YOK 519.2 Becruux CHGPY. Cep. 4, 2003, sem. 1 (Ned) L.A. Cropobo2amoe NOHAA KBAHTOBAA MEXAHMKA 1. Henonmora cranaapriolt xnanronoi mexamuxn. Cortacio Meramaremarixe (1, 2] s110- Gax Gopsaavno-aoeuecnan cucmena, ecnu w9Gerarb nopoxHoro Kpyra, #OMKHA nawuarBca ¢ Heonpenensemerx (TextYeckux) mepaunos 1 HeROKAsyeMBIX MpenTOerMi (axcuom). Tanee no MpabH1aM NOruKM H NpaBHaM BbIBOTA, MPUNATEM B yKagaNNOM cHCTeMe, Crpostea onpeneneHHs (cosa) # noxasyemnie yrsepx enna (reopens). K npumepy, eskrHlona TeoMeTpHs ocHOBEIBAeTCA Na TaKUX TepsaniAx, KAK HT... M sess axcHomax [4], a cormacno [5]—ua OnMHHaMuaTH aKCHOMAX. . Popmasmsonammte Teopum crpoxtcs ana copMasusayAM TeopHi, WKe SaTAIMX HATyMTHE- usm OOpasom. B kako creneHw 2OCTHTAeTCA TAKAR WeMtb, YAaeTCR OTRETHTS JMU TOrga, KOTIA Popmanusovannas teopia noaydaer unmepnpemaytuo, B pesysmbTaTe Yer GOpMAHIOBANIIAS CU- crema craHosHrea unmepnpemuposannoun ucvucaenues, Virrepnperanua Teopan T nasniaerca MpaBwbHoH, ecm B He BCe McTHIMEIe npenOKeHHA T OKASHIRAOTCH HCTHHHDIMM B cTpyKtype, onperensemoii sTo% murepnperanuell. Taxyio crpyxrypy HasbisaloT .modestoro zauHom Teopm [2]. Popmasusonantas reopsa HpeACTABNAeT HIrrEpeC JHU B TOM cny~ae, ecm O11a cDoGoRANA OF MpOTH- Bopewnit. Ee nassinator Gopaazovo nenpomuaopewueoil, cam te Karxaoe Mpesorerte T HTH. Oxuns« us cnocoGon zoxazarenscrsa HenpoTHmopeMBocTH TeOpHH COCTONT B TOM, 4rOOH OKAIATD B ee merareopuu, 470 9a Teopua «meer Monenb». M3 coobpaxemth ylo6crna pauble aBropst B cBOUX Monenax OmNOH H Toit 2Ke Teopux T MoryT Opazb pasibte HaGopE! Tepmemon H aKcHoM (6% ABIIAA NeKOTOpHIC TepsAUtIbt H AKCHOMBI APYToH Moxexu Onpesterennana m Teopemann). ‘Teopaa T HasbiBaeTcs Monomopgnol, ecm Bce ee MONeNH HIOMOpipIIbI Mery cOBo!t. Kuacc akcHoM nasHIpa- eTCA NEUsOMMONNDM, CCIM KAK AK BXOTIMAA B Hero aKCHOMA He3aBHCMMA; B NPOTHBIHOM cy4ae om HasprBaeTea us6oimownoLn. Tlocxe panteyKa3anub cBesenMit u3 MeTaMaTeMaTHKK MOI nenonnore (2| npusecra teopemy Tenens 0 Karcdas aoeucemuvecran cucmema T, nacmoavxo Gozaman, umobu codepocame Gopaanusayuo Pexypcusnot apufmemuru, aub0 w-npomusoperuea, aubo codepocum nexomopyro nepaspeusu- yro (zoma u ucmunnyno) Fopmyay, m.e. Gopmyay, xomopywo ¢T Heavsa nu doxasame, wu onposepenym, no uemunnocm» xomopoil doxazmeaerca 6 Memameopun T’ > T Minima cnonamn, mo6ax zanuas w-nenporapopeunpas cuctema T' ykagatiioro Tuna wenoaKa it Jake nenonaanuma (B paMKax craporo sapiKa). JLan onpesenenna HcnomaoBAHKOrO 3uecb nONATHA w-nenporusopesmmocty norpeSosamice 6st JONOMMTENMbUBIe CBee 13 MeTamareMatnKn. Jna Hac 8 jlampuetiinem 6yser BarKHO TO, 4TO W-HeNpoTHBOPEYMBOCTS AIeYEr 2 [6]. Kaaccrveckas mexanuka He ComepxHT BHYTpeHHMX MPOTHBOpeMHAiL (vuna nuicxasemannit Au ue-A onuonpemenuo [7]), » peayatare yero, cormacuo Teopeme Teena, anaserea nenosmof, 3a nocmemuMe 300 ner KaaccHYECKAR MeXAHNKA MONOMHANAC HeOAHOKPATHO. OcoGenHo sHaYMTeNBHBIMH OBL MpoNsoMemmee Ha pyGexe XVIII u XIX cronermi nonoamenne MBOTOHOROM MexAHHKH KOHMeMIHAMH TeoMeTpHecKOH OnTAKH, Ha pyGerxe XIX m XX crosersit — HepeNATHBHCTCKOH HEIOTONOBCKOM AMHAMHKH JO PenATHBNCTCKOR MexanuKy [3] 1 mponcxonamee TiocxeaHne 30 ner nononHenne AeTepMmACTCKOH KNACCHIeCKOIt ANHAMHKH REPOATHOCTHBIMH 3AKO- vamu 1 weronamn [8-11]. Pacumpentas raxsm cnocoSom KuaccHYecKAt MexalMKa He comepyxHT DuyTpenHNx NpoTHnopewmit # OTKPETTa Qua JaNbueitumx oGoGmeHHM, pacUIMpenM, HonOAMEHHi B MOAHOM cooTBeTCTBHH c Teopemoii Tegena o uenosHOTe. Crpamtoe zen0, uo agenter crangapruoit KM (CKM) » ee o6uenpunaToi mme xonenraren- cKO uirepnperanH oveHD GonesHenHo pearmpyior Ha yraepxzenna o Tom, 4to KM xenoana [12] WIM 470 OHA COREPUT BHYTpeHHMe MpoTHBopesua TANIA Aw He-A OMHOBPeMeHHO (KOPNycKysKpHO- BoNHOBOMt AYAMHSM, PeRYKUNS BOMHOBOTO NaKera, H 7.11) [13-16]. Bor THIEME Macca 13 ONO raxoit paGorer (17, c. 619]: anne # —newapectuast, Gonee nomtan Teopus> ((14, copmy.ta (16.1). Tlonuirku peanusozarb nporpammy (1) Ze1anucb HeoguoKparuo [13, 21-26], om1aKo onn «H60 oKasasch oumGouKbiMH [21-23], M60 ne GbuIM AOBeAeHBI AO ycneumOro saBepurenus (13, 24-26] Jiauts neasno 8 cepun pa6or [27-31] nporpamma (1) Gsita, Hakonen, pearusonana, 2. Tlonuaa Kpanropaa mexanuxa. Paccmorpam ypasnenue pequnrepa [32] ana BomHoBot cbynkuan (x,t), conocrapnennoit 4acruue c Maccof m, Haxogaulefica B NoTeH- nnasbiom none U(x V2v(x, t) — FRU, )- joe =o (2) rae 8 = h/2m, h—nocroasnan Trance. Cormacio Maneaynry [33], npeo6pasopanna i ¢ aes (-54%), be aexp ( car) a?>0 (3) amp amp 31Peammaylor BSaHMHO OMHOSHAYHOe cooTBETCTBHe Mexk—y Tapoll coMpAKeHALIX ypanHeHMit (2) w apyMa ypaBHeHmamn «raApoqMHamudeckoro MpeAcransenna» ow a fy 7 Ss ae = x [a - y x us] oe div (v5) (4) A : 98 5K ev.s)? — amp? [= -} vx) ] +U(w) +A9 =0, ) re k= +1, \—Kosdunuent rpenua, w (x,t) = |v (%,t))? u(x,t) —noreamuan romof cxopocra [22]: 10) (81) 0) (ee) See © dx, \m) ~ dn, om ) we B (6) pegeust norennpan 5 a. Tloxasarenbuo, to, no B.T.Tetimmarany [34], nowrn re xe ypasuenua (4), (5) om cusawor mportece 6poyHoncKot audbdysun, ecm nonoKTE k= —1 uf = D (Koodunn- ent auddysun). Enmias samen (4), (5) nosnonser Baers cxoaerea 4 pasmiins Mex ay 6poynoncKum («= —1) u KBanToBEIM (k = +1) caysaiinpmar Gayakaannamn [35]. Tapy ypapwenut (4), (5) a1 naszarn [27] ypasnenuanu Madeaynea—Tedauxmana. ‘Ananorano Tomy, Kak andbdysnountie ypasnenns (4), (5) ata x = —1 abiwonarcs 3 MapkoncKoro TpaxicloprHoro ypanneuust Kpamepca—@oxKepa—TInanka [36], xpantopiie ypaprienus (4), (5) aaa x = +1 osxcust patBoauTics [37, 38] 13 HeMapKoBcKoro KBarTOBOrO ‘paxcnoprHoro ypasnerua. Corracto [27] (cy6)xpanrosoe rpaxcrioprHoe ypanHeHue (KTY) umeer caenyioumit Baa: OP (p.x,t) BD) 4 Py, P(p.x,t) = AVp (PP (P50) + (Wal (8) VoP (98) + +2 ~~ WY VeP x) - Ze PY) PWD, O re P(p, x,t) — naorHocr BeposTHocTH 8 (ba3oBoM mpocTpaticTBe HcHHO¥b3oBaHO OSO3HA- venne eipxtd Px, t)d"p (f) = (), = ee JP (p.x,t)dp ZAeticrsuressHo, upamoi mpopepKoli HeTpygHo yOequTbCs, ATO Wha yPABHCHHA (4), (5) npa c= +1 nonysatores 13 KTY (7) Kak ypasnenus sui Byx TepBbix MoMeHToR (HyeBoro nepsoro): (8) woxt)= f Pexddr, 0) Wa = = arty [PPO ED, (ao) an (Was = EVeS (8). (1) 32B copuyaax (9)-(11) npunsro o6osHaseise (8). Kpome sToro ncnosbsonan Tor oGuttt gna HOpMasIBHEIX Mpotteccos bak7 [39], 470 propolt Moment (p?) ppiparkaerca Hepes apa MpeAblay WAX: dy, [« (2 . | =2y, w2inw) = 6°, (2s 7 (=) (12) w w 7 w B-cnoro ovepemb, sncto ckauKosoe KTY (7) aomxno neipoquTeca 13 HeMapKoBcKoro (cy6)kpanTosoro KimeTHecKoro ypaBHeHHa, AHANOTHAHO TOMY, KaK AudbdbysHoHHOe ypaBHe- rue Kpamepea—®oxxepa—ITnanka — 13 MapKoBcKoro KUHeTHeckOro ypaBHeHit Bompuya- ua [40, 41). B [27] noxasauo, xo » pom (cy6)KBaHTOROTO KMHETHYeCKOTO ypaBHeHAs (KKY) exeayer ucrioabsosars He nomaaioulyioca «quddbysuoHnsALU> Repcmo JMHeApH3O- santoro no capury ypasnenus Kommoropopa—Txwara—Cxopoxoaa [42]: OP(p, x,t) pele Pv.P= / [cr(e,p.x,t)VpP + 02(€,p,x,t)V2P — P|M(de), (13) me t(de) = Mr(t,e), ™—myacconoscxaa mepa or cnysaiinoro nponecca ¢. Tetiersu embHo, UpAMOH MpoBepKow MoxHO yGequteca, Yo KKY (13) nopoxksaer KTY (7), ecam NONOKHTS [ree = 2, (p) = V2 (v) (14) es [oler.xomlae) = 92009 (1s) dua cpemnedt aMILINTY.IbI CKAYKOB B HMIYsIbCHOM ognpoctpaHcrse, / cn(€, P,x,t)II(de) = 2 (v — (v)) (16) JIA cpemHelt