned inthe video. 1 @ Minoan community called Akrotiri the eruption ofthe voleano Vesuvius (why Robert Ballard and his team are studying Santorini voleano why Ballard and his team were unable to reach Santorini’ volcano Zan exciting underwater discovery near Santorini ewig 71B. Completion. Circe the words to complete each caption. ‘a. The volcano eruption (completely buried / b. The scientists’ goal was to see how big the triggered the decline of) the Akrotiri (last eruption was / next eruption wil be). «. The scientists dscovered the eruption was 4. At the Kolumbo volcano, the scientists found ‘much (smaller / larger) than they had thought. (a shipwreck / hot-water vents) ‘After You Watch ‘A. Discussion. Discuss these questions with a partner. 1, Why were the scientists so excited to discover the hot water vents? 2, What do you think Ballard means when he says that Santorini will"more than ely have a violent future"? 72 WenigWhat makes a good place f een‘A. Quiz. Do you know where these beaches are? Match each beach to its location. Then check your answers on page 88. 1 Ipanems Beach 1. the Philippines, x ‘Waikiki Beach . Australia| 3. ‘Bond Beach . Brasil 4 Maya Bay, Phi Pi sland 4, Thailand 5. Boracay Beach «. Florida, US.A. 6 Miami Beach f. Hawaii, USA B. Skim, Look quickly atthe tie, rst paragraph, photos, and captions inthe passage on pages 75-77. Then answer these questions. 1. Who is Stanley Stewart, and what is he doing in Brazil? 2, What is your idea of “the perfect beach”? Read the passage to see if Stewart visits a place lke the one you've described. 1 tsepursuit of the perfect beact write Stanley Stewart heads to 8: he discovers some of the world's most beautiful sandy ''m standing on Rio de Janeir's Copacabana beach, one of Brazi's—and the world's—most famous stretches! of sand, As | watch life go by here in ll its varied forms, ve come to realize that any understanding of Brazil really begins on its beaches. In this vibrant, multicultural country, the beach isnot just a place; It’ a state of mind—a way of thinking and living. Rio alone, I'm told, has over 70 beaches, each with its own ‘community: Some are for bodybuilders, others are for senior citizens, stil thers ae popular with parents and children. But Rio's beaches are just the starting point for my exploration of Prana, Rio de Janes, Ba Untsk 75Brazil's Atlantic coastline, which at more than 158,000 klometers (5,000 miles) and with more than 2,000 beaches, isthe longest in the world. Every Brazilian has hs or her own ideas ofthe perfect beach and i eager to tll you where to find it. 'm happy to take people's advice, but my ultimate goals ta find my ‘own dream beach | head to a place said to have some of Brazil's best coastline: the state of Bahia in the northeast. Portuguese setters established 16 ah F themselves at Bahia’s present-day capital Salvador da Bahia, in 1549, Over the centuries, people of many races have arived and intermarried here, creating a distinctive cuitural rmx, which influences Bahia’ language, religion, cuisine, music, and dance. I'd been told that one of Bahia's best beaches— Prainha—tes just south of Salvador, near the ‘town of tacaré. On antving at Prainha’s beach, I discover its golden sand lined by a row of perfect palm trees, moving softly in the ocean breeze. Under the moon, silver waves rll ontothe sand, As | enter the water, | have the feeling of swimming through moonlight. Prainha’s beauty is magnificent—its perfect curves and graceful ins ae ike something you might see in a postcard. But forme, its a litle too perfect. The beach I'm searching for needs to be a litle wilder | continue my search, heading north to one of Brazi's legendary beaches: Jericoscoara, Twenty years ago, only a handful of people were lving in Jer. Today it’ an international destination, considered one of the best beach 0 n ® 6 hangouts inthe world (especially if you like windsurfing). attracts visitors from Tokyo to Toronto and has grovin from a small village into a lively little town Despite the changes, Jeri hasn't been spoiled by tourists, mosty because ofits isolated location’ atleast five hours from any airport. Everyone in Jr rents a beach buggy which comes with a drves | tell my driver to take ime as far along the coast as he can. We drive for three hours, finaly arriving at Macei, a fisherman's beach, Boats le on their sides ‘while nets hang