Scaffolding Safety Training

1
TECNIMONT Scaffold Safety

(General Instruction 8.001)
Purpose:
To establish the minimum safety-related technical
requirements for temporary elevated work areas,
ladders, and scaffolds.
Scope:
Covers the design, erection, use, alteration, and
dismantling of temporary elevated work areas, ladders,
and supported or under hung scaffolds with fixed
platform heights. The types of scaffolds covered are
those commonly use within TECNIMONT, including tube
and coupler, fabricated tubular frame, system, bracket,
underhung, and manually propelled mobile scaffolds.
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STANDARDS
New TECNIMONT standard and General Instruction G.I. 8.001

Gulf Standard (mandatory) GS 217/1994 (or later)
ANSI – American National Standards Institute ANSI A10.8 (1998 or later)
B. S. Specification for Steel Tube BS 1139
B. S. Specification for Steel Couplers BS 1139
B. S. Specification for scaffold Boards BS 2482
B.S. Code of Practice for scaffold BS 5973
European Standard EN74
OSHA Safety Requirements (Scaffolding) OSHA 1910.28
OSHA Additional Requirements (Scaffolding) OSHA 1926.450
OSHA Scaffold use in the Construction Industry OSHA 3150
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TOPICS SLIDE NUMBER i
I. SCAFFOLD TERMINOLY  5-7
II. ELEVATED WORK AREAS – GENERAL
REQUIREMENTS  8-11
III. SCAFFOLDING COMPONENTS  12-14
IV. REQUIREMENTS COMMON TO ALL
SCAFFOLDS  15-24
V. REQUIREMENTS COMMON TO SYSTEM AND
TUBE & COUPLER SCAFFOLDS  25-32
VI. SYSTEM SCAFFOLDS  33-36
VII. TUBE & COUPLER SCAFFOLDS  37-60
VIII. MOBILE & TOWER SCAFFOLDS  61-65
IX. FABRICATED TUBULAR FRAME SCAFFOLDS  66
X. BRACKET SCAFFOLDS  67-69
XI. UNDERHUNG SCAFFOLDS  70-75
XII. SCAFFOLD TAGGING  76-79
XIII. SCAFFOLD SAFETY SEMINAR – HIGHLIGHTS
S.A. LPD – (Sept. 2002)  80-86
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I. SCAFFOLD TERMINOLOGY
TOP RAIL
MID RAIL
DROP BAR
FALSE UPRIGHT
0.95m – 1.15 m
(38”-45”)
36” min.
SCAFFOLD PLANKS LADDER CLAMP

BEARER (TRANSOM) TOEBOARD
LONGITUDINAL
BRACING
STANDARD
SWIVEL COUPLER
FIXED COUPLER (90º)
RUNNER (LEDGER)
TRANSVERSE BRACING
BASE LIFT
(KICKER LIFT)
6"
BASE PLATE
SILL (SOLE BOARD)
5
BOARD BEARER BAY LENGTH

(INTERMEDIATE
TRANSOM)
RUNNERS
(LEDGERS)
RUNNERS &
BEARERS
INSTALLED
BEARERS INSIDE POSTS
(TRANSOMS) TYP.
POST
(STANDARD)
BASE PLATES
SILLS (SOLE
BOARDS) BASE LIFT
(KICKER LIFT)
6
BEARERS RUNNERS
(TRANSOMS) (LEDGERS)
BAY LENGTH
BAY SCAFFOLD
WIDTH
LIFT
6” HEIGHT
POST
(STANDARD)
BASE LIFT
(Foot Tie or Kicker Lift)
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II. ELEVATED WORK AREAS - GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
 FALL PROTECTION
 Each person who could fall more than 1.8 m. (6 ft.) shall be protected
from falling by means of guardrail systems or personal fall arrest
systems.
 GUARDRAIL SYSTEMS
 Guardrail system shall be able to withstand a force of at least 90kg.
(200 lbs.) It consists:
1. Toprails - top edge height of toprails self closing
shall not be less than 0.95 m. (38 “) drop bar
false
and not more than 1.15 m. (45”) upright
above the walking/working surface of a toprails (puncheon)
platform. midrails
2. Midrails – installed approximately
halfway between the walking/working
surface and toprail.
3. Toeboards – shall have no more than
6 mm. (1/4”) gap above the working
surface and should withstand a force of
at least 23 kg (50 lbs).
4. Uprights – shall not be spaced more
toeboards
than 2.7 m. (9 ft.) apart.
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 PERSONAL FALL ARREST SYSTEMS

 Full body harnesses, lanyards, lifelines or overhead structural
anchorage, and other components of personal fall arrest system shall
have a capacity of at least 2,300 kgs. (5,000 lbs.).
 Lanyards shall have a maximum length of 1.8 m. (6 ft.) thus it shall be
anchored high enough to prevent the worker from free falling more than
6 feet (1.8m.) or striking any lower level should a fall occur.
 Horizontal and vertical lifelines shall be made from 10 mm. (3/8”)
min. diameter wire rope. Horizontal lifelines shall be maintained with a
sag at the center of no greater than 300mm.. (12”) for every 10 m.
(33 ft.) of lifeline length between attachments.
 FALLING OBJECT PROTECTION

 Toeboards shall be installed on all edges of elevated work areas more
than 1.8 m. (6 ft.) above lower levels. It shall conform the ffg.
requirements:
1. Minimum dimension of 100 mm. (4”) in height and 25 mm. (1”)
thick.
2. No more than 6 mm. (1/4”) above the working surface.
3. Should withstand a force of at least 23 kg. (50 lbs.)
 When there is a danger for objects falling through guardrails a protective
screen (minimum No. 18 gauge wire with a maximum 13 mm.
mesh) shall be securely fixed to the toeboard, midrail and guardrail.
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 ENTRY AND EXIT

 A safe means of access shall be provided whenever the scaffold platform
is 0.6 m (2 feet) above or below a point of access.
 If horizontal travel distance exceeds 15 m (50 feet) each elevated work
area shall have at least 2 means of exit. A means of exit shall be
provided at least every 30 m (100 feet).
 Minimum clear headroom above scaffold platforms shall be 1.8 meters
(6 feet).
 TEMPORARY STAIRWAYS
PARTS OF STAIRWAY REQUIREMENTS
LANDING • At least 560 mm. (22”) wide & 760 mm. (30”) long.
• Shall have landing not more than every 3.7 m. (12’) of vertical
distance.
RISER • 150 mm. (6”) to 215 mm. (8”) depth.

• Shall be uniform with each flight of stairs.
TREAD • 220 mm. (9”) to 280 mm. (11”) wide.
STAIR SLOPE • Between 30 to 35 degrees
HANDRAIL • 860 mm. (34”) to 940 mm. (37”) in height.
• 80 mm. (3”) clearance between wall or other object.
• Can withstand a force of at least 90 kg. (200 lbs.)
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 TEMPORARY RAMPS
 Shall not be inclined more than a ratio of 1 : 3 or 20º above the horizontal although a
slope not over 15º is preferred.
 If steeper than ratio 1 : 4 the ramp shall have cleats no more than 350 mm (14”) apart.
 HIGH WINDS
 Personnel shall not be on any scaffold or other temporary elevated work area during
storms or high winds – sustained winds more than 65 kph (40 mph).
 WORK OVER WATER

 Personnel working over water shall have floatation ring provided at intervals not greater
than 15 meters (50 feet) and a man watch shall also be provided.
 LADDERS
 A slope of 4:1, side rails rigidly attached to supporting structure (top, middle, bottom).
 Rungs uniformly spaced between 250 mm (10”) and 360 mm (14”) although 300 mm
(12 inches) is preferred.
 Shall have a minimum clear distance of 760 mm (30”) to the nearest protruding object on
the climbing side. This distance maybe reduced to 610 mm (24 inches) if deflector plates
are provided.
 Distance on the climbing side to the nearest object on the back side of the ladder shall be
no less than 250 mm (10 inches). When unavoidable a minimum vertical toe clearance
of 100 mm. (4”) shall apply.
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III. SCAFFOLDING COMPONENTS
 GENERAL
 Scaffold components manufactured by different manufacturers should not be
intermixed unless the components are compatible and the scaffold’s structural integrity
is maintained.
 All defective scaffold component s shall be marked with bright fluorescent orange paint
and immediately removed from TECNIMONT property or project site.
 SCAFFOLD TUBING AND FITTINGS SPECIFICATIONS