AMILTUTYABI CKAIKOB B KOOPAMHaTHOM HogMpocrpancrEe. TIpu 9Tom Mobi oTIMyaeM Knacc YACTO CKAYKOBLIX ypaBHennit Koamoroposa—l'nxmara—Cxopoxoga or ypabrenutt Konmoropona—Pennepa, KOTOPEIe, XO- Ta H MpBAyManet 1s OTHCAMHA paspLIBHBIX Mpor{eccon, HO BeerAa Mory' Gus anNpoKcH- supopantt [43, 44] ascbepysionrei mpoueccom. ‘Teneps paccmorpum ypasrexne Kuefna—Ooxa—opaona [45] ania amnwarysqs Beposr- HocTn X, comocransienoit tactume c Maccoit m, Haxonametica B Hose 4-norenumana AM: a ie a, ie pen ie (pes | (= Te ) (= 2 i) xt Suecb e—Sapay, YacTHIyBI, c— cKOpocTh cBeTa, 1“ — KoMMoneHT! 4-npocrpaxcrsa (ict, x), Ipauen rpeyeckue mieKcht npoSeraior sHavenus 0, 1, 2, 3, a narHncKHe— 1, 2, 3, C nomo- mp1 mpeo6pasosastt [46] 262 GX =. (17) oe (¥) : (18) (ult) = = (= . car) (19) 33,Tape KOMILIeKCHO-conpsDkeHHBIX ypablexmit (17) conocTapnaeTcA BO BIAMMHO OBHOSHATHOE coorsercrsue napa ypaBHeHuil «ruapoumHammueckoro pencrapsenua> Taxabasmmn [47|: Ble tur) _ (a/c) ase a ss 22 posal Packie a =— ia - > a 2: (& 0, 0 soo (-an) c MCHOMb30BaHHeEM O603HATeHHA (cos 8/2) exp (-£ (s+ #7) ~i (sin 6/2) exp ( : (s- #2) | Vio 1 e a + Hq OV ay — CA. v(x,t) = ‘Yaueureabuo, Ho ToTH TakHe >ke ypasHenus (33)-(35) 6ui1m npeasoxenti B. A. Kesmu0- posuuem (53) 01 onvcanus KiaccHieckoro ABIDKeHHA HaMarHMaeHHBIX cpem ¢ cobcTBeH- HbIM MOMCHTOM KOMYCCTBA (BIDKEHHA, BKMOTAR HM OpoyHoscKyio mudbysmo, eon can- rath k = —1, 8 = D. 910 noswonser no ananorun c (4), (5) oObeaunurs B cope (33)-(35) YPaBHeHHs KACCHYCCKOLO ABIDKEHHs HAMarHHYeHHOM cpexts! ¢ COGCTBEHHEIM MOMCHTOM KO- AIMSeCTBa ABIDKCHUA H KBaHTOBO-MEXaHUYECKOTO JBUDKEHHA YACTHNBI CO CHMHOM, 1OOaBHB B HX 18 O6uMHOCTH Kosde>UIWeHT TpeHUs A vt PestaKCALOHHOE czaraeMoe LL, KOTOpEIe MoryT 60ITb He pas HymO [54] u B HeKOTOpBIX KBANTOBEIX Moueccax B MaTepHambHOl cpese (xe. we B paxyyme). Equnaa sanucb (33)-(35) 2aer BOIMO>KHOCTb YeTKO BHJeTS CKORCTBA v1 pasiwuna Mexay KnaccuyeckuM (Kk = —1) # KBaHTOBDIM (« = +1) caysadiasiMn 6nyaKna- nusmu. Ypasrenua (33)-(35) sorm4no HasbiBaTh ypaenenuamu Boma—Keanoposura. TIpamas mposepka noxaspisaer [29], 4t0 KBanTOBEIe ypapHenua (33)-(35) nopoxzaror~ ca cneayionium cnunopHEM (cy6)KBaxnTOBLIM TpaHcnoprHLim ypasHenuem (CKTY) Wis WIOTHOCTH BepoxTHocTH P(x, Vv,8,t) 8 mpocrpancrTse (x, V,S,t) dacTHUbI ¢ Maccof m, SApAIOM € 1 CIHHOM S: oF ewe Vx) P = 2(v — (v)) VxP — 2(Va (v)) P+ re + Fy [(rot (6) - rot (s)) + ((IVx) (s)) - ((IVx) (8))] Vo (VP) + 2 +E ev g evs) -100(8)) + (ORR) 89) (OVa) (8)]) VeP= > = (Vx ((8) -H)) VyP — (eB) VeP + (VxU) Vy P+ 36+0 (Ely x HP) + Vy (E(v- Va) A-P) + (A—H)Vo (WP) + = V, (I.x HP) + + 2 Va ([s x Va (div 6))] P) + [(s) x Vu (VxP)] (div (6). (36) Tipn stom (33) oxasnisaetca ypaBnenuem ana uyneporo MomeHTa +20 w (x,t) = / P(x,v,s,t) dvds, a (34), (35) —ypannennann zur apyx nepser MomenTon ip . te Vy) = -P (x,v,8,t)dvds, (s), , = ——~ P (x, v,s, t) dvds. Whe seg [VP maids, ee say [ sPovstdvds. (67) Ypapnenna sya BTOpNX MoMeHTOR He Tpe6yloTCA, TAK KaK MOCKe”HHe B KOHEYHOM BHAe pupaxkaiores sepes Hynesoii u neppeiii Moments: [Ipu stom «6eccrmonoe> coornomerte (12), ne. (v?) — (v)? = V2 nw FODKHO SEIT OGOStEHO [29]: (v?) — (v)? = V2 Inw + (b?) — (b)?,, rae b—cbysHoRHsHpyeMLIx>) ypap- neni Komoroposa—Tixniarta—Cxopoxora oo y+ ay (21, Us, Wy, 8,6}; ¥s + bu Br» Uv, Wr 8,8); "5/6 = | [P. ee ear areaie aaara ds) ) ~ P| M{(de). (55) Pasnaraem mpuxogueiit wen B pay Tefinopa, B KoTOpom BropHIe MpousBOsuBIE OTcyTCTBY- on, NocKonbKy sMd>eyanonHas (MapKoBcKam) cocTapAAoMas mHTerpare ypasneaua (55) cuntaerea y2xe yaanennoi. OrOpacbipaa Bce upousBonnule BpIe 2-ro HopagKa, Monysaem