THE CATALYST SOCIOLOGY GEA iy Ales c fa :2015 CERTIFIED @ 2429288939 | 8429788939 more info : www.https://thecatalysteducation.inSyllabus 1) Sociology the Discipline Modernity and social changes in Europe and Emergence of Sociology Scope of subject and comparison with other social science. Sociology and common sense. Source - class notes, Harlambos 2) Sociology as a science Science, scientific method and critique Major theoritical strande of research methodology Positivism and its critique Non positivism Methodology 3) Research method and Analysis Quanlitative and Quantitative method Technique of data collection Variable, sampling, hypothesis, Reliable 4) Sociology Thinker Karl Marx - Historical materialism, Mode of production, Alienation, Class struggle. Emile Durkheim - Division of Labour, Social fact, Suicide, Religion society. Max weber- Social action, Ideal type, Bureaucracy, Protestant, Ethics and capitalism Tolott Parson - Social system, Pattern variable. Robert Merton - Latent, Manifest, Confirmity, deviance, reference social mobility. Mead Source - Ritzer, Ignore. 5) Stratification of society and mobility Concept, Theory of Stratification Dimension - class, status, ethinicity 6) Work and Economic life Different type of society - Slave, Feudal, industrial, capitalist formal and informal organisation. Me tate te REL eee7) 8) Politics and society Sociology theory and power Power elite, Bureaucracy, Pressure group, political parties. Democracy and Ideology Protest agitation, social movement, collective action. Religion and society Sociological Theory of religion Animism, Monism, sect, cult. Religion in modern society, secularism, revivalism, fundamentalism. Source - Harlambos, Ignou System of Kinship Family, Household, marriage Type of family Lineage and Descent Patriarchial and secual division of labour. Contemporary Trend 10) Social change in modern society Development & Dependency Agent of social change Sources - class notes - Harlambos - George Ritzer - Question bank 15 years - Daily write 2 answers. Me tate te ROE eeeSocioloy the Discipline 1) Modernity, social change in Europe and Emergence of sociology Sociology - Consist with latin and greek word. Latin is socius mean community, logy is greek word which mean study. So, we can say sociology is an attempt towards scientific study towards society, social interaction, social culture, social relationship in order to understand the nature, Diversity feature of society. So we can say sociology is the critical analysis of social order. Ibn. Khaldaun (13 - 14 cent) describe as the father of modern discipline of sociology, History, economics and Demography. (Ibn Khaldrum from arabia is very old philosopher, even scientific study of sociology came after 150 years. - Auguste Comte - was the french philosopher who formulated the Doctrine of Positivism He regarded the first - philosopher of science in Modern sense of term. - Auguste Comte can be seen as father of Academic Discipline of Sociology. * Why sociology is needed after so many years, the Thinkers stated that it is a product of time developed during 18% cent in Europe. - Why sociology emerge? We need to understand the state of Europe at the time changes in western Europe where consider to be because of modernity. Modernity - Modernity is Latin word ‘Modus’ which means think different or modernisation. - Modernity define as rational transformation of society as a whole (Psycological, social, economic, political) aspect of society. According to Max Weber modernity is when society changes from agrarian to industrial and this process involve rational transformation. Psycological Modernity - It means ready to try out new things or the society changes and accepted mentally. eg. In order time girls can wear only suit, salvar but after the change in social pattern and psycological change is accepted by society now girls can wear T- shirts also, Eg. Earlier people read only classical language but now due to education reform people accepted english education psycologically. Me tate te REL eeeTHE ©, A Social Modernity - It is when youngster open to accept experiment with modernity. eg ‘change in Riwaz. honour killing practisied in many state of India but due to social modernity society changes and people are against of honour killing. Earlier people were living in joint and in contemporary society they are living in nuclear family due to urbanisation. Economic Modernity - It is transformation of agriculture to industry eg. Rise of discovery, ‘employment, Technology, Laisses faire etc. England's Industrial revolution (1760) Political Modernity - It is the transformation of tendal state (Noble, cleargy, king) to democratic. (Liberty, equality, Fraternity) Political modernity happen due to rise of intelligensia, political thinker eg French revolution is caused due to rise of intellectual thinker montessque and Rousseau. Characteristics of modernisation :- Open society lead towards geographical mobility. Modern socieities are urbanised. Secularisation. Family breakdown - Nuclear family Massive growth of Trade and Commerce. Machinised goods. Modern education. Participative Democracy. Challenge of Social, Political or Economic Modernity - The Thinker who are radical and did not want any change are called conservative and they did not accept the idea of social, political, economic change eg. They counter the modernity by depicting its challenges such as - ‘Such Modernity Challenges Rise of cities Nuclear family Suicide case Divorce Les Emotion for humanity Urban crime, thief Me tate te REL eeeEconomic Modernity Challenge - Exploitatin by pvt companies - Hawala case + Tax heave, Tax evade + Parallel Economy Political Modernity challenge = Communatism ~ Regionalism = Religionalism Industrial Revolution - - Industrial Revolution began around 1760 in England, it bought great change in social Economic life of people - Industrial revolution leads to new discovery, expansion of trade and commerce, emergence of capitalist society but it enhance social stratification society stratify into proletanat and Bourgoise. ~ industrial revolution lead towards social , economic , political changes in the lives of the people. some instances like discovery of steam engine , change of poilitical system from monarchy to constitutional monarchy by french revolution nuclear family , development of sacience and techonology development. French Revolution (1789 - 1793 - It began on 1789 which is turning point is the history of human struggle for freedom, liberty and equality. - French society was divide into Feudal Estate. In European society, one Estate is different from other Estate. Estate I- Consist of clergy, Bishops. They live the luxury life, They were upper section of French society. Estate 2%- Consist of nobility and king is with sword. Estate 3¢- Comprises rest section of society include peasant, middle class, merchandisa, Bankers, lawyers etc. Me tate te REL eeeWhy French Revolution happens? - Intellectual Cause French Revolution -— Political Cause ia Economic Cause Political aspect of French Revolution The French society was absolute monarchy so, king was the ruler and subjects (ordinary people) have no personal rights, people started protest. Enlightement ideas on equality and democracy provided an intellectual framework for dealing with these issues Economic aspect of French Revolution The king of french lavis XVII fought costly war which made the country suffener and after his death french has been bankrupt and his wife Antainette known for her expansive habit, Moreover she was famous for her reply what she gave to the poor people of french who came to the queen for help. One day one poor people ask bread and she told that if you don't have bread than eat cake. French was suffered with food shortage, economic inequality, unemployment depression and high food prices. Intellectual Development French - The rational Intellectual rises were montesquie, hegel, Rausseau Kant, Auguste Comte etc. In french the oath to draw a new constitution mark beginning of french revolution, which is popularly known as Tennise court In 1793, king Louis XIII was beheaded in public and later on queen was also beheaded in the same year and the rise of Neplolean bought the idea of democratic society. French was declared on republic state and the soul of constitution is liberty, Equality, Fraternity and finally we can say french bought the idea of political modernisation, Q(mains). What do you understand by term Modernity? Discuss what are the challenges of Modernity. (20 marks) Q(Mains). Discuss causes of French Revolution and how it bought the idea of political modernisation. (10 marks) Me tate te REL eeeSocial changes of life of Europe Dark age (1* cent to 12 cent) Rennaissance (14" cent to 19" cent} The root of change in Europe can be trace from late medival period of Europe before enlightment. The old tradition period, reformed as Dark age, due to prenalent of multiple social evil, ignorance the development happen by Rennaisance which means rewakeing intellectual and cultural through. Dark age - The Dark age was the Period of fall of Roman Empire approx 5° to 13°. This period is associated with the decline of literary, work, Fendal system, general demographic, more orthodoxy and superstitious belief in the society prenalent. Renaissance - The cultural movement began in Europe in 14% and this period is bridge between Dark age and Medival age to the modern times The Renaissance period have fine art and architecture, it stimulate the thought of human and five birth to the modernity in Europe. The Rationally emerge as the Montessque and Raussaue were talk of modern political thought whereas an Adam Smith, Ricardo talk about Economic thought. All there have common thread of rationality i.e. human thought. The Emergence of intelligartia