oCii thung Beale -Crchard Hays (2000) oDortou Honoris Causa, Université do la Méditorannd 200%) oCil thvtng Hedonic U Lanchester (207), oCii thuding Ui thoy John von oumann (2015) TNE aye rere Cece eee IaC Seo iNTAPICHITOANTHOG WAVTUOITRE JT 3 2. jee 1 Ls Caw tony Yow thiéw cuny baw doc Bé doug ta p TAP CHI TOAN HOC VA TUOI TRE HANG NAM Nam 2010 i) Khé 19 x 26,5 cae Gia bia: 99.000 déng TOAN HOC Nam 2011 Bia ox Khé 19 x 26,5 on Pee ety Gia bia: 126.000 ding ferrin) ferries Nam 2012 Khé 19 x 26,5 Gia bia: 152.000 dong To Khé 19 x 26,5 ) TOAN HOC Gia bia: 185.000 déng Cio fahren Nam 2015 Khd19x26,5 Gia bia: 199.000 adny Nam 2016 Kh6 19 x 26,5 Gia bia: 199.000 dng Nam 2017 Khé 19 x 26,5 Gia bia: 199.000 déng v Nam 2018 Khd 19 x 26,5 Gia bia: 199.000 déng bien Nam 2019. 20 Khé 19% 26,5 Gia bia> 199.000 ang Nam2020 Khd 19 x 26,5 Gia bia: 210.000 dang Nam 2021 Khd 19 x 26,5 ene | Gia bia: 240.000 déng TORN HOC opacities Dia chi: 1078 Seite Vo, Ha No! ign thoai: 024,35121606 - 024.5121607 Email toanhoctuoitrevietnam@amalico”Ta da biét hai hing ding thite binh phuong quen thuge sau: a? +2ab+b?=(a+by — (*) a’ —2ab+b?=(a—by — (**). ‘Sit dung (*), (**) ching ta sé quy phuong trinh (PT) vé ti vé mét trong ba trrdng hop sau: @ [/@)f <0 s(2)-0. Go [/(a)} =[e(a)} @ s(x) =t8(2). ay [7 (@) J + Le (a) +.+[a(o = f(x)=g(x) h(x)=0. Bai viét nay gigi thigu toi ban doc mét s6 Ki ning 48 bién déi mGt PT v6 ti vé mot trong ba trudng hop tén. 4. Phuong php si-dyng thamie6 Sir dung tham sé hay cdn goi 1a tham sé héa la int KF nang suy lun c6 Ii chua biét ding hay soi, nhumg Kha ning ding rét lon. Néu sir dung tham 86 thuéng din dén mot PT hay mét hg PT (in la ‘tham 6) don gian 4é 6 thé sny ra gif tri cla tham tir d6 ta di dén duoc Ii gidi bai sf cin chon, toan, ‘Truc hét ta 6 ménh dé sau Ménh dé, Néw tam = thire baie hai L(x)=arthrte (voi #0) 8 A-B—4ac-0 (hoe A’ bP ac 0 vi ) thi f(x) ofe+2) b 2 2 B chimg mmh ménh dé nay, chi cin dya vau i by A 4 dang thir = —| -= va A'=—. thie f(x) o=+2) 4 want Bay gid sir dung ménh dé nay, ta xét mot sé dang toan PT v6 ti thug gip. nu i she phe me fe BH %, os tEG E GLA NOT sO DANG PHUCHG #Ri wei die wh my MH VO TY LE VIET AN Dang 1. ax’ +hx-+0=(kr+h)alpe tgxtr (F) trong 45 a,bekyh prgreR. (Cich gidi, Nuau va bai vé vba PT(T) cho 2 thi ta thu duge PT: 2ar! + 2bx-+ 2c =2(ke+h)lpx + qx+r rdi sau 6 cOng ca hai vé PT nay cho et) ma? eys+r) (voi m 1a mét than m 6 ma ta sé chon) va str dung hing dang thir binh phuong dé bién d6i thi PT(I*) tro thanh: ae ei , : +(2cemrs® ml (et. err) a) Néu xem vé tréi cla PT(I**) 1a mét tam thie bac basi theo biéa x thi sie dung ménh 48 & du bai viét, ta s& chon m0 sao cho: 2 ~(26+ma 4 24) -4{20m0s o[oesmes ao ar m Quy déng va bién déi (I***) ta duge mot PT da thite bac ba (nm): (q° —4pr)m? +4(bq—2ar—2cp)m? +4 (0? + khg-4ac— rh p)m 4+8(bkdt — ah? —ck* Dén day, ta c6 nhan xét sau: Néu (q°-4pr)(bkh-ah? -ck”)#0 thi PT() khéng nbn m=O lam nghigm hay PT(I) Iuén 6 nghiém khéc 0 1a m =m, . 36 53763-2022) TORN HOC 1Nhu vay, ta c6 két qua: PT(I*) co thé dura vé durge mét trong ba dang (i), (ii), (iii). Dé thndn tign trong trinh hay, ta goi PT(I) 1d PT tham s6 (PTTS) cia PT(I*) Chas §. Vi PT(1) la m6t PT bac ba nén cé kha ning cba nghigm phan biét, tuy nhién trong thyc hanh thi chung ta chi cn chon mot nghiém khéc 0 1a m=m, dep ohdt dé trinh bay Idi gidi va hon nita néu kh6ng nhan hai vé PT(I*) cho 2 thi ta cong ca (ke+Ay 2m, voi m, 1A nghiém ciia PTTS cua PT(I*). hai vé cita PT(I*) voi m= (px +qx+r) Thi dy 1. Giai phicong trinh =2+2=0 (1) Phan tich, Viét \gi PT(1): x°+2=-SV5x—2, 6 day a—1, b=0, c=2, K=0, h=-5, p=0, q=5 va r=~2 nénPTTS cia PT(1) la 25m’ +16m* —32m~200=0 + (m~2)(25m? + 66m-+100) = 0 m=2, v4sy Do dé PT(1) c6 thé dura vé (i) hodc (11) ho’ (iii). Loi gigi. DK: we. Khi d6 nhén ca hai vé cia PT(1) voi 2 ta thu duge PT: 2x? +4=—10V3x—1; sau dé cOng ca hai vé cha PT nay cho 2 + le thi ta duge: 3-2-1 2+2(Sx~2) (1) > 2x? +10x+ ofn 2} 5 sy 2°2 Giai cac PT nay ta thay PT(1) v6 nghiém, Thi dy 2. Gidi phong tinh x‘ -3= 22: 3 (2). Phan toh, Nou O8 t= thi PT) v0 dang (14) vag diy a=1, 6=0, c= 3, k=0, h=2, TOAN HOC iz ilies STucitre__36 9878-2022) p=0, q=2 va r=3 nén PITS cla PTQ) a 5 1m? —24m? + 48m —32=0 <> 4(m—2) =0 om=2, ae Hon nita @ trudc biéu thite chita can 14 sb chin nén ta khdng can nhan hai vé PT(2) cho 2. Loi gidi. Cong 1+(2x* +3) vao hai vé cia PTQ), tach: (D)eoxt +20? +1=2x? +3+142V20 +3 2 (e+)? = (V8 +3+1) tiav2r +341 7 ea =-(v2# +3 +1) v3. | Giai cae PT nay ta duge nghi¢m x Thi dy 3. Gidi phurong erinh V2x-1+-3x4+1=0 (3). Phan tich © day a=1, b=-3, c=1, . h=l » ps0, g=2 vA r--1 nén PTTS cia PT(3) la: 4m? —16m? +20m-8=0 as =1 =2° Léi gigi, DK: me Kant 46, nhan ca hai cia PT(3) cho 2 ta duge PT: 2x? ~6x4+2=2/2x—1 Céng cd hai vé cia PT nay cho biéu thic 1+(2x-1), va bién dé1 duge: @) 2 2(e-1) =(I-V2e-7 iy’ _f26-)=1-va | ?1 Ble 1)=V?ra1~1 (= 2x-1=-V2x+ 241 V2x-1=V2x-J2 41° Giai PT nay ta durge nghigm: x —1,x=2-V2. | Chi: §. Trong Wi gidi ten ta da dang aghiém (m=1) cia PTTS dé dua (3) vé trrong hop (ii). ‘Néu ding nghigm (m=2) cia PTS thi ta cing dua (3) vé (ii) nhw sau:‘ va tir day ta ciing tim duge nghigm cia PT(3). Thi dy 4. Giai phucomg minh x 49x42 Phan tich. G day . h=2, p=0, g=3 va (4) , 6220, k=0, (0 nén PTTS cia PI(4) la: 9m? + 28m? + 4m-32=0 <> (+2) (9-8m)= ‘Vay PT(4) cé thé giai nhu sau: Loi gigi. DK: xeon a6 cOng —(3x+10) vao ca hai vé cia PT(4) thi ta durge: (1-2V3x+10 + (3x+10)) <2 (Vae10 1) = en (J3es10-1)' + (x43) fel x=3 (42x +6x49= (x43) Giai h PT nay durge nghiém 1A y Chis J. Teomg Vi giki tein ta a8 ding nphiém =?) eta PTTS aé dra (4) vi (iii). Néu ding (mm 8 nghiém ( = ) cia PTS thi ta cling dua (4) vé 9 (ii) va tim duge nghiem cua PT(). Thi Wy 5. Gidi phueng trinh 3. Phan tich. G day a=3, h=0, p=0,q-3 va =15x+8=2xV30e1 15, c=8, k=2, nén PTTS ciia PT(S) 1a: 9m? — 204m? +500m-256=0 9 (m=2)(9m? 186m +128) =0 m=2 w31t2i7- 3 ° Vay PT(S) 06 thé gidi nhur sau: LO giat. DK: x2 4 Khi do cong vao hai vé cua PT(5) cho biéu thio x*+(3x+1) thi ta duge: (5) > (2x-3)? = (x+ V3x41)? V3x41=x-3 2 * Vax41=3~-31 Giai PT nay ta duge céc nghiém: 7-7 a Thi dy 6. Gidi phuong trinh xo 8xem Parvsl (axe a1 Phin tich. © day a=2, b= k=4, h=-1, p=1, q=3 va r=1 nén PITS cia PT(6) la: —4m° - 24m? ~ 84m - 208 = <= A(m+4)(m? +2m+13)=0¢2m=—4. Du dé PT(G) o6 thé giai due nhw sau: Nhan ca hai vé ciia PT(6) cho 2 rdi cOng tiép hai vé cho (4x-1)+(x? +1) ta duge: ES Vea) @e|7 wes ©) e=l, 2 e . +1=2x-1 coat PT nyt gage ngnigm x=4. Thi du 7. Gidi phurong trink Ak Ie 3a (ard Phan tich, 6 diy a=4, va r=-3 nén PTTS cia PT(7) la: 40m? ~ 64m? + 24m—112=0 <> 8(m—2)( 5m? +2m+7) = 0.25 m=? 8 2+ i0 > hal, p=2, q= DK: x hode x Khi d6 nhan ca hai vé cia Fee cho 2 rdi cng tp tat vb cho EN sae v4 3) duge: TOAN HOC $653768-2022) * Clusitre 3Mee nse45 42(x41)V2x + 4x3 + 2(28? + 44-3) *(avar yax—3+x+1) 2 eleret z= (2x? +4x-3 =2x-1 |* : V2x? + 4x3 =-3x Gis PT aay duge ughigun 2—2+V2. Thi dy 8. Giai phirong trinh —4x+7 (8). 36, c= 64, 16, p=1, q=—-4 va 7 nén PTTS 12m? — 216m? —384m = Sx? -36x +64=4(4—x)v. Phan tich, O day a=S, ota PT(8) la: 2-12n(w +18m+32)=0 (ta loai nghiém m=0). ‘Vay ta cé thé giai nhu sau: Bi gidi. Cong vio ch bai v8 cia PT(8) wéi ~(8-24) -(2? -4x+7) ta duge: (8) 0=-[(16-4x) =4(4—x)Vet 4047+ +(2x7 -4x+7)] @[(8-29)-V¥ Tare 7] =0 eo Vi ar 47 = 2-8. Giai PT niy ta duge nghigm x =2 hn xét, Trong |i giai trén ching ta da ding nghiem (7 2) vita PTTS dé dua (8) vé (i). Con voi nghiém (m=-16) cia PTTS thi ta sé dua (8) vé (iii) va cfing tim duge nghiém ca PT(8), Dang 2. kx+h+pVar+b+qvered =0(Ir) trong dé a.bckh.p.g ER va ac 40. Céch giéi. Nhin ci bai vé cia PT(II*) v6i 2 thi ta duge PT: 2kv+2h+ 2pVax+b +2¢Vexsd =0 ri sau do them bét vao vé trai cia PTY) biéu TOAN HOC 4 *cTuciiee__s60s700-2022) thie P-4+m(ax+5) va sir dung hing ding thitc m binh phuong (*) dé bién adi thi PT(II*) tro thanh: of vars) «f(s m p (2) jd elerrd (2h. mb o ( 7 Ms})-0 Xem biéu thite trong ngoac [.] 