penaTuBncreKoe ciMHopHoe o6o6meHne ypasHeana Konmoroposa—Tixmarta—Cxopoxosia, KOTOPOe ABAAETCH HCKOMEIM CHIMHOPHEIM pesIATHBMCTCKHM (cy6)KBAHTOBLIM KUHe- TH4eckHM ypasHernem (CPKKY): wyO/P — Oy, (Tuy P) = -/ [?. (Pajtaran manta, ttlensn cing) a (enn) oo Wy + (Ly, Vv, We, 9, €)39 + d(tv, Vy, Wy, 9,£) = OP ff aclersrsstey Dye) + 8o4P f blots tes Oye)Nde)+ + 0,P f eolte20,m0,8 ede) +90P f de 20.2) ~P [ mee). (56) Tlo ananorun ¢ (39)-(47) nonoxcumt Jz | H1(de) =0y (ha) + 5 (2) Bo (8) — GeO {CU () — p(y) Be (BY — ~ FeO. (iar (va) (0p) (48s (thy) — MB (Oy) ” Jun pce MATEHCHBHOCTE CKAKOB, 40fefeerve te. 8,e)M ae) = uy ~ (hy) + x (op (wy) — Wy (Up) Oy (8) + + (pay (va) (wp) (ae fn) ~ Hy (0) vs guia cpermell amnauryapt cKa'kos 8 4-mpocrpancre J beter vr tee 21a) = ~ (4) Faw ~ 5p (2 (8) Juia cpesielt amnmrysb cKauKOB B 4-npocrpaxcrse (vy), f colaos veya B ede) = ~ (a) Faw ~ 5p (nA) ana cpeqnett amnaizyzpt ckankon B 4-npocrpanerse (wy) # | (ay, vy, w,, 8,€)I(de) = a, (p (24)) aa cpeatelt annumaryzi61 ckaskos 8 mpoctpancrae @. B urore us CPKKY (56) noaysaem cnunopHoe pessTusncrcKoe (cy6)KBaHTOROe TpaHcnoptHoe ypapHenue (CPKTY) (64) ana naorHocrs sepoatHocty P = P(tq,q,Wa,4) B 11-npoctpancrse (a, Va; Way4)- 3, Temxkenne cno6onHoli vacruubi B ToHol KBaHTOBO! MexanuKe. Paccmorpum osHOMepHOe BIKEHMe HepeAATHBHCTCKO! MHKPOYACTHID Macchl M Hos AelicTBHeM MocTO- aunoit (30 BpeMeHm H mpocrpartcrse) cura, paso —V,U(x) = g. KTY (7) asanerca anrerposnddpepentuanbunim ypastenuem, B KOTOPOM cpestHee sHaveHHe (p) (cM. opmyay (10) aanucur or dbyaxnun P(p,x,t), Koropyio ee npencrowr natira. OgHaxo B cnyuae cpo6osIHoft YACTHUBI UMeeTeH ROSMO2XHOCTS Nox06parh {p) Gea sHanna ynKtysn P(p, x,t), ucxoga 13 Broporo 3akoHa HioroHa: er "ie =9. (57) Pemeane sagan Kontm jut ypasuenna (57) ¢ HauanbusIMH JaHHbIMH = Xo, U = Up UpH t= to MpHBOAMT K cHeLyIOUHM cpeyHUM sHAIeHHAM: (p) = (mv) = gt + mvo 58. (2) = Lt + not +20 (8) Orciona : ae) (a) ve) = 42 (G) =. (59) Baskas cpega orcyrorsyer (A = 0). C nomompto coornomenntt (58), (59) aurerpoaudpepennuanbiioe KTY (7) moxer 6urrp cBegeHo K YacTHorMddepeHuMabHOMY ypaBHeHHio WepBoro NopAayKa OP(t,x,p) , (2gt py) aP | oP 29 a =«=2=2=—=—COCO ta (60) MeTost petlenas KoTOPsIx xopomo paspaborants (59). 4lPemms sagauy Kom ara ypasnenua (60), u3 noaysennott bym«numu P(t, x, p), Haxonmumn cpeqnue (p) 1 (x), 1706s npoBepat» mpasAbHOcT BuIGopa (58). Okazasocb, “To cpeaHee (p) cueayer yrounurs, 40 mpuseno x usMenermo dyxKuun (59) u ypasnenua (60). Ha woworo ypanricma (60) crona Guna pemena cagave Kom x natizens: (p) w (x). Mocne HeCKONBKHX HTepanyit caMocormacosannute sHavenaa (p) 1 (x) Onl onpeslenesi TOsbKO aula ciydaa otcyrersna Benet cast (g = 0): mvolAte)? + (@ ~ to) (Avo)*t (Azo)? + (Avo)? (p) 5 (61) (x) = 20 + vot, (62) rae Azo m Avo — Heonperenennocrn HavambabIx sHaxeHHit KOopaNHaTst 1 CKOpocTH “acTH- ut. Camocormaconanmbie dbyxnun (61), (62) nossosuuo0T ua caysaa g = 0 sanvcar» KTY (7) B raxott cbopme: oP p\ oP 2 (Au)? t H+ (5) sea ae B coorsercrsuu ¢ anroputmom [59] cocrasasem cuctemy obtikHonennuix nddbepennmasy- HLIX ypaBHennit, coorsercrpytoulyio ypapnermo (63), uHTerpHponanMe KOTOpOH ZaeT TpH unrerpama: Ti:2=29 + vot mm t0(Ato)? + (x ~ 20) (Avo)"t (Ato)? + (Avo)? # : (64) o (Azo)? © (Azo)? + (Avo)? Vis unterpanos (64) satrexaer [59] cnenyiomee oGuiee perenne KTY (57) B neapnom puge: ua? + (a — x0) A*t o ) a? + Art? : a? + Ate? Ihip= Ih: P (65) F (2-9 -vh,p—m rae Jia KoMnaxTHocTH BReqeHBt o = Ato nA = Avo Bua dynxuun F onpeneaserca eo naasuot bopmott F(x —9,v — v,P - 1) = 0, B Ka¥ecTBe KOTOpo!t IpHMeM NpoMsBezeHMe