Slavoj
Zizek
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| with a new preface by the author
EX = new York and London
Saas’ 2081
WHY DOES A LETTER ALWAYS
ARRIVE AT ITS DESTINATION?
1.1 DEATH AND SUBLIMATION: THE FINAL SCENE OF
CITY LIGHTS
‘The trauma ofthe volee
i may seem peculay, even absurd, to set Chaplin under the sign of
death and sublimation”: is not the universe of Chaplin's films, a
bursting with nonsublime vitaiy, vulgarity eve, the very
amp romantic obsession with death and sublimation?
this may be so, but things get complicated at a particular poin
point of the intrusion of the wie. tis the voice which conrupts the
innocence of the sent buslesque, of thls pre-Oedipal, oml-anal pars
dise of unbridled devouring and destroying, ignorant o
aulle "Neither death nor crime xin in the polymorphous world of the
burlesque where everybody gives and receives blows at will, wher
sy and where, a the midst of the general iaughret, bulk
ings fll down, In this world of pare gestlcaasity, whichis also the
‘world of cartoons {a substiate for lst pstick, the protagonists are
generally lor... violence is universal and without consequence,
rath and2
‘The voioe Invoduces 4 fissure nto ths pre-Oedipal universe of
Jmmoral continu Foncione oe» neange body which sears tne
‘anocent surface ofthe piaure, a ghar ke apparition whlchean srer
be pinned co a define visual cbjoay and this changes the while econ
omy of deste, theianooent vulgar vai of the sllent mee Ise, wo
enter the ream of double suse, hidden meaning. eepresed dese
the very presence ofthe noice changes the visual surface into some
ting deisve into Tue: "Fn was Joyous, mocent aid ry tl
become obsetsve,feshtstic and ie-cod." In ether words ln wes
(Chapinesqoe, 1 will become Eteheockin,
cis therefore no accident hat che advent ofthe wee ofthe talking
Ais, sxodvees a certain duslty into Chaplin's waives: an uacanoy
split of the Sgure ofthe amp Remember the thee great Chaplin
‘aking fms: Th Gat Dian, Maas elu, cistngulsed by
the ame melancholic, pulnfal humor All of them turn em the ise
ssrucunl problem: that of an indefinable ine of demateatioa, of
certain feature, dificult vo spect atte level of postive properties, the
presence or the absence of which changes radially te symbolic satus
of che objec:
Between the smal euish barber andthe dicats the eifference is 2s
neil as that between thei respecive moustaches,Yeit czas
intwo situations as infitely remote, afar cpposed as thor of wt
and excutioner Likewise, in Monsour Verdun the difference between
the two aspects or demeanours ofthe same man the ladyassessin
1nd the lovinghusband of prayed wif, s 0 thin at ll Ns wi’
intuion i regirec forthe premonition hat somehom he “changed
the burning quéston of Limelight what is that "nothing tat
sian of age, that smal ference of etenss, on account of which the
anny clowns number changes inte a tedious spectacle
‘This diferent featare which cannot be pinied so some postive
ual i what Lactn calls it ei, the unary feature: pola of
symbolic entation to which ings the real of toe subject A lang
25 the subjec is ataced to thls feature, we are ficed witha chai
‘matic isciating figure; as soon as this attachment is broke sl tha
remains i dreary remants The crucial polar, howevey, not io be
rin of tha vole,
sed bow i pi condoned by the ae
Ter by te ery ate gr oft eng fo
(rr Dans, kl spel we the J aber romans ont 0
there ump: in the icc clwn onthe sage et, wae
Shesesgned man Shin the age peak
tapas wel nown enon ond sot tobe Sed
snp nove coment to sen pane rv a ar
hap tan wu Kaowlage (oslo eee) of the p=
ts pera en a as treet rg
yas Kind of ae nzoding nl sp heaven
{Ee Wed te the ans of ae an ate of i a
‘alos impotent igus paiting and eng deere f=
int lance Nowhere carpe force of he oe de carer
Shan yl nis prdon acento wth ack
sound nck wits words est micand fow qe cos of te
je is rece hee at dhs he bee with
fore
‘The tramps interposition
Inthe whole history of cinema, Cy Liss perhaps the purest ase of
alm which, eo to speak, stakes ereryhing on its final seene—ae
‘atte Glin serves ulizately only to prepare forthe final, conchusing
‘moment, and when this moment arrives, when (10 use che final phase
‘of Lacan's “Seminar On "The Pasoined Leer”) “the lene arsves at
tts devinaion,”* te fm can end a once. The fiz s thus sructare in
A solely “teleologia!” manne alts element point toward the inl
foment, the long-avaited culation; which i why we onl also
tse {tw question the usual procedure ofthe deconseution of tele
cology: perhaps It announces 3 kipd of motemeat wonard the final
denouement which escapes the wleological economy as depicted (one
‘even tempted toy: reconstructed) in deconstruction readings
CGiy ligt a stony about # saps love fora blind gb sellng
flowers ona bury szeet who mistakes him fora veh man, Through 2
series of adventures with an eccentric millonaire who, when drunk,
tees the tramp extremely Knaly, bat when sober falls erento recog”
ize him (sie here that Brecht found the iea for hls Pal eo Ms4
ewjor yous sritprow!