1 mét tam thite theo bién Vex+d thi sir dyng menh dé 6 dau bat viét, ta sé chon tham sé m#0 sao cho Quy dang va bién adi PT nay ta thu duge mét PT a thite bac ha (fin m ) nhu sau: a(ad—be)m? +2(ach —2adk + bek)m? + +(ctq? dekh + 4dk* - acp* )m + 2ckp* = a. ‘Va nhur dang trude, ta cling goi PT(I) 1a PITS cha PT(IT*). Bén day néu_acpk(ad—be)#0 thi PTC) cb nghigm khée 0 18 m = iy. Chis §. Néu khong nhan hai vé PT(II*) cho 2 thi ta them bet vé tri cia PTUI) voi P41 Jarob voi m, 1 nghiém cua PTTS ny 2 ‘ cla PT(II*). Thi du 9. Gidi phirong trink 13, Hl=l6x (9). Phin tich. © diy a=1, b=-1, e=1, d=l, #--16, h=0, p=13, q=9 nén PTTS cia PI(10) l&: 2m’ +96m? +936m—5408 =0 le a(n 2-00)", Tir day ta c6 thé giai niu sau: Tai gidi. DK: ™1. Khi do nhdn hai vé cia PY) cho 2 rdi sau d6 thém bot 3B 6(x-1) va bién d8ita duye: i:28 9) ign Giai PT nay duge nghiém la x= 3 Cha ¥. Trong loi giai trén ta da ding nghigm (m=-26) cia PTTS cita (9) dé dura (10) vé dang (iii). Néu ding nghiém (m=4) cia PTTS thi ta fing dura (9) vé dang (ii) nhu sau: (2 y ay | 4 Joa} va tir day ta cling tim duge lai nghiém cia PT(9). Thi du 10. Giai phuong trinh xt4Vx+3+23-2x =H (10). Phin tich. © day a=1, b=3, c=-2, d=3, kal, ha-ll, po4, =? nén PTTS ain PT(10) la: 9m? + 20m? —28m—-64=0 © (m+2) (9m—18)=0 -| Tir day ta c6 Iii gidi nh sau: Loi gid, DK: “asx. Thém bét vio —4—(x+3) vé trdi cla PT(10) va sau 46 chuyén. -vé trai sang vé phai ta duge: (00) <2 (2-Je+3) +4-2x-2V¥= 2x =0 2 (2-ves3) +(1-V3-28) =0 oo (VFHS=2 3-1 Giai PT nay duge nghigm: x=1 Chi ¥, Trong lai gidi tén ta 4 ding nghigm (m=~2) cia PTTS cita (10) dé dura (10) vé dang Gi), 2. Phuong php nh§n xét phuong trink Khi sir dung phuong phap nay, chiing ta cin 06 hig suy lugus hyp li dé e6 thé dua mét PT vé ti vé mét trong trudmg hop (i), (ii), (iii) duge hay khéng!. Khi suy lun ta thug sir dung nbgn xét sau: Théng thudmg trong ede PT vé ti thi cfc <4 hang cin bac hai thuéng déng vai tro nhur sé hang 42ab trong (#) va (**). Thi dy 11. Gidi phuong rink =\8(P +8) ay x Phin tich. S6 hang chita cin bac hai fa(v +8) =2,/2(x+2)(x°-2x+4) agi ¥ cho ta dén s6 hang #2ab trong (#) va (**). Do do dé Jam xuét hign hing ding thite, van dé cn lai la co thé lam xudt hign a? va 6°. Trude hét ta phai cd a?+b?=x7+8 la mot da thite bic hai. Do a6 quan sat cdc s6 duéi dau can trong PT(11) thi c&p (2:87) 06 thé 1A mot trong hai cap (2(2+2);x-2x+4) va (2(x*-2x44);x+2), nhung chi cé cép dau tién théa min béi vi 2(x+2)4x7-2x+4=0 +8 Do 46, PT(11) c6 thé gidi duge nhu sau: Lai gid, DK: x2-2. Thém bét 4 & hai vé cba PT(11) dé lam xudt higa hing dling thie, ta 06: (i) 2642) 1G? 2x 14)— —2y2(x+ 2)? -2x+4) =0 =( Bes Ve =2a+4) =0 Vid aNP rd ee 2xt4ax? 2x44, Gidi PT nay dug 9 Chit im x= Cin lun ¥ dén cdc khai trién va bién Adi sau: Ota? =(et a)? ¢xa+a") xt tat = (x +a? ~V2xa)(x* +a* +.V2xa) 4x‘ +a" = (2x? +a? -2xax" +a" +2xa) xt ta? tat =(23 +a? + xa)(x? +a? 2a), 86 537(3-2022) heroes 5Phi dy 12. Giat phwrong trinh wiv ox41+2V3re1 Phan tich. D8 ¥ tebe bigu thise xVx -x+1 chua od 66 2, néa 48 xudt hign +2ab thi ta nbn. thay ngay PT(I2) 06 thé (= ie sl). Do dé ta sé gidi bai tosn theo ‘nurong nay. Loi gidi. DK: x> + Khi 46 (12) > 2xVx? =x +1 + 4V3x+1 = 2x7 +2246 2 2 (Ve =xe1-x) +(Varri-2) =0 el Pons Vievi=2 * Giai hg PT nay duge nghigm la x=1. Thi du 13. Gidi phuong trinh 4x? — 4x31 = 2N3. Phan ch, BE y 34 +24— tir day ta c6 thé giai nur sau Khi 46 x+1>0 va Lit gid. DK: rh 3x—1>0. Do dé bién déi PT(13) khéo Iéo bing céch “gom binh phuong dung” ta duge: (13) 29 (2x—Vievl) +(V3x=1-Vel) = eel = 2x ° ie wet Giai hg PT nay ta duge nghigm x=1, Nhdn xét. DE bién Adi PT v6 ti ve duge (i), (i), (ii) 40% hoi ngudi gidi phai c6 Ki nang “gom binh phyong. ding” thanh thao. Thi dy 14. Gisé phurong srinh Viewi+2y5—° +2\(2x-1(5-#) =P 46x44 (14) Phan tich. Nhan xét ring truéc biéu the J2y—1 6 TOAN HOC T cTusitye _$55970-200n ban ca hai vé cla PT(14) cho 62 nén ta : an a da tnte bac ba v8 trong cin 2. Hon nita vé pha I fing 1a mot da thiée bac Da» va cht ¥ (Qx-1WS-)= 2" +10x-5. i nhu sau: Vay PT(14) of thé gil Lai gidi. DK: gare Khi dé nhan c& hai vé cua em ‘cho 2 shi bién d6i ta duzge: =f (F-2) sferne 52) -0 (14) (V2e-1 Giai hg PT nay duge nghiem x=1. Thi dy 15. Giai phurong trinh 6, fe Ve Lai gid, DK: x20. Khi 46, 2 vé PT(IS) déu duong nén binh phuong hat vé, ta co: (x+l? Pax+6 x(x? +6) 4 6 3 (8 +1) 4 4x4) eG? + = (Vi H1- 2x) <0. Vi? 41-20. Gidi PT nay duye nghiem x=24J3, "Nagin xét C6 thé qua mot vai bude nang Iby thie thi PT ban du c6 thé sir dung duge (#) hode (**)- (1s). as) Thi dy 16. Giat pmueomg trinh V4-3VI0-3x =r-2 (16), LO gta DK: x2. Ki a6 oe {2%e 4-0 = (x27? Le Oy ~NiO~3y <3? aeGiai hé PT nay ta duge nghiém x=3. BAI TAP Giai céc phuong trinh sau: 1x8 +2=2Vr +1. 2 HD. PT es (Je-i-V =x41) =o. 2, V2x* +3x—2 = Vx tx 4ve-1. HD. Binh phuong hai vé va bién déi vé (Ip 3. VBx44 4. ret eae= ES 2 8, 22x? =1 =x" -22°, 6, x +x412vx41=36. 7, V3x-2 =-4x? + 21x22. 8, x? -5x44=2Vr41. 9, 4x? +J2e+3 = 8x41, 10, x? -1=2xVx? =2x. 1. (2? +3)(2—2)(2+x) 2+ x°) = 28-27 HD. PT o(x’ +3), (4-7) (2+x7) = 28-2 va dat 12. c+ DWP 3x43 2x+3. 13. (n+ 2\We 2x4 Daa ttl 14. (+ DV ~ 243 =x? +1. 15, 4yie+1 =x? - 5x +14. 16, 7 ~x+6=4V1-3r. 17. Vicia =, ae HD. ¢ (V2x-1-1) +(vaest-4) =0. 18, J2x+3 + V6x-+1=12+ 16x. HD.PT e> (J2e43~-2) +(verr1-2) =0. 19, Je¥4 +2V2—x = Ped HD. Binh phuong hai vé. 20, 4x? +3x+3=4xVx +3 +2V2x HD.PT @(2x-V43) + (2x-1-1)) 2 1 x= 2x? = Vax 1-241. HD. PT <> (Pest +1), =(vaei41) 22, x - 2x Vx — 2x +16 + 2x* - 6x + 20=0. HD. PT 2(x° -Va?=2¥16) +(x-2)° 23, x¢ x2 +3x4+5-2Vx+2=0. HD. PT 9(x*=1) +(x4+1)' +(Ve+2-1) =0. 24, 2xxo3 + Vx 220 4x42, HD. Nhan hai vé PT cho 2 rdi bién asi PT thank, (2x-ve+3) + (V1) -1) 25. ae st Aoi + BH) HD, Pt eo(2x-V5e=1) +(9=5e-2) +Ve=1=0. 4x49 28 HD. pease =(I4xr+8). Dx +5x—2+(x+1)V3e+1. 26. 7x? +7x= a7. 8 44x45 2 HD. Nhin hai vé cho 2 va bién d6i: pres (x+1—v3eel) +(Ve+2-v2e4i) 28, Wx+1+6V9-x +6/(x+1)(9-’) 2x? +10x +38. up. (Vx+i-1) +(o= -3) Ome 7 $6 537(3-2022) * ChughHUONG DAN GIAI DE THI VAO LOP 10 THPT CHUYEN LE QUY DON, TINH BINH DINH, NAM HQC 2020 - 2021 Bai 1.1) Tim tdt ca cde gid tri nguyén cua x dé dev va-3 Vx+3 ° is biéu thie p=3X*4Vx nhan gid tri nguy 2) Cho phwong trinh: 2x2 m dé phuong trinh és 3x + 2m =0(1). Tim 4 cé hai nghigm phan bigt 2, (i+) ~ 45% (x4) © (5+) (5m) An =0 @, %1.% khde 0 thoa man 101 gilt 1) DK: x2 0,x #1. Theo he thie Viete ta 06: — WEN RVE+7) ear Jens _3. 2m °° (Gailflesa) ea wea ear eG 2 ve-3 Thay (3) vao (2): 3) —m—4m=0 > 4m? + 16m—-9=0. A'= 64 +36 = 100, do dé: 284101 nga man DK). _ 42 -8-10_-9 =a => (tha min BK). moiien Tos m =F =F. (théa min BK) vr-1 ve-1 Vay m=; m vx 142), 2 > > ea Ee Bai 2. 1) Giai phuong trinh: Dé PeZ voi xeN,x # 1 thi Ve-1 < UQ) Soe (. = ve-1 © (15152) > Ve © (0;2;3) ret 2) Gidi hé phurong trinh: x € {0;4; 9}. Vay x © (0; 459} thi Po6 gid tr nguyén, oy ary = 2) Diéu kign 48 phuong trinh (1) c6 hai nghiém Vx+y=y-x phan biét x1, x2 khéc Ola A >0 20% gid 1) DK: 3 +3325 2 0 © 9-1om>0 eo m< 5, © xQ"+3x-1) 40 ik xe Ore SEV Ta cb: | --—J=1 . 2 cay Bién ddi: (1) <> 268 32 + Ia +32 -x TOAN HOC 8 ¥ cTuditre $6 537(3-2022)© Bt 5x3 +x 4+2=0 (2) @ 2at+4Ja+2—-Sa-Va Vi x= 0 khOng phai ld nghigm cia phuong 5 3g—5Ja-2=0 (I). trinh (2) nén chia hai vé phuong trinh (2) cho x? ta duge: Qe ferd)-[« 1)-s=0 e o{(-2J -2]- (--4)- 5=0 @). 