out to dry on lines between fishermen’s houses. We eat on the beach and later rest in hammacks nea the table. It's a reat day on an amazing beach, How can it possibly get any better? | wonder, But | have ‘one final place to visit. (Of the many beach destinations inthis country, there is one that all Brazlans holdin high regard—the islands of Fernando de Noronha, ‘Mare than a dozen beautiful beaches ring the island of Fernando alone, three of which rank among the top ten in Brazil. The islands fof Fernando de Noronha lie afew hundred kelometers out in the Atlantic. For years, people were prohibited from visting these islands because they were used asa prison and later by the army. Today the islands are a national park and UNESCO World Heritage Sit, rch with diverse bird and sealife. | vista number of beaches on Fernando, but ‘eave the best one for lst. The beach at Praia do Ledo isthe perfect balance of sand, sea, and sky. The waters pale blue and warm, alive with colorful fish, turtles, and other marine? life; the sand isthe color of Honey. And in the rok formations and strong winds that occasionally. come in from the Atlantic, there i that hint of wildness | was seeking, Finally, ve found the ‘beach of my dreams. I dig my toes inthe sand deeply and imagine | can hold on to this place forever. 2 Ae gyal open ae es vnitsk 77‘Multiple Choice. Choose the best answer for each question, | What isthe reading mainly bout? a. Brazlin beach tourism an educational tour of South America’s beaches «the author's search fr the dream beach 4, lte-known beaches of South America . What isthe purpose of paragraph 4 (starting line 22)? a. to describe Bahis's many beaches 'b to-explain why Bahia has the perfect beach ¢. to describe Baha's music and dance scene 4. to give information on Babia’s cultural background 1. Inline 45, the word legendary could be replaced with a. oldest » isolated «picturesque 4. famous 1. Which of these beaches is the most isolated? 1 Copacabana », Prainha, Jericaacoara a. Maceis 5. The islands of Fernando de Noronha nov 4. contain aprison| are a national park are sed by the army 4. have many beach bugles 5. Inne 81, the dest one refers to 1. the collection of Femando besches Praia do Leso «the pale blue water 4. the marine life ST . Which type of beach would probably appeal t Inferring: Why do the author the most? {you think Stewart fels a. busy, near a city, with lots of beach activities ’. warm, jolted, alte wld, wit rich animal Ife ©. trendy, with a distinctive cultural mix 4. crowded, with music and dance, blue water and palm trees ‘that Prainha is “a litle 100 perfect”? Discussion: What do you think can be done to preserve beautiful beaches from the negative effects of the tourist rade?Summarizing a Writer’s Point of View ‘An author’ point of view cefers toi or her belies, opinions, and personal judgments toward a certain subject. In other words, it's how the author fels about what he or she i writing about. Aa author may have one strong and clear poston, or may have conflicting ‘Views onthe same sue. An author may clearly state how he or she feeb, or leave open tothe reade’s interpretation A, Matching, Below is list of beaches that Stewart visited. Number the beaches 1-5 inthe order he visited ther. Then match each beach to ‘Stewar’s description. One description i extra, C1 Praiado Leto a beauitlbuttoo crowded Cl Copacabana —« B. the beach of my dream Cl Maceis «remote village with beaches great for windsuring Cl Praitha «=. greatrace tosh ext, and relax O Jericoacoara ' @. one of the most famous beaches in the world £. picture perfect but not wild enough B, Completion. Way does the author find Praia do Leto to be the perfect beach? Complete the information with words from the reading on a duster of islands that is a park = full of, lite = balance of. - ee ion rock formations and wind and pale blue water -colored sand‘A. Completion. Complete the information with the correct words {rom the box. One word is extra Whiter seeks *wite” fora year on a tropical island. How many women do you think would answer this ad? ‘A 24-year-old Britsh woman named Lucy Irvine did. The ‘opportunity to survive in a(n) 1. place provided her with the 2 challenge. ‘The ad was from a writer and adventurer named Gerald Kingsland. ‘Asan adventurer herself, Irvine was 3. to ty living on an emply tropical sland. There were other applicants in 