Travel Culture Career Study

HOW TO BE MASTER
ENGLISH WORDS FOR IELTS?

Bộ từ vựng nâng cao

giúp tự tin chinh phục IELTS
Introduction
Welcome
To achieve a high score in the 4 English skills tested
in the IELTS test (Listening, Speaking, Writing and
Reading), you should focus on vocabulary and how
to use words effectively.
This eBook will not only give you new words for the
most common topics on the IELTS test, but it also
has contextualized usage, exercises, and exam tips
to save you time and help you get the result as you
expected.
Xin chào
Để được điểm cao ở cả 4 kỹ năng Nghe, Nói, Đọc,
Viết trong bài thi IELTS, vốn từ vựng phong phú sẽ
là một lợi thế lớn.
Quyển eBook này không chỉ cung cấp cho bạn một
lượng từ mới nhất định ở những chủ đề thường gặp
trong bài thi IELTS mà còn có cách sử dụng từ trong
ngữ cảnh, các dạng bài tập và mẹo làm bài tiết
kiệm thời gian và hiệu quả nhất.
Get started
Introduction

Index:
I Common academic vocabularies in reading and listening 04
1 People & Relationships: 05
2 Education: 18
3 The Art of Persuasion: 33
4 Getting Involved: 45
5 Global Warming: 56

II Essential vocabulary for the IELTS writing and speaking 69

1 Describing Graphs & Diagrams: 70
2 Expressing Similarity & Difference: 84
3 Describing Cause & Effect: 96
4 Problems & Solutions: 105
5 Emphasis & Understatement: 116

III Answer key 124 Start with part 1

Part 1

I. Common academic vocabularies in reading

and listening
Từ vựng cần thiết cho kĩ năng đọc và nghe trong bài thi IELTS

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 4

Part 1

1. People & Relationships

Con người & Các mối quan hệ

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 5

Part 1

A. Vocabulary
Từ vựng

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 6

Part 1

People in relationships/
Con người trong các mối quan hệ:

• client (n):

A client of a professional person or organization is a person

that receives a service from them in return for payment.

Khách hàng của một cá nhân hoặc tổ chức chuyên nghiệp,

người trả phí để được sử dụng một dịch vụ nào đó.

E.G.:
A solicitor and his client.
The company requires clients to pay substantial fees in advance.

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 7

Part 1

• colleague (n): • employer (n):

Your colleagues are the people you work with, Your employer is the person or organization that you
especially in a professional job. work for.

Đồng nghiệp. Cá nhân hoặc tổ chức mà bạn đang làm việc cho họ.

E.G.: E.G.:
Female academics are still paid less than their male Employers who hire illegal workers.
colleagues. The telephone company is the country's largest
In the corporate world, the best sources of business employer.
are your former colleagues.

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 8

Part 1

• spouse (n):

Someone’s spouse is the person they are married to.

Người phối ngẫu (chồng hoặc vợ).

E.G.:
Husbands and wives do not have to pay any
inheritance tax when their spouse dies.

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 9

Part 1

Describing people/
Mô tả tính cách:

• autonomous (adj):

An autonomous person makes their own decisions rather

than being influenced by someone else.

Người có chính kiến, luôn tự đưa ra quyết định và không bị

ảnh hưởng bởi những người khác.

E.G.:
They proudly declared themselves part of a new autonomous
province.
The liberal idea of the autonomous individual.

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 10

Part 1

• conventional (adj): • co-operative (adj):

Someone who is conventional has behaviour and If you say that someone is co-operative, you mean that
opinions that are ordinary and normal. they do what you ask them without complaining or
arguing.

Những người cư xử theo lề thói thông thường. Người biết cách hợp tác với người khác, luôn hỗ trợ
bạn mà không than vãn hay tranh cãi.

E.G.: E.G.:
A respectable married woman with conventional The president said the visit would develop friendly and
opinions. co-operative relations between the two countries.
This close, fairly conventional English family. A contented and co-operative workforce.

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 11

Part 1

• efficient (adj):

If something or someone is efficient, they are able to do tasks

successfully, without wasting time or energy.

Người làm việc hiệu quả, có năng suất cao, luôn hoàn thành
nhiệm vụ đúng hạn mà không mất quá nhiều thời gian, công
sức.

E.G.:
With today’s more efficient contraception women can plan
their families and careers.
Technological advances allow more efficient use of labour.
An efficient way of testing thousands of compounds.

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 12

Part 1

• flexible (adj): • idealistic (adj):

Something or someone that is flexible is able to If you describe someone as idealistic, you mean that
change easily and adapt to different conditions and they have ideals, and base their behaviour on these
circumstances. ideals, even if this may be impractical.

Tính linh hoạt, người linh hoạt - luôn biết cách thay đổi Người theo chủ nghĩa lý tưởng, họ luôn có những
để thích ứng với những điều kiện và hoàn cảnh khác quan niệm, tư tưởng riêng và cách hành xử riêng dựa
nhau. trên những quan niệm này dù đôi khi chúng không
thực tế.

E.G.: E.G.:
More flexible arrangements to allow access to services Idealistic young people died for the cause.
after normal working hours. An over-simplistic and idealistic vision of family
We encourage flexible working. dynamics.

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 13

Part 1

• tolerant (adj):

If you describe someone as tolerant, you approve of the fact

that they allow other people to say and do as they like, even if
they do not agree with or like it.

Người có khả năng chịu đựng cách cư xử hoặc lời nói của
người khác dù có thể học không thích hoặc không đồng tình
với chúng.

E.G.:
They need to be tolerant of different points of view.
Other changes include more tolerant attitudes to unmarried
couples having children.

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 14

Part 1

• vulnerable (adj):

Someone who is vulnerable is weak and without

protection, with the result that they are easily hurt
physically or emotionally.

Người dễ bị tổn thương, yếu đuối, không có khả năng

tự vệ nên họ thường bị tổn thương về mặt tâm lý hoặc
thể xác.

E.G.:
Old people are particularly vulnerable members of our
society.