1 Date » Phuong trinh (3) tré than; x 2(P +2)-1-5=0 & 2° et = Véi t= 1 thi x-+ x 1ev5 52-5 (thoa man DK). FZ OW tx-2=0 v7 lt exe (théa man BK). Vay phuong trinh (1) c6 tap nghiém: i {! £5 -14Vi7 } Be DDK: x+y 2 0,y 2x, 3x4 2y 20. Dit: a=x+y; b= 3x+2y(a2 0,620) = x=b-2a,y=3a-b. Khi do bg phuong trinh tré than: Va-Vo =-1 Va =(3a-b)-(b-2a) Vb=Va +1 o fein, 5a-Va Va =5a-26 z = (va+)" Sa—va Va (t 2 0), khi do (1) @ 3P-5t-2=0, 06: Ditt A =49 = 1=2 (chon); = 2 (loai). -Voir=2thi Va=2 @ a=4 eppe SAESE 2 Khi dé: x=b-2a=9-2.4=1; y=3a-b=3.4-9=3. Vay h@ phuong trinh cd nghiém: (x, y) = (1; 3). Bai 3. Tim (di cai cde sé nguyén 16 p va q sao chop? + 3pq +4 la mor sd chink pmeong. Loi giai. Dat p* + 3pq + p’= a" (a € N), ta c6: @tay t+pg=a @ a - (p+ gY=pa 4 (a-p—qyatp+q)=pq (1). Vip, q la céc sé nguyén té va hai thira sé 6 vé Wai ciw (1) 1a bai x6 uguyéu duung phan bigt nén suy ra cdc trudng hyp: a-p-q=q - 2p +2g=p- p= -3q <0: Losi. a-p-q=p a+p+q=q © q=—3p <0: loai. => 2p+2q= a-p-q=1 i foo 2p +29=pq-1 —2p-2g= 1 p(q—2)-2(q-2)=5 © (9-2p-2=5 36 537(3-2022) TORN HOE 9Khi d6: p? + 3pq + g?=37+33.74+ 7 121 = 11 (thoa man DK). Bl 4.1) Cho tam gide ABC cén tai A (v6i BAC < 60") ni tidp duémg tran (O). Goi Mla diém bat kj trén cung nho BC. Ching minh rang MA > MB + MC. 2) Cho tam gide ABC nhon (AB < AC) néi tiep Wrong dirdng trén tim O. Goi D la trung diém canh BC vi E. F twang img la hinh chiéu vuéng 86c cua D lén AC va AB. Duing thang EF cét cic duéng thang 4O vé BC theo this uetai M va N. a) Ching minh tir gide AMDN néi tiép. >) Goi K ld giao diém ciia AB va ED, L lé giao diém ctia AC va FD, H la trung diém etia KL vi 1 ld tam duéng tron ngogi tiép tam giée AEF. Ching minh HI EF, B M Trén ntta mat phing ba 1a AB cé diém C, vé tia Ax sao cho Max = BAC va trén tia Ax lay diém N sao cho AN = AM. AACN = AABM (c.g) = CN = MB: ABM. Mit khie ti giée ABMC ngi tiép nén ABM + ACM = 180°, do do: ACN + ACM = 180° € M, C,N thing hang, suy ra: MN=MC+ CN > MN=MC+ MB, TOAN HOC 10° CTucitre__ $6 53703-2022) Xét AAMN cin tai A 06 MAN = Hat < 6 nén: AMN = ANM > 60° => ANM > MAN <@ MA> MN <> MA>MB+MC. Vay MA > MB + MC. ; 2) a) Vé dudng kinh AJ ciia (0), ta 06: ACI = 90°. Mat kde, AIC= ABD (442) nén AACJ~ ADFB (g.¢) = CAI = BDF (1). Talaicé: AMF =CAJ+AEF (2), ADB =ADF +BDF (3). Vi AED+ AFD = 90° + 90° = 180° nén tir gide AEDF nidi tiép, do 46 AEF = ADF (4). Tur (1), (2), (3), (4) suy ra: AMF = ADB © tit gisc AMDN néi tip. b) Ta c6: JE = IF (1). Tie pisc EFKL 06 KEL = KFL= 90° nén ni tiép dudng tron tam A duong kinh KL => HE = HF (2), Thr (1), (2) suy ra TH 1 duéng trung truc cia EF, do 46 HI L EF. Bai 5. Chox, y la hai $6 thee diong. Tim gid tri nho nhat cua biéu thice an Gt) (ey) xy Bién adi:AE THI TUVEN SINH VAO LOP 10 TRUONG THPT CHUYEN BAC GIANG NAM HOC 2021 - 2022 (Théi gian lim bai: 150 phiit; Dank cho thi sinh thi chuyén Todn va chuyén Tin hoc) Cau 1 (5,0 diém). 1) Cho bidu thire a-(28 2x-Je Ox vi x>0, x24 va ret, 2 4 a) Rut gon biéu thire A. b) Tim tat od cdc gid tri cla x dé A 1a sé chinh phuong. 2) Tim tat ca cée gid tri cua tham sé m dé phuong trinh x?-2(2m-1)x+m?+m—-3=0 05 hai ughiém — phan sao vit 4, cho 1 ci atyt i Fegst+zcagjao A Jom nit. Cau 11 (4,0 diém). 1) Gidi phuong trinh V6 x V2x16—x7 2x 18, 2)Tim a, b dé da thire -3 43x? +ax+b chia cho x-1 du3 va chia cho x-2 du. Cau HI (4.0 diém). 1) Ching minh ring 1? —n chia het cho 240 voi n 1a sé ny nhien Ié bat ki. 2) Tim tat ca cde nghiém nguyén cia phuong trinh vy (x+y +6y*) 3) Cho hinh tron (0) c6 ban kinh bang 1. Chimg minh ring trong tm diém 4,, 4, ....4, bat ki thuge hinh tron (0), Iuén ton tai hai diém ma khong céch gitta ching nhé hon 1. Cav TV (6,0 diém). Cho dudny won (0) va diém M cé dinh nm ngoai dudng tron (0). Qua M (0) (MA 3+2+1=6, Dau” xdyrakhix=y, Vay A dat gid tri nhé nhAt A 6 khi r= y. BUI VAN CHL (21/2 Lé Héng Phong, TP. Quy NHon, Binh Binh) isi thife TOAN HOC Sésa7@s009 * chucitre 11—_———_—— PRAT TRIEN TU DUY ‘; HOC SIN QUA VEC AI THC L . EN pan THEO CHUONG TRINH VA SK MOL Trong tinh hinh hién nay, khi ma cae logi sich tham khao cia cae b6 mén khae néi chung va cia bé mén Todn néi riéng phat hanh nhiéu, diéu nay phan nao gidp hoc sinh cing cé, nang, ‘cao kign thire nhung cing ¢6 mit tréi cla né 14 Jam cho hoc sinh ¥ Iai, chay Iudi trong hoc tép, trong dé c6 mét b6 phin kh6ng nhé 1a hoc sinh kha, gidi. Thuong khi doc xong mét dé toan, cc em it chju khd suy nghi 48 tim tdi Ibi gidi ma cc em doc 16i giai c6 sin, chinh vi vay tw duy cla cdc em it duge phat trién. Trong qué trinh giang day @ cap THPT va dic biét la nhing lép chuyén, lop chon ti thudng yéu cdu cdc em ty tim tdi ldy lai gidi ciia bai todn néu ra, Sau mii bai todn tdi hay dat cau héi cho hoc sinh: Bai ton nay cén c6 cach giai nao khac Khéng? Bai toan nay cé thé téng quat dug khéng? Tir nhimg cu hoi nhu thé nay ma hgc sinh 06 y thitc hon trong vigc tim tdi cdc 16i gidi cia mot ai todn, tir 46 gay hirng thi cho hoc sinh trong vigc hoc bé mén Toan va phan nao phat trién tu duy cla céc em. Sau day 1a mot sd bai toan minh chimg cho diéu tdi trinh bay 6 trén, Bai todn 1. Qua trong tam G cua tam gide ABC ta ké duong thing (d) cat cdc canh AB, AC lin luyt tai P va Q. Chieng minh rang: BP G0. PA OA TOAN HOC 12 * cTiusitre__$5 5376-2022) oY, Roe eee WA DAL mA ty Gla not BAL TCAN LE QUANG HAo er oro tes SE ay A y x 9 4c, P By a M c Cich gidi 1. Sit dung phwong phap vé duing phu va tinh chat cia tam gide dong dang. Qua B, C ta ké cdc dung thang B,,C, song song voi AG. Goi M la trung diém cia BC, B,=(d)NB,, C,=(d)NC,. Tacé: 2 ‘ABB,P~ AAGP => ——1 Fa ) Turong ty, ta c6: cc, _ aceg~ aAGg= SE. -2 @. COng (1) va (2) theo timg vé ta duge: BP CO _ BB .+CG, PA’ OA 4G Mat khac, do GM 1a duéng trung binh cia hinh thang BB.CC nén GB). 3B, +C.C=2GM = 4G (4). Thay (4) vao (3) ta durge dpem.Cach gidi 2. Sie dung phwong phép vecta. pat WB = 0, 16-5, FP gn, OO _,, PG _, PA QA PQ Tacé: a_2=7 _ I> 1 1- 1- = A, AC = mu +) AG=3 AM =< AB + AC qu tz? (. Mat khac Wi=WP .PG-|_ ap. 1G m+1 1 — =e +4 -2P) nén ta c6: Tir he ta duge: mnt hay Se got (apem). Cach giai 3. Su dung ti sé dign tich cua hai tam side. Dit S=8,,0 =Sapg+ 81 = Saye 52 = Sage: Nhfn xét: $, = 5, =is; S45 = Ap dung cong thite $ =p besin A, taco: AP.AOQ ), s~apac”” 5, St _AQ.AG _24Q S$, ACAM 3 AC SS =3(4.48), 3,5; 3\AB AC. > Tir nhan xét wen ta co: SIAR, 42) sia *ae)® ‘So sdnh (1) va (2) ta duge: ‘AB.AC (a5 2) © 3AP.AQ= AP.AC + AQ.AB eo 2,0 +52 =1 (dpem), PA’ QA i gidi cia bai todn 1, t6i dat cau héi cho hoe sinh: ligu bai toan trén con cé thé mé rng duge trong khong gian hay khéng? Téi 4 huéng din va cho cdc em kha, gidi lam bai todn sau: Bai toan 2. Qua trong tdm G cwa it dién ABCD vé mat phang (a) eat céc canh AB, AC, AD lin lot tai P, Q, R. Ching minh rang: BF ee Oe, PA QA RA Cach gidi 1. Sie dung phuomg phép vé ducing Phu va tinh chat ctta tam giéc déng dang. Qua B, C, D ké cae dudng thang B,,C,,D_ song song véi AG. Goi G, 1a trong tam cia tam giic BCD va B,=GPMB,,C,=GQnC,, D,=GROD,,N=GROBC.M =BCADG,. $6 537(3-2022) vO duaigs 13Thay (5) vao (4) ta c6: BP CO, PR 1 (¢pem) PA’ QA" RA Cich giai 2. Sir dung phwong phdp vecto. Goi E=GPNQR, G, 14 trong tam cia tam gide BCD. bat AB =u, AC=V,AD=, Do G, 8 trong tém cita tam gide BCD nén Mi ‘trung diém ciia BC, mat khdc tir céch dung trén suy ra MN //BB, //CC, . Tir 46 suy ra N 1a trung DG,_DG_2 DM DN 3° diém cia BC, va —1 Tacé: ABB,P~ aacp => 3 73 (a. Ta lai co: Tuong ty: £2-£4 WG = AP + PG =P +KPE of Ae =H +4 4-2) DR_ DD. gy _ ‘RA AG = (1-k)AP+kAE C$ng theo vé (1), (2), (3) ta c6: BP CO, DR_BB,+CC,+DD, PA’ OA” RA AG = (1-k)4P +k(40+08) @). soo oe = (l-K)AP+kAG+kOE (2). Dé dang ching minh duge: Ma QE =rOR=+FR-1AD. (9, thay 6) vio GG, $DD, +2 =4 00, +1(88, +c) (2) ta duge: => BB, +CC, + DD, =3GG, = AG (5). AG =(\-k) AB + (k— br) 40 + AR TOAN HOC 14 * cTusitre $6 5370-2022)be eS wy, a TH ~76-!ki, mat So sénh (1) va (4) ta duge: we aes fief Ht m+ 4 net 4) Us 4 dows0,ve & phing nén ta c6: Tir hé ta duge: CO, DR OA” RA Cich gidi 3. Sie dung ti s6 thé tich ctia hai khdi da dién. Dat V t+n+1=1 bay — m Y 5 Varpas ‘avoa-¥2 =Vaona Vs = V=Vapon¥i= Vasco, he =Vacoe,’ - Vapec, V'=Vasco- AP.AQ.AG _ 3 AP.AQ AB.ACAG, 4 AB.AC ©, Taco: AR.AQ.AG 3 AR.AQ 0), AD.ACAG, 4AD.AC 3 APAR 4 ABAD 4 ¥, 4 ¥; V, _ AP.AR.AG = (3), V; AB.AD.AG, : Wrhrh=V, V _AP.AQ.AR V'~ AB.AC.AD ‘Céng (1), (2), (3) theo ting vé ta cé: 4). 