The Acts of Female Foeticide and Female Infanticide in

India

Dr. Radhika Kapur

Abstract

In India, primarily in rural communities, the individuals do not appreciate the birth of
girl children and implement the acts of female foeticide and female infanticide. These are the
criminal and violent acts against girls. Foeticide is the killing of a female child, even before
she is born. Whereas, female infanticide is killing of the female children within one year of
birth. One of the major causes that these acts have been put into operation are, the individuals
give preference to male children and do not appreciate the birth of the girls. These acts
deprive the girls of the basic right, which is the right to live. In order to lead to well-being
and progression of the individuals and growth and development of communities and nation as
a whole, it is necessary to formulate measures, laws and policies to eliminate these acts. The
individuals, belonging to rural communities and deprived, marginalized and economically
weaker sections of the society are the ones, who need to be adequately aware in terms of
these measures, policies and laws. The main areas that have been taken into account in this
research paper include, understanding the meaning of female foeticide and female infanticide,
causes of female foeticide and female infanticide, and measures to curb the acts of female
foeticide and female infanticide.

Keywords: Awareness, Development, Female Foeticide, Female Infanticide,

Individuals, Measures

Individuals are aware of the high infant mortality rates in developing countries. But
what the individuals are unaware about is that in many cases, the infant deaths are not natural.
The primary causes that have led to an increase in the infant mortality rates are, lack of
adequate nutrition, medical and health care facilities and unawareness on the part of their
parents in terms of the ways that need to be implemented in order to lead to their effective
growth and development. Female foeticide and female infanticide are criminal and violent
acts against female children. Foeticide is the killing of a female child, even before she is
born. Whereas, female infanticide is killing of the female children within one year of birth.
Advanced technologies like Amniocentesis and Ultra Sonogram test are done for the
determination of the sex of the unborn foetus. The tests can detect various genetic
abnormalities in the unborn foetus, so as to be followed by an abortion, if the abnormalities
are incurable or irreversible (Female Foeticide and Infanticide, n.d.).

Female infanticide occurs every year in some rural communities. The Government of
India and various state governments have implemented measures and programs to alleviate
this criminal act. The states, where this problem is prevalent are Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan,
Punjab, Haryana and Bihar. The individuals need to generate awareness that instead of killing
the girl children, they need to form positive viewpoints and pay attention towards their
effective growth and development (Female Foeticide and Infanticide, n.d.). One of the major
causes for the practice of this act is, girls are considered as liabilities and individuals prefer
male children. Therefore, it is vital for them to augment their understanding in terms of the
fact that girls should be regarded as assets. When parents pay attention in leading to their
effective growth and development, they can render a significant contribution in promoting
well-being of their families and communities. Therefore, it is vital to eliminate the acts of
female foeticide and female infanticide. In other words, girls should be allowed to live.

Understanding the Meaning of Female Foeticide and Female

Infanticide

In many Asian countries, deeply rooted traditions and a cultural preference for male
children have been major causes that have led to an increase in the practices of female
foeticide and female infanticide. The discriminatory family and property laws have led to an
increase in detrimental and unfavourable practices, which ensure the birth of the male child.
These practices include sex selective abortions but also the post-natal killing and neglect of
the girl children. In the present existence, because of the deliberate elimination of girls, more
than 160 million women are missing on the Asian continent. In India, where the gender ratio
is imbalanced, the distorted masculinization of the society has led to an increase in the
discriminatory treatment against girls and prevalence of various forms of violence and
criminal acts against them. The United Nations recently declared that India is one of the
world’s most dangerous places for the girls. Until the age of five years, according to the new
UN study, their mortality rate is 75 percent higher than that of the boys. In addition, for 100
new-born girls, about 112 boys are born, whereas nature usually dictates a ratio of 105 boys
to 100 girls (India’s Missing Daughters, 2018).
 These alarming trends that are prevailing within the country, related to these acts have
augmented the viewpoint among the individuals that, boys are more important and
worthwhile as compared to girl children. The individuals usually take into account number of
factors, which have enabled them to give preference to male children. These are, the sons
contribute in augmenting the name of the family, earn money to enhance their status and
overall living conditions, take care of parents in their old age, and perform funeral rites. On
the other hand, the girls have a marginal, social and economic position (India’s Missing
Daughters, 2018). It is comprehensively believed that they will eventually get married and go
to marital homes. In their marital homes, they will be vested with number of job duties and
responsibilities, which will enable them to pay attention and look after the needs and
requirements of their family members in marital homes. Hence, when they will perform their
job duties in marital homes, they will not be able to pay attention towards their family
members in natal homes. Due to this reason, the birth of the girl children is not appreciated.