and need to understand society give birth to the sociology. French was the most disturb that’s why need of Emergence of sociology and french become the birth place of sociology. Establishment of Democratic, Republic Equality, liberty, Fraternity idea lead to rise of nepolean. Me tate te REL eeeanor YsT EMERGENCE OF SOCIOLOGY SOCIAL CHANGE SOCIAL = Rise of culture CHALLENGE LL Se eee a cea ae Intellectual = Urbanisation Suicide View = Middle class Divorce J theft crime ‘e ECONOMIC ECONOMIC in CHANGE <> CHALLENGE Quest Emergence Rise of Industlalsaton| —-Bxplotatin | for ——+ _| of sociology Market reform Black money answer as Discipline Capitalism Taxevasion 7 POLITICAL = —7* POLITICAL Saini CHANGE CHALLENGE yer Republic Chaos and ~ Liberty uncertainty Democratic Fraternity Equality Modern sociologist French sociologist - Montesquieu, Rousseau, Emile Durkhein, Auguste Comte, Saint Simon. German Sociologist - Kant, Hegal, Weber, Karl Marx Italy Sociologist - Parito Mosco. British Sociologist -Adam smith, Ricardo, Spenser. American So logist - Mead, Mill, Merten Talcou Parson Indian Sociologist - Ghurye, Durmount, AR Desai, Srinivas, DP Mukherjee. Emergence of sociology as Discipline Intellectual Idea - The Emergence of Enlightend-like montesquen and Roussan influenced great to Emerge sociology as discipline, Saint simon, Auguste Comte, Durkheim become face of french sociology. = Auguste comte was the first person to use the word ‘sociology’. He believed that study of sociology would be scientific. He develop the social physics and in 1859 we called if as sociology. Me tate te REL eeeBUNA Material and social development - Material development can understand by arrival of industrial revolution (Birth of factory system), Production, Emergence of middle clars, capitalism these development have positive and negative outcome and growth of capitalism in society. Political Development ~The feudal society replaced by democratic, republic fraternity and equality during french revolution. - The effort of Emile Durkhiem led to the Establishment of sociology- As a first depts. in french and Europe. - This is how sociology emerge as Discipline. Me tate te REL eeeTHE C TOPICWISE MAINS QUESTIONS A QU. Discuss the historical antecedents of the Emergence of sociology as a Discipline ? (10 marks) (- mains 2019) Q2. How did Emergence of industrial society change the family life in western Europe? (- mains 2018) Q3. How had enlightenment contributed to the emergence of sociology. ( mains 2015) Q4. Discuss French Revolution. (10 marks) Q5.(Mains). Discuss the historical Emergence of sociology as a Discipline. (10 marks) Q6. Had the french revolution anything to do with the Emergence of sociology in Europe. Do critical analysis? (20 marks) Me tate te REL eeeSCOPE OF SOCIOLOGY: Sociology is overall study of society as a whole. A sociologist is interested in the general. study of social behaviour of groups and understanding of social life in its everyday form.Sociology takes a broad view and analyse the social relation that have pattern . The scope of sociology is extremely wide. t can focus its analysis on interaction between individual such as shopkeeper with customer, between family members, religious community etc. Scope of sociology has been interpreted differently by different sociologist eg. some view its scope in the form of social action while other views as social fact.According to Durkhein , — scope of sociologist is study of social fact in society.According to Marx, sociology is the study of dynamics of forces ans relation of productions.Max Weber define socpe of sociology in terms of study of social action . Talcott Parson defines scope of sociology as study of social systems. From 1940,The new idea emerged as micro and macro view. Talcott Parson combine the study of social action and social system in sociology.Similarly Merton ,combine psycological and structural aspects of society which is mention in this theory anomie. The scope of sociolgy can be understand by seeing the differences and similarity of Secon > sociology with other social sciences. Relation of Sociology with ‘ther social es Me tate te REL eeeEconomics Sociology - It has narrow aspect and specific - Sociology is study of society as a whole and has widen aspect - Economics lay emphasis on the - Sociology study about stratification of relationship of price and supply, society, religion, kinship, religion, caste, money flow and input output behaviour, social issues etc. - Economic activity in broader - Sociologist criticise the economist framework of ownership and conception of man ignores the role relationship to means of of various social factor which uniform production. the economic behaviour. - It is more scientific economic - Sociology does not provide technical phenomenon can predict a fair solutions. But it encourages a social accuracy perspective. - Economics is more in universal. The - Sociology is less in universal nature. law of demand and supply is universal in application. Similarities: - Some sociologist argued that sociology is a branch of economics.Sociology deals with the social aspects of economic life.The emerging concept like feminisation of proverty,gender budgeting,feminist economics address the emerging social relations. - Economist increasingly use sociological research to formulate new theories and policies. - Economist are no longer interested only in market mechanism but also in economic growth, national product, national income . Development of economist has either necessarity collaborate with sociologist or he himself has to become sociologist. - As per Pierre Bordieu- Atrue economics science would like at all the cost of economy » Not only at the cost that corporations are concerned with, but also crimes suicide and so fon. So economics calculations can never leave social calculations. Me tate te REL eeeanor YsT Sociology and Psycology Psycology - Psycology is define as science of behaviour - It is study of Personality - It is science of man’s experience and behaviour and subject matter include - Sympathy, suggestios, passions, imitations. - Psycology has narrow scope - It is more scientific, more scope of experimentation and there are psycological laboratories which are used Similarity Sociology - Sociology is a study of society as a whole. - It is study of individual as well as society. - It is study of social institutions which include family, individual, religion, power economic work life, social change. - Sociology has wider scope. - It has multiple perspective and its claim of sociologist that it is a discipline itself. = It has been argued that sociology and psycology are best when bring together. As per Gerth and Mill “study of social psycology is interplay between Individual charater and social structure as human behaviour is not purely driven by instinct. - Social _psycology serve as a_bridge between psycology and sociology , maintain a primary intrest in individual to know more about social intrest. Me tate te eeeBUNA Sociology and ry History - History is almost to study about the past events. - History only tells about what past events actually has had happened and how it happened. - History deals with concrete details, discussion of real events. + History is discriptive - History looks events with time frame. - History tells about cause and effect relationship of past events eg. In India the supremacy of Britishers in many wars due to their industrial revolution or supremacy in naval system; Me tate te Sociology - Sociology is study of society, social interaction and to know more about present and future by study of past pattern. - In sociology the focus was to establish casual relationship. - Sociology talks about generalise the particular event. - Sociology has nomative - Sociology establish relationship. - Sociology tells about functionalist, symbolic interaction (micro, macro) approach eg. exclusion is wider aspect than poverty talks about deprivation of basic needs whereas exclusion is social, political, economic, cultural exclusion of individual community due to gender, religious, caste, class, economic, differentiations. eeeSimilarity: = Some scholars argued Sociology and history overlap with each other to a considerable extent . The historian provides the material which sociologist uses, with the help of history » sociology can get crucial information about the past. + The historian describes unique events while sociologist derives generalisation .But now history is not about what, how , why happened but now it effected and more emphasis is given to the cause and effect’ relationship which makes history and sociology closely together. - According to Redcliff Brown sociology is nomothetic while history is idiographic. Me tate te REL eeePolitical Science Sociology - Political sicnece related to the study of —_—_- Sociology is related to society and state. society interaction as a whole. - It has specific subject matter. - It has wider aspect. - Political science is more codified. - Sociology is more discriptive. - Political science tend to study about - Sociology study the relationship of social constitution rule of law, Democracy, hont, Institution like family, kinship, religion, political parties, pressure groups, caste, prestige, work, economic, suicide parliament, president system, relation etc. of government with its citizens. ‘Similarity: - Political science and sociology are interrelated somehow and two faces of same coin. - Political science provides law which affects welfare of masses,sociology provides date and basis of these laws and policies. - Social considersation like caste, kinship, demography play an important role in political decision and especially in elections. - Political system also affect social Institution. Organisation of family is impacted by political