4 ‘of the job, but vine eventually got it. And not long afterward, in May 1981, she was heading for a(n 5. ‘on the other side of the world B. Completion, Complete the information withthe correct form (of words from the box, diverse magnificent prohibit rank spoil ‘The uninhabited island Irvine and Kingsland were to live on was Tuin, situated between Australia and Papua New Guinea. As living there was 1. by law, they needed ‘Australas permission, and were required to be legally married In order to continue with thet plan, [At fist sight, the island looked lke paradise, with white beaches lined with palm trees, and clear blue water. However, thelr ‘experience was soon 2. __. This was because getting access to a source of drinking water, which 3. highest on their list of survival needs, {forced the pair to set up camp on a less attractive part of the island ‘Also, their conflicting opinions on a(n) 4. range of subjects led to problems in ther relationship. The dlficuites of working together proved too great, and despite theirs. surroundings, the adventure lasted only a yeareel sfamous for its impressive natural ‘A. Matching. Read the caption and use the corret form attractions such as ofthe words in bold to compete the definitions below, ide volo and 1. Af) is place that draws visitors the "Bue Lagoon: because it is interesting or unusual leeland also has a ively 2. Ao) event has ots of interesting tings sede cpl neering ni destination or ors 2. Something that iy mats you nit because it is great in size or done with rest sk BL Sean. Scan for numbers on pages 82-83 to complete the following information about leeland, 1. population: people 2, area: at 3, age of language: years 4, winter temperature: degrees Celsius 5. daylight hours in summer. hours tse 611 Never mind its chilly name—< destination, Iceland is ho With the Atlantic Ocean to its south and the Greenland Sea to is north, leeland is Europe's 5. westernmost country, with the world's most northerly capita ity, Reykjavik. Viking explorers migrated to Iceland from northem Europe in 930 A0., when they established the words fist parliament: The country’s national language 10 can tl be traced to the one spoken by the Vikings over 1,000 years ago. Today lceland has 4 population of ust over 310,000, spread over 100,000 square kilometers (about 40,000 square miles) Despite its smal size, there are many 15 reasons to visit this remarkable county. | City of Culture ‘Most visitors’ fst port of cals Reykjavik, a small and clean city known for its colorful and stylish architecture. The cty's downtown area ined 20 with shops, art galeries, cafés, and bookstores. In 2000, Reykjavik was awarded the ttle of Europe's ‘ity of Culture, thanks ty is art and museum scenes, and lively nightie ‘The good news for vistors is that Iceland's 15 temperatures are fay mild, even in the winter when they stay at around four degrees Celsius (40° F). During winter months, nights are ong, and the northem lghts* become visible, lighting up the night sky with a spectacular 2 natural display In summer, the country gets almost 22 hours of daylight, and native lelanders and vistors alike enjoy partying outdoors until dawn, | Hot Springs ®% _leeland is one of the most voleanicaly active nations in the world, and there area number of thermal (hot water springs around the island, All are heated naturally by underground volcanic activity. In fact, keland converts energy 19 generated by these springs into electricity, a2 vets 0 which powers and heats people's homes and businesses. As a result, Iceland burns very litle fossil fuel, such as oll and gas, and has some of the cleanest airin the world One of Iceland's mast popular hot springs is the Blue Lagoon, a huge lake of bright blue seawater just outside Reykjavik, Surrounded by volcanoes and lava files, the Blue Lagoon receives more than 300,000 visitors a year. ‘After a long day’ sightseeing ora long night of partying, vistors can relax their muscles and release their tension inthe lagoon's steaming, hot water which has an average temperature cof about 38 degrees (100° F). Some believe the waters are abe to eure certain illnesses and improve skin quality. Caves and Monsters (Most of the inner part of Iceland is uninhabited? and accessible only by truck or other vehicle. Nevertheless, there Is a range of outdoor activites to enjoy elsewhere in the county, partculaty