Women in some cases, experience pressure from their family members to give birth to
male children. When they give birth to girls, they need to experience various forms of violent
and criminal acts and mistreatment. Furthermore, they fear that their daughters will be
mistreated and neglected by the family. Therefore, these are also regarded as major causes for
leading to an increase in the practices of female foeticide and female infanticide. This point
puts emphasis upon the fact that women in some cases give preference and appreciate the
birth of the girl children, but when their families form unconstructive viewpoints, they get
compelled to carry out the practices of female foeticide and female infanticide (India’s
Missing Daughters, 2018).

Female foeticide is the abortion of the girl foetus in the womb, before its complete
growth. Female foeticide is referred to the most heinous criminal act. In India, the individuals
in some communities regard the birth of the girl child as degrading and appreciate the birth of
the male children. The individuals usually, belonging to deprived, marginalized and
underprivileged sections of the society aim to enhance their living conditions. They form the
viewpoint that when they will have male children within the homes, they will send them to
schools and provide good-quality education to them. When they will acquire good education,
they will get engaged in employment opportunities, which will help in augmenting the status
of their families. The individuals prefer small families. As when there will be lesser number
of children within the families, the parents will be able to contribute effectively in leading to
their well-being. Hence, they prefer male children.
 Female infanticide is a crime, which deprives the girl children of the basic right,
which is the right to live. In simple terms, it is the deliberate attempt to kill the new-born
female children within the time period of one year from their birth. It is a century old
phenomenon, which has become prevalent within the country. The major causes, which has
led to an increase in this practice are the conditions of poverty, illiteracy, child marriage,
dowry system, births to unmarried women, female genital mutilation, deprivation, maternal
illness, sex-selective abortion and so forth. Due to these practices, the individuals form the
viewpoint that birth of the girl children will further augment their problems, therefore, they
get engaged in the practices of female infanticide and female foeticide (Female Infanticide in
India, 2018). Sex ratio denotes the ratio of females to males in a specific region. Many
practices like female foeticide and female infanticide have had contrary influences on the sex
ratio.

In India, there are communities, which are insecure for the girls. The girls are not safe
and this is mostly in the cases of families residing in the conditions of poverty and
backwardness. Research has indicated that girls, belonging to poverty stricken, deprived and
under-privileged sections of the society aspire to acquire good education, get engaged in
employment opportunities and enhance their career prospects. But scarcity of resources, lack
of support and assistance from family members and the prevalence of negative and
unconstructive viewpoints and perspectives in terms of girl children are regarded as major
barriers within the course of up-gradation of their status. Hence, there is a need to formulate
measures, which are dedicated towards leading to up-gradation of the status of girls and
bringing about transformations among individuals that girls can also contribute well in
promoting goodwill of their families and communities. This task is not just performed by the
male members of the family. Therefore, it is vital for individuals, belonging to various
communities to encourage the birth of girl children. Furthermore, there is a need to formulate
measures and programs to generate awareness among individuals that birth of girls should be
encouraged and revered.

Causes of Female Foeticide and Female Infanticide

The causes of female foeticide and female infanticide have been stated as follows:

Poverty and Backwardness – When the individuals are residing in the conditions of
poverty and backwardness, they form the viewpoint that if they will have girl children in the
family, they will experience problems particularly in meeting the expenses, which are
required for their effective growth and development. They usually feel that girls will add to
their problems and major problems will take place, when they will have to get them settled.
Due to the conditions of poverty, they will experience problems in giving of dowry. Another
major perspective that is prevalent among these individuals is, girls will only make demands
and will not yield any returns on investments. These individuals have the main objective of
alleviating the conditions of poverty and backwardness and form the viewpoint that male
children will render a significant contribution in helping their families in alleviating the
conditions of poverty and promoting well-being. Therefore, the conditions of poverty and
backwardness play an important part in encouraging female foeticide and female infanticide.