system China restricted two children’s in a family .Indian Govt. also. tries to influence family for family planning, gender equality etc. - We can say, both are interconnected. Me tate te REL eeeBUNA Anthropology - Anthropology describe and analyse of primitive society. - Social Anthropology tended to study society in all aspect. It closely study small society which are relatively unchanging and lacking in historical records. - Anthropology also studies physical aspect related to evolution and biology - It rely on observe and record. Similarity: Sociology - Sociology originated from philosophy of history, political thought and political science in the light of challenges. - Sociology often study apart of an existing society like family, social mobility. - Sociology mainly focuses upon cultural and social aspect. - Sociology rely on scientific methods. Sociology and anthropology grew is close cooperation with each other.Both branches are equally useful in studying the Asian society and Africa and impact of west. The observation is for study of modern Industrial society.Thus, the discipline are increasingly converging towards each other. Me tate te eeeTHE ©, A Sociology and Common Sense explanation is taken for granted knowledge. ‘Common Sense Sociology Common sense is defined as routine | Sociology is not taken for granted but it has knowledge that people have of their} micro and macro view. It is generalised everyday activities. Common sense | perspective of society, Sociology is about society study as a whole. Common sense see what appear on surface. Sociology is inter-connection eg. Durkhein theory of suicide and religion is best example. Religion says "God created man, Durkhin said man created God and religion." Common senses uses stereotype beliefs Sociology uses reason and logics. Common sense emerged through tradition ‘Sociology is challenge of tradition Common sense is stereotype and ritual eg women's social role explained due to her biological physical factor. Sociology is not bound with single perspective and it has wider dimension. It study about particularly, social relation, social action, family, kinship, work life, prestige et. Common Sense is based upon assumption ‘Sociology is based upon evidences Common sense has no te: Sociology is based upon scientific method, sense knowledge is-_ individualistic | testing and other sociological research. naturalistic. Common sense is intuitive Sociological knowledge is objective ‘Common sense knowledge is same Sociological knowledge is change oriented Common sense is based upon old saying word or perception so there is no question. Whatever old saying that's prevalent no matter at what extent it is logical correct or not. eg. why we follow rituals we don't know, we didn't see God but we all follows Sociological knowledge is change as per time so knowledge is unending debate eg Modernity is renaissance but there are challenge of modernity eg. religions is good for humanity as if human have fear of God, they will not lose humanity but the excess love with religion causes communalism. Common sense is perception and based upon judgment of personal belief Eg. poverty is due to destiny Sociology is a body of concepts, methods and data. Eg, Sociology says poverty is due to economic in equality Me tate te eeeSociology and Common Sense Similarity between sociology and common sense : Common helps in sociology to building hypothesis. © Women sensse provides raw material for sociological investigation. * Sociology tend to answer questions generated from common sense. * Eg. common sense view on ritual, religion, gender, caste are widely study in sociology * As per hidden “sometime sociological knowledge also itself become a part of common sense. Eg. sociological research into marital breakdown has led people to believe people that marriage is risky. * As per Gramsci common sense thought with the masses and sociological perception towards common sense changed over time as time evolve. Anti postivist phenomenon give importance to common sense so the relationship of sociology and common sense is dynamic and even mutually enforce at times. Me tate te REL eeeQi Q2 Q3 Q4 Qs Q6 Questions What is sociology? How it is different from other social science? (10 Marks) The foundation which was laid by Auguste Comte was shaken soon by weber and ‘Maua. Elaborate this statement in light of limitation of concept of sociology as a true science? (20 Marks) Sociology without history is rootless and history without sociology is fruitless. Analyse the statement. (10 Marks) Political science is study of power relation but sociology looks beyond that as well. Justify your answer. (10 Marks) Sociology and common sense coverage at some point but diverge more often. Evaluate. (10 Marks) Renaissance provided the touchshne on which many of modern social sciences including sociology grew comment. (10 Marks) Me tate te REL eee