3(AP.AQ , AQ-AR Anat) 4 aac “ACAD” AD.AB (4.40, AQAR + MRAP) (5, i BAC’ ACAD AD.AB So sinh (4) va (5) ta duge: AP.AQ.AR _ {# 10 | AO.AR aban) ‘AB.ACAD 4\AB.AC ACAD” ABAD u BAI TAP 1. Cho tam gide ABC, M lA trung diém cia BC. Qua diém J cé dinh trén doan AM ta ké duéng thang (d) cit cdc canh AB, AC lin lugt tai P va BP. 2. Ching mint ti sb 2 2 snong adi. OA 2. Cho tir dign ABCD. Goi G la trong tam cia tam gidc BCD va J la diém c6 dinh trén doan AG. Mit phiing (a) qua J cit cae canh 4B, AC, AD lin luot tai P, Q, R. Chimg minh ti sé tim toi céc Idi giai va tong quat hoa ela mét bai ton gilip cho hoe sinh himg thi hon trong vige hoc tap bO mon Toén; tir dé ti 1é hge sinh gidi, hoc sinh dau dai hoc cia nhing hoe sinh ma tdi giing day ngiy cing cao, Dic biét bai todn 2) duge chon lam dé thi hoc sinh gidi Déng bing séng Ciru Long. Trén day 14 mot vai suy nghi, tim tdi cia ban than trong qua trinh day hgc. Rat mong sy dong gop cilia quy déng nghiép. Sé 537(3-2022) TORS 15So ‘Céc bai toan vé true tam trong tam gidc la céc bai ton duge khai thie trong céc dé thi hoe sinh gidi. Nghién ciru ky cdc tinh chit cia tryc tém tam gidc giup ta cé nhiéu ky ning lam hinh hoc phang. Sau day ti xin gigi thigu mot tinh chat dep cia dutmg cao trong tam gide c6 nhiéu img dung tha vj sau day Tinh chat. Cho tam gite ABC ndi tiép duéng tron (0), ede duémg cao BE. CF. Khi dé OAL EF. Chieng minh, Dé thay tit giée BCEF nji tiép nén AFE- ACB, ma OAF =90°- ACB suy ra OAF + AFE-90°, do dé OALEF. kn xét. Tir tinh chat trén suy ra céc tinh chat khéc nbu: i) Goi M, J lan lugt la trung diém BC, AM thi MJ Gi qua trung diém EF va AJMO 1a binh binh hanh; ii) JEM = JFM =90°. 16 TORS 36 537(0-2022) MOT TINH CHAT CUA DUONG CAO TRONG TA retin GIA uw NGUYEN NGOC TH (GF THPT chine Garg), Cac tinh chat néu & nhan xét trén khé don gidn, xin danh ban doc ty chimg minh, Sau day 1a mot sé bai todn tg dung tinh chat néi trén. Bai L. Cho 1am gide ABC noi tiép trong ducing trén (O) cb ede dusng cao AD, BE, CF edt nhau tai diém H. Birding kink AG ciia (O) ct RF, RO lan luot tai X,Y. Tiép tuvén cua (O) tai diém G edt AD tai diém Z. Ching minh XH jf YZ. Loi gidi. Ta 6 cde Wr gide CDHE va CGXE ‘ndi tiép nén AH.AD = AE.AC= AX.AG Din dén DHXG la tt giée ndi tiép. Chi ¥ ring DYGZ la té gide ngi tiép nen FXG = ZDG- 26 tir 46 suy ra diéu phai chimg minh, Nhén xét. Bai toan ten cén o6 thé ting quat nu sau: Cho tam giée ABC nhon noi tidp duéng tron (©), Ba duing cao AD, BE, CF cét nhau tai H-Diém M thuée cung nhé BC. AM edt EF, BC lan luot tai K, N . Dudng thing qua M va vuing géc voi AM cat AH tai diém L. Ching minh ring HK if NL. Lai gidi xin danh cho ban doc. Bai 2. Cho tam gic ABC c6 hai duing cao BE, CF cat nhau tai H. Buéng phan gitic AN cia tam giée cat EF tai M, dudng thing qua M vudn goc vai EF cat dwéng thang qua N vudng géc véi BC tai P. Ching minh AP di qua trung diém cia BC. Goi O 1a tam dudng tron ngoai tiép tam gic ABC , AN cit (0) tai diém thir hai la X thi X 1a diém chinh gitta cung BC khéng chita A cia duéng tron (0). Do EF 1 OA, EF 1 MP => OA |/ MP, NP 1 BC, OX L BC = OX J NP, suy ra tam gide PMN cin tai P. Do 46 goi K 1a giao diém cia NP va AO thitam gide KAN cfn tai K. Goi U 1a giao diém thir hai cha AB vii duréing tron (K,KN); V 18 giao diém thir hai cla AC véi duing tron (K,KN). Ta 06: KP _KP_AM_AE = == (do AABC ~MEF), KU KN aN” ap “M42 Ma PRU =2UAN — EAB = APKU-- AEAB (c.g.0) => KPU =90*. ‘Tuong ty KPV =90°, suy ra ba diém U, P,¥ thing hang va P 1a tung diém cia UV. Do UY i BC vb Pla wung diém UV nén AP i qua trung diém BC. Nhdn xét. Ta c6 bai ton tuong ty: Cho tam gid ABC cé hai duéng cao BE, CF cat nhau tai H. Duéng phan giéc AN cit (O) tai X, cat EF tai M. Lay UeABVeAC sao NU | BX, NV | CX. Goi P la trung diém UV. Chieng minh rang PM = PN. Bai 3. Cho tam gide ABC ndi tiép ducing tron (O), cho etic duéng cao BE, CF céit nhau tai H. Tiép tuyén tai A ctia (O) edt BC tai S. Trung tuyén AM ctia tam giéc ABC cit dudng trén duéng kinh AH tai diém thie hat 1a K. a) Ching minh tam gic SAK can tai S, b) Goi R la dinh cia hinh binh hanh AOSR. Ching mink hai tam gide ARH vd ASK déng dang. Loi gidi. a) s Sé 537(3-2022) TORN HOS 17Goi J la tung diém AH, theo tinh chat trén ta 66 JM L EF, do EF / SA => MJ 1 SA, két hop Voi AJ LSM nén J 1a truc tam tam gide ASM suy ra SJ LAK, ma dudng trung try cia doan AK cling di qua J va vudng géc voi AK , do 46 SV li dudmg trung trye cia AK nén SA=SK. Dung hinh binh hanh ARST ta 6 HT f RS {| AO, HT = RS ~ AO uén AHTO la hinh binh ‘hanh suy ra AH | OT, AH =OT > OT LBC va O,T adi ximg nhau qua BC. Tir 46 suy ra RA=SO=ST=RH nén tam gide RAH can tai R . Do do: RAS = ASO = 90° ~ 408 =90°- AMS = HAM = RAH = SAR, Ma ASAK can tai Snén AARH ~ AASK. Tir bai todn trén ta c6 bai todn khé hon sau: Bai 3 + Cho tam gic ABC, A’ la diém déi xing qua trang diém M cua BC. AA' cit ding wan (ABC) tai diem thie hai la K. Goi 1,5. bin ot 14 tam cde dwing won (KAB) va (KAC). I edt BC tai diém S. Ching mink SA li tiép tuyén cua duong tron (O). Léi gidi. Ké céc duimg cao BE, CF cia ABC. Goi H 1d tryc tam AABC. Do ABA'C a hinh binh hanh va BH LAC nén HBA'=90° suy ra 18 Paes $6 537(3-2022) FRA" =90° ma HFA=90° nén K thude duong tron (AEF) dudmg kink AH. i Ba dung trdn (ABK), (ACK) va (AEF) c6 chung truc dang phuong AK nén WU di qua trung diém U cia AH vali dudng trung tryc cla AK (1). Goi S" 1a giao diém cia tiép tuyén tai A cia (0) voi BC, U latrung diém AH ta cé két qua quen thude la UM L EF, két hop voi AU LS'M nén U la tryc tim tam giée AS'M suy ra S'U LAK hay S' thuge trung true LJ ota AK (2), Tir (1) va (2) suy ra tuyén cia (0). , do dé SA 1a tiép Bai 4. Trén dvong trin (O) cho hai dicm B.C eb din va diém A di dong. Tam gic ABC cb edie duing cao la BE,CF. Goi M,N, P, CY dain firgt le trang diém BC, BE, CFLPQ va AM. Ching minh 0), NY di qua diém cé dinh khi A thay déi tre 10% gidi. Goi H 1a trac tam tam Bide ABC; O,L lin uot la trung diém Apr va EF . Theo tinh chat thi 40MO 18 hinh bin hinh nén Y 1a trung diém OQ. DE thay MNLP 1a hinh binh hanh nén Q.1,M,X thing hang.Goi T 1a giao digm cia XY véi OM. Ap dung 4inh ly Menclaus cho tam giéc QOM vui ba diém X,¥,T thing hang ta co: =» 70 _40 ITM XM Vi d@ dai cc doan thing OM, BC khéng dai nén MQ=\OF + FM = Jom? 2S khong Adi, MF? _ BC MQ 4Mg Lai co OFM =90° nén ML= Khing di, suy ra XM khong déi, do 46 XQ=MQ-MX =OA-MX khéng 460i. Vay 2 khéng d6i, do O, M 6 dinh nén T 1a diém 6 dinh. Bai 5. Cho tam gide ABC co ba dung cao AD. BE, CF cat nhaw tai diém H. Got K la trung, diém AH; 1 la giao diém cia AH vii EF. Ching minh Li true tdm tam gide KBC. Lai gidi. Goi P,Q lin lugt 14 giao diém cia duing tran durmg kinh BC véi KB, KC; M la tring diém BC. Goi J’ la giao diém cha BQ va CP thi J" la tne tam tam gide KBC nén I" AD. Ta chimg minh J'€ EF. Goi S, S" lin lugt la giao diém cia BC voi EF va PQ. (S,D,B,C)=-1 va (S’,D,B,C)=-1 (hang digu hoa co ban cia tam gidc ABC va KBC) suy ra S' Tue la PQ, EF, BC ddng quy tai diém S. Theo dinh li Brocard thi P 1a trye tim tam gidc SKM nén SI'1KM. Theo tinh chat trén thi EF LKM=SE1KM nén S,E,F,I' 1a bén diém thing hang suy ra I'= J. Tit dé ta c6 diéu phai chimg minh, MOT SO BAL TAP AP DUNG Bai 1. Cho tam giée ABC ndi tiép during tron (0), ba duing cao AD, BE,CF cit nhau tai H. Purimg thing 40 cit FF va dirémg tring hinh img, véi dinh D ca tam giée DEF lan luot tai G, K. Chimg minh hai duéng tron (K, KG)va (DEF) tiép xc nhau. Ta 06 Bai 2. Cho tam gic ABC, ba dung cao AD, BE, CF vit nhau i H. Gyi M,N laa luge 1a trung diém BC, EF . Goi X 1a giao diém cia AO va EF. (Nem tigp trang 22) sssorasom "CRIES 19CAC LOP THCS Bai T1/537 (Lép 6). Tim tat ca cac sé ty nhién a, 6, ¢théa min a! +a+2=2" va a’=2" +1. NGUYEN QUANG NAM (GV THPT Quy Hop 2. Nehé An) Bai T2/S37 (Lp 7) Cho tam