Page 1 of 7

MATHEMATICS IN THE
MODERN WORLD

Jennelyn L. Araneta

OSMEÑA COLLEGES College of Teacher Education

Aspire…Achieve…Advance!
 Page 2 of 7

MODULAR ARITHMETIC
FINAL

OVERVIEW
Modular Arithmetic deals with whole numbers where the numbers are replaced by their
remainders after division by a fixed number. As you go through this module, you will learn
further about modular arithmetic. You will know how to describe and perform the operations
on modular arithmetic.

LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this module, you will be able to:
 describe modular arithmetic;
 perform the operations on modular arithmetic.

LEARNING EXPERIENCES & SELF-ASSESSMENT ACTIVITIES (SAA)

ACTIVITY
Look at the two clocks given below.

A.
B.

ANALYSIS
Upon looking the two clocks above, what 5 differences (if possible) did you notice? What
do you call the clock A? What do you call the clock B? Write your answers on the self-assessment
activities (SAA) sheet on the following pages.

OSMEÑA COLLEGES College of Teacher Education

Aspire…Achieve…Advance!
 Page 3 of 7

ABSTRACTION
Modular Arithmetic
It is a special type of arithmetic that involves only integers.
0
1 1
1 1
2
9 3

8 4
5
7 6

Starting at noon, the hour hand points in order to the following:

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 0

This is the way in which we count in modulo 12. When we add 1 to 11, we arrive back at 0. The
same is true in any other modulus (modular arithmetic system). In modulo 5, we count 0, 1, 2, 3,
4, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 0…

We can also count backwards in modulo 5. Anytime we subtract 1 from 0, we get 4. So the
integers from -12 to 0, when written in modulo 5, are 3, 4, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 0

The expression a ≡ b (mod m) reads as a is congruent to b modulo m and that means a and b
have the same remainder when they are divided by m where m > 1.

Residue
The set of all integers congruent to “b modulo m” is called the residue class.

 To calculate the value of b mod m, we remove as many multiples of m as possible until

we are left with an answer between 0 and m-1.
 If b is a negative number then we add as many as multiples of m as needed to have an
answer between 0 – (m-1).
Examples:
14 mod 3 ≡ 2 14 = 3 x 4 + 2
9 mod 3 ≡ 0 9=3x3+0
2 mod 3 ≡ 2 2=3x0+2
-1 mod 3 ≡ 2 -1 = 3 x -1 + 2
-5 mod 3 ≡ 1 -5 = 3(-2) + 1

OSMEÑA COLLEGES College of Teacher Education

Aspire…Achieve…Advance!
 Page 4 of 7

Operations on Modulo

Addition Rule
a ≡ c (mod m)
+ b ≡ d (mod m)
a + b ≡ c + d (mod m)
Example:
17 ≡ 5 (mod 6)
+ 15 ≡ 3 (mod 6)
32 ≡ 8 (mod 6)
Subtraction Rule
a ≡ c (mod m)
- b ≡ d (mod m)
a – b ≡ c – d (mod m)
Example:
2 ≡ 2 (mod) 3
- 1 ≡ -5 (mod) 3
1 ≡ 7 (mod) 3
Multiplication Rule
a ≡ c (mod m)
x b ≡ d (mod m)
a • b ≡ c • d (mod m)

Example:
17 ≡ 5 (mod) 6
x 15 ≡ 3 (mod) 6
255 ≡ 15 (mod) 6

SELF-ASSESSMENT ACTIVITIES (SAA) SHEET

ANALYSIS
Differences
Clock A Clock B
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

OSMEÑA COLLEGES College of Teacher Education

Aspire…Achieve…Advance!
 Page 5 of 7

KEY POINTS

 Consider four integers a, b, c, d and a positive integer m such that a ≡ b (mod m) and c ≡
d (mod m). In modular arithmetic, the following identities hold:
 Addition: a + c ≡ b + d (mod m)
 Subtraction: a – c ≡ b – d (mod m)
 Multiplication: ac ≡ bd (mod m)

END OF MODULE ASSESSMENT

Now that you have finished the review of the various concepts outlined above, it is now time for an
assessment to see how far you have improved. On every module’s “End of Module Assessment” (this
part), write your answers on separate sheet/s provided. (See separate sheets for the questions.)

LOOKING AHEAD
Congratulations for making it till the end of this module! I hope that you did not have a hard time learning
this module. Happy learning!

SELF AND MODULE EVALUATION

Rate the module using the following:
1- Strongly disagree
2- Disagree
3- Agree
4- Strongly agree

The learning module: 1 2 3 4

Please check appropriate column

was engaging
allowed for self-checking (SAAs)
developed in gradual, manageable steps
provided independent, self-paced learning
contained relevant information I needed

SELF-EVALUATION

OSMEÑA COLLEGES College of Teacher Education

Aspire…Achieve…Advance!
 Page 6 of 7

Rate the extent of your learning in this module using the scale blow. Check the column
corresponding to your rating in the space provided. Do not hesitate to contact me if you need
further assistance.
4- I’m an expert. I understand and can teach a friend about it.
3-I’m a Practitioner. I understand and can cite examples on the topics given.
2- I’m an apprentice. I understand if I get help or look at more examples.
1- I’m a novice. I do not understand the topic.

My learning: 1 2 3 4
I can now

Please check appropriate column

 describe modular arithmetic;
 perform the operations on modular arithmetic.

REFERENCES

Romeo M. Daligdig, EdD (2019). Mathematics in the Modern World. LORIMAR Publishing Inc.

OSMEÑA COLLEGES College of Teacher Education

Aspire…Achieve…Advance!
 Page 7 of 7

END OF MODULE ASSESSMENT (Answer Sheet)

(Please do not forget to provide information on this part)

Name: _____________________________________________ Course& Year: _____________

Module Number and Title: ______________________________________________________

Contact number & email (if any):_______________________________

Date accomplished: ________________________

General Direction: Write your answer/s on a separate sheet/s. Attach it on this module.

A. Fill in the blanks.

1. 55 ≡ _________ (mod 7)
2. 2048 ≡ _______ (mod 3)
3. 406 ≡ _________ (mod 5)
B. Perform as indicated.
4. Given 22 ≡ 12 mod 5 and -1 ≡ 14 mod 5, find the sum, the difference and the
product of these congruences.
5. Add 2 ≡ 14 mod 3 and 2 ≡ -1 mod 3.
6. Subtract 1 ≡ -5 mod 3 from 2 ≡ 2 mod 3
7. Multiply 0 ≡ 9 mod 3 and 2 ≡ 2 mod 3
8. Given 22 = 12 (mod 5) and 2 = -23 (mod 5), find the sum, the difference and the
product of these congruences.
C. Find the result of the following operations.
9. 34 mod 4
10. 19 mod 7
11. -23 mod 5
12. -78 mod 9

OSMEÑA COLLEGES College of Teacher Education

Aspire…Achieve…Advance!