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The term balance sheet refers to a financial statement that reports a company's
assets, liabilities, and shareholder equity at a specific point in time. Balance
sheets provide the basis for computing rates of return for investors and evaluating
a company's capital structure. In short, the balance sheet is a financial
statement that provides a snapshot of what a company owns and owes, as well as
the amount invested by shareholders. Balance sheets can be used with other
important financial statements to conduct fundamental analysis or calculating
financial ratios.
¿Qué es un balance?
The balance sheet adheres to the following accounting equation, with assets on
one side, and liabilities plus shareholder equity on the other, balance out:
Assets=Liabilities+Shareholders’ Equity
This formula is intuitive. That's because a company has to pay for all the things it
owns (assets) by either borrowing money (taking on liabilities) or taking it from
investors (issuing shareholder equity).
Activos=Pasivo+Accionistas
Esta fórmula es intuitiva. Esto se debe a que una empresa tiene que pagar por
todas las cosas que posee (activos) ya sea tomando dinero prestado (asumiendo
pasivos) o tomándolo de los inversionistas (emitiendo acciones de los
accionistas).
Special Considerations
The assets should always equal the liabilities and shareholder equity. This means
that the balance sheet should always balance, hence the name. If they don't
balance, there may be some problems, including incorrect or misplaced data,
inventory and/or exchange rate errors, or miscalculations.
Each category consists of several smaller accounts that break down the specifics
of a company's finances. These accounts vary widely by industry, and the same
terms can have different implications depending on the nature of the business. But
there are a few common components that investors are likely to come across.
Consideraciones Especiales
Los activos siempre deben ser iguales a los pasivos y el patrimonio de los
accionistas. Esto significa que el balance siempre debe estar equilibrado , de ahí
el nombre. Si no cuadran, puede haber algunos problemas, incluidos datos
incorrectos o extraviados, errores de inventario y/o tipo de cambio, o errores de
cálculo.
Cada categoría consta de varias cuentas más pequeñas que desglosan los
detalles de las finanzas de una empresa. Estas cuentas varían ampliamente
según la industria , y los mismos términos pueden tener diferentes implicaciones
según la naturaleza del negocio. Pero hay algunos componentes comunes con
los que es probable que los inversores se encuentren.
Assets
Accounts within this segment are listed from top to bottom in order of
their liquidity. This is the ease with which they can be converted into cash. They
are divided into current assets, which can be converted to cash in one year or
less; and non-current or long-term assets, which cannot.
Here is the general order of accounts within current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents are the most liquid assets and can include
Treasury bills and short-term certificates of deposit, as well as hard
currency.
Marketable securities are equity and debt securities for which there is a
liquid market.
Accounts receivable (AR) refer to money that customers owe the company.
This may include an allowance for doubtful accounts as some customers
may not pay what they owe.
Inventory refers to any goods available for sale, valued at the lower of the
cost or market price.
Prepaid expenses represent the value that has already been paid for, such
as insurance, advertising contracts, or rent.
Liabilities
A liability is any money that a company owes to outside parties, from bills it has to
pay to suppliers to interest on bonds issued to creditors to rent, utilities and
salaries. Current liabilities are due within one year and are listed in order of their
due date. Long-term liabilities, on the other hand, are due at any point after one
year.
Some liabilities are considered off the balance sheet, meaning they do not appear
on the balance sheet.
Shareholder Equity
Shareholder equity is the money attributable to the owners of a business or its
shareholders. It is also known as net assets since it is equivalent to the total
assets of a company minus its liabilities or the debt it owes to non-shareholders.
Retained earnings are the net earnings a company either reinvests in the business
or uses to pay off debt. The remaining amount is distributed to shareholders in the
form of dividends.
Treasury stock is the stock a company has repurchased. It can be sold at a later
date to raise cash or reserved to repel a hostile takeover.
Activos
Las cuentas dentro de este segmento se enumeran de arriba a abajo en orden
de liquidez . Esta es la facilidad con la que se pueden convertir en efectivo. Se
dividen en activos circulantes, que pueden convertirse en efectivo en un año o
menos; y activos no corrientes oa largo plazo, que no pueden.
Aquí está el orden general de las cuentas dentro de los activos corrientes:
El efectivo y los equivalentes de efectivo son los activos más líquidos y
pueden incluir letras del Tesoro y certificados de depósito a corto plazo, así
como moneda fuerte.
Los valores negociables son títulos de renta variable y de deuda para los
que existe un mercado líquido.
Las cuentas por cobrar (AR) se refieren al dinero que los clientes le deben
a la empresa. Esto puede incluir una asignación para cuentas incobrables
ya que algunos clientes pueden no pagar lo que deben.
El inventario se refiere a cualquier bien disponible para la venta, valorado
al menor de su costo o precio de mercado.
Los gastos pagados por adelantado representan el valor que ya se ha
pagado, como seguros, contratos de publicidad o alquiler.
Pasivo
Un pasivo es cualquier dinero que una empresa debe a terceros, desde las
facturas que tiene que pagar a los proveedores hasta los intereses de
los bonos emitidos a los acreedores para el alquiler, los servicios públicos y los
salarios. Los pasivos corrientes vencen dentro de un año y se enumeran en orden
de su fecha de vencimiento. Los pasivos a largo plazo, por otro lado, vencen en
cualquier momento después de un año.
Las ganancias retenidas son las ganancias netas que una empresa reinvierte en
el negocio o utiliza para pagar la deuda. El importe restante se distribuye a los
accionistas en forma de dividendos.
The image below is an example of a balance sheet from Exxon Mobil (XOM) from
September 2018. You can see there are three sections on the sheet. The assets
for the period total $354,628. If you add up the company's total liabilities
($157,797) and its shareholder equity ($196,831), you get a final total of $354,628
—the same as the total assets.
Balance sheets allow the user to get an at-a-glance view of the assets and
liabilities of the company. The balance sheet can help users answer questions
such as whether the company has a positive net worth, whether it has enough
cash and short-term assets to cover its obligations, and whether the company is
highly indebted relative to its peers.
Los balances permiten al usuario obtener una vista rápida de los activos y pasivos
de la empresa. El balance general puede ayudar a los usuarios a responder
preguntas como si la empresa tiene un patrimonio neto positivo, si tiene suficiente
efectivo y activos a corto plazo para cubrir sus obligaciones y si la empresa está
muy endeudada en relación con sus pares.
The balance sheet includes information about a company’s assets and liabilities.
Depending on the company, this might include short-term assets, such as cash
and accounts receivable, or long-term assets such as property, plant, and
equipment (PP&E). Likewise, its liabilities may include short-term obligations such
as accounts payable and wages payable, or long-term liabilities such as bank
loans and other debt obligations.
Depending on the company, different parties may be responsible for preparing the
balance sheet. For small privately-held businesses, the balance sheet might be
prepared by the owner or by a company bookkeeper. For mid-size private firms,
they might be prepared internally and then looked over by an external accountant.
Public companies, on the other hand, are required to obtain external audits by
public accountants, and must also ensure that their books are kept to a much
higher standard. The balance sheets and other financial statements of these
companies must be prepared in accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting
Principles (GAAP) and must be filed regularly with the Securities and Exchange
Commission (SEC).
Las empresas públicas, por otro lado, están obligadas a obtener auditorías
externas por parte de contadores públicos, y también deben asegurarse de que
sus libros se lleven a un nivel mucho más alto. Los balances y otros estados
financieros de estas empresas deben prepararse de acuerdo con los Principios
de Contabilidad Generalmente Aceptados (GAAP) y deben presentarse
periódicamente ante la Comisión de Bolsa y Valores (SEC) .