HOPMaNbHEIX pacnpegeneHuit no mmynEcaM 1 koopaunaram 1 G2? _@=90)? oe Fath aro, P00,2,7) = Fpegeme TSH ee (66) BuiGop pacnperenenua (66) ¢ nepBoro B3rnaa MOXKeT MOKA3ATbCA KAKHM-TO YaCTHEIM uu cy6beKTHBHEIM. OnHaKo 9To He TaK. Bo-nepBbix, M3 BCex HenpepbIBHBIX pacmpejereHuit ¢3agjannolt qucrepcHeli HopMasibHoe pacnpexestenne O6s1aqaeT MaKcHManbHo# sATponuelt 110 Ilentony, 1.e. MakcumansHoi HeonpesenenHocrsto [60]. Bo-sropsrx, opauHara cryyaiinot cKauKon (14) 8 KKY (13), coorpercray- routem KTY (63): 2(8)?t 2 (h/2m(Azo)*)*t T =2V;2(v) = = . 80) (= Gye 14 Camere os Vis (80) sotsoqme cpesee Bpenta Mexay ABYMA CKaSIKAMI 2m (Acro)? (a) = Ge (st) Tlanee, us nornocrn nepostuocti (68)-(70) ¢ yaetom cbopmynet (71) Borymeaien Mate- Marnueckoe oxHAaHHe KBapaTa CKOPOCTH he 2 Pa ante e- (@) (v?) = (Ato)? + (v)? = Orcioaa ana aucnepcum avmmryab ckauKos (16) 8 mpocrpastcrse Kondurypanull cnexyer 6: oe . D(a} 24 (w= ())*) =4 (0) - 0) = SP (83) 44Haxoxen, 13 aitcnepcun (83) nonyuaem cpeaHeKBanpaTHsHbtit pas6poc aMmmuTys, cKa4KOB (A) = VDA} = —*_. (84) m (Azo) B reopuu 6poyHoscKoro aBmxenna [40] cpeaHeKbaapatunan cayvatitiaa cKopocrs Hacrunpr Macchi m paBHa 8kT {v) (85) 7m rae k —noctosrinas Boapnaana, T — a6comotuaa Temnepatypa repmocrata. [Ipupasnusast npasbre sactu (84) m (85), nony4mm Kaxkyutyloca Temmepatypy T «cy6KBanTOBOTO TepMo- crara>, Burabipalomero cy iaflHoe ABIDKeHHe KBARTOBO-MeXAHUMECKON HACTHILS ¢ HHTEHCHE- noctbio (80) 4 cpeaHel amnanrysoi (84): ah ~ Bkm (Azo)” (66) O6cyxxaeHne: Hayano KOHUa KoneHrarencKoi uuTepnperanun. Hs n. 2 BHaHO, uro sce HszecrHpie 8 CKM sostmonsie ypasnenna (2), (17), (32), (48) asnmorca cnenctBn- em Gonee o6mux (cy6)KBaHTOBEX TpaxcnopraEix ypasuenuti (7), (23), (36) 4 (54) coor- BeTCTBEHHO 1a O6bIHHOM (KsaccHYecKOH) MIOTHOCTH BepoaTHOcTH P. B cBow o4epesb, (cy6)kbanrosite Tpaxicnoprasie yparneaua—s7o cneqcrBue Goaee o6mnx (cy6)KBAHTOBBIX kunerHaeckux ypasnennii (13), (28), (38) (56) coorserersenno, umeromux cTpyxtypy HemapkoscKux («Hesmdcbysnonnsupyemsix>) ypabnenui Kommoroposa—axmana—Cxopo- xoaia [42]. HaSop ypaprienmit (7), (23), (36), (54), (13), (28), (38), (56) o6pasyer ynzamenr KM. Ecrecrnenso Bosumxaer ponpoc, Moxer sin TIKM garb Hopble akctlepHMeHTatbHO npo- pepaeMble mpeyickagaHua, OTMYHEIe OF mpescKasanut CKM? He tomsKo Moxer, HO Aa2Ke o6azana, 160 TIKM apsaerca Merateopuett ana CKM. Ine xke creayer HcKats Taky10 HOBH3- ay? Jj1a s1oro npocsenum 3a cbopMasu3MoM uaBneeHua ypabenuit CKM m3 ypasnennit TIKM wa mpumepe wepenaTupucrcKoh Geccnunozo% yacruupt. B stom cayyae cyOxpanro- pore ypapnenna (7) # (13) sanmceiparores yA mnoTHOcTH BeposTHocTH P(p,x,t) B daso- BoM npocrpanctse. Kak # novloxKeHO B CTaHapTHoti (KoMMoropoBcKO#) TeopHu cyaatHDX npoueccos [39, 42-44, 62], cama niorHocrb sepoaTHocrn P(p, x,t) ecrb 9kcrepamenTambHo HeHaGmosaeMas! BENUYHHA, a H3MepeHHAM NOAAAIOTCA TOKO MOMeHTHI: HyseBoH (9), TPA nepssix (10), Bropolt (p?), Tperbu momenrst qi3x(r,t) = ((Pi — (Pi))(Py ~ (Ps))(Px ~ (Px)))s veTBepTbie MOMeHTEI Ht TaK 0 GeckoHeuHOocTH. BeckoneyHas LemouKa sanensintomaxca ju>- cbepenumanbunix ypaBneHHit sya Bcex MOMeHTOB SKBHBAMeHTHA 110 unopManHoHnott eMKO- crm omwomy HenuHetivomy HuTerponuddbepentmansomy KTY (7) um KKY (13). Urober TOAYIUT B ABHOM BUJIe TeOpeTHecKHi SAKOH Awa BpeMeHHol 9BOMOUNA MoMeNTOB, He06- XonMMO MpoHHTerpupoBaTh GeckoHeYBy!O NeNOYKY ypasHeHHMt sta Momentos. JI1a 9Toro crenyeT HOCTYNUTHCH CTPOTOCTHIO H Ha KAKOM-TO N-M MOMeHTe OBOPBATS BEIMeyKAsaHHY!O nenouky, armpokcumuposas (n + 1)-f MoMexT anre6pan4eckol KomOuHaninel npempiaymEX n Momentos. Takas npoweypa o6bruHa # B