Illiteracy and Unawareness – It is comprehensively understood that education makes

provision of knowledge and arouse understanding among the individuals that they should
inculcate the traits of morality and ethics, provide equal rights and opportunities to both boys
and girls and not discriminate against anyone. Illiteracy and unawareness are also regarded as
important factors that have led to encouragement of female foeticide and female infanticide.
When the individuals are illiterate and unaware, they are unable to understand that they need
to feel pleasurable, when a girl child is born in their family. Girls can also contribute
effectively in promoting well-being of their families as well as communities. But it is vital on
the part of the parents to make provision of support and assistance and implement measures
needed for their effective growth and development. Whereas, illiteracy and unawareness
enable the individuals to feel disappointed and disheartened upon the birth of girl children
and practice the acts of female foeticide and female infanticide.

Discrimination against Girl Children – The girl children are discriminated in some
rural communities. Discrimination against girl children enable the individuals and families to
give preference to male children. Discrimination against girl children is one of the most
critical causes that enables the individuals to practice female foeticide and female infanticide.
There are number of factors that enable the individuals to discriminate against girl children.
These are, they are regarded as liabilities, which would not yield any returns on investments,
they are to be trained in terms of implementation of household tasks and responsibilities, they
are discouraged from acquisition of education, and parents will experience problems at the
time of their marriage in finding a suitable groom for them and in meeting the dowry
demands. In most cases, arranging marriages for the girls is a major problem that encourages
discrimination against them. Therefore, when the individuals feel concerned in terms of these
factors, they tend to discriminate against girl children and encourage female foeticide and
female infanticide.

Religious Beliefs – The influence of religion leads to a strong influence on the

innumerable philosophies and traditional viewpoints and perspectives (Kushwaha & Sharma,
2014). Among families in primarily rural communities and in some cases in urban
communities as well, there are prevalence of strong religious beliefs that male children
should be born in the family. The religious beliefs focus upon the viewpoint that male
children will not only render an important contribution in promoting well-being of their
families, but they will carry out other tasks and activities as well. For instance, at the time of
death, the sons are responsible for carrying out the cremation ceremonies. They will lead to
extension of the lineage. On the other hand, the girls cannot carry out these tasks and will
eventually go to marital homes. Therefore, religious beliefs will enable the individuals and
families, primarily belonging to marginalized, deprived, underprivileged groups and
economically weaker sections of the society to practice female foeticide and female
infanticide.

Girls will not Provide Social Security to Parents – There is prevalence of the
viewpoint that girls will not provide social security to parents. In primarily old age, parents
need support and assistance from their children regarding number of factors. These include,
safety and protection, health and well-being, financial support, travelling and outings and so
forth. The individuals form the viewpoints that they will be able to receive assistance and
support from their male children. When they will be provided with good-quality education
and get engaged in well-paid jobs, they will be able to provide social security to their parents.
On the other hand, the girls will have to eventually get married and go to their marital homes.
In this manner, they would not be able to contribute effectively in taking care of the needs
and requirements of their parents and providing them social security. Therefore, when this
point gets reinforced among individuals, they carry out the acts of female foeticide and
female infanticide.

Legal Causes – The Pre Conception and Pre Natal Diagnostic Technique Act, 1994
was passed 18 years ago due to the alarming increase in the killing of female foetuses by the
latest means of scientific technologies. According to the 2011 census, the child sex ratio is
914:1000 and therefore, it is evident from these figures that the influence and implementation
of the Act is still in doubt as there has been a continuous decline in the child sex ratio. The
Pre Conception and Pre Natal Diagnostic Technique Act, 1994 has proved to be insufficient
and inefficient to curb the practice of female foeticide. Therefore, when the implementation
of laws and policies are not very strong, they have proved to be a catalyst for the increasing
ratio of female foeticide. The individuals need to generate awareness in terms of this act and
put it into operation. In this manner, they will be able to curb the practice of female foeticide
(Kushwaha & Sharma, 2014).