Seat Mo, he wap gee aon te mead fran
operttion overs ta poor g's igs whereupon es nse
fl and sentenced tn prson Afri as done owe be wacen
around the iy sone and delat steal, he eum ee tee,
'ses shop where Be ses the The operon wa ucla e
ow rant thriving baste, bu il mats the Prine Charing of
her dos, whose chivabons gift nated her sight to be meee
Fry time «handsome young customer ents he shop, she ld
‘ith hope and time znd gat sappolsted en hearing he vies The
up immedately recognise, wheres se docs reaps
‘because ashe knows of im sis vole tte touch of Be and al
she nes through the window (eprtng them ik uae) soe
"idilous gue of camp, xo ues. Upon sexing Bn oe he
tose (1 souvenir of er), she nevértheles fakes pty on im, hs ae *
Sona sed spent gees her computes rot ee
crass ise nd on ad ec
Sher moter inthe sore “Fwe aie a cmmue”) ea
2 pavement ges tim so oe and reece te aed a
te prec momen ath binds nese ally eget
bstnich Seis mmelsey sober’ mshi Sou ees
ede sh, ping tm eyes “Toucan sertew? Tega
tower “Ws ea sen" fnsiea sos maaan ae
Of the amp his oes Sled wih dread and hope, snicg ale
seven wi he gs arn wil beatae asutie ce te
Insecure a eg oy ete thera fie
a emo element pont eff hi en
cae douse mening the al ccnnge “Ten sso as
Si esoed pyle wel ee pies
ber Bice Charming for at be aly isniese te
‘ond mein seo he ery ba fie Lean pole
Conceme thereon been sba infesios ae
tke remand the obesexctnem tha eager Neal
te fl saps wit tac, a he Pied Ceo ren
cals “ieprion,” may theron been Tata hss
go Le th she’s sma seneaton, and ie oon ee
fling ou he eget be tm symblcens
[As Michel Chion pointed out in his brillant inerpreation of Cay
ligt the fandmenalfacare ofthe Rig Uf Use an ee
oli: he i alway nterpowed between a gaze an its “proper” objec,
fisting upon hirelf a gaze destined for anos, ideal point ot
‘objects sin which disturbs “direct” communication between the
fguee and it “proper” objec, leading te stalghe guzeaseay changing
Tinto a Kind of squint, Caplin’ comic strategy consis in variations
of this fundamental moti the camp accidentally cocupies a place
Ivhich snot is own, which is noe destined fr hin —e is mistaken
fr rich man or Sor a distinguished goes, onthe run frm his pur
sues, he finds himself on a stage, all of «sudden the center of the
autention of numero gazes... In Chaplin's lms, we even Sind. a kind |
fof wild theory of te origie of comedy fom the Binduess af the
audience, 'Le, fom such a pit caused by the rlsaken gaze: in Te
‘Cs, for enample, the trp on the rn fom the police, fins hime
fon a rope at te tp ofthe creas tan; he starts to gestulate wildy,
trying to Beep his balance, walle che audience Inughs and apoauds,
raising his desperate straggle for survival fora comedian's virtue
liy—the cxigin of comedy is to be sought procsely sn such cruel
blades, annwarenese ofthe wagic realty ofa siuaion*
lathe very int scene of Cy Ligh, the cramp assumes such a soe of
stain inthe pitwe: in font ofa axgeauence, the mayor of the hy
unveils «new monument; when be plls off the white cove, the sur~
prised audience decores the tramp, sleeping calmly in the lap ofthe
igantic atu awakened by the noise, aware ar hes the unexpected
focus of atenson of thousands of es, the warp atempe to descend
the sase as quicty as possible, his bumbling efor triggering buss
fflaughter, The tap inns an object fa gaze aimed at something
fr somebody else: be i misalen for somebody eke and accepted a5
‘such, or else oon athe andiegce becomes aware of the misake—
he cums into a diturbing sain one tiesto get rd of as quickly as
possible, His base aspiration (Which serves 2a clue also force final
Seene of iy Lighs) is tus finally to be aeceped as "himself" not as
‘nother’s subetite— and, as we sill see, the moment when de amp
fexpores hime to the give ofthe other offering himself without any
support in deal deatfeation,redcod 1 his bare existence of objecal
remainder sf more ambiguous and risky than may appear6
enjoy your sritprom!