gide ARC cb CAB=30°. CBA=100°. Trén conh AB lay dim D sao cho CD = 4B. Tinh sé do gée CDB. NGUYEN ANH VU (GV THPT ciusyén Lé Quy Dén, Binh Binh) Bai T3/S37. Cho céc s6 nguyén duong a, b, n thoa at-1 ani ar es Ching minh rang n — 1. déu 1A cdc sé nguyén 16, NGUYEN VAN QUY (Ha Noi, 4/537. Cho tam giéc ABC can tai A, nOi tiép duong tron (0; R). M 1a diém di dong trén cung BC (khong chita 4). Cic diém D va E lan uot a hinh chiéu yudng géc cia M trén AB va AC. Xdc inh vi tri diém M dé ting MA + MB +MC+ MD + ME dat gid tri lon nhat. NGUYEN DUC TAN (IP. Ho Chi Minky Bai 15/537. Cho ba s6 thyc a, b, c thude doan [0; KJ véi k 1a s6 thye dirong cho truée sao cho a+b +c=2k, Tim gia tri nho nhat cia biéu thie = abla +k)+be(b +k) + ca(c+h), _ _ DAO QUOC CHUNG. (GY THCS Dién Hai, Dién Chau, Nehé An) 20 TORN HOS $6537(3-2022) cACLOP THPT Bai 16/537. Cé bao nhiéu tap 4 ma cae phan tir cia né gdm 2020 s6 duong phan biel, trong dé cb hai sé 1, 2 va thoa man tinh chat: Voi hai p phau bigt bat ky x va y thuge tap A thi vax+y cling thude tap A? pO LE HAI THUY (GV THPT chuyén Bao Loc, Lim Bong) le» trong hai ai 17/537. Ching minh ring v6i moi tam giéc ABC thi 3 4R+r a trong dé a = BC, b = AC, ¢= AB; Rr, Fay Pin Me lin lugt 1a bin kinh dudng tron ngoai tiép, néi tiép, cdc ban kinh dudng tron bang tiép ting voi cae dinh A, B, C cia tam giée ABC. NGUYEN VIET HUNG (GV THPI chuyen KHIN, BHOG Ha Noi) Baj 78/537. Cho tam gidc ABC, (J) la duong tron ndi tiép tam gide. E, F theo thir ty la tiép diém cia (D véi AB, AC, Cac diém M, N theo thit ty thude cdc doan AB, AC sao cho MN tiép xtc voi (D. Ching minh ring EB MA FC NA EA MB FA'NC NGUYEN MINH HA. (GV THPT chuvén BHSP Hé Néi) Bai T9/537. Cho x, y> 1 Chimg minh ring cae ise G+? pO eD” yx x y LE XUAN DAI (GY THPT chuyén Vinh Phiic) TIEN TOL OLYMPIC TOAN ‘BAi TLO/S37. Cho s6 nguyén duong n > 1, Chimg minh rang néu 4"—2" +1 1a 56, nguyén té thi tata cée wae ngnyén t6 cia n phai uho hon 5, NGUYEN TUAN NGOC (GV THPT chuyén Tién Giang)where a= BC, = AC, c= AB; R, 1, Fa, Tb, Ye respectively are the circumradius, inradius, exradii corresponding to A, 8, U of the triangle. Pr Given a triangle ABC and let © be ite incirele. Let £, F respectively be the Points of tangency between (J) and AB, AC. Let M, N respectively be the points of the line segments AB, AC so that MN is tangent to (0). Prove that T8/S Problem 19/537. Given x, y2 1. Show that > Peay) 241)? ZAP ag HD OP ey ” yex a TOWARDS MATHEMATICAL OLYMPIAD Problem T10) Given an integer n> 1. Show that if 4°-2"+1 is a prime number then all the Prime factors of n must be less than 5. Problem TI1/5 Consider the function. 2033.25* S@)=FS—xeR. Compute the sum Mor Tinh ciLAr.. (Tigp ineo wang 19) 2) Chimng minh 2 /f DX. b) Goi P 1a giao diém cha KM va DX. Chimg minh tam duéng trén ngooi tiép tam gidu KDM nam trén duong thing OP. Bai 3. Cho tam gidc ABC nhon, khéng cin, néi tip dudng tron (0). Ba duéng cao AD. BE,CF dong quy tai H. Duong tron duimg kinh AH cit duimg tron (0) tai diém thi hai 1d J; AD cit duong tron (0) tai diém thir hai 18 G; GJ cit BC tai K. Chimg minh ring KH chia d6i EF. BAl 4. Cho tam gide nhon ABC c6 cic during cao AD, DE, CP cit uhau tgi Hf. Ly KL fin lugt canh AB, AC 520 cho HK 1 DE, HL DF. Goi T 1a wung diém KL, Chimg minh AT LEP. Bai S. Cho tam giée ABC c6 ba dudmg cao AD, BE, CF cit nhau tgi H, Duong phin giée 22 — Sé 537(0-2022) thuge cde where [x] is the largest integer which does not exceed x. 2 Given an acute, scalene triangle ABC inscribed in the circle (0). The circle with center C and radius CB intersects BA at D (which is different from B) and intersects (O) at E (which is different from 2). DE intersects () at F (which ic different from F). CO intersects DF, aR respectively at G, L. Let Q be the reflection point of £ in the midpoint of GF. The point P belongs to EF so that PL perpendicular to BC. The circumeircle of LPQ intersects AB at R (which is different from L). Let K be the reflection point of Rin CF. Show that PK // BC. Translated by NGUYEN PIU HOANG LAN (College of Science Vietnam National University, Hanoi) cia hai g6c ABH, ACH ct nhau tai diém K. a) Chimg minh K thudc duéng tron dudng kinh BC. >) Got P,Q lan Iugt la trung diém cia BF, CE; X,Y lan lugt 1a giao diém thir hai cia KP, KO voi duong tron dudmg kinh BC; KT 1b dung Kiul cua duong tron dung kinh BC. Tiép tuyén tai T cha dudng tn duong kinh BC cit XY ‘tai S Ching minh PQ i/ MS. BA 6 Cho tam giac ABC Khong can, khéng wuong tai 4 n6i tiép during tron (0), truc tam H. Goi M.N lan lugt 1a trang diém cua AB, AC va E, F lan luot la chan céc duéng cao ha tir dinh 8, C cita tam gide ABC. Goi P 1a giao diém cua a0 V6i tiép tuyén eta (0) 1a A. Goi Q la giao diem thir hai eda (0) voi dudng tron ngoai tiép fam giée AEF, R MA giao diém cia AQ va EF. Chimg minh PR | apy,Bai T1/533. Cho trong dé mdi tong E, F, G, H, K, M c6 1010 sé hhang, tong cudi cing NV c6 5 so hang, theo thir tr nhw trén, Danh gid mdi s6 hang trong cdc tong ‘wen nh sau: Ge Mt ip. Stel Hb 2020 2021.” 3029 1 11010 1. 6 tt F 2020 2020 2020 2 ele rat pee 134 fy. 54 3030” 4039 20212022 * 2023" * gos2'* goss Paks alsa fran dé mau sé cia che phan sé téy oée gidie 3030“ 3030 3030 nguyén lién tiép tir 2021 dén 8083. Hay so sinh A tage tate pei 4040” 5049 verGe er pene an so te, ae tee TA ‘ £ 4040 4040 4040 Loi gidi. Tong A c6 6063 sé hang. 1 1 ach 1. Da deg ee a aes: - ‘ ‘ 5050" * 6059 eee pints pe dec J 1 _ 1010 1 i (orton) *(ee-+ as) Fi 1 1 1 1 ae aot 6063” 8083 6060” 7069 =B+C+D, pabibepras ut trong d6 moi tong B, C, D co 2021 sé hang, theo 6060 ~~” 6060 6060 thd q nhu wen. Danh gid mdi sé hang wong cdc beng et tong trén nhu sau: 7070 8079 1 Be 1__ 2021 ay 1 __1010 1 B=——+...4—_< +... == +1; Se ee 2021" 4041-2021" 2021-2021 7070" 7070 7070-7 1 derail, 120211 ( 1 1 ) 1 C= :. sob tat Pe oan” ~* 6062 <4042**"* 4042 4042 2 3080“ 8083) 2020 ee key py 1a ae eae Goes *”* 8083 “6063 "6063 606. 3° 80R0 2020 Nhu vayA=B+C+D< 143+ Teepe eee, 2020 2021 Hf =) “5049, Céch 2. Dit a-[ 1 Ll 1 pee eer ge ila) te ¢ (a +as)(aa 1 1 ce (at -rats)+( 1 i 1 ee l(t ee Gast) SESP+G+H+K+M+N, Nhu vayA=E+F+G+H+K+M+N Nhdn xét. Cac ban sau c6 loi gidi tt. Hung Yen: Lé Tuan Higp, 6C, THCS Doan Thj Diem, Yén My; Nghg An: Hoang Van Nhdn, Nguyén Thi Bang Tam, 6C, THCS Ly Nhat Quang, Dé Luong. NGUYEN VIET HAL Bai T2/533. Tim cac sé nguyén 16 p, q thoa man: pt 4q vag | 4p déu la cdc sd chinh phuong. TOAN HOC sésa7e-2022) * chugitre 23Do a6 MB’ = MP = ML.MF, suy ra MI 1a tiép tuyén cua duéng tron ngoai tiép tam gide ILF. Tir Mat khac MES =MB3 ==> BAC nén ILS= 90° Tuong ty ta ciing c6 IKS=90° , do dé L,S, K cing thudc dudng tran duong kinh IS. BAC L b) Ts BTM =MCD MB la tiép tuyén cua cdc duong tron ngoai tiép tam gide TBD va tam giée FBL; MI la tiép tuyén ctia cdc dudng tron ngoai tiép tam gidc ILF va tam gidc IKE ta co: MB? = MP = MC = MD. MT = MF ML = MK.ME. Xét phép nghich dao cc M, phuong tich MP = MB? = MC2(1,"""") thi I :Sh9 A;BH B;CH CDR TE KFDL. "Vay qua phép nghich dio 1," dudng won - ngoai tip tam giée DEF bién thinh duong tron hgoai tiép tam giée TKL, dudng thing BC Li “thinh duéng tron (Q). Vi dudng tron (DEF) tiep V6i BC tai D, suy ra dung tron ngoai tiep tam ‘lie TKL tiép xac véi duimg tron (0) 84 T. .xét.1) Cau a) cing cb thé gidi theo céch khde: “NDhép nghich do cue M, phon ich k= MP =MB = MC (Iie thi [eM SH ABR B;CHC INI. Ti dé qua phép nghich déo nay ducng tron (MBS) bién thank duong thing AB, duéng tron (MCS) bién thanh duéng thing AC. Do 46 Iie? :KOE;LO FP. Ta thdy A, F, I, E lan lugt la dnh ctia S, L, 1, K qua phép nghich dio Iie", dueéng tran dong kinh AI, nén b6n diém S, L, 1, K ‘cing thuéc mét ducing trén. 2) Cée ban hoc sinh sau 6 10% giai ding: Hung Yén: Pham Thi Minh Anh, Nguyén Van Khiém, Nguyén Gia Khanh, 10 Toan 1, Tran Van Quan, 12 Toin 1, THPT chuyén Hung Yén; Ha Tinh: Trdn Minh