As per G.I. 8.001
( Scaffold tubing, 48.30 mm [1.90 inch] nominal outside diameter )
Type Grade Min. Yield Stress (Sy) Nominal Wall Thickness
290 N/mm²
3.40 mm
ASTM A500 B 42 ksi
3.76 mm
30 Kg/mm²
240 N/mm²
ASTM A53 B 35 ksi 3.68 mm
24 Kg/mm²
235 N/mm²
Part 1, Sec.
BS 1139 34 ksi 4.00 mm
1.1
24 Kg/mm²
320 N/mm²
EN 10129 - 46 ksi 3.20 mm
32 Kg/mm²
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 SCAFFOLD TUBING AND FITTINGS SPECIFICATIONS
Safe Working Load of Individual Coupler

Min. EN 74 SWL
Type of coupler Type of load
class (Min.)
Right angle coupler, 6.25 KN
(Double or load bearing)
Slip along tube A
1,400 lbs.
Adjustable coupler, 5.3 KN
(Swivel)
Slip along tube A
1,190 lbs.
3.0 KN
Tension B
End-end coupler 6.75 lbs.
(Sleeve) 0.59 KN-m
Bending B
435 lbs-ft.
Force to pull the
Bearer coupler 0.53 KN
(Putlog / Single)
tube axially out of -
the coupler 120 lbs.
30 KN
Girder coupler
(Drop forged)
Shear - 6,740 lbs.
(per pair)
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 PLATFORM UNITS
Wood Plank Dimensions Certified / Approved by Requirements
Solid 2x10 inch • West Coast Lumber • Shall be certified and bear a
(nom) Inspection Bureau grade stamp
Sawn (WCLB)
2x9 inch • Free from defects
Wood • Southern Pine Inspection •Splits 25mm (1”) max. w/o banding
(rough)
Bureau (SPIB) 300mm (1’)max. w/ banding
38x25mm or • American Lumber •Twist 13mm (1/2”) max. end to end
50x225 mm Standards Committee • Shall not be painted treated
(basic) or coated (except at the
ends)
Laminate 38mm (1-1/2”) • Shall have the word • Shall be properly stacked. If
by 225mm (9”) “PROOF TESTED height stack exceeds 20
d Veneer SCAFFOLD PLANK” and
wide or larger planks, succeeding layers
Lumber “OSHA” or TECNIMONT
should be tied or bond.
accepted equivalent,
continuously embossed • Shall not stood on end
on both edges. unattended
 Scaffold planks shall not be used as concrete forms, trench

shoring, or as sills for scaffolds.
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IV. REQUIREMENTS COMMON TO ALL SCAFFOLDS
 CAPACITY
 Every scaffold and scaffold component shall be capable of supporting,
without failure, its own weight (dead load) and at least four (4) times
the maximum intended load applied or transmitted to it (D + 4*L).
 Scaffolds and scaffold components shall not be loaded in excess of their
load rating.
 The maximum allowable span for planks/platforms shall be the shortest
span required to support, without failure, the platform units own weight
and at least four times the most critical maximum intended load as
shown.
Concentrated Load Cases for Platform Units

110 kg (250 lbs.) 110 kg (250 lbs.) 110 kg (250 lbs.) (250 lbs.) (250 lbs.) (250 lbs.)
One Man Two Man Three Man
 The maximum deflection for platform units shall not exceed 1/60th of the
span length when supporting any of the unfactored concentrated or
uniformly distributed concentrated loads.
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 FOUNDATIONS
 Foundations shall be sound, rigid, and capable of carrying the scaffold
self-weight plus the maximum intended load without settling or
displacement.
 Scaffolds shall not be hung from or supported by guardrails or handrails.
Components Requirements
• At least 225 mm. (9”) wide by 38 mm.
(1-1/2”) thick
Timber Sills • Shall extend under at least two posts
(sole boards) (standard), if not applicable sills under
individual posts shall be at least 765
mm. (30”) long
• At least 150 x 150mm. & 6mm. thick
Steel Base (6 x 6 inches & 1/4 inch thick)
Plates • For special scaffolds base shall be
designed
• Shall not be adjusted to more than two-
Screw Jacks thirds (2/3) of the total length of the
threaded section
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 STABILITY
 Scaffold posts and frames shall be vertically plumb and vertically braced
in both directions.
 Supported scaffolds with a height to the uppermost planked level that is
over four times the minimum base dimension (over a 4:1height-to-
width ratio) shall be restrained from tipping by ties, guys, outrigger
frames, or equivalent means.
 Ties and guys shall be installed as follows:
BOX TIE RIGHT-ANGLE (DOUBLE)
REVEAL TUBE TIE TUBE COUPLERS (TYP.)
REVEAL PIN
REVEAL TUBE
WALL OR WALL OR
SOLID SOLID
STRUCTURE STRUCTURE
TIE TUBES TIE TUBES

RIGHT-ANGLE COUPLED TO COUPLED TO
COUPLERS TWO POSTS TWO RUNNERS
TIMBER PACKING
(STANDARDS) (LEDGERS)
TIE TUBES TO
SCAFFOLD
REVEAL TIES
(MAXIMUM 50% OF TOTAL TIES)
BOX TIES PLAN VIEW OF
SCAFFOLD TIES REVEAL TIES
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 STABILITY
 Ties and guys shall be installed as follows:
RIGHT-ANGLE (DOUBLE) RIGHT-ANGLE (DOUBLE)
COUPLERS (TYP.) COUPLERS (TYP.)
WALL OR WALL OR
SOLID SOLID
STRUCTURE
TIMBER PACKING
STRUCTURE
TIE TUBES TO
TIE TUBES TO SCAFFOLD
SCAFFOLD
PLAN VIEW OF COLUMN BOX TIE PLAN VIEW OF TWO-WAY TIES
 Ties or guys shall be spaced vertically every 8 m. (26’)(4 lifts) or
less.
 Ties or guys shall be installed on both ends of the scaffold and at
horizontal intervals not to exceed 9 m. (30’) measured from one end
toward the other.
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 STABILITY
ONLY ONE ADDITIONAL
LIFT ALLOWED ABOVE
RAKER TIE-IN POINT
RAKER TIE-IN POINT
SINGLE RAKER TUBE 6.4m (21ft.)

MAX. LENGTH (NO SPLICES)
LONGITUDINAL
STRUT TUBE
BASE PLATE
SOLE BOARD
SHORT BUTT
TUBE
BASE PLATE
DETAIL
GROUND LEVEL
1.25 m
45 APPROX.
APPROX.
ALTERNATIVE ON
HORIZONTAL TIE
HARD GROUND
TUBES (REQUIRED)
RAKER CROSS TUBE
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 SCAFFOLD PLATFORM CONSTRUCTION AND USE
 If the front edge of a working platform is less than 360 mm. (14”)
from the face of the wall or structure, guardrails do not need to be
erected from that edge.
 For medium-duty and more heavily loaded scaffolds, at least one board
bearer (intermediate transom) shall be used in every bay at each
platform level.
 Planks should be secured on both ends by using fiber rope/wire lashing,
clamped toe boards or other equivalent means. Planks & toeboards
should not be nailed.
 The slope of platform units shall not exceed 1 vertical to 4 horizontal.
 Scaffold platforms, landings, and walkways should be at least 675 mm.
(27”) (3planks) wide, including during erection, dismantling and
alteration.
 Scaffold materials shall not be thrown or dropped from heights.
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 Gaps between platform units shall be less than 25 mm. (1”) wide.
When larger gaps are unavoidable, they shall be covered as follows:
o Gaps less than 60 mm. (2’) in width shall be covered at least 20