The accent in Ciy Lips thut iggers the mistaken identification
cenurs only afr the beginning Rasning fom de ply the aD
‘rosss the sweet bypassing cough ars that are locking itn sea
Jam: when ke steps out ofthe lst car and slams it rear doon the gi
sutomsticalyasocates this sound—the lani—with him this and he
Fich paymen!—bis lst clns—that the ramp gies to het fora tose,
senezate inher the image of benevolent aad ich owner ofa luury
‘a Here a homology wi the no-les-amous intial misundertand
{ng in Hitchcock's Noh iy Nurs offers ef automate, ue, the
scene where, becuse of a contingent coincidence, Roger O Thor
4s mistakenly Identified as che mysterious American agent Coorge
Yaplan (he makes a gescure toward the ore clk exactly ache Ck
{enters the saloon and eries eu: “Phone cll for Mz Kapaa"): bere aso,
‘the subject acldenaly finds bizself cemupying a cetan place lathe
symbolic nework, However, tbe parallel gots eves fret: ae wel
Aznown, the basi paradox ofthe pltin Nh by Nateststhat Thora
is no simply mistaken for another person; bef misalen for meady
ho dan xi otal, fra fictions agent concocted by the CIA to divert
sstention from it wal agent a other word, Torah finds himal?
‘ccupying filing ous,» eran empty place in the structure. And tis
vas ao the problem which used so many delays when Chapin was
shooting the scene ofthe mistaken identification the shooting tagged
on for mont aud months, The resul dnt sats Chopin's demands
2s long a8 Chapin insisted om depleting the rich man for whom the
tramp is mistaken as a “teil person” as another subject in the S's
liegt reality: the sclutin came about when Chaplin realize, a 3
sen insight, dat che ich man did’ ave to east at lta wat
fnoug for him to be the poor gins fantasy fomaton, in, tha in
realy, one peron (the tramp) was enough This is as0 one ofthe
clementary insights of paychoanalyls In che network of Interac:
tie relations, every one of us is idenlfed with planed Gown te &
erin fantasy place in tne other's symbole striae Pychenalyes
stains here the exact opposite ofthe usual, commonsense epinion
according to which fantasy figures are nothing but distorted, com
Dine oF otherwise concocted figures oftheir rel” modes, of people
Df flesh and blood that we've met in out experience. We ee rate to
these “people of Gesh and blood” only ingofras we areable to tdenty
them with 2 cermin pce fm our symbolic fnasy space, of to uti
more pee way, ly laser a Ue Gill outa place preesblishcd
in our dream—w Bil love with a woman Insofr as er Fearures
cincde with our Gntasy figure of & Woman, the "rea fae" i a
‘niserable ncvidual oblige to sustain the burden of ce Name ofthe
Saher, never ily adequate ole symbolic manda, and so far
‘The function Of the trump is thus iterlly chat ofan ineresso,
smiles, purveyor ind of go-betwoen, love messenger nter-
nediry Bebwoen Mimeel (Le, hls own ideal gare: che fantasy figure
‘ofthe rch Prince Cicming the gi’ imagination) andthe gle Ox,
Insofar as thi rch me sonically embodied in the eccentric milion-
sir, the camp mediates berween him and the gil—his fimevon
Js uldmately to transfer the money fom the maliomare to te gil
(orbich fe why iis nectar, fiom the point of view of he structure,
thar te milion and the gil never meet). As Chion showed, this
intermediary function of te ramp can be detected through the etx
phoric Inzconnecton between two consecutive scenes which bave
hothing in coramon on the degetc level. The fist ekes place in the
restaurant where the tramp is tested by the millomalze: he ens
‘Saghet in bis ovm sey, and when col of conf ills on bis pla,
the mises t for spaghent and swallows it continuoisly, rising wp
standing on his toes (the confecihangs ffs the caling ikea kind