TeopHH HATerpupoBanua Mepapxmu ypapHenatt BBIKHi [41], 4 upw semoge auddepennmanbunix ypapnenntt nepenoca u3 muTerpogudbe- peHiifanbHoro KaHeruueckoro ypasHeaua Borsumara [40]. Hanpuep, » 5-mMomenTHom npu- 6mpxermu [pena wa ypannenua Bomsumana suiponat 5 ypasnenutt: onHO— ayia HyseROro MOMeHTA, CHEAYIOMIMe TPH — Aid Tpex KOMMOHEHT CKOPOCTH H MlITOe ypaBHeAue — 71m TeM- neparypsr [40]. B 13-momerraom mpu6moxernn Dpena xonommresbusie BoceMb ypannennit 45ONMcbIBAIOT BABKOCTS H TeNIONPOBOHOCTS raza. Paspaborano w 20-MomeHTHOe npuGmHDKe- nue [40] C rouka spenua reopun cayuaitaerx mponeccos ypasnenue Boxumana 1 Bbrrexaiomue W3 Hero ypaBHeHua LepeHoca — 910 ypaBHenua Jia MapKOBCKHX (muddysHoMAErx) aponce- cos. A cy6xpantosute ypasnenus (7) # (13) omcpisaror wucTo paspsiBHBIit cryyaiinetit mpouecc. Ho Maremaruueckas npouesypa o6pripa 6ecKoue4Hoit ueNlO4KH ypaBHeHHit aia MoMeHTOB B OGOHX cmy4asX onMHaKOBa. Tellepb MOHATHO, TO, 32 nncbipan cootHomerna (9)-(12), Mbt OrpaHHYMIch TOKO Tema NepBEIMH MoMeHTAMH: FYJIeBEIM MoMeHTOM (9), TpeMa TepBbiMH MoMenTaam (10) (uu (11) 4 BropsIM MoMeHTOM (p?), a nentouxy ypasnenutt o6opsan na atom ypasenmu, sirpaane (p?) sepes ynenoti 1 Tp TepBEIX MoMenTa rio cbopmyse (12). Keraru, uMeHHo npw 9Tot mporeaype B Teopun nospunach nocrosuHad Tnanka (8 = fi/2m x (12). B pesysrare or peel GeckoHeyHot UenlouKH ypaBHeHHli nA Bcex MoMeHToB ocTasucb fia ypasnenna (4), (5) za HyseBOrO (9) W Tpex MepBEIx MoMeHTos (11). A ypasHenna (4), (5) y2xe HOMHOCTSIO 3KBHBANeHTHI AByM AuretiHeMm COnpAxKeHHLIM ypaBHenHsM I Ipeanurepa (2). Corsaco reopwn cayuaiinerx mpoueccos (39, 62] ana ucuepnurpaiomelt xapaxrepucra- KM Hopmaaeuo2o Mponecca AOCTaTOHO 3afaTb sla ero MepBEIX MomMeHTa. CuemOBATENbHO, apa conpskenHLIX ypapHeaua LIpenunrepa (2)—9ro npocrefimee aunetinoe npubauotce- nue JH HeMAapKOBCKOrO Mponecca, onucpIBaeMoro cy6KBaHTOBDIMH Ypasnennamn (7) HIM (18), korga cnyyaéuerit nponecc P(p, x,t) oKa3bIBaeTCA HOPMANBHBIM, T.e. AyIa ero ucdep- TbIBAIOUIeTO OMHCAHHA AOCTATOMHO ABYX NepBbIX MoMeHTOB. Terleps NORATHO, Me ciemyer UcKaTb 9KCHepuMeHTaNbHO NpoBepsempie npencKasanua ITKM, ormnunsre or mpercKaszannit CKM, ~ uckars nx cneayer B TAKHX SKCIepHMeHTAIBLIX CHTYANMHAX, B KOTOPEIX sHHetHOe UpHOsUDKeHMe CTAHOBHTCH HESAKOHHBIM. A ect am Kakue-un6yiqb HaMeKH Ha cyIeCTBOBaHMe Kakoro-To Kpyra (PUSHYECKHX ABIIE- nui, re CKM nepecraer pa6orars u Tpebyercs, eci He HCHONS3OBaHKe LOMHOMaCHITaGHOM TIKM, 7o xora 6n1 BRenenne nepBEIX HesMHetiHIx NonpapoK? Ja, 970 Bce Te aBNeHUA, AIA onucanma KoTopsix nocuenuMe 40 ner npessaranoch Monudumuposarh CKM nytem ppe- AeHus 51160 KBaHToRoro TpocrpaticrBa—spemenn (66, 67], 60 byHAaMenTaTHOHt AHEHBL [68-70], 2160 HenoKansuoro noza (67, 71]. 1uGo HemHeHuoro noma [71-73]. Boe ykasar- Uble nonprrkn bakTHYeckH JemaaHce «BcTEMy!o>, Ges YerKOLU pyKUBOAMUIELO KPHTEpUA. Tocaegnee, 110-BiyuiMomy, He O4eHb 6pocasioce B raza, MocKomBKy cama CKM nocu peuien- ‘TypHbitt xapaxrep—p neti ypaBuenna ABWKeHHA MonyyaloTes H3 KsaccHIecKoH yaKAH Tamumproa nyTem 3amenbi ee nepeMeHubix Ha noaxXonamue oneparopst. B ayxe sToro pe- WeNTYPHOTO MeTOZa MOXKHO MUYLTHOHOM criocoboB MamemamuNecku PaccMaTpHBAIOT MAT ypaRneHuii Z18 Tpex nepBLIx MoMeHToB. Ho B TaKOM cmy4ae O6part- Hoe mpeoSpasopanue (3) yoke He HOsBONMT HOMY YT KAKOe-sHGO BOIHOBOe ypaBHenne, AarKe 46¢ HemmueiintimM JO8aBKaMH, T.e. HactynuT noxsift orxog or CKM. TMocros#man Taanka ApH 9TOM O6s3aTeTbHO NonosHUTCA HHBIMM YHAMeHTANbHBIMH TOCTOAEHEIMA TLTIt ake HcuesHeT, npespaTHBUIMcs B KOMOuHALMIO ApyrHx Gone byHAAMeHTAsIbHBIX TOCTOATHBIX. Ee 6d.pumii orxea or CKM nacryner, ecam