mm. (1”) thick, exterior grade plywood. Plywood covering shall be
overlapped with at least the width of the gap, 12” min., on both
sides of the opening and held with cleats.
o Gaps larger than 600 mm. (2’) in width shall be covered with
properly secured cross planks.
 Safe landings shall be provided at the top of all ladders and at least every
9m. (30’) of ladder height.
 If an internal ladder is used, opening shall be at least 675mm. (27”) (3
planks) wide & not less than 900mm (36”) deep.
 If an external ladder is used, step-through opening width on guardrails
shall not be less than 675 mm. (27”) or more than 760 mm. (30”).
 The slope of scaffold platform units shall not exceed 1 vertical to 4
horizontal.
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POSTS (STANDARD)
1.5
m
(5 f
t.) M
A X.
BEARER VA R
IES
(TRANSOM) OVERLAP OVERHANG
300 mm. 150 mm. (6") MIN.
RUNNER (UNLESS CLEATED)
(12") MIN.
(LEDGER) 300 mm. (12") MAX.
38 mm.
BOARD BEARER (1.5") THK.
(INTERMEDIATE TRANSOM) BEARER
(TRANSOM)
RUNNER
SUPPORT SPACING FOR PLANKS (LEDGER)
38mm (1-½") THICK
BOARD BEARER BEARER POST
(INTERMEDIATE TRANSOM) (TRANSOM) (STANDARD)
POSTS (STANDARD)
2.4
m
(8 f
t.) M
A X.
BEARER VA R
IES
(TRANSOM)
RUNNER
(LEDGER)
50 mm.
BOARD BEARER (2") THK.
(INTERMEDIATE TRANSOM) BEARER
(TRANSOM)
SUPPORT SPACING FOR PLANKS
50mm (2") THICK
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 CLEARANCES
 Scaffold operations adjacent to overhead power lines are prohibited
unless one of the following conditions are satisfied:
o The power line has been de-energized, relocated, or protective
coverings installed to prevent accidental contact with the lines. It
should be lockout/tagut.
o Satisfies clearance between scaffold and power lines.
CLEARANCES BETWEEN SCAFFOLDS AND POWER LINES:
Insulated Minimum Distance Uninsulated

Less than 300 Volts. 1 meter (3 feet) - - - - -
300 Volts to 50 Kv. 3 meters (10 feet) Less than 50 Kv.
3 meters (10 feet) + 4 inches per Kv
More than 50 Kv. More than 50 Kv.
over 50 Kv.
Alternative: 2x the length of the line insulator but never less than 3 meter (10 feet).
 Bases of scaffold shall be at least 1.5 times the depth of excavation

away from the edges of the excavations (including trenches).
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 RAISING AND LOWERING MATERIALS USING GIN WHEELS

 The gin wheel shall be mounted on a cantilevered horizontal tube
projecting outward from the scaffold and shall be kept to a minimum
distance, not greater than 750 mm. (30”). Tube shall be fixed with
right-angle couplers to two scaffold post (standard).
 Materials to be raised shall not exceed 50 kg. (110 lbs.), the rope shall
be of the correct size to suit the gin wheel, usually 18-mm. (3/4”).
RIGHT-ANGLE (DOUBLE)
RIGHT-ANGLE (DOUBLE)
COUPLERS
COUPLERS
. ( 3 0 " ) . (3 0 " )
750mm 750mm
MAX. MAX.
STANDARDS
STANDARDS
MOUSING
RING TYPE GIN WHEEL
(PREFERED) HOOK TYPE GIN WHEEL
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V. REQUIREMENTS COMMON TO SYSTEM AND TUBE & COUPLER SCAFFOLDS
 TYPICAL TUBE & COUPLER SCAFFOLD

PLANKING
(BOARDS)
GUARDRAIL SYSTEM
INCLUDING TOEBOARDS
TOEBOARD
CLIPS
RUNNER
(LEDGER)
BEARER
(TRANSOM)
RIGHT-ANGLE
(DOUBLE) COUPLER POST
(STANDARD)
1/4” THK. (Min.)

BASE PLATE
SILL
LONGITUDINAL
TRANSVERSE (FAÇADE) BRACING
ADJUSTABLE CROSS (“X”) 150 150
(SWIVEL) COUPLER BRACING
mm. mm.
(6”) Min. (6”) Min. 25
 HORIZONTAL MEMBERS
 No lift height shall exceed 2m.
SCAFFOLD LIFTS
2nd LIFT
2 Meters (6’ 6”)

maximum lift height
1st LIFT
2 Meters (6’ 6”)

maximum lift height
BASE LIFT
(KICKER LIFT)
6"
POSTS RUNNERS BEARERS
(STANDARDS) (LEDGERS) (TRANSOMS)
26
 Bearers (transoms) and board bearers (intermediate transom) shall be
installed on top of and not underneath supporting runners.
BEARER
(TRANSOM)
RUNNER
(LEDGER)
[UNDERNEATH BEARER]
 Every line of posts (standards) shall have runners (ledgers) installed

horizontally in continuous lengths along the entire scaffold length
(longitudinally) and bearers (transoms) installed in continuous lengths
across the entire scaffold width (transversely), at each lift.
27
 Bridging of scaffolds shall be as conceptually as follows:
TYPICAL BRIDGING FOR 2 BAYS

LIGHT-DUTY SCAFFOLD
BRACING TO OUTER AND

INNER POST (STANDARD) LINES
MAXIMUM 2 BAYS
28
 Bridging of scaffolds

MEDIUM-DUTY SCAFFOLD
LADDER
BEAM
MAXIMUM 2 BAYS
IN CERTAIN CASES, CHECK COUPLERS AND DOUBLE POST (STANDARDS) MAY BE REQUIRED
BRACING AND LADDER BEAMS TO OUTER AND INNER POST (STANDARD) LINES
29
 Bridging of scaffolds

HEAVY-DUTY SCAFFOLD
LATTICE /
UNIT BEAM
MAXIMUM 2 BAYS
IN CERTAIN CASES, CHECK COUPLERS AND DOUBLE POST (STANDARDS) MAY BE REQUIRED
BRACING AND LATTICE / UNIT BEAMS TO OUTER AND INNER POST (STANDARD) LINES
30
 Bracing
 Vertical bracing to prevent excessive sway is necessary in both the
transverse and longitudinal direction of all system and tube & coupler
scaffolds for the full height of the scaffold.
 Transverse (sectional) braces shall be connected to either posts
(standards) or runners (ledgers) as close as possible to the intersection
(node point) of the bearer (transom) and post (standard).
 Longitudinal (façade) braces shall be connected to posts (standards) as
close as possible to the intersection (node point) of the runner (ledger)
and post (standard).
POST (STANDARD) BEARER (TRANSOM) POST (STANDARD)
RUNNER (LEDGER)
4th LIFT
BRACING REPEATED EVERY
5th POST (STANDARD)
3rd LIFT 3rd LIFT

MAX. 3OPEN BAYS
2nd LIFT
2nd LIFT
1st LIFT
1st LIFT
35o-55o
(TYP.) Base Lift
35o-55o
(TYP.) Base Lift
LONGITUDINAL (FAÇADE) "ZIG-ZAG" BRACING
TRANSVERSE (SECTIONAL) "ZIG-ZAG" BRACING
TUBE & COUPLER SCAFFOLD TUBE & COUPLER SCAFFOLD
31
 Bracing
 Brace ends may be joined together with end-to-end (sleeve) couplers.
Alternatively, for braces subject to large tension loads, shall be
overlapped & joined with at least two adjustable (swivel) couplers,
DIAGONAL
BRACE
ADJUSTABLE POST
ADJUSTABLE (SWIVEL)
(SWIVEL) COUPLER (STANDARD)
COUPLERS
BEARER
(TRANSOM)
DIAGONAL
BRACE
300 mm (12")
Max. (typ.)
M m.
NODE POINT
.
(4 0 m
LA Min
.
in
300 mm (12")
10
(TYP.)
)
")
2"
P
1
Max. (typ.)
.(
m
R
0m
VE
RUNNER
30
(LEDGER)
BRACE SPLICE BRACE CONNECTION
32
VI. SYSTEM SCAFFOLDS
 System Scaffolds
 All system scaffolds shall be erected per manufacturer’s published
instructions and the requirements of G.I. 8.001.
TYPICAL SYSTEM SCAFFOLD BASE IN THE PROCESS OF TYPICAL SYSTEM SCAFFOLD BEING ASSEMBLED
BEING ASSEMBLED AND LEVELED
SYSTEM SCAFFOLD ERECTION
33
 Unless otherwise specified in manufacture’s instruction, all system
scaffold shall be vertically braced in both directions with diagonal braces
(as close to 45º as possible) to its full height for each 10 m.
(33’) of run.
 Components from different scaffold manufacturers shall not be
intermixed (except when needed in bracing).
 Where specially designed system bracing cannot be used, tube & coupler
scaffold components may be used for bracing of system scaffolds.
 Connections shall be tightened with a single hammer blow to the wedge
or cup to provide high degree of rigidity.
 Shall be connected by means of one of the following fastening methods:
o Captive wedge system (such as Saudi Scaffolding Factory
(“Kwikstage”)
o Quick-fix system (such as Layher “All-around”)
o Cup locking system (such as SGB “Cuplock”)
 System scaffold components shall not be used to construct underhung
scaffolds.
34
 The locking-pin
type of system
scaffold shall not
be used.
LOCKING-PIN TYPE OF SYSTEM SCAFFOLD