Hoang, 9E, THCS Nguyén Trai, Nghi Xuan; Thira Thién Hué: Pham Ngoc Long, ‘Nguyén Quang Huy, 12 Toan 1, THPT chuyén Quée hoc Hué, TP. Hué; Quang Nam: Hujnh Ngoc Hoang, 10/1, THPT chuyén Lé Thénh Téng; Lam Déng: Mai Trung Nguyén, 11 Toan, THPT chuyén Bao Léc, TP. Bao Léc; Binh Dinh: Nguyén Thanh Héu, L1A1, THPT Tay Son; Ba Ria — Vang Tau: Phan Trung Kién, 1271, TPT chuyén Lé Quy Bén, TP. Ving Tau. ma A, F, I, E ciing thude HO QUANG VINH Bai 19/533. Tim cdc sé thuc ava b théa man ede diéu kién sau; a) a 4(a+b+e) ©9( a? +h +c?) +10(ab+ bc +ca) _ 2a+b+c) (a+b+e) +3(ab+bc+ca) Thi dy 2. Cho cde so thie a.ho>l avb+e+2=abe. Ching minh rang 21 21 (dpem). thoa man peVat ai seal ate utyer=i 53 suy ra tn tai cae sé thue Sey Ching minh, Tir gid thi duong x,y,z sao cho: Do a,d,c>1 nén x,y,z 1 ba canh eta mét tam ni paepe apa oh coe ay Ber AyD , AOFyT Er) yee zex [serps ety) 69 “2 x+y eet Vee + ‘Theo BDT Cauchy ta co: yre6-—- yre z+x x+y 2 2 + 53 (appr Nesbit oon ap as Nesbitt) (dpem). sscirosnon "ONMOS 39Thi dy 3. Cho cdc sé thue a.be>1 Jd Led, ching ated (a-1)(6-1)(e-1)28. be thoa man a Chieng minh. Ta 06: x a red <9 (x41)(y+1)+(y+1)(z41)+(241)(x41) =(x41)(y+1)(2+1) Sxtytz2+2=22, Dodd: 1 dong 1 o> 14248 Lic dé tén tai cde $6 duong x,y,z sao cho: aa ktvtz SAPO say x BBT > (x+y)(y+z2)(z+x)2 8x92 (pom). Thi dy 4. Cho cae sé thee x.y xtye, >0 thod man = Chime minh ring Khi dé: 1 ne, ia (c+ aye) erie <_< 3. ta eg: VGroera § 3 > be ye a cra! e+b "a+b ate bee 1 vrss(-2 b) Ung dung cua dang 2 Thi dul. Cho x.y > bi etic 0 nce deems thou man ay yes ax 2xyz = 1. Chieng minh ring pepe Vevey eve 3 qy, Ching minh, Tit gid thiét xy + yz+ 242292 =1 ta 6 thé dat; x =—2_ ; bee” e4a oof Cale besyes AO OEIC, assaza sere <2 D(a+b)(a+c) (arb +e)(b+e—a) wi < Sat oy(ore)(e+a) 2) (a+b)(a+c) ((a+b+c)(3b+3e—3a) <9(a+b)(b+e)(c+a). Ap dung BDT Cauchy ta ¢6: VTS (a+b)(a+0)(40+4e-20)+(b+e)(6+a)(4e-+4a-26) +(c+a)(c+)(4a-+4b—2c). Ta chimg mink: (2+b)(a+e)(46+4c-2a)+(6+c)(b+a)(4e+4a~26) +(c+a)(c+b)(4a+4b-2c) < VP. That vay BDT <9 3(a+5)(b+e)(e+a) <2a(a+b)(a+e) +2b(b+e)(b+a)+2c(c+a)(c+b) 2a +640) 2° (b+c)+5*(c4a)+e4(a+5). Taco: a +a’ +b’ 23a'b; a’ +a’ +0? >3a%e; Dab 4a >3b'a; b +B +c! 236%; Cte +a 23c7a: Cte +h >Ic%h, COng theo vé céc BDT ciing chiéu trén ta co dpem. Thi du 2. Cho x.y,2>0 thoa Ching minh ring (). Ching mink. Tic gid thidt cia bai toan ta suy ra tin tai cde 86 duomg a,b,c sao cho rs or | a (a+bXave) cone (etaXerby Khi dé: (Deo [__he_ ore Cooee eta Goon vrs era ® 3 ‘er ETD < 2abe(b + aye+a) + 2b Jealerbha+by s2efab(at cKO FE) <(a+ b\b+c\c+ @)+4abe. VT < a(ab+ac+2bc)+b(ba+be+2ca) +0(ca+ch+2ab)~VP (dpem). Thi dy 3. Cho @,b.¢>0 thoa man oot 4 2, (oth (but) (erie Ching minh ring: abe >1, (ashore)Chimg minh. Tir diéu kién cia bai toan suy ra tén tai 49 2>0 saocho: a+1= [aes, pee +a) eta) ie aa 46 BBT can +r minh tré thank (=| aes | sie aT +E) Va) 292 Ap dung BDT Bunyakovsky ta ¢6: (ee +2) iz 04042) Vee, f(e+x)(2+y)-voy 22. Nhin theo vé céc BDT ciing chiéu trén ta c6 dpem. Thi dy 4. Ching mink ring vét mot tam xide ABC ta iudn 06 bat dang tic (1+¢0s? A)(1+c0s? B)(1+c0s* cae a). Ching minh. Voi moi tam giéc ABC ta 06 ding thite: cos” A +-cos* B+c0s* C+ 2cos Acos BcosC=1 (*) Néu AABC ti hoge vudng tir (*) ta suy ra: cos’ A+cos? B+cos*C >I, tir 46 ta suy ra BT ding. XétAABC nhon, Tir (*) ta suy ra ton tai ye 5 oe, | ey, 459,20 sao cho: e0s.4-= Nowa 2x yrs @ Fae +) PP gasat atx" Dat: a= ey Véi cach dit 46 thi atb+e>3,abeS1 va ab+bc+ca+abc = 4. Ta c6: () > (4+ab)(4+be)(4 40a) 2125 3 © Get Mat bs ede ahe 216. Te: a a Cong cic BET cing chidu ta cé dpom. 1 2 he)2 12. 22, 222; Mash+o si abe 2. Ung dung dé thu gon vi chang minh bat ding hire. ‘Thi du 1. Cho x.y.220. Ching mink bat ding 24x)" thive: (x+y) (¥+2), Dage(xt y+ Qe pte + zay(z 4x42) (1). Ching mink. THI: Néu it nhit mot trong ba bién bing 0 thi BT [A tam thudng. TH2: xyz # 0.Khi d6: o( EIT 2( 242) 22 +29} pat a=2t2; aZt® z y a+b+c+2=abe va a+b+c>6. Do do: () a'b'c! 2 (a+2)(b+2\(c+2) eo (asbsosr) >(a42)b+2MC+2) ea thse dabctsena’ +B 407 2a+b+c+6. Theo BDT Bunyakovsky ta 06: (arb+e), P4b tee: 22atb+c)2arb+c+6. Thi dy 2. Cho a,h,€>0. Ching minh ring @ 2 |. +e, 1a larsbrer "Wo oere) o \ertaroy Ching minh. Ho te ea) (J he FE) c ade ete, veh gc a be xty+2+2= xyz, Khi d6 (1) c6 dang 1 1 L 2. View fity Vie? fy —! Ta thy wee eae] 2 T! we wens i ay! gs? Raat Cong ede ROT ing chidu trén ta 66: $6 537(3-2022) TOE HOC 41Ta can chit inh: 22 s a cin hing minh: Ptr 231 (9), (4) <23(x! ty 42!) 4122 2( 7+ ye t2x) + 4(x+y42) Ta 06: 2(x?+y*4+27)>2(ytuztzx) va (x+y+2) 3 (Cong hai BDT trén ta cé6 diéu cin ching minh. Thi dy 3. Cho a.b,¢>0. Ching minh bat ding eyez e122 +122 4(x+ y+2)- Hie sun, — 2d +{b+e-ap Chieng minh, We. Wferan pat x= 222), @ y+ yet zxtoyz <4, Ta cin chimg minh: Ie lig 24+xX° Qty? 2477 ory ty tte txtytz 34, Ap dung BT Bunyakovsky ta co: Wayeiceesyit @tetstne) Thi du 4. Chime minh ring vit moi sd thee dheomg abe tacé (2a+b+ (2b+e+ay 4 Lerashy a 2a +(b+e) 2b +(cra) 2c +(a+h) Chieng minh, Ta c6 két qua quen thuée sau: @ +b) +0! +3abc2 ab(a+b)+be(b-+0)+0(c-2) (BDT Schur) b Va yt yet 22 2(x+y+2). Khi dd: pore +2) 42 (v42) 42 ar” ED TOAN HOC 42 * CTusitre__ $é537(3-2022) 3242), 3-22) ay Fan i 2 : (xty+2-3)° Ap dung BBT Schwarz ta cé: We Par 48 3 Ta ching minh Gryten3)’ 51 That viy: Pir 6” RE aed Ap dung két qua trén ta 06: 4 (sy y2 + 20) >8(x4+ p47), ta chimg minh: x? + y? 4274122 4(x+y+z) (x -2)'+(y-2)' +(z-2)' 20 (apem), BAI TAP AP DUNG 1. Cho u,t,c>0 thoa man a+6+c+2=abe. Ching minh ring: a) Ja+Vb+Je< Ta 2. Choa,b,¢20 thod man 4 eaten Chitng minh ring ab+be+ca< 3 3. Cho x,y,2>1 thoa man praeten Chimg minh ring Jx+y+z 2Vx-14Jy-14 V7 4. Cho a,b,c>0 thda man vu Chitng mih ing: 2) 44413 4(asd4e), abe ty vab + Vie + Vea <3. 5. Céc 86 thuc théa man a’ +6? +c? +2abe =1, Chimg minh ring 1 2 pe +I G@eDG+E+ Chirng minh ring a? +6! +c1+52 2ahes 20h hes co, 7.Cho aybye ldcke s6 thye duong, chimg minh ring (be. (cra-b) | (a+b-c)* 3 5 Os (b+e) Balera) c+(a48) =1,TIEN AcRBA A TENG ANH QUA CAC BAI TOAN PROBLEM: A tourist attraction in g is. big vertical whee! on which passe ie ide. The wheel wurns in such q wl Pa We height, hk m, of a passenger above the .,., ts given by the formula h= 60(1 ~cos kt) 2 Ugthis formula, k is a constant is the time in °° oo AM minutes that has elapsed since the passenger started the ride at ground level and lt is meesarad in radians. ‘ One complete revolution of the wheel takes 30 wheel minutes. Compute k. minutes means that the period of the function h— 60(1 —cos Ai) BAI DICH SO 76 BAI TOAN. Trén mot day chuyén sin xudt mid Nhfin xét. Cée ban sau e6 bai dich tt, sii bi bi dién tt, xéc sudt ngdu nhién cia mot thiét bj Khong dat tiéu chudn Jd 0,048. Kidm wa ngdu mhién mgt mau chon gom 200 thiét bj. Tim xac sudt dé co hon 198 thiét bi dat tiéu chudn, ; a revolution Solution. One complete revolution takes 30 period Luu §: X duge ggi la BAI SO 78 is 30 minutes. On the other hand, the function h = 60(1 — cos kt) 'e ground is has is a periodic function with the period = ili oe Remark: The above problem is extracted from a A-level mathemuativs past paper. TU VUNG 2 vong quay, banh xe : mét véng (quay) 2 chu ky ‘Translated by NGUYEN PHU HOANG LAN (Coltege uf Science ~ Vietnam National University, Hanoi) ngiu nhién nhj thite. Toda soan sém: Cao Thi Khdnh Chi, 84, THCS Cao Xuan Hny, Dign Chau, Nehé An; Trdn Van Quan, 12 Toan 1, THPT chuyén Humg Yén, Hung Yén; Tran Duy Anh, 10 Anh 1, Dang Qujnh Loi gidi. Goi X 1a sé thiét bj dat tiéu chun trong Baio Uyén, 10 Toan 2, Tran Thi Thanh Thu, 11 méu chon. Ta can tim P(X> 198), Tacé: P(X> 198) = P(X = 199) + P(X= 200) =200 x (0,045) x (0,955)'” + (0,955) NHIEU CACH GIAI . WhGn xéz, Toa soan da nhan duge Joi giai cla mot sh ban voi nhing céch gidi tong tw nhu hing céch giai 43 néu, Danh sich céc ban It: Tran Thi “Thanh Thu, 1171, Lé Thi Thanh Tam, ‘Lé Ngoc : , Phan Thi Minh Chau, 112, THPT Quéc hoc Hué, Thira Thien Hue; athe g An, xi Nghia Thang, huyén Tu Nghia, 2 Nea. (Tiép theo wang 45) Le MAL (Ha NO) enn RN RN AEE TERRES ESD Todn 1, Nguyén Thi Khénh Linh, 12 Toan 2, ‘THPT chuyén Quéc hoc Hué, Thita Thién Hué. HO HAI (Ha Néi) SSS RNeMN ONE KEREEEE Mai cc ban gi Idi giai BAI TOAN 59 duéi day vé Toa soan Tap chi TH&TT trude ngay 30.4.2022 BAI TOAN 59. Cho (0) ld dicdng tran ngoai tiep tam giée ABC. Céc diém D, E ln lugt nam trong ede doan thang AB va BC sao cho AD = AE. Cac diedng trung true cha BD va CE cat cde cung nho ‘AB va AC etia (O) tai cdc diém F va G tueong ting. Ching minh DE song song véi FG. NGUYEN VAN BAN (GV THCS Thanh Yén, H. Bién Bién, Dién Bién) séeoremen "OSuged3 —_— ealBAITOAN $7. Cho A4BC c5 4=28 Ching mink ring += 1,1 AB BC AC Gach i. Ve duimg phan giée AD cia tam gite ABC=> 4, = ene 5 BAC , mi BAC =2.B nén 4=4.