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 15

Part 1

B. Practice exercises 1. Circle the words that you associate with family
Bài tập relationships. Underline the words you associate with
professional relationships:

1. Khoanh tròn những từ dùng để chỉ mối quan hệ trong gia

đình. Gạch dưới các từ chỉ mối quan hệ trong công việc:

a. client
b. parent
c. sibling
d. colleague
e. spouse
f. employer

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 16

Part 1

C. Exam tip
Mẹo làm bài

You can often recognize whether a word is a noun, Thông thường, bạn có thể dựa vào hậu tố của 1 từ
verb, adjective or adverb from its ending. Adjectives vựng để phân biệt danh từ, động từ, tính từ hay trạng
can have many different endings, but these are some từ. Tính từ có rất nhiều hậu tố, trong đó, phổ biến nhất
of the more common endings. là:

-able/-ible vulnerable, flexible -ic idealistic

-al conventional -ive co-operative
-ant/-ent tolerant, consistent, efficient -ous autonomous

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 17

Part 1

2. Education
Giáo dục

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 18

Part 1

A. Vocabulary
Từ vựng

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 19

Part 1

Academic subjects/
Các môn học:

• archaeology/ archeology (U, n):

Archaeology is the study of the societies and peoples of the

past by examining the remains of their buildings, tools, and
other objects.

Khảo cổ học - Chuyên nghiên cứu về con người và cách

tổ chức xã hội trong quá khứ thông qua việc khảo nghiệm
những công trình, công cụ và vật dụng còn sót lại.

E.G.:
An archaeology professor at Florida State University.

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 20

Part 1

• astronomy (U, n): • economics (U, n):

Astronomy is the scientific study of the stars, planets, Economics is the study of the way in which money,
and other natural objects in space. industry, and trade are organized in a society.

Thiên văn học - Chuyên nghiên cứu về các ngôi sao, Kinh tế học - Chuyên nghiên cứu về cách thức tổ chức
hành tinh và những vật thể tự nhiên khác trong vũ trụ. tiền tệ, các ngành công nghiệp và thương mại trong xã
hội.

E.G.: E.G.:
A 10-day astronomy mission. He gained a first class Honours degree in economics.

WALL STREET ENGLISH CAREER

STUDY 21
Part 1

• geology (U, n):

Geology is the study of the Earth’s structure, surface, and

origins.

Địa chất học - Chuyên nghiên cứu về cấu tạo, bề mặt và bản
chất của Trái Đất.

E.G.:
He was visiting professor of geology at the University of
Jordan.

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 22

Part 1

• linguistics (U, n): • psychology (U, n):

Linguistics is the study of the way in which language Psychology is the scientific study of the human mind
works. and the reasons for people's behaviour.

Ngôn ngữ học - Chuyên nghiên cứu về ngôn ngữ. Tâm lý học - Chuyên nghiên cứu về tâm trí và lí giải
hành vi con người.

E.G.:
Modern linguistics emerged as a distinct field in the E.G.:
nineteenth century. Professor of Psychology at Bedford College.

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 23

Part 1

• sociology (U, n):

Sociology is the study of society or of the way society is

organized.

Xã hội học - Chuyên nghiên cứu về xã hội, cộng đồng hoặc

cách thức tổ chức xã hội.

E.G.:
A sociology professor at the University of North Carolina.
A treatise on the sociology of religion.

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 24

Part 1

Academic activities/
Các hoạt động mang tính học thuật:
• analyse (v):

If you analyse something, you consider it carefully or use

statistical methods in order to fully understand it.

Phân tích một vấn đề bằng cách xem xét các khía cạnh hoặc
sử dụng các phương pháp thống kê.

E.G.:
McCarthy was asked to analyse the data from the first phase of
trials of the vaccine.
This book teaches you how to analyse what is causing the
stress in your life.

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 25

Part 1
• define (v):
If you define a word or expression, you explain its
meaning, for example in a dictionary.
Định nghĩa hoặc giải thích một từ ngữ hoặc cách diễn
đạt nào đó, ví dụ như các định nghĩa trong từ điển.
E.G.:
Collins English Dictionary defines a workaholic as 'a
person obsessively addicted to work.
WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY
• evaluate (V):
If you evaluate something or someone, you consider
them in order to make a judgment about them, for
example, about how good or bad they are.
Đánh giá, phân tích để nhận định về một người hay sự
vật, sự việc nào đó.
E.G.:
They will first send in trained nurses to evaluate the
needs of the individual situation.
The market situation is difficult to evaluate.
We evaluate how well we do something.
26
Part 1

• investigate (V):

If you investigate something, you study or examine it carefully

to find out the truth about it.

Điều tra thông qua việc nghiên cứu hoặc kiểm chứng về một
vấn đề nào đó để tìm ra sự thật.

E.G.:
Research in Oxford is now investigating a possible link
between endometriosis and the immune system.
Police are still investigating how the accident happened.

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 27

Part 1

Nouns associated with research/

Các danh từ liên quan đến hoạt động nghiên cứu:

• evidence (U,n):

Evidence is anything that you see, experience, read, or are

told that causes you to believe that something is true or has
really happened.

Bằng chứng là bất cứ thứ gì bạn nhìn thấy, trải nghiệm, đọc
hoặc nghe được khiến bạn tin vào một gì đó hoặc chức thực
rằng nó đã xảy ra.

E.G.:
A report on the scientific evidence for global warming.
To date there is no evidence to support this theory.

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 28

Part 1

• hypothesis (n): • theory (n):

A hypothesis is an idea which is suggested as a A theory is a form of an idea or set of ideas that is intended to
possible explanation for a particular situation or explain something.
condition, but which has not yet been proved to be
correct.

Giả thuyết là một quan niệm hoặc suy nghĩ được đưa Lý thuyết - Một hoặc nhiều quan niệm, ý tưởng nhằm giải
ra như một cách lí giải cho vấn đề nào đó nhưng chưa thích cho một vấn đề nào đó.
được chứng thực mức độ chính xác.

E.G.: E.G.:
Work will now begin to test the hypothesis in rats. Einstein formulated the Theory of Relativity in 1905.
Different hypotheses have been put forward to explain
why these foods are more likely to cause problems.