along the coasts: “leland isan adventure,” sid Sol Squire, whose Icelandic ‘company organizes adventure tips around the country. "We have Europe's biggest glaciers, active voleanoes, cave explorations and skin (One of Iceland's most popular attractions is caving. Exploring leeland's unusual lava caves, ‘most of wich formed more than 10,000 years ago, requires only basic caving knowledge and equipment. Ice caves, however, ate more challenging and require special dothes and hiking tools. The best-known ice caves are in Vatnajokul—a layer of ice which, at 8,000 square kilometers (3,000 square mies), i. leeland'-~and Europe's—largest glacier Italso happens to be situated just above an active voleano! 5 Apatament taco ibe gripf pe 2 Tae mtr este aaa)If exploring caves and glaciers doesnt interest you, head south, just outside the tow of Vik, to check out the huge rock formations that were once believed to be monsters tummed Into stone. These are a dramatic part of the scenery on one of Iceland's most magnificent black-sand beaches, | The Golden Circle And finally, no trip to Iceland would be complete without a vist to the Golden Circe, a pathway northeast of Reykjavik that connects Gulfoss (a huge “Golden Waterfall", the hot springs region of Geysi, and Thingvelr National Park. The ‘mid-Atlantic fault that runs through leelan is literally pulling the island apart. Nowhere is this mare evident than in the Thingvelr Valley, where the land is actually separating and the stony ‘ground beneath your feet frequenty shifts, Hold fon wile you hike tse 09‘Multiple Choice. Choose the best answer for each question. 4, Which of the following is closest in meaning to: Despite ts smal size, there are many reasons visit this remarkable country (ines 14-15)? 1. There are many reasons this country is considered tobe too small to visit, be, There are a lot of attractions in this interesting country, even though itis so small, ‘This is an unusual county to visit because it isso small 4. Small countries ae usually perceived as boring, but Iceland ie iferent. 22. Which is the best place to go if you lke to party? a. Vatnajokull bb. Reykjavik «the Blue Lagoon 4, Thingvelir Valley 3 What are the hot springs ofthe Blue Lagoon heated by? a. solarenersy 6 voleanie activity «. electrical power 4. fossil fuels 4. Inline 94, the word evident could be replaced with a. dangerously separated strangely beau «. quiely formed 4. ealy seen Whats the Golden Cirle? a the most popular ares to visit in Reykjavik city center 'b. a scenic walk around the Blue Lagoon 6. a pathway that connects a park, a waterfal, and hot springs 4 aad tat goes around the coast of Island 6. Whereis the mid-Alantie fault mest noticeable? a Reykjave 1 the Bue Lagoon « Thingvelie Valley 4. Geysir 7. Whois this passage probably writen for? a. tourists 2 scents 6. business travelers 6 Ieelanders AL ontse paieciag os capreeda eon me Discussion: What type or types of tourists do you think Iceland would appeal to? Why?Labeling Details on a Map Some texts may indude maps, llustvatons, diagrams, or aher visuals “These can help you bette understand a text by allowing you to see infoemation in a mor visual way As you read & text, ty to make connections between the text and the sual). Ican be hepfl to | label or add details to the visuals) with information fom the text. ‘A. Labeling. Look back at the fist paragraph (stating line 3) of the reading on page 82-83, Use the information to complete the three missing labels on the map (1-3). Sea 3. ‘Ocean 'B. Labeling. Label the map above with the activity from the lit below (a-f that vistors can do at each location. ‘a. go caving ’. View the mid-Atantc fault . See a large waterfall look at art €. visit huge rock formations near ablack-sand beach f relax in teaming hot water ise 85A. Completion. Complete the information withthe correct form of words from the box. Two words are extra architecture convert cure migrate erally spectacular tension vehicle 1. Taroko Gorge on the island of Taiwan is a(n) natural attraction, 2, The Taj Mahal is one of the world’s great achievements of '3. The beaches of Bali area great destination for relieving your 4, Some governments want to ban from historic areas oftheir cites. 