=B = apsBein 4 tai D> DA-Dp. Tacé: e ABAC © AADC (g.2) a => BC _AB_AC _AB+AC _AB+AC AC AD DC AD+DC DB+DC AB+AC =e 2 BC*=AC(AC+.4B) (1), ‘Tuong ty, tacé: AC’ = AB(AB+BC) (2). Ti (1) va (2) suy ra: BC? = AC? + AB.AC = AB(AB+ BC) + AB.AC = AB(AB+ BC+ AC) AB 7 BC AB+BC+AC = AC’ + AB.AC = AB(AB+BC)+ AB.AC => AC(AC+ AB) = AB(AB+ BC+ AC) (3). Tit (2) suy ra: 4AB__AC+AB__ AC AB+BC+AC AB AB gd in| TUQ)va) 2 56+45" > a5 actae Cich 2. Bb a8 1: Cho hink thang ABCD (AB // CD). Hai duéng chéo AC va BD cét nhau 0. Busing thing qua Ovi song song véi day cetia hinh thang cét canh bén BC tai E. Chimg minh alee ie OE AB’ CD Ching mink. Vi OE//ABI/CD nén theo hé qua cia inh li Thales ta co: 44 —— $6 537(3-2022) Ee ey ah A B =CEXBE _BC_, E BC BC a Te ell . oa OE AB’ CD Tré Iai bai todn, D&t ACB =x(x>0)—> ABC =2x, BAC=4x, vi ACB+ ABC+ BAC =180° => 7x=180°, Vé hinh thang C A BACM sao cho BM jf AC N va BM =8C. pee Goi O= AM ABC. if e Ké ON // BM (N & AB), theo Bé dé I ta cé: ty] Sra ee ON AC’ BM AC BCS Vi BM | AC => CBM = ACB =x => ABM =3x. ‘Vi ABCM can tai B nén 180°—CBM _7x-x_ 2 Oe Ve Suy ra BACM 1a hinh thang cin => 4M = BC => AM = BM => AAMB cin tai M = MAB = ABM =3x (2), Vi BM // ON = ONA = ABM =3x (3). ‘Tir(2) va (3) => AOAN can tai O= OA=ON (4). Xé AOAB 06 OAB=3x va ABO= 2x => AOB =180° - ABO -OAB = 7x~2x~3y = 2 neu AOAB cin ta A=>OA= AB (5). Tit (1), (4) fie ating df ees esol Aston 8 O = 9-56 5e Céch 3. BB dé 2: Cho tam gidc ABC cb duing phan giéc trong AD. Qua D ké dudng thing song song voi AC cit canh AB tai E, Ching minh BMC = 3x. Chieng minh, Yi DE WAC nén theo dinh li Thales AE _DC =a — =—— (1). Vi DE f AC => CAl “Bac “> Mase ma BAD =CAD (gt) > BAD = ADE = AEAD cin tar E=> AE= ED. tach: ADE,> yi DE // AC nén theo hé qua Cich 5. (hinh 6 céch 4) Trén tia 46i cia tia AB ldy cia dinh Ii Thales ta c6: 4 ia tia AE _DE_BD diém D sao cho CA Ia tia phan giée cia Tee 6: ge ac ne & DAC =, +B =3x. Xét ABCD 06 B= BCD =2x Be SABCD cin gi D => BD=CD va BDC=180' -2B eee pee ‘4x =3x > ACAD cin tai C => CA=CD. WAC AB AC ab Ap dung tinh chat duéng phan giae wong ACBD Tre lai bai torn. Qua A ke duimg thang song song ¢¢, 42 AD AD _BD-AR_CD-AB Cat tia phar 6; === (1). Ma T= ay eee eeccta BC CD CD CD cD a ® ce | Ge AB _,_AB (>) u(t) va Q) suy ra: AB pAb, ya: N=ABOCM, theo bé aé2 A to) oe 1 Bl oC AB AR AB _ to J 1 $: —=—-+ 1 AB, 48, AB + Bote ac’an 8 C AC BC AC BC AC AB Gi O=BMAAC, ta 06 MA BC Clich 6. Trén nita mit phing bo BC khéng chita > 4MB=CBM =x vi MAC=ACB =x, 1 46 say 4 Hy diém D sao cho a ra AOAM va AOBC cin wi O=0M=04, ©O=% vA CB 18 Ho a 0C=0B => BM = AC (2). Do dé tt gide ABCM Phin giée cia g6c ACD. B a Bah tics. can) Cee aC =o, Ls tem en oan a CD sao cho CE=CA = NMA =2x—> NMB = NMA+ AMB =2x+x=3x = BNM =180" — (MBN + NMB) = 7x—(x+3x) =31. B => BM =BN (3). ae ats Tid ABMN can ta Tr(); 2) va) = AB Bc AC Gich 4 Tien cing mot 5 nia mat phing bo AC khong chia digém B lay =, A digm D sao cho CA=CD . ¥8 CA 1a tia phin giée cia DOB. Xé tam pide cin CAD 0 Gap = 180° =ACD _ 72-3, 2 Z = GAD + CAB =3x+4x=71=180° nén ba aiém => ACEB = ACAB => ABC = EBC=2x. Xt ACBD cin tai C va c6 DCB=x > CBD=CDB -3x = DBE = DBC- EBC =3x-2x=x. Ta 6 BDE=3x va DBE=x => BED=3x = ABDE can tai B => BD=BE= B= ABAD ABD _7x~Sx 180° cn tai B=> BAD = BDA Goi M=ADABG, ta 06: MAC=BAC—BAD =4x—x=3x, Xét ACAM «co ACM=x va MAC=3x => AMC -3x nén ACAM cin tai C > C4-CM. Xé ACAD c6 ACD=2x va MAC=3x = ADC =2x nén ACAD can i A => CA=DA. Ti CA=CM va CA=DA co CM = AD. Hai tam giée ein BAD va NCM eo bai ge day déu bing « va CM=AD nén ching bing nhau din AB=CN. X6t ACAD 6 CM 1a duimg phin giée nén theo 66 dé 2 ta c6: peepee ee CA CB CA CD CN 4B NGUYEN ANH TUAN (GV THCS Hoa Hiéu 2, TX. Thai Hoa, Nghé An) (Tiép theo trang 43) $6 537(G-2022) ene 45BAI TOAN 66. Gid sit fin) la hiim sd xé0 dink tren tap hop s6 ne nhién vi ldy gid ti trong tap hop do. Chimg minh rang néu véi main ma c6 bat dang thice fn + 1) > fifin)) thi vai méi n s8 cb dang thitc fin) =n. L6i gidi. Céch I. Trude hét ta chimg minh ménh 88. V6i mbt $6 ne nhien k va v6i moi sé te nhién n2 ktacé hat dang thite fin) > k. Ta chimg minh bing phuong phap quy nap theo K, V6i k=1 thi ménh dé ding vi ham sé f(n) chi lay gid tri trong N’. Gia sir ménh dé dung vii k. Xét s6n2k+1, taco: n—1>k va tir gid thidt quy nap ta c6:fln— 1) > kva f(r —1)) 2k Theo bai ran) > fif(n ~ 1)) nén fn) > k hay An) > k+ 1. Ménh dé duge chimg minh. Tir day suy ra voi moi KEN" thi (k) > k. Bay gid gid sir tén tai sé meN'sao cho Son) > m. Goi A = {ffn)| n > m} va goi 1=fip) = mina. Ta chimg minh f(p ~1) > m. That vay, vi p - 12 mnén: néup-1>mthi f(p-1)>p-1 va néup~1=m thi flm)> fn). ‘Xét sé nguyén durong g = fp - 1). Tir lap Juan trén suy ra q € A, nhung lai phai théa min bat ding thite ip) > /n ~ 1), vay q <1. Digu nay mau thin vi / 1a phn tir nhé nhat cia 4 46 bcd 86 53703-2022) eS Ta da chimg minh mén dé fim) > m la sai, vay voimgi nN’ thin) =n. Céch 2. Gia sit tn tai bam s6 f thoa min yéu cu bai todn, Dat d=min{f(n)|neZ"}. Goi 6 théa man fm) = d. Gia sit m > 1 = d= fim) > ffm — 1)), miu thun > m — 1, Nhu vay f() dat gid tri nhd nat tain = 1. Xét tap hop: {f{n)) n > 2}. Chimg minh tuong ty ta cling ¢6: §2) = min ffn)| n> 2}. Hon nita fl) < (2) vi néu f(1) = (2) thi JQ) = 2) > Af), mau thudn. Lap lun trong ‘trnhu trén, ta 06:1) <2) 1. Két hop v6i (1) suy mia 1a fin) > n voi mgi neZ*. Gia str tn tai k sao cho flk) > k=> fk) >k+1 =k + 1) > AM) > Kk + 1), vd IY. Do d6 f(n) =n véi moi neZ*. Nhdn xét. Co ba ban gii ding bai nay va giai nur e6ch 2 ¢ trén, D6 la cae ban: Tran Van Quan, 12 Toan 1, THPT chuyén Humg Yén, Hung Yen; ‘Treong Quang An, x4 Nghia Thing, huyén Tw Nghia, Quang Ngai. Tran Thi Thanh Thu, uqgl, THPT chuyén Quéc hoc Hué, Thira Thign Hué, Xin hhoan nghenh cac ban. NHU HOANGGIAI DAP: LOI GIAIDA DUNG CHUA? (Bé dang tren TH&TT sé 532, thang 10 nim 2021) Phan tich sai lam. 1) Goi 4, 1a bién cé toa this Khong 06 ngudi, 1=1,2,...12. Do d6 xéc sudt dé cic toa abc cd ngwsi lan lugt 1a P(A), P(A,), P(A) chit khong phai_ 1 P{A,), P(A,), P(A). 2) V6i moi i, je{I,2,...,12} va iz j ta cb ay=7C4))-(12) - Bién cd 4,94, 1a bién cOcahaitoa i va j déu khong c6 ngwoi, Ta thay PA MA)=IN. Suy ms PA)P4)2 AAA), tie 1a hai bién c6 4,, A, khOng déc lap. Vi thé ta khong thé 4p dung quy tac nhén xéc suat. Loi giat dung. V1 / hanb khanh én nglu nhién 12 {oa tau nén sO phan tir cia khong gian miu i n(Q)=12". Ta sé tinh xdc suat dé 6 ding 1 toa khong cd ngudi. Dinh s6 cdc toa tir 1 dén 12. Cé C}, cach chon ra 3 toa tir 12 toa. Ching han 3 toa duge chon Ia céc toa a, b,c. Ta sé tinh sé trsng hop 7 hanh khdch lén tau a0 cho cic toa abc déu cé nguai, cén cic toa Fe {1,2,...,12} \{a,b,c} déu khong c6 nen ~ $6 trudng hop 7 hanh khach chi lén cic toa a, b,c vakhong Ién cdc toa kav 1a 37; = S6 trudng hop 7 hanh khach chi lén khong qué 2uong 3 toa a, b,c va khéng lén cde toa khde 18 ae), = Nhu vay, s6 trong hop 7 hanh khéch chi lén ‘cietoa a, b,c sao cho moi toa nay déu co ngudi, it ci nhimg toa khic khéng 06 ngudi 1A ‘ Do 46, s6 trréng hop c6 ding 3 toa tau c6 ngudi ta C3.