(PROHIBITED)
UPPER POST SPIGOT

(STANDARD) LOWER POST
 Posts (standards) shall be (STANDARD)
connected by bolted spigots

and shall be secured into SPIGOT
place using two spigot pins for
situations where uplift may
occur. The upper post
(standard) shall slide over the SPIGOT PIN
spigot.
BOLTED SPIGOT
35
 Unless otherwise justified and stated in writing by the system scaffold
manufacturer, the maximum number of working levels and total planked
levels shall be as follows:
LIGHT DUTY
Max. Total Number
Maximum Number Maximum Scaffold
Planked/Platformed
of Working Levels Height
Levels
1 9 38 m. (125 ft.)
2 6 38 m. (125 ft.)
3 3 28 m. (91 ft.)
MEDIUM DUTY
Maximum Number Max. Total Number
Maximum Scaffold
of Planked/Platformed
Height
Working Levels Levels
1 7 38 m. (125 ft.)
2 2 24 m. (78 ft.)
36
VII. TUBE AND COUPLER SCAFFOLDS
TYPICAL TUBE & COUPLER SCAFFOLD
PLANKING
(BOARDS)
GUARDRAIL SYSTEM
INCLUDING TOEBOARDS
TOEBOARD
CLIPS
RUNNER
(LEDGER)
BEARER
(TRANSOM)
RIGHT-ANGLE
(DOUBLE) COUPLER POST
(STANDARD)
1/4” THK. (Min.)

BASE PLATE
SILL
LONGITUDINAL
TRANSVERSE (FAÇADE) BRACING
CROSS (“X”) 150 mm. 150 mm.
ADJUSTABLE (SWIVEL)
COUPLER BRACING (6”) Min. (6”) Min.
37
 POSTS
 Joint pins or, preferably, end-to-end (sleeve) couplers shall be used for
joints in post (standards). However, joint pins are only designed for
compression load. End-to-end couplers shall be used where tension
(uplift) can be present in a posts (standard) or other scaffold tube.
 Joints in posts (standards) shall be staggered. Joints in adjacent posts
shall not occur in the same lift height.
38
 RUNNERS (LEDGERS) AND BEARERS (TRANSOMS)

 Runners (ledgers) and bearers (transoms) shall be securely fixed to the
inside of each posts. (standard).
 When bearers (transoms) and board bearers (intermediate transoms)
are coupled to runners (ledgers) they shall always be installed on top of
the supporting runners
 Bearers (transoms), including board bearers, shall extend at least 100
mm. (4”) beyond the runner centerline.
BIOARD BEARER
BAY LENGTH
ST (INTERMEDIATE TRANSOM)
LEA ) [on top of ledger]
A T m . (4 "
0 m
10
ST
L EA ( 4 " )
AT mm.
0
10 RUNNERS
(LEDGERS)
RUNNERS &
BEARERS
INSTALLED
BEARERS
INSIDE POSTS
(TRANSOMS)
[on top of ledger] TYP.
POST
(STANDARD)
BASE PLATES
SILLS (SOLE
BOARDS) BASE LIFT
(KICKER LIFT)
39

 Runners (ledgers) shall be connected to posts (standards) only with
right-angle (load bearing) couplers.
 When bearers (transoms) are coupled to posts (standards), the bearer
shall be connected to the posts only with right-angle (load bearing)
couplers and the coupler shall rest directly on the runners (ledgers)
right-angle couplers.
 When a bearer (transom) is coupled to a supporting runner (ledger), the
coupler shall never be more than 300 mm. (12”) apart from the post.
 At lifts to be planked, right-angle couplers should not be used to attach
bearers or board bearers to runners, because the coupler bolts may
interfere with proper placement of planks. Instead bearer (putlog)
couplers shall be used.
BEARER
(TRANSOM)
RUNNER
(LEDGER) 40
[UNDERNEATH BEARER]

 Runners (ledger) or bearers (transoms) shall not have more than one
joint between adjacent posts, joints shall be staggered (adjacent joints
shall not occur on the same bay).
 End-to-end couplers may be used may be used for joints in runners
(ledgers) or bearers (transoms), the joint shall not be located more than
300mm. (12”) from a post (standard).
)
 Alternatively, joints in runners M
O ER )
or bearers may be made by S
R AN DG
abutting the runner or bearer E L) (4)
(T (L E
ends together and overlapping R ER ER W
IV ur
N o
this ends with a separate E A N
U (S of f
B R
R B LE in. .
parallel tube. This parallel tube m .
O
S TA - M m n
0 Mi
shall be coupled to each U RS 0
3 2")
J E
abutted runner or bearer end A D PL (1
U
with at least two equally C O
spaced adjustable swivel
couplers. In this case, the joint EL
m
.
LL
shall not be located in the m in. A E
0 M R B
middle third of the runner or 30 2") A U
bearer span. (1 P T
41
 Right-angle (double) couplers shall

be installed such that the load is
against the hinge and not against
the bolt. BOLT
 Scaffold couplers shall be tightened

to the torque as indicated by the
manufacturer preferably between
40 kg-m. (30 ft.-lbs.) and 80
kg-m. (60 ft-lbs.) Only proper
scaffold spanner wrenches shall be
used. “Cheater bars” or longer
handled wrenches shall not be
used, as they give greater leverage HINGE
than proper scaffold spanner
wrenches and could damage the INSTALLATION OF
coupler.
RIGHT-ANGLE
COUPLERS
42
 VERTICAL BRACING ( Transverse “Zigzag” Bracing)

 Transverse (sectional) “zigzag” bracing: The first diagonal brace shall be
installed from the base of the first post (standard) diagonally upward to
the first lift at whichever post (standard) is required to make the angle
of the diagonal brace be between 35 and 55 degrees (may be across
two bays in one lift height). Additional diagonal braces shall be installed
in alternating directions (“zigzag”) until reaching the top of the scaffold.
TRANSVERSE (SECTIONAL)
“ZIG-ZAG” BRACING
43
BEARER
(TRANSOM)
 VERTICAL BRACING
( Transverse “Zigzag” Bracing)
NODE POINT
 For wide scaffolds, this (TYP.)
300mm. (12")
transverse “zigzag” bracing Max. (Typ.)
3rd LIFT
shall be shall be repeated
across the width of the POST
scaffold such that no more (STANDARD)
than 3 adjacent bays are

open without transverse 2nd LIFT
bracing. This set of

transverse “zig-zag” braces
shall be installed at both
scaffold ends and repeated ADJUSTABLE
along the length of the (SWIVEL) COUPLER
(TYP.)
1st LIFT
scaffold at least every

third line of posts
(standards). 35 - 55
(TYP.)
BASE LIFT
6"
TRANSVERSE (SECTIONAL) “ZIGZAG” BRACING

TUBE & COUPLER SCAFFOLD 44
 VERTICAL BRACING ( Transverse “Zigzag” Bracing)

 For wide scaffolds
POST (STANDARD) BEARER (TRANSOM)
4th LIFT
3rd LIFT
MAX. 3OPEN BAYS
2nd LIFT
1st LIFT
35o-55o
(TYP.) Base Lift
TRANSVERSE (SECTIONAL) "ZIG-ZAG" BRACING

TUBE & COUPLER SCAFFOLD
45
 VERTICAL BRACING BEARER

(TRANSOM)
(Transverse “X” Bracing)

 Transverse (sectional) “X”
bracing: the first two diagonal
NODE POINT
braces are installed forming an (TYP.)
“X” shape. Thus, the first brace is