5. The mosque of Cérdoba, Spain, was toa church i the thiteenth century 6. Peru's World Heritage Site Machu Picchu ‘means “Old Mountain.” B, Definitions. Read the information below. Then complete the definitions wsing the correct form of the words in red. 1, Most caves are formed naturally by the long, slow weathering of rocks. ‘Taroko National Park 2. Some scientists think its possible that some plants in Isone ofthe words the rainforests of Madagascar could contain eures for diseases natural wonders like cancer. 3. Astrange creature with fippers and a beakilke mouth, now referred to as the "Montauk monster,” washed up on a New York ‘beach in 2008, 4. The island nation of Singapore was built by the hard work of people who migrated therefrom other countries. a things that estore health b. a beastie animal without artificial aid 4. tomove to a new or different country 86 vat stVIEWING © 55 >, Before You Watch ‘A, Definition. Read the information and then circle the correct definition for each wore, ‘A Corals clearly visble under the surface of an tos ‘topical lagoon ine, in French Polynesia. ‘The tropical islands of French Polynesia in the South Pacific are paradise to many people. However, the tiny atolls are under threat Rising seas caused by global warming may mean that, ‘these Deautiflislands wil disappear someday. 4. topical {relating to an area with tourists relating o the warm area near the equator 2, paradise 1 theplace where you were born ——_&aplace that seems perfect 3. atoll 4. asmall group of low, coralislands _b, group of high, mountainous islands B, Discussion. Discuss these questions with a partner. 1. What do you think re some ofthe pros and cons of living ona tropical island? 2, What are some ways people on islands can earn money?A. Noticing. Check () the ways of earning income in the Tuamotus that are discussed inthe video, ©. O copra 4. (black pears B, Summarize, Complete the summary ofthe video using the correct form of words fom the box. ‘One word is extra diversity eager isolate pursuit ultimate vast, ‘The small, 1. islands of the Tuamotus ae hidden among the waters of the2. Paciie Ocean, The islands have mild topical weather and are fled wit arch 3. of sealife {As global warming causes sea levels to rise, these tiny but magnificent islands will become smaller, ‘and may one day dlsappear: Many vacationers come here in 4. ofa taste of paradise. They are 5. to experience the islands’ sights, before they are gone forever: ‘A. Discussion. Discuss these questions with a partner, 1. Look back at your answers for question | of part B on page 87 Have your ideas changed after watching the video? Answers to Bere You Ren, page 74 2, What place would you describe as "paradise"? Why? Le Bb9, 4 S560 8 wighim cpt Before You Read A. Quiz. How much of a rsk-taker* are you? Circle your answers tothe questions below, and then add up your numbers. The higher your score, the more ofa risk-taker you are. ‘Who are the biggest risktakers in your class? would you No way. | Maybe, Ye, probably. go shying with a lend? 2 3 ‘ve a crf for fun? ‘90 to. cb alone? sing, dance, or ct ina shoal talent show? Ive ina foreign county for @ year on your own? 3 start your own company? 3 My total scones ‘inguoveyoutake ak youd someting wen hugh he real ight epate BB, Predict. Why do you think some people are bigger vsk-takers than others? ‘Make list of your ideas. Then read the passage closely to check your ideas. 90 toka A diver descends into an underwater cave, a entist researches a dangerous disease, and an ts in a new business. entre Each time we try something new, we take a risk, Sometimes, ike the diver o the businessman, we take big tlsks, usually for obvious reasons—for fame, for money, or to save lives, Most people will {ake some risk to achieve one ofthese goals, But a the danger Increases, the number of people to go forward decreases (Only extreme rsk-takers continue on. The question is: What exactly drives these people to go on when others would stop? Timothy Tesdwell above left spent 13 summers photographing grizzly bears In Alaska. In 2008, Treadwell and his gitfrend were kiled by one ofthe bears they were studying Ut 9T| The Biology of Risk To answer this question, scents are studying the biological factors involved inrsktakng. Thee esearch focuses on 15 certan chemicals inthe brain. An important ‘hema in staking i dopamine. t motivates us to seek out and learn new ‘things, and it helps us process emotions lke anxiety and fear. People whose 2 brains dont produce enough dopamine often