Bringing about Improvements in Living Standards – The individuals and families,

belonging to deprived, marginalized and economically weaker sections of the society have
the main objective of bringing about improvements in their living standards. They possess the
viewpoint that generating a source of income will help them in bringing about improvements
in living standards. There has been prevalence of the viewpoint among individuals, primarily
belonging to rural communities that male children will be able to get engaged in minority
jobs and generate a source of income. They also believe that males are more strong and
robust as compared to girls. Apart from generation of income, the individuals need to pay
attention towards making provision of facilities and civic amenities, taking care of their
health and well-being and so forth. Therefore, the prevalence of the viewpoint that male
children will carry out all tasks and activities in an appropriate manner, the individuals do not
give preference to girls and practice the acts of female foeticide and female infanticide.

Dowry Harassment – Dowry harassment is one of the major criminal and violent acts
that is put into practice by the families of the grooms, when the families of the brides are
unable to fulfil the dowry demands. Research has indicated that women usually have to
undergo mistreatment and various forms of criminal and violent acts. When they experience
harassment in terms of dowry, they need to undergo various forms of criminal and violent
acts. These include, verbal abuse, physical abuse, grievous hurt, eve-teasing, burns,
discriminatory treatment and sexual harassment. The practice of dowry harassment has
imposed physical as well as psychological effects upon not only the victims, but also their
parents. Therefore, when the families mainly residing in the conditions of poverty and
backwardness feel that they as well as their girls will have to experience dowry harassment, if
they will be unable to meet the dowry demands, they carry out the practices of female
foeticide and female infanticide.

Cultural Belief of Carrying forward the Family Name – The individuals, belonging to
various categories and backgrounds possess the viewpoint that male children will help in
carrying forward the family name. The birth of the male children are appreciated to a major
extent. Even when the individuals are residing in the conditions of poverty and experience
lack of resources, still they make efforts to provide good-quality care, education and facilities
to the male children, so they can emerge into productive members of the family. When male
members of the family will be well-educated and engaged in well-paid and reputed jobs, then
their parents feel that they will not experience any problems in finding a suitable match and
getting them settled. They possess a strong cultural belief that when male children are born in
the family, when they will have male grandchildren and great-grandchildren, they will render
a significant contribution in carrying forward the name of the family. On the other hand, the
girls will get married and go to marital homes and take their husband’s name. Hence, it is
believed that they will not contribute in carrying forward the family name. Therefore, for this
reason, male children are preferred and there are implementation of the acts of female
foeticide and female infanticide.

Prevalence of Criminal and Violent Acts against Girls – In India, throughout the
country, in rural as well as in urban communities, girls and women, belonging to various
categories and backgrounds have experienced various forms of criminal and violent acts.
These include, verbal abuse, physical abuse, sexual harassment, rape, grievous hurt, acid
attacks, trafficking, discriminatory treatment, neglect and mistreatment. When girls and
women experience these acts within their marital homes from their husbands and in-laws, or
in schools or educational institutions or within employment settings, it is degrading to them
as well as their parents. On the other hand, in some cases, they experience these acts in their
natal homes as well. Hence, when the individuals feel that they will not be able to lead to
effective growth and development of girl children, they encourage the practices of female
foeticide and female infanticide. When within the communities, the individuals give
preference to male children and do not appreciate the birth of girls, then the practices of
female foeticide and female infanticide are encouraged to a major extent. Therefore, it can be
stated that prevalence of criminal and violent acts against girls enable the individuals and
communities to encourage the practices of female foeticide and female infanticide.

Measures to curb the Acts of Female Foeticide and Female

Infanticide

In order to lead to effective growth and progression of the individuals, communities

and nation as a whole, it is necessary to generate information in terms of the measures that
are needed to curb the acts of female foeticide and female infanticide. These have been stated
as follows:

Transformations in Viewpoints and Perspectives – The individuals belonging to rural

communities, who are residing in the conditions of poverty and backwardness need to bring
about transformations in their viewpoints and perspectives in terms of girls. They should
appreciate the birth of the girl children and regard them as assets. They need to form positive
viewpoints regarding girls and feel that when their growth and development will take place in
an effective manner, they will not only emerge into productive members of their families and
communities, but also productive citizens of the country. Therefore, when transformations
will take place in the viewpoints and perspectives of these individuals, they will render a
significant contribution in an efficient manner in curbing the acts of female foeticide and
female infanticide.