Of heavesy manna), unt the sulionaie cus it off an elementary
‘Ocdipal scenario ls thus saged—the cone band isa metaphorical
unniblcal end linking the tramp to che maternal body, andthe mil-
Honate ac a a ubstitate ier, cuting his inks with the motes in
‘he next sane, we we the wamip atthe g's place, where she ass hm
to hold the woo! for her tocol into a ball in her Bindnass, she
accident grab the ip of his woolen underwear wich prec fom
Is jacket aad starts to unfold it by-pllng de thread and oling it op
“The connection bevween the to Scenes Is hus clear: what he reeled
‘fom the milion, tie swallowed fod, the ends spagheca band,
‘ne now sense fons his ely and gives tothe ge
And—herea corsets on Chess-for chat reasoa, in Ch Ligh he
lester twice aries 216 destination, ox, to pat st another way, the
‘postman rings rice: when the ramp succeeds iy nding over to
the gir the rich man's money, i, when he succesfully accomplishes8
2s ison asthe go-beeen and second, when eg eoates
Inher tgue te henetner sotactonee ne
on. The leer defintely anes ait deaanion wing weeny
longer abit lepinize ounces onec ne
asset mediator, purer a ie
sigs of te lg Oe, when we ene to once pes oh
ye We i the thers any ep, when seared
beewetn te point of ea iaiftnion line eae vege
Broth ouside suate repeat, when we tae oe
eshldes fie el fortes use in hor wea ee
$ confnte withthe render fe ovr ales he hae ae ne
symbole suppor. The leer rive at detnason whoa ee oe
20 loger “len” ofthe empry sles in iociees cae me
Le when the athe ly “opens eee” a ret te al
lace noth ge eae upon any bt our Bay
objec nus that rasa synboiaton, Act's me e
sepraon hale en he Bale fag i
‘The separation
Upotaecodot it finite vamp conned he eo met
steutng bene he to Bigs spo eet as
Maloun ech nn al poe go)
Ina ver thn bt ee pa
th net onan acne
ct ete pa nna ae ha
fre howe tle gun cnr eee ars
4m bis presence, here be eee nln, lng te sas ot
Toba wesc nerfs sek a
Seedy te te trie cde Sen ale
rose teed wp ie ey oneness
the fl does at answer the qesten “Will the gid weep hg
tered hae vil ase och eat
ater sno benien waupowss hens ne art
Sheena py ending we weld sea ne
Srotaeranp ong wiciopenicceeaeyh ae
fh eurng pn ttcgnanee Ss core eg aes eres
Sovabern often encanto
Silo: iis over atthe moment of absolute uscersinyy and openness
wien the gama, togemer wih ber, we the specaoy—is cue
{footed decd with the question ofthe “lowe far her neighbor”
this ridiculous, Comsy creature whose masive preseooe shes us all
fof sudden with an almost bearable proximity realy worthy of her
Tove? Wil se beable to accep, o ake upon herself tis vctl outcast
that she as got ix answer to her ardent desie? And—as was pointed
but by William Reshan!"—he same question bas tobe asked 20 in
the opposite direction: not ony “is there a place in her dreams fortis
ragged ereasre?” but also “is thee stl 2 place in is dreams for hes
‘who snow normal healthy ll tanning & successful business?”—in
other word, did't che wamp fel such 2 compassionate love for bee
precisely because she wae Bind, poor, and userlybeplss, needing his
Proteesve'care? Wil be sil be prepared to accepcher om wine de bas
ery reason to patronize hm? When in his Liga de jay,”
{acan emphases Freud s resin towed the Christan "love for one's
neighbor,” he asin mind precly such embarrassing dilemmas
easy 0 love the esized igure of poor, helpless neighbor, the sart=
Ing Aftican or indian, For example; in ether words, es eaey to love
‘one’s nelghbor as long 3s he stays ar enough from vs, as long as here
tea proper ditance separating us. The problem ass atthe moment
‘when he comes too net us, when We sarc fel hs suffocating pro-
"Ecy—at this moment wie the neighbor exposes himself 0 us 0
