MODERN FEATURES OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE LABOR MARKET

IN EU COUNTRIES
Mariia Krymova

Ptoukha Institute for Demography and Social Studies of the National Academy of Sciences of
Ukraine, Kyiv, Shevchenko blvd., 60, e-mail – mariya.krymova@gmail.com

1. Introduce
Labor market, represents dynamical system which is constantly updated and
changes by the action of different social and economic forces of global and local
level. The labor market of the most of countries are today at stage constant
transformation, qualitative and quantity indicators of labor change, motivational,
educational and labor preference, is increased the role of intelligent capital, the
content of existing trades changes and they actively emerge new, socially-labor
attitudes are deformed.
2. Status of the EU labor market
Paramount change of EU countries labor market, is increase in the structure
of engaged population of skilled labor. Today number of engaged in European union
accounts for about 70% of economically active population, a third from them tertiary
educational level has (fig 1). The largest number of engaged, with given educational
level is observed in Lithuania - 43,8%, Norway - 43,3%, Belgium - 43,2%, Finland
- 43%, Great Britain - 42,4%, Spain - 41,9%. As compared with educational structure
of engaged ten of summer prescription, average number of hired workers with
tertiary educational level increased to 7,7 percent items. By the largest increment
such countries were characterized as: Lithuania - 13,6 items, Latvia - 12,3 items,
Portugal - 11,48 items, Poland - 10,7 items, Great Britain – 10 items, Switzerland is
10,35 items. Increase of share of skilled work testifies of expansion of opportunity
for development of innovative economy, development of new activities, and
realization of opportunities продуцирования new knowledges in the economy and
society. From here follows following characteristic тренд modern labor market,
namely increase of share of engaged population in tertiary and четвертичном
economy sectors (fig. 2).
Tertiary sector of economy represents, branches which enter to the structure
of the domain of services, namely trade, public health, hotel and restaurant business
and other. Active rates of development of tertiary sector are always connected with
increase of productivity in industrial sector which arises against a background of
increase of automation of labor. Chetvertichnyj sector is, separate components of
elements of tertiary sector and characterizes the level of development of
“knowledges economy”, to his composition they include such branches of economy
as: formation, IT industry, scientific researches, global marketing and other.
 50,0
43,2 43,8 43,0 42,4 43,3
45,0 41,9
39,5 38,7 39,3 39,4
40,0 35,1 35,1 35,6
33,4 34,0 33,0 33,9
35,0
28,2
30,0 26,1
23,3
25,0 21,0
20,0
13,61 11,48 10,35
15,0 9,24 9,18 12,27 10,70 9,12 10,56
7,69 5,60 8,57 8,72 10,48 10,13
10,0 4,68 5,71 5,51 7,43
2,15 3,01
5,0
0,0

Denmark

Spain
Belgium

Sweden
France

Latvia

Slovenia
Italy

Lithuania

Poland
Greece

United Kingdom

Switzerland
Estonia

Netherlands

Finland
Czech Republic

Portugal

Norway
European Union (27 countries)

Germany (until 1990 former

territory of the FRG)

2015 changes 2015-2006

Рис. 1. The share of employees with Tertiary Education

Dynamics of change of the number of engaged in tertiary and четвертичном
sectors testifies of transition of the most of countries to a new форам and the
tendencies of economic development. As of the end of 2015, in the structure of
engaged population, on the average on 67,5% EU countries they were engaged in
tertiary and четвертичном economy sectors. The largest number of engaged in
tertiary sector of economy was observed in Norway - 55,3%; Spain and France -
53%; Greece are 50,7%; Sweden are 50,6%, in Bulgaria 46,6%. The most active in
development of четвертичного sector is Denmark, Sweden, Great Britain and
Switzerland.
100,0
90,0
80,0
70,0 35,4
46,6 40,3 40,2
60,0 49,3 43,5 50,7 53,0 44,8 47,7 46,8 48,4 47,2 39,5
48,5 53,0 49,9
53,2 53,7 52,9 55,3 45,9
50,0 50,6 51,1
40,0
30,0 54,7
20,0 38,9 43,7 44,0 40,7
32,5 32,6 37,6 30,7 29,9 27,7 36,8 33,8 36,2 33,0 34,9
29,4 28,8
25,9 24,6 27,2 23,3 23,3 24,4
10,0
0,0
Denmark