Promoting Acquisition of Education – Education is regarded as an instrument that

imparts knowledge and understanding to the individuals in terms of not only academic
concepts, but also other factors that would enable them to benefit in number of ways. When
the individuals will acquire education, they will be able to differentiate between appropriate
and inappropriate, sustain their living conditions in a well-organized manner, inculcate the
traits of morality, ethics, diligence and conscientiousness and emerge into productive
members of the community. In order to promote education among individuals, there are
establishment of adult education centres in rural communities, which are providing
opportunities to the adults to hone their literacy skills and acquire knowledge in terms of
various aspects. Therefore, it can be stated that promoting acquisition of education will
enable them to treat girls with respect and courtesy and curb the acts of female foeticide and
female infanticide.

Providing Equal Rights and Opportunities to Boys and Girls – The girls and boys
should be provided with equal rights and opportunities. One of the important areas in terms of
which equal rights and opportunities need to be provided to both boys and girls is in terms of
acquisition of education. Education renders an important contribution in enabling the
individuals to promote well-being of themselves as well as their families and communities.
When girls will acquire education, they will augment their knowledge and competencies.
When they will augment their knowledge and competencies, they will not only be able to
enhance their career prospects, but also turn out to be assets and support systems to their
families. Therefore, it can be stated that through providing equal rights and opportunities to
girls as their male counterparts, the individuals will form constructive viewpoints and in this
manner the acts of female foeticide and female infanticide will get alleviated.

Curbing Criminal and Violent Acts – It is of utmost significance to treat girls and
women with respect and courtesy and curb any types of criminal and violent acts against
them. Within home, it is vital for the parents to treat girls equally as the male children.
Whereas, in schools, employment settings and in community places as well, the girls and
women should be treated equally and there should not be any types of criminal and violent
acts against them. Within communities, when various types of criminal and violent acts will
be curbed against women and girls, the individuals will form the viewpoint that it is
necessary to encourage the birth of girl children. This measure will lead to alleviation of the
acts of female foeticide and female infanticide.

Implementation of Laws and Policies – The Government of India has implemented

various programs, laws and policies that have the main objective of generating awareness
among the individuals that they should not regard girl children as liabilities, but should
appreciate their birth. Beti Bachao Beti Padhao is a campaign of the Government of India that
aims to generate awareness and make improvements in the efficiency of welfare services. The
main objective of this campaign is to generate awareness among the individuals that they
should save the girl child and provide education to her. The scheme was initiated with the
initial funding of Rs. 100 crores. This campaign is mainly targeted in the states of Punjab,
Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Bihar, Uttarakhand and Delhi. Therefore, it can be stated that
implementation of laws and policies have rendered an important contribution in curbing the
acts of female foeticide and female infanticide.

Organization of Speeches – In rural communities, it is vital to organize speeches that

would focus upon the perspective that girl children are also equally important as male
children. The individuals in some communities form negative viewpoints and perspectives
against girls. They also form the viewpoint that they will not provide support and care to their
parents in their old age and would only take care of the needs and requirements of their
family members in marital homes. Therefore, individuals, belonging to various fields and
backgrounds organize speeches primarily in communities, where birth of girl children is not
appreciated. These individuals are educators, social workers, researchers, lawyers,
academicians, writers, doctors and other professionals, who have the main objective of
promoting well-being of communities. When they deliver speeches, they give numerous
examples, which enable the individuals to acquire an understanding in terms of appreciating
the birth of girl children. Therefore, it can be stated that organization of speeches would
render a significant contribution in curbing the acts of female foeticide and female infanticide
and appreciating the birth of girl children.

Promoting Skills Development among Girls – The parents need form the viewpoint
that promoting skills development among girls would enable them to promote better
livelihoods opportunities. In rural communities, agriculture is regarded as the major
occupation of the individuals. Apart from the agricultural sector, the individuals are engaged
in various occupations such as, pottery making, production of handicrafts and artworks, food
items, silk weaving, and so forth. In other words, they are artisans, craftsmen, goldsmiths,
ironsmiths, blacksmiths, pottery makers and so forth. It is vital for the parents to train their
girls in terms of their work duties. From the initial stage, it is vital to promote skills
development among girls. When the girls will augment their skills and abilities, they will
assist their parents in the production and manufacturing processes as well as marketing of
goods. In this manner, they prove that they can be assets to them and contribute in promoting
well-being. Therefore, promoting skills development among girls will contribute in
appreciating their birth and alleviating the acts of female foeticide and female infanticide.

