; ‘Solution: At one end of the process at stage l ¥, = 29:73 kg mol, T0101, Le = 900, and Faq = 0. Also, the equilibrium relation is % ya's 2538, where m = 2.53. Then L_ ty 900 hy inly 58 x 298 2.0, yanes = O01 Ly 9027, and 4 = 120 0.00300 ALSta92 Nios ‘The geometricaverage 4 = Ahn SFpe scctone solute is Wensered Irom the V tothe L phase (absorp- sion) Substituting inte Ba. (103-251, sag 285 (1h) tn | goaror= 2550 (!~ T198) *TH95| ee 1 “This compares closely with $2 stages obtained using the graphical method. 104 MASS TRANSFER BETWEEN PHASES 104A. Introduction and Equilibrium Relations 4, irodution to nterphase mass transfer, Ya Chaplet 7 we considered mass transfer tom a fd phase to another phase, which was prima a solid phase. The solute A was cRtally transferred from the Buid phase by convective mass transfer and though the ‘Sold By eifsion Inthe present section we shall be concerned with the mas transfer of Sblate rom ave uid phase by convection end then through a second uid phase bY Convection For example, the solute may diffuse through a gas phase and then difuse {hrough and be absorbed in an adjacent and immiscible liquid phase. This occurs in the ‘ase of absorption of ammonia from sit by water. ‘The two phases are in ditet contact with each oser, such as ina packed ray, oF pray.type toner, andthe interac area between the phases is usually not well defined. Tn two-phase mass transfer, a concenteation gradient will exis in each phase, causing ass transfer accor. At te interface between the (wo Mid phases, equibium exists in 12 Equilbriumrelations. Even when mass transfer is occurring equilibrium relations are Fimpostant to stermine conceatration profiles for predicting rates of mass transfer. Ya Season 102 the equilibrium elation in a gas-iuid system and Henry's law were discussed. In Section 7.1C a discussion covered equilibrium distribution cosfcients between two phases, These equilirium relations wil be used im discussion of mass transfer between phases i this section, 10.48 Concentration Profiles in Interphase Mass Transfer In the majority of masstranser systems, two phase, which ae essential immiscible in ach other, are present and also an interface between these two phases, Assuring the Solute A ied eing from the bulk ga phase G tothe liquid phase L, it most passthrough phase G through the interface, and then into phase Lin serie. A conceriration gradient 0 Chap, 10 stage and Comiusas Gus-Liqu Sepa Processes T FicuRe 041 Concentration profile of liguid-phase solution! garphase mixture solute A difusing through of A in liqui fof 1s serie Cages etd new eZ ey, titecace Taam eric must exit o caus thi mass transfer through the resistances in each phase, as shown in Fig 104-1, The average or bulk concentration of in the pas phase in mole fraction nls Jag, Where yag = p/P, and xq, inthe bul Liquid phase in mole raction units. “The concentration in tbe bulk gas phase Jag decreases to yy atthe interface. The liguid concentration starts at x, atthe interface and falls to x,,. At the interface, since there would be no resistance to transfer across this interface, and xq are in equilib: rium and ae related by the equilibrium distribution elation ya flea aos where yaa function of. They ae elated by an equilibrium plot such as Fig. 101-1 Be te lows Hens yf an ae reed by Ey 102) athe Experimentally, the rxstance atthe interface hat been showa tobe negligible for ost ates of mass transer where cheinial reactions do not occu, such as absorption of ‘commen gases from air to