300mm. (12")
Max. (Typ.)
3rd LIFT
installed from the base of the
first post (standard) diagonally POST
upward to the first lift at the post (STANDARD)
(standard) required for the base

to be between 35 and 55 2nd LIFT
degrees (may be across two
bays in one lift height). The
second brace is installed from the
base of the same post (standard)
diagonally upward to the first
ADJUSTABLE
(SWIVEL) COUPLER 1st LIFT
post (standard). This “X” bracing

(TYP.)
should be repeated up to the

height of the scaffold at least
every third lift (two adjacent
35 - 55
(TYP.)
BASE LIFT
open lift heights permitted. 6"
TRANSVERSE (SECTIONAL) “X” BRACING

46
 VERTICAL BRACING (Transverse “X” Bracing)

 For wide scaffolds, such transverse “X” bracing shall be repeated across
the width of the scaffold such that no more than 3 adjacent bays are
open without transverse bracing. This set of transverse “X” braces shall be
installed at both scaffold ends and repeated along the length of the
scaffold at least every third line of posts (standards).
POST (STANDARD) BEARER (TRANSOM)
4th LIFT
3rd LIFT
MAX. 3OPEN BAYS
2nd LIFT
LIFT HEIGTH
(TYP.)
1st LIFT
35o-55o
(TYP.)
Base Lift
TRANSVERSE (SECTIONAL) "X" BRACING 47
 VERTICAL BRACING (Longitudinal “Facade” Bracing)

 Longitudinal (façade) bracing for a scaffold whose length is greater than its
height: A diagonal brace shall be installed from the base of the first post (standard)
upward, at between 35 and 55 degrees, to the extreme top of the scaffold. This
longitudinal bracing shall be repeated along the length of the scaffold at least every
5th posts (standard). This longitudinal (façade) bracing shall be installed in opposite
directions, along the front (inner) and rear (outer) lines of posts (standards).
ADJUSTABLE (SWIVEL)
COUPLER POST (STANDARD)
POST (STANDARD)
300 mm (12") BEARER (TRANSOM)
Max. (typ.)
RUNNER (LEDGER)
NODE POINT RUNNER (LEDGER)
(TYP.)
BRACE CONNECTION
3rd LIFT
2nd LIFT
BRACING REPEATED
EVERY 5th POST
(STANDARD)
1st LIFT
35o-55o
(TYP.) Base Lift
LONGITUDINAL (FAÇADE) BRACING

48
 VERTICAL BRACING
(Longitudinal “Facade” Bracing) POST (STANDARD)
BEARER (TRANSOM)
 Longitudinal (façade) bracing 8th LIFT
for a scaffold whose length is
7th LIFT
less than its height: The first
diagonal brace shall be installed
6th LIFT
from the base of the first end post
(standard) upward, at between
5th LIFT
35 and 55 degrees, along the
entire length of the scaffold to the 4th LIFT
last end post. Additional diagonal
braces shall then be installed, at 3rd LIFT
between 35 and 55 degrees, in
2nd LIFT
alternating directions (“zigzag”)
across the entire scaffold length
1st LIFT
until reaching the top of the 35o-55o
scaffold. This longitudinal (façade) (TYP.)
Base Lift
bracing shall be installed in
opposite directions, along the TRANSVERSE (FACADE) DIAGONAL BRACING
front (inner) and rear (outer) lines TUBE & COUPLER SCAFFOLD
of posts (standards).
49
 VERTICAL BRACING (Interior Longitudinal “Zig-zag” Bracing)

 Interior longitudinal “zig-zag” bracing for a scaffold with multiple bays across
its with (“birdcage” scaffold): The first diagonal brace shall be installed from the
base of the first post (standard) diagonally upward, at between 35 and 55 degrees,
to
the second post at the first lift
POST (STANDARD)
(across one bay in one lift BEARER (TRANSOM)
height). Additional diagonal 8th LIFT
braces shall then be installed
in alternating directions (“zig- 7th LIFT
zag”) until reaching the top of

6th LIFT
the scaffold. Such MAX. 4 OPEN BAYS
longitudinal “zig-zag” bracing 5th LIFT
shall be repeated along the
length of the scaffold such 4th LIFT
that no more than 4 adjacent

3rd LIFT
bays are open without
longitudinal braces. This set 2nd LIFT
of longitudinal “zig-zag”
braces shall be repeated 1st LIFT
o
35 -55o
across the width of the (TYP.)
Base Lift
scaffold at least every third
line of post. TRANSVERSE “ZIG-ZAG” BRACING
50
 LIGHT-DUTY TUBE AND COUPLER SCAFFOLDS

 LIGHT-DUTY SCAFFOLD LOADING
1 METER
1 METER
ONE MAN AND 20 kg MAXIMUM

PER SQUARE METER
MAXIMUM TOTAL LOAD 120 kg PER
SQURE METER (25 PSF)
51

 Embossed Light-duty Tube & Coupler Scaffold Post Spacing
Longitudinal Post
Embosse Number of 225mm (9”) Transverse post Spacing
Spacing
d wide planks per bay (Bearer/Transom
(Runner/Ledger
Tubing width Span)
Span)
Option 1 4 1.0 m (3.25 ft.) 2.7 m (9.0 ft.) max.
RUNNER BOARD BEARER
OPTION 1
Option 2 5
225 mm (9”)wide
planks (boards)
POST
(standard)
BEARER
(transom)
1.2 m (4.0 ft.) (ledger) (intermediate transom)
2.4 m (8.0 ft.) max.
1.0 m
(3'-3") max.
Cover gap
with
plywood
Transverse
Post Spacings
1.0 m
(3'-3") max.
2.7 m (9') max. 2.7 m (9') max.
Longitudinal Post Spacings
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE POST SPACING

LIGHT-DUTY TUBE & COUPLER SCAFFOLDS 52
(EMBOSSED TUBING)

 Embossed Light-duty Tube & Coupler Scaffold Post Spacing
RUNNER BOARD BEARER
OPTION 2 225 mm (9”)wide
planks (boards)
POST
(standard)
BEARER
(transom) (ledger) (intermediate transom)
1.2 m
(4') max.
Cover gap
with
plywood
Transverse
Post Spacings
1.2 m
(4') max.
2.4 m (8') max. 2.4 m (8') max.

LIGHT-DUTY TUBE & COUPLER SCAFFOLDS
(EMBOSSED TUBING)
53

 Non-Embossed Light-duty Tube & Coupler Scaffold Post Spacing
(Based on 48.3 mm O.D., 3.2 mm wall thickness, Fy = 235 N/mm2 (34 ksi), steel tubing)
Transverse post
Embosse Number of 225mm (9”) Longitudinal Post
Spacing
d wide planks per bay Spacing
(Bearer/Transom
Tubing width (Runner/Ledger Span)
Span)
Option 1 4 1.0 m (3.25 ft.) 2.3 m (7.5 ft.) max.
OPTION
Option 2 1 225 mm (9”)wide
5
planks (boards)
POST
(standard)
BEARER
1.2 m (4.0 ft.)
(transom)
RUNNER
(ledger)
BOARD BEARER
(intermediate transom)
1.8 m (6.0 ft.) max.
1.0 m
(3'-3") max.
Cover gap
with
plywood
Transverse
Post Spacings
1.0 m
(3'-3") max.
2.3 m (7'-6") max. 2.3 m (7'-6") max.

LIGHT-DUTY TUBE & COUPLER SCAFFOLDS 54
(NON-EMBOSSED TUBING)

 Non-Embossed Light-duty Tube & Coupler Scaffold Post Spacing
(Based on 48.3 mm O.D., 3.2 mm wall thickness, Fy = 235 N/mm2 (34 ksi), steel tubing)
RUNNER BOARD BEARER
OPTION 2 225 mm (9”)wide
planks (boards)
POST
(standard)
BEARER
(transom) (ledger) (intermediate transom)
1.2 m
(4') max.
Cover gap
with
plywood
Transverse
Post Spacings
1.2 m
(4') max.
1.8 m (6') max. 1.8 m (6') max.