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 29

Part 1

B. Practice exercises
Bài tập

1. Complete words 1-7 below with the ending -ics, 1. Thêm hậu tố -ics, -logy, hoặc -y vào các từ ở cột 1-7
-logy, or -y to form the names of subjects. Then match để tạo thành tên môn học. Sau đó ghép chúng với chủ
them to the topics of study a-g: đề ở cột a-g:

1. archaeo___ a. the human mind

2. astronom___ b. people of the past
3. econom___ c. society
4. geo___ d. money, industry and trade
5. linguist___ e. the Earth
6. psycho___ f. how language works
7. socio___ g. stars and planets

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 30

Part 1

2. Choose the correct words for academic subjects and the 2. Chọn những từ chỉ môn học và người học bộ môn đó và
people who study them to complete sentences 1-7: điền vào chỗ trống thích hợp ở những câu sau:

1 An ___________at the Royal Observatory has discovered a new moon in our solar system.
2 She wanted to understand why people feel, think, and behave in certain ways, so she decided
to do a degree in ___________
3 ___________is the study of language in general, not any particular language such as French or
Mandarin.
4. The government’s predictions for economic growth and inflation were not endorsed by
leading ___________
5 Students from the department of___________spent the weekend studying rock formations off
the coast of Scotland.
6. Graduates in ___________often take jobs which involve analysing data and formulating social
policy.
7. ___________were called in to investigate the Iron Age tools discovered on the building site

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 31

Part 1

C. Exam tips
Mẹo làm bài

Words for naming people by their occupations often Words for naming people who study academic
end in -er. subjects for a living usually end in -ist.

Những danh từ chỉ người dựa trên nghề nghiệp của họ Những danh từ chỉ người dựa trên ngành học của họ
thường kết thúc bằng -er. thường kết thúc bằng -ist.

E.G.: E.G.:
​​teacher/farmer/miner biologist/physicist

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 32

Part 1

3. The Art of Persuasion

Nghệ thuật thuyết phục

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 33

Part 1

A. Vocabulary
Từ vựng

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 34

Part 1

Reporting verbs/
Các động từ tường thuật:
• advocate (v):

If you advocate a particular action or plan, you recommend it

publicly.

Công khai biện hộ hoặc bênh vực cho một kế hoạch hoặc
hành động nào đó.

E.G.:
A conservative who advocates fewer government controls on
business
The tax policy advocated by the Opposition

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 35

Part 1

• acknowledge (v): • assert (v):

If you acknowledge a fact or a situation, you accept or If someone asserts a fact or belief, they state it firmly.
admit that it is true or that it exists.

Công nhận một sự thật hoặc sự việc nào đó là đúng Khẳng định hoặc xác nhận chắc chắn một sự thật hoặc
hoặc có xảy ra. niềm tin.

E.G.: E.G.:
It is widely acknowledged that transferring knowledge in a The senator plans to assert that the bill violates the First
classroom environment is very inefficient. Amendment.
Belatedly, the government has acknowledged the The defendants continue to assert their innocence.
problem.

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 36

Part 1

• dispute (v):

If you dispute a fact, statement, or theory, you say that it

is incorrect or untrue.

Tranh cãi về mức độ chính xác của một sự thật, lời

khẳng định hoặc lý thuyết nào đó.

E.G.:
He disputed the allegations.
No one disputes that vitamin C is of great value in the
treatment of scurvy.

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 37

Part 1

• imply (v): • outline (v):

If you imply that something is the case, you say If you outline an idea or a plan, you explain it in a
something which indicates that it is the case in an general way.
indirect way.

Ám chỉ, ngụ ý, đề cập đến một vấn đề nào đó nhưng Giải thích, trình bày sơ lược về một ý tưởng hoặc kế
không trực tiếp. hoạch.

E.G.: E.G.:
Are you implying that I had something to do with those The mayor outlined his plan to clean up the town’s image.
attacks?
She was upset by the implied criticism.

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 38

Part 1

• question (v):

If you question something, you have or express doubts

about whether it is true, reasonable, or worthwhile.

Chất vấn, đặt câu hỏi về tính xác thực, sự hợp lí hoặc
giá trị của một vấn đề nào đó.

E.G.:
Scientists began questioning the validity of the research
because they could not reproduce the experiments.
It never occurs to them to question the doctor's decisions.

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 39

Part 1

Nouns associated with persuasion/

Những danh từ liên quan đến tính thuyết phục:

• benefit (n):

The benefit of something is the help that you get from it or

the advantage that results from it.

Những lợi ích có được từ một việc gì đó.

E.G.:
The benefits of this form of therapy.
For maximum benefit, use your treatment every day.

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 40

Part 1

• debate (n): • discussion (n):

A debate is a discussion about a subject on which If there is discussion about something, people talk
people have different views. about it, often in order to reach a decision.

Cuộc tranh luận, nơi mọi người có những ý kiến khác Buổi thảo luận về một vấn đề để tiến đến 1 quyết định
nhau về một vấn đề nào đó và tìm cách bảo vệ ý kiến chung.
của mình.

E.G.: E.G.:
An intense debate is going on within the Israeli There was a lot of discussion about the wording of the
government. report.
There has been a lot of debate among scholars about this. Council members are due to have informal discussions
later on today.

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 41

Part 1

B. Practice exercises
Bài tập

1. Match each word 1-4 with its closest synonym a-d: 1. Nối mỗi từ ở cột 1-4 với từ đồng nghĩa thích hợp ở
cột a-d:

1. benefit a. disadvantage
2. debate b. discussion
3. drawback c. evidence
4. proof d. advantage

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 42

Part 1

2. Find words in the text below which mean: 2. Tìm từ trong đoạn văn có các nghĩa như sau:

1. recommend publicly (verb) 4. explain in a general way (verb)

2. accept the existence or truth of (verb) 5. disapprove of (verb)
3. proven to be reasonable or necessary (adjective)

There has been considerable debate among politicians over whether the use of force to
protect human rights can ever be justified. Some advocate the use of arms as the only way
of sending a clear message to oppressive regimes. Others object to the use of force on
humanitarian grounds, arguing that it inevitably results in the loss of innocent lives. While
it is important to acknowledge that there are compelling arguments on both sides, I would
suggest that a range of responses should be considered when there is proof that human
rights are under threat. In this essay I will outline three such responses.

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 43

Part 1

C. Exam tips
Mẹo làm bài

In the IELTS Writing exam you can demonstrate that Trong bài thi kĩ năng Viết của IELTS, bạn có thể chứng
you have a broad vocabulary by avoiding unnecessary minh mình có vốn từ vựng phong phú bằng cách tránh
repetition. Many words commonly used in academic lặp từ không cần thiết. Nhiều từ ngữ sử dụng trong
arguments have synonyms. những bài tranh luận học thuật đều là từ đồng nghĩa.

E.G.:
The minister justified his position on arms control. He
defended his position strongly when he gave evidence of
the proliferation of nuclear weapons.

