Date A JA?) 2b — alae ( Expecimest isoatal ) Alm: To determing the Variation of magnetic Gad along Me xis of _a current carrying, cell_and estimate the cesivs of “he coil. Apparatus Required: Tangent galvanometec , de power Supply, a cheostat, A commutator «plug Key and connecting wires. Formula Used: The Seld F along ane axis of a coil is given by | Ez Qnorrt | lo + 2/2 whee Number oF 4ucns in she coil, c= radius oF Ane oil eurceat ig ampe Flowing in coil. Br distance of *ne point From the centre of the coll. PReocy: The apparatus colled Stewart and Gee tangent gavanometer 1S shown in fig. \t). Th consists oF a_cireslar coil of many Amin insvloted copper wires “Tt is Syed wih its Plane verteal_on tne hegpatal bend. A magnetometer compass box 1S ploced inside the coil och that We can slide_en_the —— bendd in S¥eh a swag Shek the center of the needle always \ieg on Ane oxi oF the col, The distance of tne needle From dhe centre oF the cil com be read on Ane | | graduated ocale Fixed on Whe arms OF 4he galvanometer. Procedure : Place Ye magnetometer compass box en +e Kanishk Teacher's Signature,__-Bipt. No. Binding. bench so Snot 4S Sognetic meade 1s at Hoe cooker of me col. Sy. cotating. Ane whole opgaratws IO dhe herigenral glone . Set the cal in the magne meridian oughly. - Io _this cast Ane coil, needle and ts mage all lic_in tne Same vertical plane . Rotate She compass box “HIl_she pointer ends geod 8-9 on Ane circwtar scale Mo set Ane coil exoctly in tne magnetic meridian ser op ne electrical connections AS Snown ia Sgq-\)'. Send Ane cocrent in one direction With tne hele of commytetor and note dew soe Gecleckion oF Sne needle, TE the deflections are he _eqyal_tnen *ye_csil_is 19 _magaene meridian — othecwise Sora she apparatus a Wwe, adiust psinter o read oTo “Hl Ahese _Settecton® become equal. Using cheostah adjust the current Sve that the deflection of is near or3S degree is produced lo ARE compass needle laced or the ceakesr of the, Reod boty ne ends st Ye | Ficection of the current ood oggin _ceod bein she _ende) She pointer . The mean of four readings will o Wwe Ye mean detection at we <0. New shigk me Compass needle Hnrougin Bem each bene o ohong. ne ofiS ce Xne col) _and For each position avte dows tne mean deflection - Coctinve Shid__erocess Ashe _deFlecton ig _acound 1S". aa Repectt the __ measurement exoctle, in She same manner _o0. Yt omer side of the coil. “Kanishkf Observations G, [Pace oF | Perrechon on the east acm | DeFlechen 9 the west orm © jase. needle. No Gsccent | Corrent Caccent’ | Corcent | etn = a Fron Me Fone [reversed one. reverse | O. . Oy | centers._.| sao dey | a and | eum e,=e | oe ®, |e, [o;[o. © |e, | 65, Bal 4 a; 9 Fo /Fo 63 [63 2. 2 64 | 64 | 601/60 J2! 4 eles lselse 4 6 S83] 59 53a ]s3 s 8 50 [Se jas las le io [42 fazlaclan 3 io 33 | 22 Jae |as 1Date —/—/—— Expt. No Page No. (— > Fist _a_qragn Faking, » along x axi5 and tan® long, Yoowis. Mask Yne _peint vf inflection on the corve, The distance between Whe eo __pcints wil) _be Ye codes oF the coil. Result: The graph Shows the variation of magnetic iad slong Ane axis of G_ Cirevler coil Carcging corcent. The digrance t berween tne ants oF in@lexion and hence She cadivs se Ye coil = Precautions The _coi\_ Should _be- cocefoly adjusted io she. magnesic meridian | PN athe magneic netecials aod corenit _caceyng conductors Brora be ar 4 Considerable distance From Hoe cogaratus, 3. |The _curcest gassed in sre coil Should _be—oF sod a value as to produce a _ deflection, Ley 3S, 4. [Parallax Sinou'd be ved while. ceadings ste position of She printer. Both Sof Ne geinier shovld be read. S. |e grovld be drawn Sooty, MS Kanishk Teacher's Signature,_______i 1 $ i From the © °Date 2) 11) 22%! or Page No. ( Exeerciment - 2 ) Bim: To determine the energy bard gop Of & semiconductor vsing Foor prdce _metnod. » [appacctes used: Probes arrangement Grermoniven sampe , Oven. a _constoat current genecetor . sili _ucttmever and Hhermem + [Formula _Osed : po = (VIT) x 2nS p= pe [ses {eWwisy = 5-53h loge p= Sg l2ee or Gq = Ber (23626 logreg) + [Theory : The Four prove +eehnique is bosed on He following assuap Hons ¢ 2.|"Re sucFace of the ‘Sample on Which Se Four electrodes probe recy \5 Flav . Uniform . esing. ne \eokage . adequately, large aad crystal shoold be of bi &_|The sping supe TIS beeen Ame probes are post contods and_(Ne. ey Stroignt Vow. 3. [he resistivity, oF Me crystal ig considered 3o be odiForm in| the _aced oF measurement. &. |The bottom surface OF He Sample Chip ta Aon~ oducting, S. |The comtacks between Ye groves ond the surface Are point contacts. n Kanishk ‘Teacher's Signature._____ :© cangie. (IS"\)Date —!—!—— Expt. No. Page No. } 6. |The Ahickness OF Ane Sommple in chip Shape Sample should be less hao Ane Hele of She distance betwean ne geebes of prove _| Spacing - +, [TE Ahece is Sinectry, coccier injection \nro the Gemii~ condoctors by current Corcying, electrode erolbes est _oF Ye caries _cecombipe: Neac Yne Aectcode groves So snot “here effect on “he condudiuty become _nenhigicle. Now . if cUrcemk Tis passed nrougn the outer proves and V the _Qokeaal Aitference _mensored _SerosS the inner probes + ‘neo tne resistivity. oF the sample is _guen by | Poe WIT) On5 Where S is the distance between She two Successwe probes AS 4nd Anicteness 1S verg small compared to Mme prove distance the above! equction is net applicable directly . ut a correction Factor for tt is +o be ageled. Sor a thin slice non - Conducing betrom surface , dnd cesistvty may be expressed OS 2= 0) 5:89 Bis) = 5-894 Ss OF we Semi - conducting, rnatecial_ond Syne for Ane given sample _. He _value_oF etuis) loge @ = Eg leet oc Eq = det (2.3026 logeg) neces tne Butyman'S Constant equal to 86 x 1oF ides 4 Kanishk Teacher's SignaturObvserarion “able * WBickaess of Ane crystal W'S mm: The distance bebseen peckes S = 2mm Vale of corent Te Oma Temperatuce. Corcesgonaing| Reasnuiny | erected 3 ‘. fet tnt cc voltage V4) gs (she-en) res} Loqn0p Oy havin) (eteey 9 lohm- = 4 | sas &oe 6334 a (ed A a | aea-\s 2 69:86 Wee \.03 245 3 353-15 «99 Fe.34 acs 4. | 34305 sez Sera8 i - s | BIBS 63s 94.69 \ | a et RBAS 422. (h NS 35k | ee BBS 826 129-8 | 3419 | i i 4_ Date —!—/—— -] [oe Xe vag Ne Va = Mos she Slope F she gragn_berseen logue ood WIT gives tg lor! Put _. whe _Aererninetion oF enaraty tend opp invdues the plotting, of & gran between loqog and 1G] T and carevisting, HS: slope. |__+ Procedure: |_| eater +e Squres 4 [Connect ovtee geic oF robes to direct correct Source Hc ougin mili Ommeter and other gale to sili voltmeter. 