nepeiira x 10-, k 13-MomentHoMy mpaGauxe- HMO HT. JL TIKM uenmkom sxsiovaer B ce6a Maremaruyeckuit annapar CKM. Xora IIKM u ocuoza- Ha Ha TeOPHH HeMaPKOBCKHX ciyYalitibix MPOUeCCOB, OHA ABIAeTCA BETBHIO OOEIIHOM (Knac- cHyeckoil) TeopHH BeposTHOCTeHi, a NOTOMY TeopHs KRAHTOBBIX H3MepeHuit [74] Tpaxtyerca 8 TIKM na sspike Teopan cbanprpayyn [75] 4 Beienenma curnasa Ha cboue uymos (14, 16]. Taxnm o6pa3zom, sompexn onaceraM asenros Konexrarencoit mrepnperanun CKM, wu- kakolt «kopeHHoit jtomKu> [18] CKM u ee Maremaruueckoro annapara cosganue IIKM we anever (ecrecrBeHHo, B TOM Kpyre aBaeHUil, nae JocTaTouHa arnpoKcumana (12) wx (27), Le. B Teopmio He BROAATCA HUKaKue cbyHjaMeHTaNbHBIe TOCTOAHHBIe, KPOMe HOCTOsHHOE Tinanka). Bosee toro, BonHossie ypasHenus (2), (17), (32), (48), kak mmHetne audpe- peatwanbubie ypabuenna, Gostee yAOORBI 41a pemenua saga Ha cobcrsenHble sHavenna (a 310 rmaBHefimad saqaua Jia coppeMenHofk cbusnKu), vem HemMHelBe uATerpomMddepeH- uuanbHBie (cy6)kBaxroBble Tpancnoprasie ypannenua (7), (23), (36), (54). B Tom xpyre apneauit, rye 3aKoHHa simHefiaa anmpoxcuManua IIKM HopMasibaeimn mpoueccam, 7. e. ypasuenuamu CKM, maremaruuecknit anmapar CKM nomocrsto coxpanaerca, HB 9TOM kpyre apnennit IIKM ne qaer npeqcKasannit, 9kcnepuMenTambHo OTIMIHMBIX OT MpeqcKa- sant CKM, p cmarcne «pam uamepenuit>, (Xora ITKM gonyckaer eme # «Kocpennpie isMepenna>, io Mange.murramy—Baoxurnesy |67].) Ho coszanve ITKM, t.e. sxmoverne KBaHTOBOM MexaHUKH B CraHaprHyro (KoMMOTOpoBcKyI0) TeopHio cMyYaMHBIX TpoLeccon, osHa¥aeT KOHel KONeHrarencKo uATepnperanan CKM u mpoyeit uzeonormueckoit nosuTH- BUCTCKOM ellenyXH», KOTOPOH Obpocuia KBAHTOBAs TeOpHs. Tlpexkae Bcero craHosntca HeHy>, KoTOpEItt H. Bop MpHayMas ju OObACHEHHA TeX CTOPOH MOBesCHHA KBAHTOBLIX OO bEKTOB, KOTOPbie Ha ca- MOM Jee ABJOTCA MPOABIeHHeM HeMApKOBCKOTO XapakTepa UX TloBeseHHa. Hanpumep, 3 dopmyx (81) m (84) BAAHO, 4TO AHTeHCHBHOCTH H AMIVINTYAa KBAHTOBEIX GrY>KTaHME okasbisaiorca TeM BHIe, YeM B Goslee yaKuit MpocrpancTseHHBIf zWarasoK (x9) oKAgaIAC MukpowacTuma Nog ZelicrBHeM BHeMINHX Nosef HIM Apyrux TacTHH, HesaBucH- Mo OT TOTO, HMeIOT JH 9TH HOA H APYTHe YACTHUBI ecTeCTBEHHOE MPOUCKOKTeHHe, HIM OHH opranmsopant sxcnepumeutaTopom. K mpuMepy, ect BHeIIHHe CHARI TOKANUByIOT 9ieK- ‘TpOH B JMHefHOM OGsiacrH (9) = 5,3-10-° cm (paauyc nepsoti GoposcKol op6urbI B aToMe H [76]), 70 cpeaee spema Mexay TONYKAMH CO CrOpoHSI «TepMoctara», cormacso (81), 6yzer cocrasnarb 4,8- 10717 c, cpeausia unTeHCHBHOCTS TOMUKOB, corsacHo (86), 6yzeT cO- orsercrsonats Temnepatype 124000 K = 11,3 9B, a cpeauas znuna ceo6oguoro mpobera 6yzer papna 1,06 10-® cm. SueKrpoH & KYOHOBCKOM HOMe MpoTOHa HCHbITEBaeT HeMap- KopckHe cuyyaiinnie Ory 1aHHA C BILEYKasAHHbIMH NapaMeTpamu, HesaBHCHMO OT TOrO, HAXOUTEA JIM OH Tl HaGMOseHMeM JKcHepuMeHTaTopa wa Her. Kak He 110-KoMeHrareHncKHt saMetua P, Defiumax, B aTOMe BOZOPOsa SNeKTPOH Mo2xHO paccMaTpuBaTb «Kak cBoG6os- AYIO YACTHLY, BPeMA OT BPeMeHH HCHIbITBIBAIOMLYIO PAccesHHe Ha KYSIOHOBCKOM HloTeHIHasTe apa» (77, c. 201]. IIpusem 8 ormrune or o6nr4Horo 6poyHoBckoro ABHKeHHA TOsTIKH CO cropoub! cy6kBaHTOBOrO TepMocTara HaNpaBJleHbI He BO BHe (KOraa kK = —1 B ypaBHeHUHM Masenynra—Tefinmxmana), a sHyTpp cucremst (« = +1 5 ypasxensu (5)). 