‘much love cia suey ten into bared,
(Cy Le ends at che very moment ofthis absohute undectdailty
‘when, conftonted wits the other's proximity as an oblec, we are
forced to answer the question "Is he worthy of ou lve” or, to use the
‘aeanian formulation, “Is there so him romething more than himself,
‘bet peta, a biden teasare?” We can ste here ow fr we area this
‘moment when "the leer azives.2 is destination,” from the sual
fotion of sleology fr fons realizing x predestined eos, this moment
‘aris the intron of zadica openness x which evry ideal sappox
of ow existence is suspended. Tis moment isthe mement of death
and sublimation: when the subjecr’s presence is exposed ouside the
‘ymibals suppor, he "dies" asa member ofthe symbolic communi,
‘ls being is no longer determined by a place m the symbalicnetwork,
intnaterilzes the pure Nothingness of the hol, the void in the Other10
(the symbolic oder) the vold esignate, iz tacan, by che German
word di Dig. sh Thing, de pure subsaiue uf enjoyment resting
‘yimbolaton.The acanian definition ofthe sublime object is presets.
“a objec elevated othe dignity ofthe Thing”
‘When tele aves a ts destination, the tain sping the ple
ture snot abolished. eflsced: what we ae forced to grasp is on the
conta, the fact ha he rea “nese,” the el leer awsiting vs
fe sain Isl We should perhaps reead Lacan's “Seminar on “The
Porloted Leter"™ ftom thls ape snot dhe leer tue lately
such &stain—not a signifier bu rather an abject resisting symbol
‘om, a surplus, material leftover creating among the subjects aed
slning its momentary posessor?
[Nov io conelade, we can return tothe inrodusory scene of City
{ighs where the tamp figures isthe spot disturting the plete as 6°
kindof blot onthe white marble aucfice ofthe statue in the Lacsas
Perspective the subjectissily cola to tists om the pete:
‘The only proof we have chat the picture we are looking at subjected
{snot meznngfl signs ini but rather the presence of some meaning
ess stain disturbing its hirmeny, Le us reall what i Hind of cons
lexpat to the fst scene of Cy Ligh, the final sceae of Chuptin’s
ight, another scene in which Chaplin's body ts covered by 2 wits
loth, This sume is unique insofr as it marks che point a which
Caplin snd itchooek, two authors woe atic universes appeat
wholly compare athe level of both form and eantent,Sinaly eee,
‘Thac i to say, i tems as if Chapin in Lindh ily covered the
‘Hichoodtian uackng shot: the very fie abot of the film te» long
tzacking shot progressing fom the exablsing she of am idyll
tendon see: to 2 closed aparmes door with leks dexdly gas
(sigaling the atempted suicide of the young gis! who lives inthe
partment), whereas the lst scene ofthe fl contains + magifcent
backward oacking shot from the close-up of te dead dow Calers
‘behind the sage che establishing shot ofthe env stage when the
fame young gl. now a succes ballerina and his grea love, sper
forming just before this scene, the dying Calveo exprcses toe
attending doctor his desi to se his love dancing: the dacor tps
‘ima genty on the shoulders and crafts him: "ou all see hey
‘Thereupon Calvero dies, hls body is covered bya white sheet andthe
wat 2085 a cerrew auwave annive ariTs pestinarion? TT
cama wis ot enact dancing gi onthe a
Sn hee mana wy, buy me em
wigound Ws hcp inc te vy la
th ate te ne fo bind ae nee eae
nous “Cae? ht of Beg hy nthe ey
‘Ser whe rn il ues othe myo
tml us sarge ptr one get ay oe
sree, WE mt hee tuae fh gacsn
fr parr doco res le, ply ob ee
Teale alte carer pmo ceo nae or
thereon ope of te vad aclng aang
ices y oy ot « pe ly aor no
rus ae tlre bcp), even sens
nd re Sede ice tue woe oe
The fe ne cheng vIn ay) eli
Sig rit”