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 44

Part 1

4. Getting Involved
Tham gia

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 45

Part 1

A. Vocabulary
Từ vựng

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 46

Part 1

Nouns/ Danh từ:

• current affairs (plural noun):

If you refer to current affairs, you are referring to political

events and problems in society which are discussed in
newspapers, and on television and radio.

Những sự kiện chính trị hoặc các vấn đề nổi cộm trong xã hội
hiện tại đang thu hút sự quan tâm trên báo chí và các phương
tiện truyền thông.

E.G.:
People who take no interest in politics and current affairs.
The BBC’s current affairs programme ‘Panorama’.

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Adjectives/ Tính từ:

• amateur (adj):

Amateur sports or activities are done by people as a hobby

and not as a job.

Những người chơi thể thao hoặc tham gia một hoạt động
nào đó kiểu nghiệp dư, vì sở thích cá nhân.

E.G.:
The local amateur dramatics society.

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 48

Part 1

• classical (adj): • contemporary (adj):

You use classical to describe something that is Contemporary things are modern and relate to the
traditional in form, style, or content. present time.

Tính cổ điển trong khuôn mẫu, phong cách hoặc nội Tính đương thời, đương đại.
dung.

E.G.: E.G.:
Fokine did not change the steps of classical ballet; instead One of the finest collections of contemporary art in the
he found new ways of using them. country.
The scientific attitude of Smith and earlier classical Only the names are ancient; the characters are modern
economists. and contemporary.

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 49

Part 1

Verbs associated with involvement/

Những động từ liên quan đến sự tham gia:
• assemble (v):

When people assemble or when someone assembles

them, they come together in a group, usually for a particular
purpose such as a meeting.

Tập hợp lại thành nhóm vì một mục đích cụ thể như để hội
họp, thảo luận...

E.G.:
There wasn't even a convenient place for students to assemble
between classes.
Thousands of people assembled in a stadium in Thokoza.

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 50

Part 1

• attend (v): • establish (v):

If you attend a meeting or other event, you are present If someone establishes something such as an
at it. organization, a type of activity, or a set of rules, they
create it or introduce it in such a way that it is likely to
last for a long time.

Tham dự một buổi họp hoặc sự kiện nào đó. Thiết lập, sáng lập một tổ chức, hoạt động, các quy
tắc... để sử dụng/ hoạt động trong một thời gian dài

E.G.: E.G.:
Thousands of people attended the funeral. The U.N. has established detailed criteria for who should
The meeting will be attended by finance ministers from be allowed to vote.
many countries. The school was established in 1989 by an Italian professor.

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 51

Part 1

• observe (v):

If you observe a person or thing, you watch them carefully,

especially in order to learn something about them.

Quan sát một người hoặc sự vật thật kĩ để học hỏi.

E.G.:
Stern atso studies and observes the behaviour of babies.
I got a chance to observe how a detective actually works.

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 52

Part 1

B. Practice exercises
Bài tập

1. Match the more formal verbs a-e with their less 1. Ghép động từ ở cột a-e với từ đồng nghĩa ở cột i-v:
formal equivalents i-v:

a. attend i. take part in

b. observe ii. set up
c. participate iii. put together
d. assemble iv. goto
e. establish v. watch

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 53

Part 1

C. Exam tip
Mẹo làm bài

In the IELTS Speaking exam you can improve your
mark by pronouncing sounds correctly.
In English, the same letter can often be pronounced in
different ways, for example the letter ‘s’ can sound like
/s / or /z/.
Trong kì thi kĩ năng Nói của IELTS bạn sẽ có điểm cao
hơn nếu phát âm tốt.
Trong tiết Anh, một kí tự có thể có nhiều cách đọc, ví
dụ như âm “s” có thể đọc là /s/ hoặc /z/.

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 54

Part 1
“s” sounds like /s/ when it is:
- At the start of a word, e.g. “some”
- Doubled, e.g. “kissed”
- At the start of a consonant cluster, e.g. “estate”
- After a voiceless sound like /k/, /p/ or /t/, e.g. talks
“s” sounds like /z/ when it is:
- Comes after a vowel
- comes after a voiced sound like /b/, /d/, /I/, /m /, /n/,
/v/ or /r/, e.g. leads, birds, homes, cars
WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY
“​s” được đọc là /s/ khi:
- Khi là kí tự đầu tiên trong 1 từ, ví dụ: “some”
- Khi 2 kí tự “s” đứng liền nhau, ví dụ: “kissed”
- Đứng trước 1 cụm phụ âm, ví dụ: “estate”
- Đứng trước những âm vô thanh như /k/, /p/, hoặc /t/,
ví dụ: “talks”
“​s” được đọc là /z/ khi:
- Đứng sau 1 nguyên âm
- Đứng sau một âm hữu thanh như /b/, /d/, /l/, /m/, /n/,
/v/ hoặc /r/, ví dụ: leads, birds, homes, cars
55
Part 1

5. Global Warming
Biến đổi khí hậu

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 56

Part 1

A. Vocabulary
Từ vựng

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 57

Part 1

Natural processes/
Quá trình tự nhiên:
• condense (v):

When a gas or vapour condenses, or is condensed, it

changes into a liquid.

Quá trình ngưng tụ từ khí hoặc hơi nước thành chất lỏng.

E.G.:
Water vapour condenses to form clouds.
The compressed gas is cooled and condenses into a liquid.
As the air rises it becomes colder and moisture condenses
out of it.

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 58

Part 1

• contract (v): • expand (v):

When something contracts or when something If something expands or is expanded, it becomes

contracts it, it becomes smaller or shorter. larger.

Co rút lại, khiến cho sự vật trở nên nhỏ hoặc ngắn hơn Mở rộng, khiến cho sự vật trở nên lớn hơn lúc ban đầu.
so với lúc ban đầu.

E.G.:
Blood is only expelled from the heart when it contracts.
New research shows that an excess of meat and salt can
contract muscles.
E.G.:
Engineers noticed that the pipes were not expanding as
expected.
The money supply expanded by 14.6 percent betweenin
the year to September and December.
A rapidly expanding universe.

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 59

Part 1

Verbs associated with scientific study/

Những động từ liên quan đến nghiên cứu khoa học:

• estimate (v):

If you estimate a quantity or value, you make an approximate

judgment or calculation of it.

Ước lượng về số lượng hoặc giá trị để đưa ra một nhận định
hoặc tính toán.

E.G.:
The Academy of Sciences currently estimates that there are
approximately one million plant varieties in the world.
He estimated the speed of the winds from the degree of
damage.

