HOW ARE YOU?

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CHAPTER 1
Elements and Format
Part 1

J. PEREZ, MSPT
D. RAMOS, MSPT
 Writing the Introduction

Session
Contents
Writing the Review of
Literature
Session Outcomes • Identify
the structure of the
elements of the first chapter of a
research proposal.
• Create an introduction and
literature review with proper
citation of the sources.
THE
INTRODUCTION
 The INTRODUCTION
• Opening of the manuscript
• Discusses the specific problem and research strategy.
• General questions to be answered by the introduction:
 Why is this problem important?
 How does the study relate to previous work in the area? If other aspects of this study
have been reported previously, how does this report differ from, and build on, the earlier
report?
 What are the primary and secondary hypotheses and objectives of the study, and what,
if any, are the links to theory?
 How do the hypotheses and research design relate to one another?
 What are the theoretical and practical implications of the study?

• Give your reader a firm sense of what will be/ was done and why.
The INTRODUCTION

❖What is this?
❖Why am I reading it?
❖What do you want me to
think about / consider
doing / react to?
The INTRODUCTION

General aspects of the

topic

More specific topical

info

Statement of purpose
& rationale; Potential
outcomes
 Trends Problems Issues Solution

The INTRODUCTION
• Establish the area • Associated with • Discuss why the • Place your
to research the topic problem needs a research within
• Highlight the • Examples: new research the niche.
importance • Effects of a • Discuss a • Discuss your
• Make general current research niche approach in
statements situation • Examples: solving the
• Present an • Effects of the • Opposing an problem.
overview on disease being existing • Examples:
current research studies assumption • Objective of the
• Sample starters: • Revealing a gap study
or inconsistency • Stating a
• Related in existing hypothesis/
statistical research Describing
findings important results
• Formulating a
• Epidemiology of research question • Key
the disease or problem characteristics of
being studied • Blank & Blind your study
• Current event or spots of the topic • Giving a brief
news about the • Continuing a overview of the
topic. disciplinary/ structure of the
professional paper.
tradition.
 Use keywords from your title in the
first few sentences of the
introduction to ensure focus on your
topic.
 When discussing controversial or
conflicting issues, all sides in the
dispute should be mentioned or
represented in balanced measure.
 Avoid animosity and ad hominem
arguments
controversy.
in presenting a DOs & DON’Ts
 Assume that the reader is WHEN WRITING
knowledgeable about the basic
problem and does not require an
extensive literature history.
THE
 Emphasize pertinent findings, INTRODUCTION
relevant methodological issues, and
major conclusions when including
previous studies.
 Provide a logical continuity of the
studies that will be mentioned.
 Substance > Flashy statements
 Properly cite and paraphrase lifted
contents.
Effects of Nintendo Wii Fit™ on Sports Performance of Soccer

SAMPLE INTRODUCTION (TREND)

Players with Chronic Ankle Instability
Soccer (association football) is a well- known and participated sport worldwide
with an account of over 265 million players globally, with 33% of them from Asia according
to the Federation of International Football Associations’ (FIFA), its international governing
body, last big count on 2006. In the Philippines, Rehal (2013) mentioned that Filipinos’
consciousness about the sport has heightened around the years 2010- 2011, which was
supported by the FIFA estimates of more than 1.6 million players in the country and 85
official local soccer clubs in 2012. Alongside with its popularity are the reports that
playing soccer significantly improves metabolic, cardiovascular and musculoskeletal
fitness (Randers et al., 2011; Krustrup et al., 2010). However, since soccer is an arduous
sport of fitness, it also poses a risk for obtaining injuries (Jastrzebski et al.,
2011; Krustrup et al., 2010). It has been said that 10 to 35 injuries happens every 1000
soccer playing hours; of these, 17% are to the ankle joint and 67% are ligamentous
sprains, which commonly affects the lateral ligament complex (Attenborough et al., 2014).
Unfortunately, it has been studied that 32% to 74% of individuals who had ankle sprain
suffer from residual and chronic symptoms, recurrence and/ or perceived instability
(Gribble et al., 2014).
 SAMPLE INTRODUCTION (PROBLEM)
Chronic ankle instability (CAI) is one of the most common of these residual problems,
occurring in approximately 20% of ankle sprain incidents (Hiller, Kilbreath & Refshauge, 2011;
Chan, Ding & Mroczek, 2011). CAI is described as “an encompassing term used to classify a
subject with both mechanical and functional instability of the ankle joint,” (Gribble et al., 2014)
and as ‘‘repetitive bouts of lateral ankle instability resulting in numerous ankle sprains,” (Hiller et
al., 2011). A recent review by Attenborough et al. (2014), revealed that soccer is the sport with the
highest percentage of recurrent ankle sprain, which is foreseeable as its play demands a lot of
skilled actions while avoiding contact with opponents. Instability and recurrent sprains of the
ankle is associated with a variety of impairments and disabilities which may affect the athletes’
performance (Hauser, Blakemore, Wang & Steilen, 2014; Hiller et al., 2011; Clanton, Matheny,
Jarvis & Jeronimus, 2012; Steib, Zent, Hetschke & Pfeifer,
2013; Rahnama, Salavati, Akhbari & Mazaheri, 2010).