LIGHT-DUTY TUBE & COUPLER SCAFFOLDS
(NON-EMBOSSED TUBING)
55

 Larger post spacing may be used if justified by structural calculations or load test
submitted for review per G.I. 8.001, along with material tensile/yield stress test
reports for the specific scaffold tubing to be used.
 All light-duty tube & coupler scaffolds may have a maximum of three working levels
in use at any one time only when there are no additional levels where platform units
are installed. The maximum total number of levels that can be planked at one time
depends on the number of working levels simultaneously used by workers. The
maximum uniformly distributed load on each working level shall be 120 kg/m2 (1.2
kN/m2) (25 lb./ft2).
Maximum
Max. Total Number Maximum Scaffold
Number of
Planked/Platformed Levels Height
Working Levels
1 9 38 m. (125 ft.)
2 6 38 m. (125 ft.)
3 3 28 m. (91 ft.)
 Light-duty tube & coupler scaffolds requiring more than the above working or
planked levels, or over the maximum heights shown in the table, shall be classified
as a Special Scaffold and shall be properly designed and reviewed per G.I. 8.001.
Preferably, a properly designed system scaffold should be used instead of tube &
coupler construction for scaffolds over 38 m. (125 ft.) tall
56
 MEDIUM-DUTY TUBE AND COUPLER SCAFFOLDS

 MEDIUM-DUTY LOADING
1 METER
1 METER
90
TWO MEN AND 40 kg MAXIMUM

PER SQUARE METER
MAXIMUM TOTAL LOAD 240 kg PER
SQURE METER (50 PSF)
57

 All tubing used to construct Medium-duty and more heavily loaded tube &
coupler scaffolds shall be embossed.
 Maximum post spacing for medium-duty scaffolds:
225 mm (9”)wide POST BEARER RUNNER BOARD BEARER
OPTION 1 planks (boards) (standard) (transom) (ledger) (intermediate transom)
1.2 m
(4') max.
Cover gap
with
plywood
Transverse
Post Spacings
1.2 m
(4') max.
1.8 m (6') max. 1.8 m (6') max.

MEDIUM-DUTY TUBE & COUPLER SCAFFOLDS
(EMBOSSED TUBING) 58

 Maximum post spacing for medium-duty scaffolds:
225 mm (9”)wide POST BEARER RUNNER
(ledger)
OPTION 2 planks (boards) (standard) (transom)
1.2 m
(4') max.
Cover gap
with
plywood
Transverse
Post Spacings
1.2 m
(4') max.
1.8 m (6') max. 1.8 m (6') max.

MEDIUM-DUTY TUBE & COUPLER SCAFFOLDS
(EMBOSSED TUBING)
59

 Larger post spacing may be used if justified by structural calculations or
load test submitted for review per G.I. 8.001, along with material
tensile/yield stress test reports for the specific scaffold tubing to be used.
 Medium-duty tube & coupler scaffolds may have a maximum of two
working levels in use at any one time only when there are no additional
levels where platform units are installed. However, when only one working
level is being used, a maximum of additional 6 levels may be planked if
they are not being used at the same time. The maximum distributed load
on each working level shall not exceed 240 kg/m2 (2.4 kN/m2) (50
lb./ft2).
Maximum
Max. Total Number Maximum Scaffold
Number of
Planked/Platformed Levels Height
Working Levels
1 7 38 m. (125 ft.)
2 2 24 m. (78 ft.)
 Light-duty tube & coupler scaffolds requiring more than the above
working or planked levels, or over the maximum heights shown in the
table, shall be classified as a Special Scaffold and shall be properly
designed and reviewed per G.I. 8.001. Preferably, a properly designed
system scaffold should be used instead of tube & coupler construction for
scaffolds over 38 m. (125 ft.) tall
60
VIII. MOBILE AND TOWER SCAFFOLDS
 MOBILE AND TOWER SCAFFOLD CONSTRUCTION
 Mobile and tower scaffolds

shall be plumb, level, and
square and be horizontally
and vertically braced (in both
directions) by diagonal braces.
 Plan (horizontal) bracing shall PLAN BRACE

be installed at the base, at the UNDER DECK
top, and at least every third

lift of all mobile and tower
scaffolds to prevent racking
(twisting).
PLAN BRACE
61

 Tube & coupler mobile and tower scaffolds that are one bay long and
one bay wide (only 4 posts):
MAX. POST STEEL TUBING
SPACING IN MANUFACTURED
LOADING BOTH & EMBOSED AS ADD’L REQUIREMENT / CONDITION
DIRECTION PER
(only 4 post) SPECIFICATIONS
• Used only for personnel access and
inspection
• At least two equally spaced board
Light-
2 m. (6.5ft) Yes bearers shall be used
duty • Uppermost work platform height shall
not exceed 4 times the minimum base
dimension
•Uppermost work platform height shall
Light-
1.7 m. (5.5ft) No not exceed 4 times the minimum base
duty dimension
•Uppermost work platform height shall
Medium-
1.5 m. (5 ft) Yes not exceed 4 times the minimum base
duty dimension
62

TIMBER COVER FOR TOP RAIL
 MOBILE SCAFFOLD ACCESS HOLE (OR HINGED)
MIDRAIL
TOEBOARD
WIRE LASHING
(TOP, MIDDLE &
BOTTOM)
PLAN BRACE
UNDER DECK
LADDER SHOULD
BE FIXED TO THE
NARROWER WIDTH
TRANSVERSE
(LEDGER) BRACING
PLAN BRACE LOCKING CASTERS
BOTTOM OF LADDER
SUPPORTED 63
 Mobile scaffolds rated for Light-duty INSERT SHAFT

shall have steel casters not less than
120 mm. (5”) in diameter. HOLE FOR
FASTENING PIN
 Mobile scaffolds rated for SWIVEL
Medium-duty shall have heavy- LOCKING
duty steel casters not less than ASSEMBLY
170 mm. (7”) in diameter.
 All casters shall be fitted with a
positive wheel lock (which
cannot be accidentally released)
to prevent movement while the
mobile scaffold is being used.
 Casters shall be securely fixed to
the base of scaffold posts or
screwjacks by locking pins. MOBILE SCAFFOLD CASTER
64
 MOBILE SCAFFOLD OPERATION
 Mobile scaffold shall only be used and moved on surfaces sufficiently

firm level to ensure stability. Where the scaffold is to be used on an
elevated floor or roof, it shall be designed to apply loads no greater
than the capacity of the floor or roof.
 A mobile scaffold shall be moved only by manually pushing or pulling
at the base. Force shall not be applied at a height greater than 1.5
m. (5’) above the supporting surface.
 No men, equipment, or materials shall be on the working platform or
elsewhere on the scaffold while it is in motion.
 Casters shall be lock at all times except during scaffold movement.
 Temporary foundations or tracks shall be properly set in place on soft
or uneven ground to facilitate movement of the mobile scaffold. The
temporary foundation or track shall be level and properly secured.
65
IX. FABRICATED TUBULAR FRAME SCAFFOLDS
 Fabricated Tubular Frame Scaffolds
 All fabricated tubular frame scaffold shall be erected per

manufacturer’s published instructions and the requirements of SA
Scaffold Safety Handbook.
 It shall not be used for a loading greater than a Light-duty loading of
120 kg/m2 (1.2 kN/m2) (25 lb./ft2).
 The maximum height shall be 6 meters.
 Components from different scaffold manufacturers shall not be
intermixed.
 Each frame must have flip-lock fittings, in good condition, for the
attachment of horizontal members and diagonal members.
 Scissor (cross) bracing shall be installed on both sides in every bay
between each lift.
 A complete guardrail system shall be provided at every platform.
66
X. BRACKET SCAFFOLDS
 Brackets and Straps
 Bracket scaffolds shall only be used to support a Light-duty loading
of 120 kg/m2 (1.2 kN/m2) (25 lb./ft2).
TANK SHELL
TOPRAIL
MIDRAIL (STEEL TUBING OR
(STEEL TUBING OR 3/8" DIA. WIRE ROPE)
3/8" DIA. WIRE ROPE)
PLANKS TOEBOARD
(BOARDS)
S
BRACKET A X. A N K
L
STRAP ft.) M K. P
m (5 ) TH X. KS
BRACKET .5 -½ " A A N
1 M
m (1
8 ft.) K. PL
SPACER 38
m
.4 m ( ") TH
FO
R 2 m (2
5 0m
BRACKET (TANK BUILDER’S) SCAFFOLD FO
R
BRACKET SCAFFOLD
67
 Brackets and Straps