2,| Sure on She consteat everest. Source. God dist _curcent I _+o e _desiced valve soy Sma. Place Four _erctoe. arcongement io the pouen. Gx she _imrn thermomedte 4. | Congact tne oven pots espGIG cad start heestiog S.|measvce the ies wottage. 9, for various teagerciure. Cat re iotecva) we). + [calemration . &y = o3A6 » Lstepe of he gragh berween logio sod \eide Skandord _velue oF Eg = OTF ON + [Resort » Eocwidden energy band gap coc semi - conductor (germeniom) is 7 ‘ catauhions’. 4, |The sample Should be ploced uit nom - condoctingy Sorface towards bottom. | 2. [Trere shold be ropes contact between the prolees and sample Kanishk | Teacher's Signature:___—— a <= =) B USE Ne log Yur ste 103) + Srogln) = 2A3= 216 6. As - 203 ah Geaph Serween es 1/7 tEELT Ceol ore, | WS Eq > 3A x (slope oF the graph IY loAe 2 \P7) ev Srandacd we of & > oye fq 2 8 2AG, @2d3 176Date —/—/—— Page No. + [Theoretical Seroc: Energy, Band gap &3 = a logan. Taing Seq Soo, Eg = log * logit Joa, Qogee) aod different atin g. Begl€y = Sele + Stit + logged |togerpate Gj My 2 apt. No, Page No. > (— | Experiment - 3 ) Rim - To stodgy sll _erfect and determine the Hall eockRoert, Carrer density. aod he mobility. of a semicondector material. Agparctes Regiired - Hall prcbes (Ge caystal type |p ype) . Hell effect Serup_clectromagnet and digital gouss meter. Formula used + Bs shown in Kgl) A Is Yhe dmicknes> slong xrenls oF tre Crystal Wa is she _magnene Sed aygied long tionig - Corcent I 15 Hewing ain g | X-axis. Hall _vetage Vu iS developed aceoss whe Facey normal +o Y-sxis | is no engin of tre enjstol steng w= aris. o hall _coeeticnent Ru is given by Rys Wud (wotts_em ang" sauce” LrS on? cclome Mz | Were, Vy is in volt _, t ja Sapere sd in em and Hy in gauss & coccier density is ay a: 2 where 9, is Me electronic charge + Bu q Ui) | Caccer ervctstNit Me Bye ent] velt “see where is He conductivity oF He Somple. + [these fo em€ 6 setup trensuersely of across a current carrying, Ke Kanishk Teacher's Signature:Date —!—/—— Expt. No. Page No. ~ Sendvcter when _@ Perpendicular cmgnetic fed (6 ogplied. his is cated Mall <€Fect, A sXohic magnence Herd has ne effect ne cece wren th ig net io_metion bur when charge Plows .o magnetic Fed directed 1 to She _divecion oF Flew ereduces a mutually L Ferce on Hne charge whicly savses Ane _Sectron's gath te bend . As a cesutt OF HG tne glectrons SccComploves on ene Side SF Me slo and ace deticien'y_on Ane oYnee Pide “Thus. On eeckic: Seid iS created in the y-direction . winicn is called ne Hall Geld . En- En can ve risen a5. Ey = [tate (ty where [1S tee cursed density ond is given by Le ngy Whee vis tne drift velouity of the coccier, Now lex vs consider 6 bar oF semecondvetor peeing Awe_dimension +. ond db, Let weeent density | is directed long x-axis and 4 steog | Z-axis Amen Eu Will ba _clong y-axig “hen we can write p By Wale) Nad 2) 342 ah, were Va 1S ane Hall volt nasinge—“werween the *wo surface: $ perpendicoler to band pe in _genera\ Hell vol! is_not a linens Fonction of applied Geld Le. and Man coetenent as ~oct a constant bot a Function of applied mognete Fred Consequentiy . interpretation of tall voltage iG eet a simple. cnetter, _Howexer .t4 1S easy to catesiate Hell yoltage iF HIS assumed Yock al Aye carriers Neve Wye Sama drift veloGty We itl do nig _aSsUMIng AHL Corriers