Balance and stability deficits are well- reported problems brought by CAI. People with CAI
show multi- directional dynamic balance deficits as compared to copers and healthy individuals
(Payne, McCabe & Pulliam, 2016; Doherty et al., 2015). These are further characterized by
displacement of the foot’s center of pressure (COP), which may be a compensation for a disturbed
sensorimotor system and decline in the postural control’s automaticity, making postural
performance poorer when done with a simultaneous cognitive task (Pope et al., 2011; Rahnama et
al., 2010), which is important as sports, soccer specifically, need decision making from the
athletes during games while maintaining a good application of their skills which are mostly
dynamic.
 Numerous works about risk factors predisposing athletes to ankle injuries

SAMPLE INTRODUCTION (ISSUES)

and CAI have also been written, these include their demographic characteristics,
playing details and even environmental factors. Different articles yielded both
similar and contradicting results regarding the significance of these factors, with
history of a previous sprain being the most consistent contributing factor (Henry,
Evans, Snodgrass, Miller & Callister, 2016; Hershkovitch et al., 2014; Pourkazemi,
Hiller, Raymond, Nightingale & Refshauge, 2014; Martin,
Davenport, Paulseth, Wukich & Godges, 2013). In spite of soccer’s emerging
popularity in the collegiate sports league, little to none have been written about CAI
and sports performance of Filipino soccer players.

Balance and proprioceptive exercises have been used as management for

ankle instabilities and are still part of a recent paradigm for CAI rehabilitation
(Donovan & Hertel, 2012). Virtual reality (VR), through video games, is a novel way
to administer balance exercises among individuals who are healthy or with clinical
conditions, may it be neurologic or musculoskeletal (Bonnechere,
Jansen, Omelina & Van Sint Jan, 2016; Li, Sheng, Han & Ma, 2015; Cone, Levy &
Goble, 2014). In a systematic review by Bonnechere et al., (2016), it was concluded
that video games can be an added intervention in rehabilitation as it offers similar
results with conventional management but can motivate the patients more.
 SAMPLE INTRODUCTION (ISSUES &
As described by Li et al., (2015), a popular device used for balance
rehabilitation is the Nintendo Wii Fit, consisting of a balance board, which uses
COP to detect body sway when stood upon and a Wii game console to control an
avatar during the games. The incorporation of games with exercises has been
proven superior over typical balance exercises (Gioftsidou et al., 2013). Two clinical

SOLUTION)
trials done by Kim and colleagues (2015) using Wii Fit’s balance enhancement
programs to address ankle muscle strength and balance among individuals with
ankle instability both yielded decrease in impairments. However, to the researcher’s
knowledge, no study yet has determined the effects of VR programs on specific
skills needed by athletes with CAI. Hence, this study will be conducted.
THE
REVIEW O F
LITERATURE
(ROL)
General Guidelines to
Writing the ROL