(3? -3.2’). Xée suat can tinh 1d = 0,011. Chon dap an B Nhjn-xé a khéng 06 ban ndo phat hign ra sai Jam trong Idi gidi bai toén, KIHIVI cic chit sé 3, 4 mdi chie sO xudt hién 1 Ian, dang iar edo chi ab 1 King Bing canh nhau, cée chit sh 2 Khing ding canh nha? Sau day 1a (01 giat cia ban Minh: 6 sé turnhién 06 6 chirs6, trong dé chit s6 1 xuat hign 2 Lin, chir 66 2 xudthign 2 Un, ede chit s8 3,4 mai chit 88 6 rnin 6 6 chr s6, trong d6 chir s6 1 xuathién chir 6 2 uit hign2 Ein, cc chirs6 3,4 mbi chit lid $62 audit hig 2 ln, av eh 96 3, 4 uni cnt 6 xuat hign 1 Lin, va cdc chit s6 2 lu6n img canh nhau ‘Vay sé s6 tu nhién 06 6 chit s6, trong d6 chit s6 1 xuit hign 2 lan, chit s6 2 xuat hign 2 lan, céc chit s6 3, 4 moi chit s6 xuét hign 1 lan, dong thoi cdc chit sé 1 khong img canh nhau, cic chit s6 2 khong dimg canh nhau Ta: 180-6060 = 60 s6. Ban hay cho nh@n xét vé loi gidi cia ban Minhan. Cé bao nhiéu sé te nhién cé 6 chit sd, trong 6 chit s6.1 xudt hién 2 Ian, chit sb 2 xudt hién 2 lan, cae chit s6 3, 4 méi chit s6 xudt hién \ Ian, dong thei cdc chit sé. 1 khéng dimg canh nhau, cic chit sé 2 khéng ding canh nhau? Sau day la loi gidi ca ban Minh: $6 s6 tur nhién 06 6 chit sé, trong dé chit s6 1 xudt hign 2 lin, chit s6 2 xudt hién 2 lan, cdc chit s6 3, 4 m6i chit : gs a ! ‘ s6 xuat hién | lan 1a 8 180 so. 21.2! S6 sé ty nhién 06 6 chit s6, trong 46 chit s6 1 xuat hién 2 lan, chit s6 2 xudt hign 2 ln, cdc chit s6 3, 4 méi chir 6 xudt hién 1 Ian, va cdc chit sé 1 luén dimg canh nhau 1 £ 2 =60 s6. 2 $6 sé ty nhién cé 6 chit sé, trong do chit s6 1 xudt hién 2 lin, chit s6 2 xudt hién 2 ln, cdc chit s6 3, 4 méi chit s6 xuat hién 1 lan, va céc chit s6 2 luén dimg canh nhau i ‘ la $= 60 so. sty sb nit ob 6 chit ob trong dé chit 6 1 xudt hign 2 lan, chit s6 2 xudt hign 2 in, cdc chit s6 3, 4 moi chit s6 xudt hién 1 lan, déng thdi cdc chit s6 1 khong dimg canh nhau, cc chit sé 2 khéng dimg canh nhau li: 180-60 -60= 60 s6. Ban hay cho nhGn xét vé loi giai cia ban Minh NGUYEN VAN XA (GV THPT Yén Phong sé 2, Béc Ninh) $6 537(3-2022) etre 47a 9 Teed Wag {hw Mathematics and Youth Magestne Tain ese ion \ q BAN CO VAN KHOA HOC GS.TSKH. TRAN VAN NHUNG TS. NGUYEN VAN VONG GS.DOAN QUYNH ‘GSTS. TRAN VAN HAO. HOI DONG BIEN TAP ‘Téng bien tap : TS. TRAN HOU NAM Thu ki Toa soan : ThS. HO QUANG VIN. XUAT BAN TU 1964 537.2022). 55 Son, hing i, 06 Ba, aN lee gp: 2635120007, Brat in geascos om asexe71 Ema eoriertaiteriewam@omal.cam CHIU TRACH NHIEM XUAT BAN + Gh tich Hoi déng Thanh vien NXBGD Viet Nam NGUYEN DUC THAT ‘Téng Gidim dc NXBGD Viet Nam HOANG LE BACH Téng Bien tap NXBGD Viet Nam PHAM VINH THAT ‘Vign truimg Vien nghien cau Sich va HLGD PHAN XUAN THANH Pha tang bién tip : CN. TRAN THY KIM CUONG TS. LE HONG MAI 75. TRAN BiNti CHAU, TAS. NGUYEN ANH DUNG, TS. TRAN NAM DONG, 7S. NGUVEN MINH DOC, 7S, NGUYEN MINH HA, TS. NGUYEN VIET RAI, PGS. TS. LE QUOC HAN, TAS. PHAM VAN HUNG, POS. 7S. VO THANH KHIET, (WS. TSKH. NGUYEN VAN MAU, Ong NGUVEN KHAC MINH, TS. PHAM THI BACH NGC, GS. TS. TA DUY PHUUNG, TAS. NGUYEN THE THACH, GS. SKIT. DANG HUNG THANG, PGS.TS. PHAN DOAN THOAL, TAS. VO KIM THUY, PGS. 7S. VO DUONG THUY, GS. TSH. NGO VIET TRUNG. IRONG SO NAY © dank cho Trung hoc Cosi For Lower Secondary School Lé Viét An ~ Khai thic hiing ding thie binh phuong dé giai mot sé phuong trinh vo ty. Huéng dan gidi dé thi vao lop 10 THPT chuyén Lé Quy Dén, tinh Dink Dink, nnn bye 2020 - 2021. {Dé thi vio lp 10 THPT chuyén Bic Giang, nim hoe 7021 -2022. © didn aan day hoe tosin Lé Quang Héio ~ Phat tri tu duy cia hoe sinh qua vige kha thie 1oi gid mot bai toin. © Ban age im vst Newyén Ngoc Ti ~ M6t tinh chit cia duong 0 trong tam gide. © déra kj niy TH531, uy 12/537, L1/S37, 12/537, Problem in This Issue © cit vat trvse T1533, .., T12/533, L1/533, 12/533, Solutions fo Previous Problems ign dp: LE MAL, NHU HOANG ‘Tri su, phit hanh: HOANG TH KIM PHUONG, TRAN TH] MINH HIEN 45) Noi chuygn voi céc ban tré yeu ton Phan Duy Nghia ~ Hige toan 6 ich gi? @D pao co vise Hodng Biée Tin ~ Binh Vy Chvital v3 phing ttumg bay nghé thudt €3 Phuong phip giaitosn Pham Duy Khénh ~ Ung dung mot ding thirc trong ching minh bat dang thitc, { tidng Ann qua che bat toin Bai s6 78, Bai dich 6 76. © nuit céch gat cho mgt vat roan — Gidi bai todn 57, Dé bai toan 59. © du ich thé gist qua che bai ton hay ~ Giat bai toin 66, BS bai toan 68 ® saitimsaiur ‘Mi thude: QUOC HIE, THANH LONG Thiéi ké, ché ban: MINH HOA2, Mon Mi thuat ea ‘Ban ghé hoe mithuet 3. Mon Sinh hoc Miy edie 8 Bobs 4, Mon Vat li 5. Mon Hoa hoe a ormy apd docobin ‘Kray mang dung cu va da chat a 86 thi bdo gia (6GICIGTHIEU) (i519 B||DAVAHOGIUCRS Oe am ay = pha xuat ban Gido dye Vigi Nav truc thuge BG Gido dye va Dao tao c6 nhigm Vu t6 chire bién soan, in dn, san xuat va phat hanh cée san pham sich giéo khoa, sich tham khio, sdch dign tu, thi& bi gido dye phyc vy hoe tip 6 cae cap, bac hee trén ton quéc. Ver ba day hon 60 nam thye hién nhiém vu chinh tri phuc vu nganh Gido due, Nha xuat bin Gido duc Viet Nam da hoan thanh xuat sac nhigm vu trong cdc lin d6i méi chyong trinh va thay sich gio khoa do BO Gido duc va Dao tao phan cong. Cac san phim gif due cha Nha Vit Nam lun ¢6 duge sy tin nhigm, tin cay cia uliéu thé hé hye siuh, phy huynh va giao vién wen han Gita due Thye hign nhigm vy d6i mai chuong trinh sich giao khoa giao duc phé théng, bén canh viée bién -soan cic b6 sich gido khoa da duge BO trudng BG Gido duc va Dio tao phé duyét; Nha xuat ban Gido due Vigt Nam cin cit vao quy dinh Théng tr vé Danh mue thiét bi day hoc tdi thiéu cp THPT uc lam vige nhom to sw say mé, h cia B6 Gido duc va Dao tao, cin cit vao triét li, nOi dung, dc diém ciia cic b6 sach gido khoa dé 16 chitc thiét ke va san xuat cdc sin pham Thiet bi day hoe lap 10 méi ding chung cho cac bé sach gido khoa. P “ Dé chudn bi phue vu cong bola hoc cho GV va HS trén moi mién t6 quéc nm hoc 2022 ~ 2023 va. nhimg nam tiép theo, NXBGDYN véi hon 35 nam kinh nghigm trong san xuat va kinh doanh thiét bi duc, cing voi d6i ngd chuyén gia gidu kinh , hoa si tit ke chuyén nehigp va auy nh cin, xy dumg, san xudt cde sin phim TBDH theo aa rane paSayt thiéu danh cho céc of D roe ene ret ct Een U EL ed nghiém hudng nghigp 18 mén hoc hodn toan moi me véi nhiéu ndi dung chu dé hap dan, bude dau gio due hudng nghiép cho cée em hge sinh chap ching bude vao bic hoe THPT va day cing dieu. ic em durge kham pha ban than, kh”m pha kha nang eta chinh minh, Dé gitp mon hc nay that bé ich da c6 rat nhiéu thiét bi day hoe hé try di kem dé GV va HS hiing thit va yéu thich hon Ngoai ra véi hing tram logi sin pham thiét bi day hoc phye vu, hé tro cho cde mén hoc khac nam trong danh muc thiét bi day hoc t6i thiéu l6p 10 do j B6 GDDT quy dinh. Nam hoc 2022 ~ 2023 14 nim dau tién trién khai thirc hign thay SGK theo chong trinh GDPT 2018 46i voi lop 10, di ddi voi SGK 1a cde loai thiét bi day hoc turong img hé tro cho cae bai hoc cia timg | mén hge gitp cho GV va HS twong tée véi nhau nhidu hon, khai théc va truyén tai ndi dung day hoc mot céch sinh d6ng, chan thyc va chat Iuong, thai thong qua thue hanh giép HS phat huy x thi ddi voi mén hoe qua dé phat trién ving Ie vi su singt | tu duy va tri nhé duge 6t hon, cdc em a dung li thuyét dura -vao thuc hanh trong ‘cuge song. Day la higu qua to lon do thiét bi day hoc dem I: Voi vige xée dinh ding din higu qui to 1m ma ‘TBDH dem lai cho cong tae ging day, hge t ‘ GV va HS trong nha trong. NXBGDVN da dau tr nhan lye, tri lye, vat lye dé san xudt TBDH phye vu chy ede vdp lige, bac hye, BO TBDH eita Nha xude ban Gido duc Viét Nam dam bao mue dich day hoe, ~ e6 tinh tham mi, than thign véi moi truéng, an (03 cho ngudi diing, gid thanh dam bio can tr i, hang sir dy tio CR co ag