970 npaBomat K TOMY, ¥TO OCMOTHYECKHE TEHSOPHI ANH KsaccH4YecKoro 6poyHOBCKOTO JBMKEHHS 4 KBAHTOBO- Mexaniueckoro GayxKaHHs UMeIOT NPoTABOMOTOKHBIE sHAKH (soTpHIaTenbHBI Koad uvenr andeysnM> B KRaHTOBOM Guy2KnaHHH (78]). MMeHHo 9TH cyOKBAHTOBEIE TOTKH c 47kKaT sveKTpoH BONHSH Apa B OOWACTH ¢ ~MaMerpoM lopsKa 1,06-10~8 om. Hi sro6er BEIrHaTD ameKTpoH H3 OGsACTH NpHTMKEHHA MpOTOHA, HY7KHO , BReAeHHOTO B [24]. A nmxakux apyrux cpoiicre cyxpanrosoro Tepmocrara B [24, 81-83] 1e npeaerassieno. Xora 8 Tol o6acTn spnennil, rye 3aKonHa munelinas anmpoKcuManna ypasnenni IIKM ypasHenuamu CKM, npezcxasanna TIKM u CKM nepasu4umel B , sce-raxn TIKM kak merareopua aust CKM nossosster paspemmrs HeycrpaHumble BHYTpeH- Hue nporupopesna nocieqHef. Met ne 6yzeM 3fecb ocraHansMBaTéca Ha Tesnce Dinurretita— Logonecxoro—Posera [12] 0 nenoniore CKM, nockonpxy Jl. M. Broxmines (14, 16] yxe Mponosna ananns napagoxca STIP ¢ nosmynii, mpoTHpononoxKHDIX KoneHrareHcKoH TpaK- ope CKM. Cosganue TIKM (cm. n. 2) nonuocrsio nogrsepkiaer npanoty Siuurretina, Tlonommcxoro u Posena u JenaeT NORATHDIM, ¥TO CYT AAHHOTO MapasoKca CocTOUT B OBeZe- MM 40 a6cypza MapKosckoro xapaktepa CKM (aqqurupnocth amnuutyy, Bepoatuoctu [84] CKM, avanorwmas angntusnocrn seposTHoctelt B MapKoBCKoM (byHKkuonanbHoM ypapHe- xm Konmoroposa—“ermena (43, 62]). Brraprennoe » [12] pasnoxerme ncxomHoro ancamOns W(2,22) Ha uckmoyaiomue xpyr zpyra axcam6su (oqun pas no Npw3HaKy py, Apyrolt pa3 no npysnaky 21) cBMerenbcrByer 0 HeMapKOBCKOM NOBEseHHM MUKpOYACTHN, WTO ecTecrBeH- HO B HcxogHO HeMapkoBcKoli IIKM, Ho HuKak He BAITeKaer 13 CKM, Hocamett MapKopcKuit xapakrep, TOUHee MapKOBCKHi XapakTep B rHBGepToBoM mpocrpaxicTse (85, 86]. Xora mp Gostee ray6oKom ananuse [87] sdbdbexrst pyauonsioro ypaprenna (39, 43, 96] P (22, talts,ts) daa. (91) ox [-75] oy/2n (ts —t2) * P(x2,to\ra,ts) = 49o6siamaroulee BceMH CBOficTBamM KjaccHdecKoit (KomMoropoBcKOH) BeposTHOCTH, T.€. H3Me- Haoujeeca B npexestax oT 0 0 1 # HopMupoBatitioe K exuEMHe. Ecnm nonsrrarbca npoyenarp arasrormanyro nponesypy ¢ KBAHTOBO-MexanHaecKoHl MIOT- OCTEIO BepoRTHOCTH, T.e, oReTaRUTH cbyHKumio (68) BMecto P(z,tly,r) a P(x,tly,7) B ypasrenun (89), To nonyyentoe ypasnenne DpenrospMa yslaeTCa YAOBeTBOPAT He TON0- 2KHTebHO onpexeneHHon bynkuvel W (z|x,t), a 1MuM 3HakonepemeHHod cbyHKnued (cany- como’, cbyrkunet Beccens nr. 11). Ho orcioga Bosce ne Birrexaer, 470 Kraccwmeckas (KOM MOTOPOBCKas) TeopHa cay 4atHbIX MPoLeccoB HeNPUMeHUMA K KBAHTOBO-MexaHUyecKOMY JBH- 2KeHHIO, a CnesyeT AHI HeMapKoBcKul xapakrep nocaequero. JeticrsuremHO, KaK 6x10 nokasaHo Bette (cM. 1. 3), MLOTHOCTS BepoaTHocTH (68), 6yy4H Brome TObpoKauecTEeH- voit (nomoxwTe_HO ONpezeTeHHOM H HOpMupoBaHHOi K 1) KiaccHYecKOH NIOTHOCTHIO Re posTHocrH, yloBerBopseT HeMapKOBcKuM ypaBHenus (7) wu (13), Ho He HMeer HAKaKorO OTHOUIcHHa K MapKoBcKHM ypasHenuam (89), (90). Virax, 2xcnepumenranbrio o6Hapyskeuuble Hapymenua Hepasencrs Beana [17-19] ne 0- kagsiparor [94] HenoKanbuuiii xapakTep KMAIOT sMMIIS HeMapKOBOCTS KBaHTOBO-MexaHMYecKoro BHDkenna, Tony deHHast BBIMe B ABHOM Bue MIOT- HocT BepoatHocrn (68)~(70) B cbasonox npocrpancrne sBnaerca aABHOt ynxruseit P(p, x,t) Of JOKAMIbHBIX spepentmarBc ypasnenutt JI., 1955. 60. Boveap J.A., Cmanxeoux H.B., Yucmaxoe A.JI. // Hoxn. AH CCCP. 1963. T. 149, Nel. C, 68-71. 61. eeu IT. Croxaeruveckwe mponeccst 4 6poynonckoe apwxenne / Tep. c dp.; Toa pea. H.H. Yenuosa. M., 1972. 62. Puedenxo B.B. Kype reopun nepoatuocrelt. M., 1961. 63. Baotunyes J.H. Ochowst xnan- ‘ropoit mexastuxn. M., 1976. 64. Blinder S.M. // Amer. J. Phys. 1968. Vol. 36, N 6. P. 525-526. 65. Vandegrift G. // Amer. J. Phys. 2000. Vol. 68, N 6. P, 575-576. 66. Baavyes A.H. Hucxper, Moe mpocrpantcrso-spema. M., 1965. 67. Baozunyes J.H. TIpocrpancrso u pes 8 muxpommpe. M., 1970. 68. Pavlopoulos T.G. // Phys. Rev. 1967. Vol. 159, N 5. 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