water and extraction of organic tates from one phstet0 another, However, there are some exceptions, Certain surface-actve compounds may ‘concentrate atthe interface and cause an ~inerfacial resistance” that slows down the ‘ifusion ofgolute molecules, Theories to predict when interfacial resistance may oosut arestllobecure and unreliable, 1O4C_ Mass Transfer Using Film Mass-Transfer Coefcients and Interface Conceatations 1. Equinolar counterdifiwion. For equimolar counterdiffusion the concentrations of Fig. 1041 can be plotted oo an xy diagram in Fig. 104-2, Point P represents the balk phate compositions x4g and x, of the (wo phases and point M the interlace coo- fentrations v4 and xy. For A diffusing from the gas to liquid and B in equimolar counterdiffsion from liquid 0 gas, Ny = Kvae — Ya = Kas Had) i042) where; isthe gas-phase massiransfercoeficient in kg mol/s-m?-mol frac (g mols tm? mel ea, Ib mal/h-f- mol frac) and te liquid-phase mass-transiercoeficiet in kg molis-m*-mol frac (g mo/s-cm? mol fac, lb mol/h-f* mol fae). Reacranging 9. (i042) 04g ‘The rivng ore im the gas phae is (Yaq ~ y4) andi the liquid phase itis eg ~ sau) ‘The slope ofthe line PM is ~K/k. This mean if the two Ble coefficients kz and are Jenowin, the interface compositions can be determined by drawing line PM with a slope KK, intersecing the equltrum ine. ‘See. 104 Mass Transfer Beveen Phases 98slope =-# Ik row 042. Coneaion ng fre nd ere concent in er A esti epanar comodo “The bule-phase concenttations yao and xq, can be determined by simply sampling the mined bulk 265 phase and sampling the mined bulk liquid phase. The interface concentration are determined by Eq, (10443) rr Fi ee pase andthe rough 8 sagant gd pas, he Sig ech Ee Be here a epee ble pate cope Sey es compos, The motors 4 og ouput Semel gh snag ud are Ng= Ua Yad * fyb — Xd” 04-4) Now, ‘ ~—he ne 045) Sire Tw k1=x4)og sore BiG ya)ar Fount 104-3. Conenatondisng foes ané inarface concentra fs inter= phase maar (a aiising trough tognat Bh 36 Chap. 10 Stage and Continwous Gao-Liqld Seperation Proceses where (= yy) tt yas oO yt Yad anes) (inxs ins, Hall aan Then, ge atten [ote that (1 ~ yas the same as yp of Ba. (72-11 buts writen fr the interface, and (1 = shai the Ste as xy of Eq, (9211). Using Eq, (1048) and rearranging, Haft — Xe Ys Waa Hae “The slope ofthe life PM in Fig, 10.4-3to obtain the interface compositions is given by the lefthand side of Eq, (10.49). This differs from the slope of Eq. (1043) for ‘equimolar counterdifuson by the terms(I— yyy and (I~ xa)y- When A is difusing ‘rough stagnant Band the solutions are dilute yay andl — x,y af coset | ‘A talandcercor method is needed to use Eq, (1049) to get the slope, since the lefthand side contains yqand x, that ar being sought. For the st rial (2 ~ ya) and (.~ x,)y af assumed 10 be L0'and Eq. (1049) is used to get the slope andy, and, values Then forthe second tral, these vals of 4, andx4, are used to calelate anew slope to get new vals of y4, and x,. This repeated until the interface compositions Gonotchange, Thre rials are usually suisient aus) EXAMPLE J04-1. Interface Compositions in Interphase Mass Transfer ‘The solute a ie-being absorbed rom 2 gas mixture of A and Bin a ‘wetted-wal tower withthe liguid owing as flm downward along the wal [Ata certain point inthe cower the bulk gas concentration y4q = 0.360 mol fraction and the bulk liquid concentration is xq, = 0100" The tower i ‘operating at 298 K and 1,013 x 10° Pa and the equilbrium data are as follows Gn 020 ost 00s 0022 0250187 010 0052 0300265 ois 008 038038 The solute A difises through stagnant B in the gas phase and then through snondifising iui. ‘Using covtations for dilute solutions in wetled-wall towers, the ‘im mase-transtr coefficient for 4 in the gas phase i predicted as k, 1.465 x 10" kgmol A/t-m?