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Euclid's Axioms and Postulates Explained

This document summarizes some key concepts from Euclid's geometry, including: 1) Euclid defined points, lines, planes, and solid shapes in terms of their dimensions and used axioms and postulates to prove theorems without demonstrating the axioms. 2) Euclid's five postulates included ways to draw lines and circles and properties about parallel lines. 3) Euclid also established seven axioms about equality and properties of wholes and parts that could be used to logically prove new geometric concepts.

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Gaurav Kumar Singh
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1K views5 pages

Euclid's Axioms and Postulates Explained

This document summarizes some key concepts from Euclid's geometry, including: 1) Euclid defined points, lines, planes, and solid shapes in terms of their dimensions and used axioms and postulates to prove theorems without demonstrating the axioms. 2) Euclid's five postulates included ways to draw lines and circles and properties about parallel lines. 3) Euclid also established seven axioms about equality and properties of wholes and parts that could be used to logically prove new geometric concepts.

Uploaded by

Gaurav Kumar Singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
  • Euclid's Geometry: Introduces the foundational concepts of Euclid's Geometry including axioms, assumptions, and the dimensionality of geometric elements.
  • Few Euclid's Definitions: Defines fundamental geometric terms according to Euclidean geometry such as point, line, and plane surface.
  • Euclid's Axioms: Lists and explains the basic axioms underpinning Euclidean Geometry including concepts of equality and addition.
  • Euclid's Postulates: Details the postulates put forward by Euclid, introducing the principles for drawing lines and angles.
  • Playfair Axiom: Describes another formulation of Euclid's fifth postulate known as Playfair's Axiom, addressing parallel lines.

EUCLID’S GEOMETRY

# Axiom – Obvious universal truth (assumptions) that are used throughout mathematics.
# Postulates – Assumptions specific to geometry.
NOTE- Axioms and Postulates are not proved.

# Consistent – A system of axioms which are used to prove some new


concept/statement/theorem/preposition.

# Theorems/Prepositions – Statement or concept that are proved using certain


postulates or axioms.

# Euclid’s Elements and their Dimension –


Point Line Surface/Plane Solid Shape

>>Boundary of >>Boundary of solid


surface. shape.
>>This line can be >>No thickness
curve or straight
line.

No dimension 1 Dimension 2 Dimension 3 Dimension

# Point >>>Line >>>Surface >>>Solid Shape

NOTE --Though Euclid defined a point, a line, and a plane, the definitions are not
accepted by mathematicians. Therefore, these terms are now taken as undefined.
# Few Euclid’s Definition –
A point is that which has no part.

A line is breadthless length.

The ends of a line are points.

A straight line is a line which lies evenly with the points on itself.

A surface is that which has length and breadth only.

The edges of a surface are lines.

A plane surface is a surface which lies evenly with the straight lines on itself.
# Euclid’s Axioms
1.Things which are equal to the same thing are equal to one another.
A=B C=B => A=C

2.If equals are added to equals, the wholes are equal.


A=B
A+C = B+C

3.If equals are subtracted from equals, the remainders are equal.
A=B
A-C = B-C

4.Things which coincide with one another are equal to one another.

5.The whole is greater than the part.

6.Things which are double of the same things are equal to one another.
A=4
B= 2 X A and C= 2 X A
B=8 and C=8 => B=C

7.Things which are halves of the same things are equal to one another
A=4
B= (½) X A and C= (½) X A
B=2 and C=2 => B=C

# Euclid’s Postulates

Postulate 1 – A straight line can be drawn from one point to another point.
Axiom related to this postulate –
Given two distinct points, there is unique line that passes through them.

Postulate 2 – A terminated line can be produced indefinitely.


Now a days terminated line is called line segment.
It means we can extend line segment from both side to make line.

Postulate 3 – A circle can be drawn with any centre or any radius.

Postulate 4 – All right angles are equal to each other.

Postulate 5 -- If a straight line(transversal) falling on two straight lines makes the


interior angles on the same side of it (transversal) taken together less than two
right angles(180 degree), then the two straight lines, if produced indefinitely, meet on
that side on which the sum of angles is less than two right angles (180 degree).
NOTE—This postulate 5 has been accepted without any proof.

Other Version of Postulate 5 is Playfair Axiom –


For every line ‘l’ and for every point ‘P’ not lying on ‘l’, there exists a unique line ‘m’
passing through ‘P’ and parallel to ‘ l’.
Or
Two distinct intersecting lines cannot be parallel to the same line.

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