1.2 IMAGINARY, SYMBOLIC, REAL.
Se wiy dbs te eer alays arrive a is dein? Wy cold
econ eae ores 2" Fa rom atesng
ut tese sent, Dees raston oe Bont
{losing samen of Lacs “Senior on "The Paine eter
‘a abi wt we cool lla primordial response of common
Sree wo for doe at reach is Gin? aay
pesnble fora leer to go ato, howere the Lacan teary
$f corel ta te ns anys eine cesta
Stee aan hl eg, mh ro of
tnesage to at ls preorsned pa Lea's esonon of he way &
Teter aes as devon Bg hee ay ein ge
fn ober word every epowe ht er a ao
tmtos” ate wn dean kml he aaa as,
sheng in gi cris owen 0
‘Mtr is precy el In queon sad sobre by lac A leer
Tas aie es dusinion-especaly when we Pave the Hit
Gace tetas, of wht ced Geo ate,
{esgein bce trown hes om an aesershipwreck26
‘otha final point which is thing more than somthing sey der
tesla a ering down, tating spar» leeration of ell he
no longer, no longer anyhing at al. And fe at that moment that
he says the phrase | evoked lst meant fade man inthe hour
saan beet be
“The unpald symbole debe i therefore tn 3 way consitutie of out
‘existence: our very symbolic exisence is 2 "compromise formation,
the delaying of an encounter. In Max Ophuls’s msldrama teter fam
2 Uninora Woman, this ink connecng the symbole ckeut with the
ceneountr ofthe Rel is perfec exemplified At the vey begining of
‘he il “a eter arsives at its destination,” conttomting the hero mith
tbe dismowed eth: what was, for him a series of unconnected
epherneral lore affairs that he only vaguely remembered destroyed 2
‘woman's fe He assumes esponsibility for thie by meias of sui
gesture: by deciding noe to escape and io atend the duel hei eran
‘lowe,
However as is indie in Lacan's shove-quoted reading of the
deem of Irma's injecron, the Rel snot omly death but also fe: not
‘only the pale, frozen, fess immooblty bat also ‘he Reh ror which
lererthing exudes,” dhe fe substance in is macous pulpitaion. fr
ther words, the resian dealt of life and ceath dates mt syn
bolic oppostion but a tensin, and antagonism, inherent 10 the
presymbolic Real, As Taam points ext again snd again the very notion
life isaliento the symbolcordes And the name ofthis life subeance
"Gat proves a trauma shock for the symbolic universe i of course
‘ojyma The ulate vracion on the theme ofa eter that avs
rive at ts destination wads therefore: “you ean never get rid of
the san of enjoyment"—the very gesture of renouncing enjoyment
‘produces inertably 2 surphs enjoyment tht Lacan writes down s the
"object small.” Eeampies offer therstives in abundance, from the
ascetic wh can never be sure he doesnot repudiate all worldly goods
‘because ofthe ostentatious and vain stisfiction procured by ths very
sc of sacrifice, to the "sense of flfliznet” thas overwhelm us when,
‘we submit to che totalitarian appeal: "Enough of decadent enjoyment
1's time for sacrifice and remmeiton!” This dialect of enjoyment
and surplss enjoymenr—ie, the fet that there 48 no “substantial”
HY D085 A LEPTER ALWAYS ARRIVE AT ITS DESTINATION?
cnjoyroent preceding the exces of surplus enoyment, bat enjoyment
sel ee hund of srylusprodced by renumcion 8 pehups what
fdresa due to so-called “peal masochism."
Such & reading, however, leds beyond Lacan's "Seminar on The
Paniued Leen’ " which ways witaln the confines ofthe “trac
ss" problematic of sensels, “mechania!” symbolic arr regult-
ing the subject's innermost sel-experience. From the perspective of|
she ast years of Lacan's teaching, the ater which creates among che
subject in Poe's story, determining their position inthe Inersabjec-
‘uve network, x no longer the materialized agency of the sili but
rather an objet inthe stir sense of materialized enjayment—the stn,
the uncanay exces thatthe subjecs snatch away from each other,
Fengetal of how is very posession will mark ther witha pase,
“femunine” stance that bas witaess to the conftonation wich the
cbjece-cause of desire, What ultimately imerups the continuous low
‘of words wha hndars the smooth running ofthe symbole cei
the tauratc presence ofthe Real: when the words sudden sty ou,
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