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 60

Part 1

• state (verb):

If you state something, you say or write it in a formal or

definite way.

Tuyên bố một cách trang trọng về một vấn đề nào đó.

E.G.:
The table clearly states the amount of fat found in
commonly used foods.
The police report stated that he was arrested for allegedly
assaulting his wife.
Buyers who do not apply within the stated period can
lose their deposits.

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 61

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Adjectives/ Tính từ:

• accurate (adj):

Accurate information, measurements, and statistics are

correct to a very detailed level.

Tính chính xác của thông tin, hệ số đo lường...

E.G.:
Accurate diagnosis is needed to guide appropriate treatment
strategies.
A quick and accurate way of monitoring the amount of
carbon dioxide in the air.

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 62

Part 1

Nouns associated with climate/

Những danh từ liên quan đến khí hậu:

• current (n):

1. A current is a steady and continuous flowing movement of

some of the water in a river, lake, or sea.

Dòng chảy của sông, hồ hoặc biển.

E.G.:
The ocean currents of the tropical Pacific travel from east to west.
The couple were swept away by the strong current.

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 63

Part 1

• current (n): • drought (n):

2. A current is a steady flowing movement of air. A drought is a long period of time during which no
rain falls.

Luồng không khí. Hạn hán, tình trạng không mưa kéo dài ở một vùng
nào đó.

E.G.: E.G.:
A current of cool air. Drought and famines have killed up to two million people
The spores are very light and can be wafted by the here.
slightest air current.

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 64

Part 1

• flood (n): • hurricane (n):

If there is a flood, a large amount of water covers an A hurricane is an extremely violent wind or storm.
area which is usually dry.

Lũ lụt. Gió lốc.

E.G.:
More than 70 people were killed in the floods, caused
when a dam burst.
Floods hit Bihar state, killing 250 people.
E.G.:
In September 1813, a major hurricane destroyed US
gunboats and ships that were defending St Mary’s,
Georgia, from the British.
Around eight hurricanes are predicted to strike
America this year.

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 65

Part 1

• typhoon (n):

A typhoon is a very violent tropical storm.

Cơn bão có sức phá hủy lớn.

E.G.:
Large atmospheric disturbances such as typhoons.
A powerful typhoon that killed at least 32 people.

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 66

Part 1

B. Practice exercises
Bài tập

1. Complete each sentence 1-6 with an appropriate 1. Điền từ thích hợp vào chỗ trống:
word:

1. This mountain range was formed by _ I _ _ _ _ _ s millions of years ago.

2. Tropical storms and _ y _ _ _ _ _ s are common in the South Pacific at this time of year.
3. The Horn of Africa has been afflicted with severe _ _ _ _ g _ _ s for many years.
4. You need to be careful when swimming in these waters as there’s a very
strong_ _ r _ _ _ t.
5. The cost of repairing properties damaged by the _ I _ _ _ran into billions of pounds.
6. We’ve been advised to board up the windows and stay indoors as the _ u r _ _ _ _ _ _ is
approaching fast.

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 67

Part 1

C. Exam tip
Mẹo làm bài

The prefixes un-, in-, il-, ir- and dis- are commonly used Những tiền tố un-, il-, ir-, và dis- thường mang nghĩa
to make words negative. tiêu cực.

E.G.:
necessary - unnecessary, accurate - inaccurate.

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 68

Part 2

II. Essential vocabulary for IELTS writing &

speaking
Từ vựng cần thiết cho kĩ năng nói và viết trong bài thi IELTS

WALL STREET ENGLISH CAREER

STUDY 69
Part 2

1. Words for describing change

Những từ diễn tả sự thay đổi

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 70

Part 2
1

A. Vocabulary
Từ vựng

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 71

Part 2
1

Verbs associated with change/

Những động từ biểu thị sự thay đổi:

• abandon (v):

If you abandon an activity or piece of work, you stop doing it

before it is finished.

Hành động bỏ dở nửa chừng một việc hoặc hoạt động nào
đó trước khi hoàn thành.

E.G.:
The authorities have abandoned any attempt to distribute food.
The scheme’s investors, fearful of bankruptcy, decided to
abandon the project.

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 72

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1

• adjust (v): • decline (v):

When you adjust to a new situation, you get used to it If something declines, it becomes less in quantity,
by changing your behaviour or your ideas. importance, or strength.

Thay đổi hành vi hoặc suy nghĩ để thích nghi với môi Suy giảm về số lượng hoặc mức độ.
trường mới.

E.G.: E.G.:
We are preparing our fighters to adjust themselves to civil The number of staff has declined from 217,000 to
society. 114,000.
I felt I had adjusted to the idea of being a mother very Hourly output by workers declined 1.3% in the first
well. quarter.
A declining birth rate.

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 73

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1

• develop (v):

When something develops, it grows or changes over a

period of time and usually becomes more advanced,
complete, or severe.

Phát triển, thay đổi theo chiều hướng hoàn thiện hơn.

E.G.:
It's hard to say at this stage how the market will develop.
These clashes could develop into open warfare.

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 74

Part 2

• diminish (v): • evolve (v):

When something diminishes, or when something If something evolves or you evolve it, it gradually
diminishes it, it becomes reduced in size, importance, develops over a period of time into something
or intensity. different and usually more advanced.

Sự suy giảm về kích cỡ, mức độ quan trọng hoặc mật Cải thiện - sự thay đổi dần dần theo thời gian để trở
độ. thành một thứ khác theo chiều hướng tốt hơn.

E.G.: E.G.:
The threat of nuclear war has diminished. A tiny airline which eventually evolved into Pakistan
Federalism is intended to diminish the power of the International Airlines.
central state. Popular music evolved from folk songs.

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 75

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1

• transform (v):

To transform something or someone means to change

them completely and suddenly so that they are much
better or more attractive.

Biến đổi - sự thay đổi hoàn toàn và đột ngột nhằm có

được kết quả tốt hơn.

E.G.:
The spread of the internet and mobile telephony have
transformed society.
Yeltsin was committed to completely transforming
Russia into a market economy.

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 76

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1

Nouns for periods of time/

Danh từ chỉ khoảng thời gian:

• century (n):

1. A century is any period of a hundred years.

Khoảng thời gian dài 100 năm.

E.G.:
The drought there is the worst in a century.
This may be ending centuries of tradition.