Introduce the Discuss the Don’t attempt Pick out the Use the
ROL by general to cover research most studies in your
pointing out importance of everything relevant to the literature
the major your topic for written on the topic you are review as
research topic those in your topic studying “evidence” that
that will be field your research
discussed question is an
important one
 It is important to cover
research relevant to all the
General variables being studied.
Guidelines
to Research that explains the
relationship between these
Writing a variables is a top priority.
Literature
Review You will need to plan how you
will structure your ROL and
write from this plan.
Organizing the ROL
Topical Order*—organize by main topics or issues;
emphasize the relationship of the issues to the main
“problem” (Thematic)

Chronological Order—organize the literature by the dates

the research was published

Problem-Cause-Solution Order—Organize the review so

that it moves from the problem to the solution
 General-to-Specific Order—
(Also called the funnel approach)
Examine broad-based research
first and then focus on specific
studies that relate to the topic
Organizing
the ROL
Specific-to-General Order—
Discuss specific research studies
so conclusions can be drawn
Steps in Doing the 1. Search for existing literature in the
Review library and on the web

2. Prepare a working list of references.

 Record all vital details concerning
the articles you are including in
your references
 Use APA style of writing (Based on
Council of Science Editors Manual)
 Group together references from:
 books
 journals and periodicals, and
 unpublished materials
Steps in Doing the 3. Examine each material, then decide
Review which ones will be included in your
review:
 Abstract
 The author’s description of the
study
 Related to your area of interest?
 Conclusions relevant

4. Review the literature & write your

ROL.
I. Osteoarthritis of the knee
II. Physical Therapy
Treatment for
Osteoarthritis of the knee Sample ROL Outline:
I. Supervised clinical
exercises
II. Manual therapy procedures Family Involvement in
Home Exercise Program
III. Home exercise program in the Treatment of
IV. Family Involvement Osteoarthritis of the
I. Barriers to family Knee Among Elders
involvement
II. Patient’s Satisfaction
III. Patient’s Improvement
I. Chronic Ankle Instability
I. Definition
II. Prevalence
II. Factors Associated with
CAI & Sports Sample ROL Outline:
Performance
I. Person Factors Effects of Virtual Reality
II. Task Factors Programs on Sports
III. Environmental Factors
Performance of Football
III. Virtual Reality Players with Chronic Ankle
Programs Instability
I. Brief Introduction
II. Therapeutic Uses
I. On ankle instability
II. On other conditions
1. The review should be
brief and direct to the
point.
• To ensure brevity and
conciseness, you must
summarize or Characteristics of
paraphrase important
points. the Review
• Avoid direct quotations
of the author’s ideas or
the results of the
studies you are
reviewing.
2. Have a plan on how
you are to present the
review.
• Prepare an outline
before finally writing
the review. This will
ensure coherence
and unity of ideas Characteristics of
presented. The
problem you are the Review
going to work on can
serve as your outline
for discussion of
related literature and
studies that are
relevant to your
proposed research
3. Emphasize relatedness
• Keep the reader aware of the
way the literature you are
discussing is related to your
Characteristics of
problem. the Review
• Try to point out what that
relationship is.
Materials must be recent as possible
(not more than 5-7 years)

Materials must be relevant to study

Guidelines in
Citing
Materials must not be too few but not Literature
too many (not less than 20 studies)

Only major findings and its

explanation, ideas, generalizations,
principles of conclusions relevant to the
problem
An ROL is…
GOOD if it … BAD if it …
• Is a synthesis of available • Is an annotated bibliography
research
• Confines to description
• Is a critical evaluation
• Narrow and shallow
• Has appropriate breadth and
depth • Confusing and long- winded

• Has clarity and conciseness • Constructed in an arbitrary

way
• Uses rigorous and consistent
methods
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QUESTIONS?
References
• American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the
American Psychological Association (6th ed).). Washington, DC: Author.

• Sacred Heart University Library. Organizing Academic Research Papers: 4.

The Introduction. https://library.sacredheart.edu/c.php?g=29803&p=185916