 Brackets shall be installed vertically.
 Prior to welding on any tank, approval of welding procedures and
verification of tank integrity is required from the Proponent’s
Engineering Unit. Only welders certified by TECNIMONT shall weld
bracket straps.
 Prior to attaching the bracket, completed bracket straps shall be
inspected and approved by a welding inspector (Aramco certified).
 Brackets scaffold shall be inspected prior to installation by scaffold
craftsmen and prior to each used by scaffold users.
")
DEPTH 5 m m. (3
7
5 mm (3/16") FILLET D
WEL
WELD TO TANK SHELL
25 mm MAX. SIDE
WELDS
75 mm
(3') MIN. )
m (10"
m
250 .)
(min
10 mm (3/8") BRACKET STRAP DETAIL

THK. (min.)
STEEL PLATE 68
 GUARDRAILS AND PLATFORMS FOR BRACKET SCAFFOLDS

 A continuous guardrail system shall be provided along the outside
platform edge. If the gap on the inside platform edge to the platform
exceeds 360 mm (14”) a guardrail system shall be provide.
 Guardrails shall be constructed using either wire rope [10mm
(3/8”) diameter min.] or steel tubing [can withstand a force of at
least 90 kg. (200 lbs.)].
 All working levels shall be fully planked (at least 2 but not more
than 3 planks wide).
GUARDRAIL SUPPORT
 Planks shall be overlap in 3 - BO
UPRIGHT
ARDS 38" - 45" HIGH
1 direction only, 230 675 mm
mm (9”) min. MAX. (27")
PERMANENTLY WELDED
 The area below the OR SECURED TO
bracket scaffolds shall be 150 mm (6") HIGH SLEEVE
OR INTERNAL SPIGOT/PIN
barricaded and warning WIRE ROPE
FILLING HOLE
signs posted.
ANCHOR
PLATE
SPACER ANGLE STEEL
69
XI. UNDERHUNG SCAFFOLDS
 CRITERIA FOR UNDERHUNG SCAFFOLDS
 All underhung scaffolds shall be hung from structures capable of
supporting at least 4 times the load imposed on them by the
scaffold.
 A guardrail system shall be provided.
 UNDERHUNG SCAFFOLDS SUSPENDED BY TUBES & COUPLRES

 Suspension points of hanger tubes shall be securely fixed to prevent
their being dislodged by all potential forces acting upon them.
 When a hanger tube is coupled to a horizontal tube that is placed
across the top of a supporting beam a second horizontal tube shall
be attached underneath the supporting beam with a pair of girder
couplers. Both horizontal tubes shall be attached to the hanger with
a right-angle couplers.
 Check coupler shall be installed at top & bottoms of all hanger
tubes and beneath trapeze tubes.
 Whenever possible vertical hanger tubes should be in one length
where joints are necessary, the tubes should be single lapped using
at least four couplers.
70
 Trapeze tubes shall be installed approximately 600 mm (2”) below

the runners (ledgers) to assist in erection, modification and
dismantling, and also to serve as a secondary support should the
runner slip.
 Runners and bearers shall be coupled to hanger tubes using right-
angle couplers.
 Hanger tube spacing shall comply with the tube and coupler post
spacing requirements for the load duty of scaffold.
 At least one board bearer shall be installed when the hanger spacing
is more than 1.5 m (5”) apart in the longitudinal direction.
 Only drop-forged girder couplers shall used for the support of
hanging scaffolds. Pressed girder couplers shall not be used for the
support of hanging scaffolds.
71

c.c. c.c. PAIR OF GIRDER
COUPLERS (TYP.)
GIRDER
RIGHT ANGLE B c.c. A
COUPLER
c.c.
HANGER
TUBES
PUNCHEON
TOPRAIL
TUBE
TOPRAIL
TOEBOARD
MIDRAIL
PREFERRED A c.c. c.c.
PLAN
c.c. c.c. METHOD OF HANGER LADDER BRACE SECTION
LOWER TUBE FIXING BEAM
PLATFORM A-A
c.c. c.c.
B
c.c. c.c.
TRAPEZE
SECTION TUBE
B-B c.c.
c.c.
UNDERHUNG SCAFFOLD
72
 UNDERHUNG SCAFFOLDS SUSPENDED BY WIRE ROPE

 A working platform shall have at least six (6) suspension points
evenly spaced and kept taut, and shall be tied or otherwise secured
to prevent it from swaying,
 Wire rope cable including connecting hardware shall be capable of
supporting at least six (6) times the maximum intended load
applied or transmitted without failure.
 Wire suspension rope shall be minimum 9 mm (3/8”) diameter
(splices in wire ropes are not permitted.
 When an underhung scaffold is suspended by wire rope, such rope
shall be wrapped at least twice around (softeners shall be used)
the supporting members and twice around the bearers of the
scaffold.
 Spacing of wire ropes used to carry the scaffold shall comply with
the post spacing requirements for the duty of the scaffold.
 Suspension wire ropes shall be shielded from heat producing
processes.
 Wire ropes shall be inspected for defects prior to each work shift and
after every occurrence, which could affect a ropes integrity.
73
 USE OF WIRE ROPE CLIPS
 There shall be minimum of 3 clips installed at the load end and 3

clips installed at the attachment end of each rope.
 Clips installation and retightening after initial loading shall be

according to the manufacturer’s recommendation.
 When wire rope clips are
used, the U-bolt shall be
placed over the dead end
of the rope, and saddle
(bridge) shall be placed DEAD END
over the live (loaded) end
of the rope.
“DON’T SADDLE A
DEAD HORSE”
LIVE END
74
 WELDING FROM UNDERHUNG SCAFFOLDS SUSPENDED BY

WIRE ROPES
 To reduce the possibility of welding current flowing through the

suspension wire rope when performing welding from underhung
scaffolds, the following precautions shall be taken, as applicable:
o An insulated thimble shall be used to attach each suspension wire

rope to its support. Additional independent lines to provide
grounding shall be insulated.
o All suspension wire rope shall be covered with insulating material
extending at least 1.2 m (4”) above the working platform.
o In addition to work lead attachment required by the welding
process, a grounding conductor shall be connected from the
scaffold to the structure. The size of this conductor shall be at
least the size of the welding process work lead, and this conductor
shall not be in series with the welding process or the work piece.
o If the scaffold grounding lead is disconnected at any time, the
welding machine shall be shut off.
o An active welding rod or uninsulated welding lead shall not be
allowed to contact the scaffold or its suspension system.
75
XII. SCAFFOLD TAGGING
 RED SCAFFOLD TAG
 TECNIMONT MATERIAL
SUPPLY
SAP # 1000123277
 Indicates the scaffold has

not been inspected or is
not safe for use (by
anyone other than the
scaffold erection
craftsmen.
76
 GREEN SCAFFOLD TAG
SUPPLY
SAP # 1000123290
 Indicates the scaffold

is complete, has
been inspected, and
is safe for use at the
time of inspection.
77
 YELLOW SCAFFOLD
TAG
 TECNIMONT
MATERIAL SUPPLY
SAP # 1000123293
 Indicates the
scaffold has been
inspected and may
be used only by
workers wearing a
properly anchored
personal fall arrest
system, including a
full body harness
and lanyard.
78
 PERMANENT MARKER
PENS
SUPPLY
SAP # 1000123296
79
SCAFFOLD SAFETY SEMINAR - TECNIMONT
HIGHLIGHTS
• Revised GI 8.001, been approved / issued last March 5, 2002

• All requirements now in effect except, for the Certified Personnel (Scaffold
Supvs & Inspectors) and TECNIMONT approved specialized erector
• July 1, 2003 – total enforcement of Scaffold Certified Supervisors /
Inspectors. No certified scaffold personnel, no scaffold erection (no waiver)
• July 1, 2003 – total enforcement of TECNIMONT approved Specialized
Scaffold Erectors for the design, erection, alteration or dismantling of
scaffolds over 40 ft. high or special scaffolds (no waiver)
 Special scaffolds include:
 Higher than 125 ft tube and coupler scaffold
 Cantilevered by more than 3 meters (10 ft)
 Suspended scaffolds of more than 30 m2 (320 ft2) platform area
 Scaffolds supporting loads greater than 240 kg/sq.mtr (50 psf)
 Scaffolds supported by or hung from one or more outrigger beams
 Scaffolds supported by or hung from wind girders or roofs of
floating tanks
80
HIGHLIGHTS
• Company wide Scaffold Tagging (red, green, yellow tags)