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1

• century (n): • decade (n):

2. A century is a period of a hundred years that is used A decade is a period of ten years, especially one that
when stating a date. For example, the 19th century was begins with a year ending in 0, for example 1980 to
the period from 1801 to 1900. 1989.

Một thế kỉ - giai đoạn dài 100 năm bắt đầu từ một 1 thập kỉ - 10 năm.
khoảng thời gian cụ thể nào đó.

E.G.: E.G.:
Celebrated figures of the late eighteenth century. The last decade of the nineteenth century.
A 17th-century merchant’s house.

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1

• generation (n): • millennium (n):

A generation is all the people in a group or country A millennium is a period of one thousand years,
who are of a similar age, especially when they are especially one which begins and ends with a year
considered as having the same experiences or ending in ‘000‘, for example the period from the year
attitudes. 1000 to the year 2000.

Một thế hệ - Một nhóm người có cùng độ tuổi, thông 1 thiên niên kỉ - Khoảng thời gian kéo dài 1000 năm.
thường họ cũng sẽ có trải nghiệm và thái độ, lối sống
tương tự nhau.

E.G.: E.G.:
David Mamet has long been considered the leading France begins celebrating the millennium an hour
American playwright of his generation. before Britain, and Eurotunnel wants to make sure
supplies are maintained.

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 79

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1

B. Practice exercises
Bài tập

1. The words below all refer to periods of time. 1. Những từ dưới đây đều chỉ khoảng thời gian. Hãy
Rewrite them in order beginning with the shortest sắp xếp lại theo thứ tự từ ngắn nhất đến dài nhất:
time period and ending with the longest:

century decade generation millennium year

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 80

Part 2
1

C. Exam tip
Mẹo làm bài

Similar words can have a positive, negative or neutral
meaning, depending on the context they are used in.
Example: the
​​ words “intricate”, “complicated” and
“complex” can all be used to describe something that
has many parts.
Một số từ có thể biểu đạt cả 3 sắc thái: tích cực, tiêu
cực hoặc tương đối, tùy thuộc vào ngữ cảnh.
Ví dụ: Cả 3 từ “intricate”, “complicated” và“complex”
đều dùng để chỉ những sự vật hoặc sự việc có nhiều
phần, cấu tạo phức tạp.

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 81

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1

However: Tuy nhiên:

- “Intricate” usually has a more positive connotation - “Intricate” mang ý nghĩa tích cực và thường dùng cho
and is often used to describe decorative objects: những vật trang trí:
The fireplace was carved with intricate patterns. The fireplace was carved with intricate patterns.

- “Complicated” usually has a more negative - “Complicated” thường mang ý tiêu cực và được sử
connotation and is often used to describe situations dụng cho những tình huống hoặc sự việc khó khăn,
that are difficult to understand or deal with: khó giải quyết:
The situation in Lebanon is very complicated. The situation in Lebanon is very complicated.

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 82

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1

However: Tuy nhiên:

- “Complex” is generally more neutral in tone and is - “Complex” mang nghĩa khá trung lập, thường được
often used to describe things that are challenging to dùng cho những thứ hoặc tình huống mang tính thách
understand: thức:
These complex machines can perform a variety of tasks. These complex machines can perform a variety of tasks.

Learning to use words with positive, negative, and Học cách sử dụng đúng ý của từ sẽ giúp bạn diễn đạt
neutral connotations can help you express your ideas suy nghĩ và thái độ tốt hơn.
and attitudes more effectively.

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 83

Part 2

2. Words expressing similarity and difference

Những từ diễn tả sự tương đồng và khác biệt

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 84

Part 2
1

A. Vocabulary
Từ vựng

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 85

Part 2
1

Verbs for describing difference/

Động từ diễn tả sự khác biệt:

• contrast (v):

If you contrast one thing with another, you point out or

consider the differences between those things.

Đối chiếu để chỉ ra sự đối lập, khác nhau giữa 2 thứ.

E.G.:
She contrasted the situation then with the present crisis.
In this section we contrast four possible broad approaches.

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 86

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1

• differ (v): • differentiate (v):

If two or more things differ, they are unlike each other If you differentiate between things or if you
in some way. differentiate one thing from another, you recognize or
show the difference between them.

Khác nhau, không giống nhau. Chỉ ra sự khác biệt giữa 2 thứ.

E.G.: E.G.:
The story he told police differed from the one he told his A child may not differentiate between his imagination and
mother. the real world.
Management styles differ. At this age your baby cannot differentiate one person
from another.

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 87

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1

• distinguish (v):

If you can distinguish one thing from another or

distinguish between two things, you can see or
understand how they are different.

Phân biệt, nhìn thấy hoặc hiểu được sự khác nhau giữa
2 thứ.

E.G.:
Asteroids are distinguished from meteorites in terms of
their visibility.
Research suggests that babies learn to see by
distinguishing between areas of light and dark.

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 88

Part 2
1

• vary (v):

If things vary, they are different from each other in size,

amount, or degree.

Khác nhau về kích cỡ, số lượng hoặc nhiệt độ.

E.G.:
Assessment practices vary in different schools or colleges.

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 89

Part 2
1

Verbs for describing similarity/

Động từ chỉ sự tương đồng:

• compare (v):

When you compare things, you consider them and discover

the differences or similarities between them.

So sánh để thấy sự khác biệt hoặc tương đồng giữa 2 thứ.

E.G.:
Compare the two illustrations in Fig 60.
Was it fair to compare independent schools with state
schools?

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 90

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1

• resemble (v):

If one thing or person resembles another, they are

similar to each other.

Giống nhau, tương tự nhau.

E.G.:
Some of the commercially produced venison resembles
beef in flavour.
It is true that both therapies do closely resemble each
other.

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1

Adjectives and adverbs for describing difference/

Tính từ và trạng từ chỉ sự khác biệt:

• contrary (adj):

Ideas, attitudes, or reactions that are contrary to each other

are completely different from each other.

Đối lập, khác biệt hoàn toàn về suy nghĩ, thái độ hoặc phản
ứng giữa 2 thứ.

E.G.:
This view is contrary to the aims of critical social research for a
number of reasons.
Several of those present had contrary information.

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 92

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1

Adjectives for describing similarity/

Tính từ diễn tả sự tương đồng:

• alike (adj):

If two or more things are alike, they are similar.

Tương tự, tương đồng, giống nhau.

E.G.:
The two brothers look very alike.

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1

• equivalent (adj):

Something that is equivalent has the same value as another

thing.