Encouraging Girls to Participate in Activities – The parents should not only train girls
in terms of the implementation of household responsibilities and in developing skills and
abilities among them regarding their occupations, but they should also encourage them to
participate in social, cultural and religious activities. Research has indicated that women and
girls primarily belonging to rural communities and marginalized sections of the society
develop interest and enthusiasm in honing their talents and competencies in terms of extra-
curricular and creative activities. These include, dancing, singing, playing of musical
instruments, making handicrafts and artworks, role playing, sports, and physical activities.
When they are skilled in terms of these areas, they will make use of them in an efficient
manner, when they are encouraged to participate in social, cultural and religious activities.
Therefore, when the girls will be encouraged to participate in activities, they will contribute
in enhancing the status of their families. This will lead to formation of positive viewpoints
against girls and alleviating the acts of female foeticide and female infanticide.
 Legal Initiatives – To check the female foeticide, the Pre-Natal Diagnostic
Techniques (Regulation and Prevention of Misuse) Act, 1994 was enacted. The act was put
into operation in 1996. It is a comprehensive legislation, which lays down the situation in
which the use of the pre-natal diagnostic techniques is prohibited. It has provisions for the
establishment of mechanisms, which are responsible for policy making under the act and also
the individuals, who are responsible for the implementation of the act (Siwal, n.d.).
Therefore, it is understood that with the establishment of legal initiatives, the individuals are
unable to identify the gender of the unborn child. When this legal initiative is put into
practice in medical and health care centres, then the individuals are able to prevent female
foeticide. Therefore, it can be stated that this measure has proven to be worthwhile in curbing
the practice of female foeticide.

Implementing Measures and Schemes for Women and Child Development – It is vital
to implement measures and schemes that are aimed towards leading to women and child
development. They have implemented various schemes that are dedicated towards promoting
well-being of women and children. When the individuals and communities generate
awareness in terms of measures and schemes and obtain assistance from them, they are able
to form positive viewpoints and appreciate the birth of the girl children. For instance, there
are implementation of schemes to promote community participation through involvement of
student volunteers in promoting empowerment of rural women. Another scheme is National
Creche Scheme to make provision of day care facilities to children, belonging to the age
group of six months to six years of women, who are employed (Press Information Bureau,
2018). Therefore, it can be stated, the individuals generate awareness in terms of various
measures and schemes, which are dedicated towards promoting well-being of women and
children, than they will be able to contribute effectively in curbing the acts of female
foeticide and female infanticide.

Conclusion

Female foeticide and female infanticide are criminal and violent acts against female
children. Foeticide is the killing of a female child, even before she is born. Whereas, female
infanticide is killing of the female children within one year of birth. The individuals,
primarily belonging to rural communities and deprived, marginalized and socio-economically
backward sections of the society practice these acts. They give preference to male children
and do not appreciate the birth of the girl children. The causes of female foeticide and female
infanticide are, poverty and backwardness, illiteracy and unawareness, discrimination against
girl children, religious beliefs, girls will not provide social security to parents, legal causes,
bringing about improvements in living standards, dowry harassment, cultural belief of
carrying forward the family name and prevalence of criminal and violent acts against girls.
The prevalence of one or more of these factors among communities gives rise to the acts of
female foeticide and female infanticide.

It is comprehensively understood that these acts are regarded as major barriers within
the course of up-gradation of individuals, communities and nation as a whole. It is vital to
formulate measures to alleviate these acts. These are, transformations in viewpoints and
perspectives, promoting acquisition of education, providing equal rights and opportunities to
boys and girls, curbing criminal and violent acts, implementation of laws and policies,
organization of speeches, promoting skills development among girls, encouraging girls to
participate in activities, legal initiatives and implementing measures and schemes for women
and child development. When the individuals and communities generate awareness in terms
of these measures, they will not only be able to contribute effectively in curbing the acts of
female foeticide and female infanticide, but they will render a significant contribution in
promoting up-gradation and well-being of women and girls and encourage them towards
acquisition of education and empowerment opportunities.
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