ack motivation and interest init. On the other hand, “someone wi takes risks to accomplish something —to climb mountain o tart a company—thats 25 diven by motivation, and motivation i driven by dopamine,” says Lary Zweite, a neurobiologst a the University of ‘Washington. “Its what compels humans to move forward 1 When we accomplish a task, dopamine produces a feeling of satisfaction; it makes Us feel good. The riskier the ask, the more dopamine we produce, and the beter we feel. Given thi, why st everyone tying {5 _to.cimb mountains or start businesses? In par, its because of small molecules called autoreceptors. These receptors control dopamine use inthe bran. A person with ‘more autoreceptors tends to be more careful, 1 asthere is ess dopamine moving freely {around his or her brain. “Think of dopamine lke gasoline,” says neuropsychologist David ald, The autoreceptors, on the other hand, fare lke the brakes on a car. person who is 15 _ less able to se brakes is more likely to take risks. | Dealing with Fear Dopamine production may make us fel good, but being in a high-risk situation for 51 an extended period of time is ako stressful and can be dangerous. Successful risk-takers ‘must learn to deal withthe fear associated 92 witoe ‘with high-risk situations to reduce stress and stay safe tn ealty, adapting to skis something we all lear to do. Take, for example, learning to drive a ‘a At fist, anew driver may be afad to travel, ‘on freeways. In time, though, asthe diver gains experience, he or she wll move comfortably ito speeding afc and wll wor less about the danger. Siar a tightrope walker frst lars to walk a beam on the ground ater he or shemoves to a rope just off the ground, and then finally to the high wire. By this point, the tightrope walker isin control and the activity doesn't fel dangerous, By practicing a challenging activity, humans can become used to the rik, manage the danger, and control the fear that they feelin those situations. The work that matin biologist and deep-sea diver Rian Waller does illustrates this well. She studies life in some of the deepest and coldest waters on Earth. How does Waller contal her fear and stay safe in these high-risk situations? It comes with practice,” she says. “Its knowing exactly what to do when something {oes wrong. We prepare well for each af ou expeditions, and we ty to minimize the numberof risks we take.” (Ff course, a person doesn’t have to bea tightrope walker or a deep-sea diver to be a risk-taker Taking rks is part of being human, We are all motivated to experience new things In order to do so, we have to take chances and, of course, we may fal ivsh 99‘Multiple Choice. Choose the best answer for each question. DR © ese pt es coron snr people to take large risks? 8. adesire for fame ’. alack of dopamine «. to control motivation 4. toleern new things (RIBEGINE, 2. whats one ofthe main functions of dopamine? 4. Itallows us otal, i, Italows ust be alert. Ithelps us process emotions 4. Thimakes us fear dangerous situations. 3. The word just ine 63 could be replaced with a. slightly 'b only © recently 4. finaly 4, What do autoreceptors do? |} a. They make us less careful bb. They make us fel better. © They control dopamine in our brain, 4. They connect molecules in our bain (RGBREBAY5. The following sentence would best be placed at the end of which paragraph? Bue with enough practice, we might alo succeed a. 2 (starting ine 12), 4 (starting line 48) 5 (starting lie 55) 7 (tartng fine 80) (BUBEREE 6. what is the purpose of paragraph 5 (starting line 55)? a. wo show why deving and tightrope walking are such risky activities ', togive examples of how practicing a risky activity can reduce fear of it «.toillustrate how some people are attracted to risky activities while others arent | a. toexplain why some activities are riskier and more dangerous than others 7. What can we infer about marine biologist Rhian Walle? 1, She as leaned to adapt to risk. She has been afraid of the ocean for most of her life b | She prefers todo her job when there is danger involved, 4. She thinks it is impossible to prepare for most risks. 96 vatsk Thinkin Relating: The author claims that by practicing a challenging acvity over and over agai, ‘we can control our fear of i Can you think of an example of when you did this? Discussion: What advice would you give someone who took a ris, and failed?