eF omy one 4yQe OFe oresent Nox ANA doped Gemiconductors are Whe exarngle oF Ws type where one o Kanishk — mitt Teacher's Signature,—- =< I: Observations Wickaess of Awe the crystal probes = o'SOM™ mel Fon dwonsiy © oF ine ceystal LN-type) © er Benen” Renductivitty © oF Ge caystal (g-+ype) = 01S hey en” Tale for ame varigtion oe tall, vovrage os 9 Function of corres! Megrehe Fad Hz> \200 Havss aH Ree As pee oot ane eeeDate ——/—— Expt. No. Page No, caccter dominates, al The _mognenic force on ane carers Fm = g.dvxvi) AS Compensaved by she Mall Ferd Since Sy= GEn. we con “We : Ems Gen. see Nx We Ey Svestituhag ai snese _velve in ae Qu» En Ma 1 ow ee gee a From ams eqaton i is clear that the Sign of the Hall coerficiente =n. Sepend Lgen she sign oF gy Wis mens rer p- tyea, Bu wool ve Posiiwe write io _o-type Sy wocld be _cegptive . Aisa Fora erined Dagnetic Ferd ond ingot Corcant the Hall voltage iS grepectional to a or iS resistivity. Wren one carrier dominates the: Condversitty of tho] material = ng whee is ine mobility £ the charge carciers, “hes be ao i) ‘| a, +) provides tne experien measerement oF mobility FH 15 expres =td 10 ex? eatombe"'. “Thys“me mnubility 1S expressed io units of emt volt"! cect 1 | Procedure? L.| Sonat ne _widtnwise contmets vF the Hall probe te the voltage stern “fal _and lengtnwise contacts 4o currant terminals oF the Hall etrect offs 2. | row Suite on the Hell eefecr setup and adios the corrent Je a Few ot. (don't exceed Oma). neck tne ‘zero Field potential’ by hanging, he ence te Hye _vovtege | Kanishk. - “Teacher's Signature E Side. This volinge (5 _exror voltage and gshovld be subtracted From |Calesletiens : || Sree wwe Graph = Sepe ec gregh = Susss | NO S2 Vres os I. Qme Sepe x Caled Lert cm amp” goss” $. ee | Bas SAX BTS ocoez1k vee em amp” grass \a008 Ha. Caleete the Cheng carrier density 1 a 2 Bas ye SF coon Gy emo em? REG x IO cn? 3. steeds Shien mobility, A> Wyo uP vol¥'sec’ || ZB ereceare x oR -) q Y 60000432 cay? Volk SeeDate —/—! — [ex No, ____ Page No. | 7 —~ phe MeN voltage reading. Lwhen Hell proke is ovtside the magnetic Herd). Now glace grove verween she magnetic; goles snd sity on hes Cectromsgnet ower soppy Adjust he corcent YO ony desired valves and covate the gecoe til it becomes 2b to the snognene Ged Wal voltage, _will_bee_ snavimom to WS, cdipsimest + [measure tne, Hall voltage 95 _¢ Ginction oF evcrent Kenging, tne cnegpene Hed constest [say vat 1966 tayss) Pot a _gragn blo everest sea * z Hal\ voltage % 6. |Do tre exoerinert Gor tot O-type and ertyge, SAmoles. + Result: The clive of Hall coefficient Rut Coen 2 The _chorge Carsier density a = 07 £10"? 2.05 1S cm | The emoviity co ane (Onacge career Me WT BLy/ 0? amb wort! seem oa oR Me + [Rrecavtions 4] Hall pesbe is glacec Lol “he mogneke poles such thot Hall woltage i meximom . 