 2 week-signing interval (maximum), tags to be revalidated as needs
arise
 Less than 20 ft high, only Certified Scaffold Supv will sign
 Over 20 ft. high, both Certified Scaffold Supv and Inspector will sign
 20 ft. high scaffold, Certified Inspector will sign
 Tagging now in effect. Non-certified scaffold supvs are acceptable to
sign off scaff tags until July 2003, but have to fill up (tedious)
checklist. Once certified, these checklists are not required, Blue Book
guide can be used instead.
 Yellow tag – will be used rarely. Full body harness required for
scaffolds yellow tagged.
 Scaff tag has 2 sections. (upper) for scaffold supv signature; (lower
section) – for scaffold inspector
81
HIGHLIGHTS
• Certification, similar to riggers’ / crane operators’ certification
 English knowledge a must to take the test
 80 % – written test passing score (consists 50 items)
 100% - performance (actual) test passing score\
 10 % current passing rate recorded (certification on going)
 Over 60 % of examinees scored less than 60% (to date)
 English knowledge a must to take the test
 Below 50% obtained score, employee to wait for 6 months to retake
the test
 Above 50% obtained score, employee can retest after 3 weeks /
months
 Depending on the obtained score, Training Center may consider proofs
of training given to employee to allow him pass the test (flexibility
given)
 Arrangement for certification test, only via TECNIMONT proponent
organization and nominee must be a current holder of TECNIMONT
Badge.
 TECNIMONT will not train contractors for certification tests
 Certification cards good for three (03) years
82
HIGHLIGHTS
 Certified Scaffold Supervisor

 Multiple certifications acceptable i.e. “certified scaffold supv” and at
the same time as “certified inspector” but, one person with such dual
certifications cannot sign off a scaff tag for both categories (supv and
inspector) at the same time.
 3 times failure, banned for life from taking the test
 Certified Scaffold Supervisor
 Level I - Qualified on all scaffolds.
 Level II T - Qualified on Tube and coupler scaffold only; Less
than 40 ft high.
 Level II S - Qualified on System Scaffold only; Less than 40 ft
high.
 Certified Scaffold Inspector : Qualified on All scaffolds
 Candidates must undergo rigid training (class and performance) and
study on:
 New GI 8.001
 Scaffold Safety Handbook (SSH)
83
HIGHLIGHTS
• Specialized Scaffold Erector

 For Scaffold design / erection (this is an organization, not individual)
 Must be on “Contracting General Bid Slate” for scaffold services
 Contractors not recognized for special scaffold services, should sub-
contract
 Contracting companies (for above 40 ft high and special
scaffolds) to be approved by TECNIMONT. (Note: Criteria maybe
increased in the future e.g. for above 20 feet)
 Contractors still can have their own scaffold crew for scaffolds up to
40 feet high
 Contractors in bid slate, in-house training possible, number of
TECNIMONT certified people will be considered in the qualification
assessment
• Scaffolders or craftsmen – must be competent and qualified. No
certification test required
• Tubing
 Non-embossed tubing (existing tubing In-Kingdom) – okay up to 4 ft
(transverse) x 6 ft (post spacing) platform only.
 Embossed tubing marked “ASTM A500 Gr. B3.76T Yr 2001”
84
HIGHLIGHTS
• Couplers
 Riveted type prohibited
 BS 1139, EN74 acceptable
85
THANKS FOR YOUR TIME
* * * * * END * * * * *
86
USE OF SHOCK ABSORBING LANYARDS
• Calculating Your Potential Fall Distance
• When using a 6 ft. shock-absorbing lanyard and a full-body
harness
• Add the length of the lanyard (6 ft.) to the maximum elongation
of the shock absorber during deceleration (3 1/2 ft.) to the
average height of a worker (6 ft.).
• Then add a safety factor of 3 ft.
• The total, 18 1/2 ft., (5.6m) is the suggested safe fall

clearance distance.
(The height at which you must attach to an anchorage to minimize

the risk of contact with a lower level.)
87
DO’S AND DON’TS TO ENSURE SAFETY WHEN WORKING WITH
SCAFFOLDING
Maintain 3-point contact USE a ladder to gain access to the
(2 hands & 1 foot or 2 scaffold platform & ALWAYS face the
feet & 1 hand) at ALL ladder when climbing or ascending
times when climbing or
descending a ladder
88
NEVER “ride” on ALWAYS use
a mobile
a rope or
(wheeled)
scaffold “bolt bucket”
to raise and
lower small
ALWAYS work
tools and
within the
guardrail system equipment.
Tools and
equipment
must
NEVER be
“bombed”
from a
scaffold.
89
NEVER cut components from a scaffold –
contact the scaffold crew to modify the
scaffold.
Always use a fire blanket to

protect scaffold planks and
practice proper spark
containment procedures
when doing hot work on a
scaffold working platform.
90
Maintain good housekeeping and
avoid this
DO NOT use
scaffolding to support
piping
or lifting tackle
91

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1

TECNIMONT Scaffold Safety

New TECNIMONT standard and General Instruction G.I. 8.001

SCAFFOLD PLANKS LADDER CLAMP

FIXED COUPLER (90º)

BOARD BEARER BAY LENGTH

 PERSONAL FALL ARREST SYSTEMS

 FALLING OBJECT PROTECTION

 ENTRY AND EXIT

RISER • 150 mm. (6”) to 215 mm. (8”) depth.

 WORK OVER WATER

 SCAFFOLD TUBING AND FITTINGS SPECIFICATIONS

 SCAFFOLD TUBING AND FITTINGS SPECIFICATIONS

Safe Working Load of Individual Coupler

 Scaffold planks shall not be used as concrete forms, trench

Concentrated Load Cases for Platform Units

One Man Two Man Three Man

TIE TUBES TIE TUBES

RAKER TIE-IN POINT

SINGLE RAKER TUBE 6.4m (21ft.)

RAKER CROSS TUBE

 SCAFFOLD PLATFORM CONSTRUCTION AND USE

 SCAFFOLD PLATFORM CONSTRUCTION AND USE

o Gaps less than 60 mm. (2’) in width shall be covered at least 20

 SCAFFOLD PLATFORM CONSTRUCTION AND USE

CLEARANCES BETWEEN SCAFFOLDS AND POWER LINES:

Insulated Minimum Distance Uninsulated

 Bases of scaffold shall be at least 1.5 times the depth of excavation

 RAISING AND LOWERING MATERIALS USING GIN WHEELS

 TYPICAL TUBE & COUPLER SCAFFOLD

1/4” THK. (Min.)

2 Meters (6’ 6”)

2 Meters (6’ 6”)

 Every line of posts (standards) shall have runners (ledgers) installed

TYPICAL BRIDGING FOR 2 BAYS

BRACING TO OUTER AND

TYPICAL BRIDGING FOR 2 BAYS

TYPICAL BRIDGING FOR 2 BAYS

3rd LIFT 3rd LIFT

BRACE SPLICE BRACE CONNECTION

SYSTEM SCAFFOLD ERECTION

LOCKING-PIN TYPE OF SYSTEM SCAFFOLD

UPPER POST SPIGOT

connected by bolted spigots

1/4” THK. (Min.)

 RUNNERS (LEDGERS) AND BEARERS (TRANSOMS)

 RUNNERS (LEDGERS) AND BEARERS (TRANSOMS)

 RUNNERS (LEDGERS) AND BEARERS (TRANSOMS)

 RUNNERS (LEDGERS) AND BEARERS (TRANSOMS)

 Right-angle (double) couplers shall

 Scaffold couplers shall be tightened

 VERTICAL BRACING ( Transverse “Zigzag” Bracing)

scaffold such that no more (STANDARD)

than 3 adjacent bays are

bracing. This set of

scaffold at least every

TRANSVERSE (SECTIONAL) “ZIGZAG” BRACING

 VERTICAL BRACING ( Transverse “Zigzag” Bracing)

TRANSVERSE (SECTIONAL) "ZIG-ZAG" BRACING

 VERTICAL BRACING BEARER

(Transverse “X” Bracing)

“X” shape. Thus, the first brace is

(standard) required for the base

post (standard). This “X” bracing