Có cùng giá trị với một thứ khác

E.G.:
A unit is equivalent to a glass of wine ora single measure of spirits.
They will react with hostility to the price rises and calls for
equivalent wage increases are bound to be heard.

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 94

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1

B. Practice exercises
Bài tập

1. Circle the words for describing similarity. Underline 1. Khoanh tròn những từ thể hiện sự tương đồng và
the words for describing difference: gạch chân những từ thể hiện sự khác biệt:

a. alike e. distinct
b. comparable f. diverse
c. contrary g. equivalent
d. conversely h. identical

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 95

Part 2

3. Words describing cause and effect

Những từ diễn tả nguyên nhân và hậu quả

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 96

Part 2
1

A. Vocabulary
Từ vựng

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 97

Part 2
1

Nouns/ Danh từ:

• chain reaction (n):

A chain reaction is a series of events, each of which causes the

next.

Phản ứng dây chuyền.

E.G.:
Whenever recession strikes, a chain reaction is set into motion.
The powder immediately ignited and set off a chain reaction
of explosions.

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1

• influence (n): • outcome (n):

To have an influence on people or situations means to The outcome of an activity, process, or situation is the
affect what they do or what happens. situation that exists at the end of it.

Sự ảnh hưởng lên sự vật/ sự việc. Kết quả cuối cùng, sản phẩm đầu ra.

E.G.: E.G.:
Van Gogh had a major influence on the development of Mr. Singh said he was pleased with the outcome.
modern painting. It’s too early to know the outcome of her illness.
Many other medications have an influence on A successful outcome.
cholesterol levels.

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 99

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1

Verbs/ Động từ:

• affect (v):

If something affects a person or thing, it influences them or

causes them to change in some way.

Gây ảnh hưởng, khiến một sự vật/ sự việc bị thay đổi.

E.G.:
Nicotine from cigarettes can adversely affect the heart.
More than seven million people have been affected by
drought.

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• determine (v): • induce (v):

If a particular factor determines the nature of a thing or To induce a state or condition means to cause it.
event, it causes it to be of a particular kind.

Quyết định nên, là thành phần chính gây nên hoặc ảnh Gây ra hoặc dẫn đến một việc nào đó.
hưởng đến một sự vật/ sự việc.

E.G.: E.G.:
IQ is strongly determined by genetic factors. Doctors said surgery could induce a heart attack.
What determines whether you are a career success ora An economic crisis induced by high oil prices.
failure?

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• provoke (v):

If something provokes a reaction, it causes it.

Khiêu khích, làm dấy lên.

E.G.:
His election success has provoked a shocked reaction.
The destruction of the mosque has provoked anger
throughout the Muslim world.

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B. Practice exercises
Bài tập

A. Sentences 1-5 contain words or expressions in bold A. Gạch dưới nguyên nhân và đóng ngoặc đơn cho
which indicate a cause and effect relationship. For hậu quả trong các câu từ 1-5:
each sentence, underline the cause and put brackets
around the effect:

1. One of the c​ onsequences of

​​ the growth of social networking is a reduction of
government control of information.
2. Critics fear that tax rises will have a number of undesirable r​ epercussions ​​including a
slowdown in investment.
3. Better maternal health is just one of the o​ utcomes of​​ the government’s reform of services.
U The collapse of the bank set off a c​ hain reaction​​of financial crises throughout the country,
4. The company’s insolvency ​stems from​​a series of poor decisions made five years ago.
5. His statements about corruption in the police p
​ rovoked an
​​ immediate response.

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B. For each sentence 1-4 use the context to write the B. Xem xét ngữ cảnh trong các câu từ 1-4 để định
meaning of the words in bold. Underline the words nghĩa các từ in đậm. Gạch dưới những từ giúp giải
that help explain the words in bold and indicate thích cho từ in đậm và xác định nó là loại từ nào trong
whether they are: 4 lựa chọn dưới đây:

a. a superordinate term c. a synonym or definition

b. an example d. an antonym

1. We saw that whereas the original photo showed the complete scene, the published version
had been c​ ropped​​.
2. Air quality can be improved through greater use of c​ atalytic converters​​, devices which
reduce pollution generated by cars.
3. Rocket launchers, g
​ renades and
​​ other weapons were discovered under the floorboards.
4. Some researchers have employed a fl ​ awed methodology,
​​ for example failing to
adequately consider significant variables.

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4. Words for problems and solutions

Những từ dùng cho các vấn đề và giải pháp

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A. Vocabulary
Từ vựng

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Nouns for problems/

Các danh từ về những vấn đề khó khăn:

• complication (n):

A complication is a problem or difficulty that makes a situation

harder to deal with.

Sự biến chứng khiến một vấn đề hoặc khó khăn nào đó trở
nên tồi tệ hơn.

E.G.:
The age difference was a complication to the relationship.
An added complication is the growing concern for the
environment.

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• dilemma (n):

A dilemma is a difficult situation in which you have to

choose between two or more alternatives.

Tình huống khó xử buộc bạn phải chọn 1 trong 2.

E.G.:
Many Muslim women face the terrible dilemma of having
to choose between employment and their Islamic garb.
The issue raises a moral dilemma.

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Verbs associated with problems/

Những động từ liên quan đến các vấn đề khó khăn:

• damage (v):

To damage something means to cause it to become less

good, pleasant, or successful.

Phá hủy, phá hoại, khiến mọi thứ trở nên tệ hơn.

E.G.:
Jackson doesn't want to damage his reputation as a political
personality.
He warned that the action was damaging the economy.

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• deteriorate (v):

If something deteriorates, it becomes worse in some

way.

Bị giảm giá trị, trở nên tệ hơn.

E.G.:
There are fears that the situation might deteriorate into full
scale war.
Surface transport has become less and less viable with
deteriorating road conditions.

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Verbs associated with solutions/

Các động từ liên quan đến giải pháp:

• approach (v):

When you approach a task, problem, or situation in a

particular way, you deal with it or think about it in that way.

Tiếp cận một vấn đề hoặc tình huống.

E.G.:
The Bank has approached the issue in a practical way.
Employers are interested in how you approach problems.

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• react (v): • repair (v):

When you react to something that has happened to If you repair something that has been damaged or is
you, you behave in a particular way because of it. not working properly, you mend it.

Phản ứng lại một vấn đề. Sửa chữa.

E.G.: E.G.:
They reacted violently to the news. A woman drove her car to the garage to have it repaired.
The roof will be repaired to ensure the house is wind-
proof.