-molrag(1.08 Tb mol/s- fmol frac) and for the liquid phase a¢ ky 1967 % 10°* kg mol A/s-m?-mol frac (145 Ib ralfh ft? -mol fra) Calolate the interface concentrations y4, and x,y and the fuk V9 ‘Solution: Sine the correlations are for dilute solutions — yyy and See.104 Mase Tamer Beveen Phases coFloune 104-4 Location ofteroecncnraions for Example 104. 1 — x,y ar appronmatsly 1.0 and the coeicients ar he same ask, and S.CTHR Spun daa lowes F104, Pott Ps poied at Mg 0380 and nye = 0100, For the frst tral (yay and (= ae 1Ufteumed as 1.0ahd he lope oie PM's, fom Eq 169, Weal __ 1960 x 1072/10 ai TABS TOO Aline through pint P with a slope of ~1.342 is pled in Fig, 10.44 Shesecting the eal line a My, whey, = 0483 and = 0267 or the second ial we se 4 dom te sal fo calculate the new slope, Subtisting into Ege (1046) and (1047, = yal val (1 = 0183)=(1~ 0.380) _ Tog = o1siya 03805 ~°7 = sdu= (sq) ea) int 2.0 =x (4 = 0109-1 = 0247) (x de= = LL = 0100) = 1 = 0247) 9g fe ir — or0oyr 0247) Substituting ito Ea. (1049) to obtain the new slope, Ket = Nady 1960 1072/0895 Bayle = Tassos ~ Aline through point P witha slope of ~1.163 is ploted and interseets the fauilibrium line at, where yg = 0197 and x4, = 0257. ‘Using these new valves for the thre Wel, the following values are caleulated: (0197) — (1 = 0380) _ inf — O1TIT = 02380) 709 raw Cop, 10 Stage ond Continuous Gas-Liguld Separation Proceses (1= 0.100) ~~ 0257) (xd = TOOT eaeTH =O WHA aadae . _ 1967 107080 _ _ 16 KAT=yadag ” ~ TAGS x 10" /0.709 ‘This slope of —1.160 is esentilly the same asthe slope of — 1.163 forthe second tia. Hence, the fina values are), 0197 and'x,, ~ 0257 and are shown as point. “Tocalelaethe ux, Eq, (10448) is used K 165 x 10"? TH yn 898-10) = 0709 3578 » 10" kg molfs-mt Ne (0380 — 0197) N= 22 (0380 — 0197) = 0.2785 tb mov? 705 & 967 x 107? Nam ay asad = gag 0257 — 1100 = 3.78 x 10° kg mols-m? Note thatthe fx Ng through each phase isthe same asin the other phase, Which shouldbe the Case at steady state. 104D Overall Mase-Transfer Coifcents and Driving Forces 1, Imroduetion. Fin or single-phase mast-trancfercosfcients k, and k, ork, and ace often difcult to measure experimentally, except in certain experiments designed #0 that the concenttion diference across one phase i small and can be nepected. AS a result, overall mase-transfer coefficients K, andi Kare measured based on the gas phase or liquid phase. This method is used in Neat transfer, where overall heattransler coef- fsients are measured based on inside or outside areas instead of fil coefiiets, ‘The overall mass transfer Kis defined as Na= Kioue~¥9) 104.10) here K, is based on the overall gas-phase drivin force in kemol/s-m?-mel fas, and ‘his the value that would be in equilibrium with x, asshown in Fig. 1042. Also, is ‘ehined xs Nam Kit xa) oan) here is based on the overall liquid-phase driving free in kg mol/s-m?-mol frac and is the value that would bein equilibrium with 4g 2. Equimolar counterdifusion andjor difusion in dite sollons. Equation (104-2) holds for equimolar counterdifusion, or when the solutions are dilute, Eas. (108-8) and (004-2) are identical, Na hue Yad = Ku Had) (042) From Fig. 1042, Yao sae Yad +0039) (9.432) ‘See. 104 Mass Tanfer Berween Phases oo