Spain

Latvia

Austria
Belgium

Germany

Sweden
France
Italy

Poland

Slovenia
Lithuania
Bulgaria

Greece

United Kingdom
Romania

Switzerland
Estonia

Netherlands

Finland

Norway
EU (27 countries)

Czech Republic

Portugal

other sectors of the economy tertiary sector of the economy quaternary sector of the economy

Fig. 2. Structure of engaged population on economy sectors

 Confirms sounded second trend the ratings of dynamics of change of the
number of economic activities engaged on domains. Of the most active rates increase
of engaged in tertiary and четвертичном economy sectors took place in such
countries, as Spain, Latvia, Portugal, Bulgaria and Switzerland.
The third feature of modern European labor market is increase of tendencies
of territorial mobility of the population, one of the reasons of occurrence which
became expansion of hollow place for movement of labor between countries,
development of special state programs of the mobility of the population for reduction
of the level of tension on national labor market and expansions of opportunities of
employment. They are the most common migration flows in the world for today
Southern and Western Asia; The central and North America; South America and
Southern Europe, the country of the Central and West Europe; Northern Europe and
Southern Asia. As to migration flows inside EU, they are enough active. According
to data of the interrogation of European statistics committee about 40% of engaged
population, during 2015 moved for search of a new place of work and performance
of professional obligations.
Separate specification of the labor market in EU countries is development of
new forms and the kinds of employment. Occurrence of given tendency is connected
primarily with development and expansion of opportunities of the person's
communications with working resources and the other members of the collective far
off, development not grocery modes of production not requiring direct attachment
of the personnel to the means of production. It is the most common non-standard
forms of employment of the population in modern world: remote work, freelance
and design activity, as well as diverse kinds of leasing of the personnel. According
to data of the interrogation of labor in EU countries about 65% of engaged
population work a half of one's working hours far off (at the same time, in many
countries, widely opportunities of part of working week of the house are used).
According to data of the same test about 10% of engaged population during year
performed work on the basis of фриланса, and 17% executed a few projects in
parallel that testifies of high level of the load to separate workers.
By factor which has a high influence on the tendency of development of the
labor market, is active development all over the world of new forms and the domains
of professional work (communicating trades world dynamism). So, for example, for
the last five years such new trades emerged, as: personal life-couch, SMM-manager,
communications manager, Trend-watcher, specialist on nanomedicine and vertical
farmer (the farmer of ground resources working in cities and raising agricultural crop
in the conditions of minimum use). Today according to data of research of the
employers' opinion in Europe countries the most urgent are trade: universal soldier;
GRменеджер; nurse, gerontologist; expert in the area of alternate power sector;
specialist on business dealing in Africa; journalist агрегатор news; specialist on
production of difficult oil reserves; selector, for genic engineering of plants;
urbanist, specialist on development of territories; expert on the permission of
national and religious conflicts.
Beside occurrence of new trades degeneration tendencies exist. It is forecasted
that in the near future from use such trades will disappear, as: accountant, travel
agent, librarian, notary, system administrator, statistics, копирайтер and other.
Occurrence of trades world dynamism is connected with plenty, both social, and
process routes. So, among social processes specific influence to professional domain
renders globalization, change in the models of control, growth of middle class and
consuming capacity of the population, ecology way of life and productions. Among
technical factors to professional Wednesday the largest influence implements
implementation of information and communication technologies, computer-aided
manufacturing, development of new technologies. Correlation of these two
processes results in occurrence of new industrial and managerial practices,
approaches to service of jobs and their organization of changes of industrial
structures. In this connection changes in socially labor and professional domain
arise, such changes can lead to lead either to occurrence of entirely new trades and
disappearance up to that existing, or to changes in nature of activity and skills of
professional functions needed for performance.
As to occurrence of new skills and competence, they as well are separate
трендом on the labor market, about dynamism of social, economic and technical
development existing up to it skills, at labor, begin actively to be obsolete. So,
average half-life of knowledge accounts for today before 5-7 years, and on separate
branches even less. So, for example, for sector high technologies floor розпад
knowledges accounts for 2,5 years, for financial and bank domain - 5 years, and for
industry from 0,5 to 3 years, depending on the domain of annex. On the basis of
specialized researches of conducted World economic forum, was installed that in the
nearest five years will be the most required competence: skill of acceptance of true
decisions, social intelligence, ability is adaptive and to think creative, computer
thinking, crosculture competence, is new медиа literacy, design thinking,
transdisciplinary skills, work in the conditions of multi-function, Ability to work
productively, to supply an active interaction, as well as to demonstrate skills of
communications in virtual command.
Threatening feature of EU countries labor market, is reduction of the youth
level of economic activity (fig 3). Youth is one of the most vulnerable categories of
the population on the labor market. For it classically it is characteristic high, as
compared with the common, jobless rate. Today this correlation accounts for almost
twice. In 2015 the rating of young inactive status in EU averaged 21%, at the same
time in a series of countries this rating reaches 40%. In absolute calculation number
of unemployed youth in EU countries accounts for about 4,5 million persons. Apart
from the problem of low level of competitiveness of the youth on the labor market,
for the countries of EU urgent is the problem of decrease of the level of activity of
the youth to receipt of formation, trade and subsequent employment. So, more than
7 million EU population in the age of 15-24 years are not engaged and do not learn.
And more than 11% persons of this age threw a school training.
Separate characteristic tendency of labor market of European union, is the
reduction of the number of able-bodied population what is connected with mass
increase of the number of the senior generation, against a background of with sharp
birth-rate reduction. Such problem results in the reduction of common population
level of economic activity and occurrence of the deficiency of labor in separate
branches of economy (particularly it concerns the activities of technical directivity
which are less prestigious among population).
100,0
90,0
80,0
70,0
60,0
50,0
40,0
30,0
20,0
10,0
0,0
Denmark