2, [rhe current *reougn the Hell_gedbe Shovld Strict be within she Kents | mentioned oy, ane _mronvFacturer - | 3. [Re distance el Ane _gole_pleces OF Ye Seciromagner Shevld ek be changed during, tne whee expedient. KanishkExpt. No. Date /1-/22- Page: No. J J Experimert - a Objective Te verify stetan's law Agpecatys Reqviced Ewctric bulb (neying Sungsten Slement), de power supety ade ammeter end wolkmeter _rheestar. Theary - 4 Por black bodies, stefan's low ts Px (Tt - Te") Where 2 iS the Net amount OF Fadigton emitted Per Second per voit . bo be. + _tempercrtore T_oncl sureounded by oaother grea by g body pererbur' a body ot temperature: Te. © 16 te Stefan's tonstact Te “T >> Te then Wwe can _wrtte Ox Te logue S HtegeT + lope Hence the _gragn betwern log? and log T shoul be straignt Nine whose, i Slope _srovid_be 4 (but WR _Cannst observe this Slope _beeavse suc Sek Up cannot be a pecPect black body). Herefore in order +e vetty greracs low . we hove fe mangure tne Following ws parameters Power radiated 0: We use in this eapirdment Tengsten bulb _as tne _codictin| -3 odin, store he Aectetcal ewer V*T shoud wody and in ane bwiiy steady we _eqpel te the radiating power P (neglecting power leet in she leader] and eough whe 985 9 the bold).Date —!—/—— Page No. ~\ Temperature oF he radiating body Ti we can caleslate She cesistencs, ot wulb lament at temperature Tas using Ar = VIF. Fuctner relation RyIRe = Q+ ats gr) ene can calculate tne temperature of RBlamant if ky 53 Mnown as Fer HIS _pergese a grag betwen Arife veeses T will _be gwen when dhe Filament pst glows Lresistanca ag) ak thet peint ne samearctonl + + SF Giament IS Nearly geo. From the shove semtionss _gragh ere can Gnd cot shor Bgifo= 39. once sessuding He velve oF Re Seem she Sex w. one Can Gnd our Me veWwe OF Ke _sasiiyn + | Proceduce - : meee _Conmectons 95 needed connect voltmeter in areiel te Ans bulb Kerack vecty in avis. case) and ammeter in Series with the power Supply dad the bulb. with dittarent increasing and decreasing value oF Corcent , we adjyst Such thet the woe jest glows each diene The) he vclue of Yond Ty eatio VIE iS Found whieh gives Ba] + Mow values oF Re cam be caleviated using, Cor Ry l39 ob t Row lamest cverant Iie increased From q Vale Welow glow stoge fe _velue high enough tw get dayling, wiite Might . messucing veltege UW aceoss bulb every time From nese Neod Tt valves we deduce Power PLVX) and Br vit) From By sing Abe valves 0F Ro, We deduce thea temperature “T of the Slament Losing, Ane _stonderd gre! ad Tard Br1%e). sind sbtein a _grapn verween leg? and leq Kanishk Teachers Signature,Oeservation - Th Derermination oF Rg, Teme PF Aflament = Geo Sine Ruereqt Tasensing — Voriage: V Coreen a a Feenpnere . i ' i a 2 yee oreo aa ll Be Bg. Be 2 a8 ohm 23 84 TR: Deterintnation oF Quer dissipalied P For dine T Sig ereatal — Corrent — Resistane &. Tar legT Power leg reset — teat” gman. tag. ene. Sgt Mag, Sey Nott onm Qe att ey oF wens a V2 home UL ORS na eS CAD els s33 zs erat 2 eon 7\8 H > yo eros bee a OF VWSX o-own—e — -ve = ve 2-00 ona @2 BMG 2942 oI bt : 5. 2 ©015 60 ae 8% zag ees W189 ©. Ve 0-023, se8 ag ASe'3 rwqe ewer 118 I 7 Us 2018 leo SS lesa 3 eo 71) 1 bs, i}Date —/—/—— = — | a ~ Rest Me gregh st Weg? cod log T comes out te ee _s_ straight Noss ence P= oT lew iS Veciffed . Purimer Hoe Slope of Vine 1G 4 cod therefore, phe Nove iS veiEted 95 gq fourin power ta. Precautions Te _qext accurate resistance of a Partiatar temperctuce tne Filament and _Bament Current Should be read very time otter Valve voltage Schieing ¢ steady Stecle qr the direct beteten enc” Speervetion Shovld be about 3 of 4 minutan, Cor ot glowing poston shoud ve Sstan bow with inesasng Readings Corrent ae will ag ust decreasing, corre. Teacher's Signature