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• resolve (v):

To resolve a problem, argument, or difficulty means to

find a solution to it.

Tìm giải pháp.

E.G.:
We must find a way to resolve these problems before it ’s
too late.
They hoped the crisis could be resolved peacefully.

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• tackle (v):

If you tackle a difficult problem or task, you deal with it

in a very determined or efficient way.

Giải quyết một vấn đề hoặc nhiệm vụ khó khăn một

cách quyết tâm và năng nổ.

E.G.:
The first reason to tackle these problems is to save
children's lives.
The government’s latest scheme to tackle crime.

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B. Practice exercises
Bài tập

1. Match the words a-d with the situations 1-4: 1. Ghép các từ a-d vào chỗ trống từ 1-4:

a complication b crisis c dilemma d predicament

1. I can’t decide whether to go on holiday with my best friend or attend my aunt’s wedding.
Whatever I decide, someone’s going to be very disappointed------------------
2. My house was set alight at the weekend and everything I own has been destroyed!
3. They’re very much in love, but he lives in San Francisco, and she lives in London. That
certainly makes things difficult__________
4. My passport’s expired and I’ve got to send it off to be renewed. But I need to present
my passport to the examiner in order to sit the test next week. What an impossible
situation!_________

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5. Words for talking about ideas

Những từ để phát biểu suy nghĩ

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 116

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A. Vocabulary
Từ vựng

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Nouns for ideas/

Các danh từ dùng cho ý tưởng, suy nghĩ:

• concept (n):

A concept is an idea or abstract principle.

Khái niệm.

E.G.:
She added that the concept of arranged marriages is
misunderstood in the west.
Basic legal concepts.

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• conjecture (n): • perspective (n):

A conjecture is a conclusion that is based on A particular perspective is a particular way of thinking

information that is not certain or complete. about something, especially one that is influenced by
your beliefs or experiences.

Sự phỏng đoán dựa trên những thông tin chưa được Quan điểm về một vấn đề dựa trên quan niệm hoặc
chứng thực. trải nghiệm.

E.G.:
That was a conjecture, not a fact.
Ozone creation is a very large-scale natural process
and the importance of human-generated CFCs in
reducing it is largely a matter of conjecture.
E.G.:
Two different perspectives on the nature of adolescent.
Most literature on the subject of immigrants in France
has been written from the perspective of the French
themselves.

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Adjectives for describing ideas/

Tính từ dùng cho ý tưởng, suy nghĩ:

• ambiguous (adj):

If you describe something as ambiguous, you mean that it is

unclear or confusing because it can be understood in more
than one way.

Mơ hồ, không rõ ràng, dễ gây hiểu lầm.

E.G.:
This agreement is very ambiguous and open to various
interpretations.
The Foreign Secretary's remarks clarify an ambiguous
statement issued earlier this week.

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• credible (adj): • flawed (adj):

Credible means able to be trusted or believed. Something that is flawed has a mark, fault, or mistake
in it.

Có thể tin tưởng, đáng tin cậy. Có khiếm khuyết, có lỗi, có tì vết.

E.G.: E.G.:
Baroness Thatcher's claims seem credible to many. The unique beauty of a flawed object.
But in order to maintain a credible threat of These tests were so seriously flawed as to render the
intervention, we have to maintain a credible alliance. results meaningless.

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B. Practice exercises
Bài tập

1. Complete each sentence 1-8 with the most 1. Điền các từ a-h vào chỗ trống thích hợp từ 1-8:
appropriate word a-h:

a. concept c. consensus e. framework g. perspective

b. conjecture d. dogma f. ideology h. stance

1. The religious__________ of the time prevented these innovative ideas from gaining wider
acceptance.
2. The government is reconsidering its __________ on welfare reform and now appears to
more or less in agreement with the main opposition party.
3. The development of international law is interesting when viewed from a historical.
4. We dismissed his accusation of theft because it was based on __________ rather than fact.

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a. concept c. consensus e. framework g. perspective

b. conjecture d. dogma f. ideology h. stance

5. The prime minister was criticized for basing his approach to economic problems on
political__________ rather than on a reasonable assessment of the situation.
6. Despite intense negotiation, the committee was unable to reach a ____________.
7. The time-space continuum is a difficult____________ to grasp unless you are a physicist.
8. Hofstede developed an interesting____________for comparing cultures.

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 123

Part 3

III. Answer key

WALL STREET ENGLISH CAREER

STUDY 124
Part 3
1

Part I. Vocabulary topics

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1

1. People & Relationship:

Circle/ Khoanh tròn Underline/ Gạch chân

parent, sibling, spouse client, colleague, employer

2. Education:

1. 2.
1. archaeology - b 1. astronomer
2. astronomy - g 2. psychology
3. economics - d 3. Linguistics
4. geology - e 4. economists
5. linguistics - f 5. geology
6. psychology - a 6. sociology
7. sociology - c 7. archaeologists

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3. The Art of Persuasion:

1. 1.
1d 1 advocate
2b 2 acknowledge 3 justified
3a 4 outline
4c 5 object (to)

4. Getting Involved:

a iv
bv
ci
d iii
e ii

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1

5. Global Warming:

1 glaciers
2 typhoons
3 droughts
4 current
5 flood
6 hurricane

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 128

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Part II. Words in use

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1

1. Words for describing change:

year, decade, generation, century, millennium

2. Words expressing similarity and difference:

Circle/ Khoanh tròn Underline/ Gạch chân

a, b, g, h c, d, e, f

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3. Describing Cause & Effect:

1. 2.
1 the growth of social networking 1 whereas, complete
[a reduction of government control of information] d. an antonym
(cropped = reduced/cut)
2 tax rises
[a slowdown in investment] 2 devices which reduce pollution generated by cars
c. a definition
3 [Better maternal health] (a catalytic converter = a device which reduces
the government's reform of services pollution generated by cars)
4 The collapse of the bank 3 weapons
[financial crises throughout the country] a. a superordinate term
(a grenade = a type of weapon)
5 [The company’s insolvency]
a series of poor decisions made five years ago 4 for example failing to adeguate consider...
b. an example
6 His statements about corruption in the police
(flawed = faulty)
[an immediate response]

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4. The Art of Persuasion:

1c
2b
3a
4d

5. Getting Involved:
1d
2h
3g
4b
5f
6c
7a
8e

WALL STREET ENGLISH STUDY 132

References
Vocabulary for IELTS - Anneli Williams
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