Spain
Belgium

France

Latvia

Slovenia
Lithuania

Sweden
Italy

Poland

United Kingdom
Bulgaria

Greece

Netherlands

Romania

Finland
Czech Republic

Estonia

Portugal
EU (27 countries)

Germany

Not employed persons Unemployed persons Inactive persons

Persons would like to work Persons do not want to work Employment and students

Fig 3. The structure of the youth in the countries of EU on economic status

They undergo transformations and socially-labor attitudes, against a

background of arising problems existing of the tendency and on the labor market,
new conception and politics of regulation flexicurity, aimed to optimum
combination of flexibility of the labor market and (flexibility) social protection arose
(social security). Politics Flexicurity is realized on the basis of four main
components: creation of flexible and reliable mechanisms of contractual regulation
of socially-labor attitudes ; advancing and development of complex strategy of
continuous training; construction of effective active politics of regulation of the
labor market; use of modern social security system which supplies an adequate
support of the population on the phases of search of work and transition from one
kind of labor activity to other. Partially given politics arose to the base of the main
strategic avenues of evolution of European union - Europe - 2020, in which the
decision of the problems of employment takes one of leading parts.
3. Conclusion
In such a manner, conducted analysis of labor market of European union
allowed to define such common tendencies of their development as: increase of high
qualification labor, increase of the number of services engaged in the domain and
also the domain of high technologies, high level of territorial mobility of
economically active population, active development of new trades and new forms of
employment, actualization of social and communicative competence, increase of
speed to the floor of disintegration of knowledges, reduction of economic activity of
young population, occurrence of new forms of construction of socially-labor
attitudes directed on opportunity of satisfaction of requirements of all participants
of labor process.