Skin Effects

Outline

• Hawkins’ Formula
• Skin Components
 qμ rs
p s − p wf ,ideal = ln
2πkh rw

qμ rs
p s − p wf ,real = ln
2πk s h rw
 Hawkins’ Formula
qμ rs qμ rs
Δp = pwf ,ideal − pwf ,real = ln − ln
2πk s h rw 2πkh rw

qμ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ rs qμ ⎛ k ⎞ rs
= ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟ ln = ⎜
⎜ − 1⎟⎟ ln
2πh ⎝ k s k ⎠ rw 2πkh ⎝ k s ⎠ rw

qμ
= S
2πkh

⎛k ⎞ rs
S = ⎜⎜ − 1⎟⎟ ln
⎝ ks ⎠ rw
 Skin Components

• The skin effect is attributed to not only

formation damage but all the near-
wellbore conditions that deviate from
the homogeneous radial flow.
• Skin factor considers the lumped
effects of all the non-ideal conditions
S = S d + S c +θ + S p + ∑ S pseudo

S d = damage skin

S c +θ = skin due to partial completion and slant

S p = perforation skin

S pseudo = pseudo skins from rate - depend, phase -

dependent, and converging skin effects
S d = skin due to formation damage in

- drilling
- cementing
- completion
- injection
- production
S c +θ = skin due to partial completion and slant
S p = perforation skin
S pseudo = pseudo skins from rate - depend, phase -
dependent, and converging skin effects

Non-Darcy flow skin:

SND = Dq
S pseudo = pseudo skins from rate - depend, phase -
dependent, and converging skin effects

Water lock skin:

S pseudo = pseudo skins from rate - depend, phase -
dependent, and converging skin effects

Horizontal Well: