Cambridge International Examinations

Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level

* 7 2 9 0 1 0 1 7 1 1 *

BIOLOGY 9700/22
Paper 2 AS Level Structured Questions February/March 2018
1 hour 15 minutes
Candidates answer on the Question Paper.
No Additional Materials are required.

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The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.

This document consists of 13 printed pages and 3 blank pages.

DC (SR/SG) 147571/3
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Answer all the questions.

1 Fig. 1.1 is an electron micrograph of part of a eukaryotic cell.

X Y
mitochondrion
×47 000

Fig. 1.1

(a) State how it is possible to deduce that Fig. 1.1 is a transmission electron micrograph and not
a scanning electron micrograph.

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(b) Both the Golgi body and the rough endoplasmic reticulum are part of the internal network of
membranes in cells.

Outline structural features shown in Fig. 1.1 that identify G as the Golgi body and not the
rough endoplasmic reticulum.

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(c) Calculate the actual diameter, X–Y, of the mitochondrion labelled in Fig. 1.1.

Write down the formula that you will use to make your calculation. Give your answer to the
nearest whole nanometre (nm).

formula

actual diameter ................................... nm

[2]
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(d) The inner and outer membranes of the mitochondrion have a fluid mosaic structure similar to
other cell membranes. They are both approximately 6 to 7 nanometres (nm) thick.

(i) Outline the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure.

There is space below for a diagram.

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(ii) The inner and outer membranes of the mitochondrion differ in the detail of their
membrane components. The inner membrane is also much less permeable than the
outer membrane.

Suggest one way in which the structure of the inner membrane may differ from that of
the outer membrane to produce a less permeable inner membrane.

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[Total: 9]

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2 Linoleic acid is an unsaturated fatty acid that is found in some triglycerides and some phospholipids.

Phospholipids are components of cell membranes.

Fig. 2.1 shows a molecule of linoleic acid.

H
O
O C

H C H

H C H

H C H

H C H
H C H

H C H

H C H

H C

H C
H C H
H H H
C H H
H
H C C C C
C C
H H H H
H H

Fig. 2.1

(a) The composition of cell membranes of plants changes in response to changes in temperature.

At the start of the cold season there is an increase in the proportion of phospholipids with
unsaturated fatty acids in the chickpea, Cicer arietinum. Chickpea plants that do not make
this change do not survive.

Suggest how the increase in the proportion of phospholipids with unsaturated fatty acids
helps plants, such as chickpea, survive decreases in temperature.

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(b) (i) State why triglycerides and phospholipids cannot be described as polymers.

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(ii) State two differences in the structure of triglycerides and phospholipids.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

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2 ........................................................................................................................................

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[2]

(c) Platelets metabolise linoleic acid to produce a molecule known as thromboxane.

Thromboxane is released by platelets when blood loss occurs. Thromboxane acts on smooth
muscle cells in the walls of arteries. This causes arteries to constrict, which reduces blood
flow.

Explain why the constriction of arteries following blood loss is an example of cell signalling.

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[Total: 9]

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3 Neutrase® is an enzyme that is used to hydrolyse proteins in solution. When the enzyme is mixed
with a 2% protein solution the reaction mixture changes from white to colourless.

A student carried out an experiment to find the effect of copper sulfate and potassium sulfate on
the activity of Neutrase®.

The student made four reaction mixtures in test-tubes A to D. Test-tubes A to C contained equal
volumes of protein solution and 0.1 cm3 of solutions of copper sulfate or potassium sulfate.
Test-tube D contained the same volume of protein solution and 0.1 cm3 of water.

0.5 cm3 of a 1% Neutrase® solution was added to test-tube A and immediately placed into a
colorimeter. The colorimeter was used to measure the intensity of light that is absorbed by the
solution (absorbance) over 100 seconds. The procedure was repeated with the other reaction
mixtures, B, C and D.

The results are shown in Fig. 3.1.

1.4
A 0.05 mol dm–3 copper sulfate

1.2
B 0.01 mol dm–3 copper sulfate

1.0

0.8
absorbance C 0.01 mol dm–3 potassium sulfate
0.6
D water
0.4

0.2

0.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
time / s

Fig. 3.1

(a) (i) Suggest and explain why measuring the absorbance of the reaction mixture over 100 s
is a suitable method for determining the activity of Neutrase®.

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(ii) With reference to Fig. 3.1:

• describe the effects of copper sulfate solution and potassium sulfate solution on the
activity of Neutrase®
• suggest explanations for the effects that you have described.

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to produce foods with high nutritional content.

Explain the advantages of using immobilised enzymes, such as Neutrase®, compared with
using the same enzymes free in solution.

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[Total: 9]

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3 The unicellular fungus Kluyveromyces lactis is found in dairy products. It is a safe microorganism
to culture for the extraction of the enzyme lactase. Lactase catalyses the breakdown of lactose, a
sugar found in milk.

The reaction catalysed by lactase is summarised in Fig. 3.1.

CH2OH CH2OH
CH2OH O CH2OH O
H H H H
O H O H
OH OH OH
H O OH H lactase H OH H
OH + R + OH OH
OH H OH H
H H H H
H OH H OH
H OH H OH product S
lactose galactose

Fig. 3.1

(a) Describe the reaction that is catalysed by lactase. Use Fig. 3.1 to help you.

In your answer, identify R and product S.

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(b) On a commercial scale, immobilised lactase can be used to produce lactose-free milk.

One of the products of the reaction shown in Fig. 3.1 acts as an inhibitor of lactase. This is an
example of product inhibition.

(i) Suggest why product inhibition is useful in K. lactis when lactase is acting as an
intracellular enzyme, but can be a disadvantage when extracted lactase is used free in
solution for the production of lactose-free milk.

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(ii) Suggest how using immobilised lactase in a commercial application helps to reduce the
problem of product inhibition.

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(iii) The first large-scale production of lactose-free milk with an immobilised enzyme used
lactase trapped in cellulose triacetate fibres.
Suggest one feature of cellulose triacetate that makes it useful as an immobilising
material.

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(c) For a commercial application using an enzyme, the progress of the enzyme-catalysed
reaction needs to be studied.

Outline how the progress of an enzyme-catalysed reaction can be investigated experimentally.

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4 Fig. 4.1 is a diagram of a section through part of a young root.

soil particle film of water

cortex

Fig. 4.1

(a) Describe the pathways by which water passes from the soil to the cells of the cortex shown in
Fig. 4.1.

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(b) There is a greater density of mitochondria in the cytoplasm of cell X than in the cytoplasm of
a cell of the cortex.

Suggest why this is so.

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[Total: 5]
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6 In a dividing cell, DNA replication occurs before mitosis.

(a) Steps in DNA replication are outlined in Fig. 6.1.

Complete Fig. 6.1 by filling in the gaps using the most appropriate terms.

1 Helicase enzyme allows the DNA double helix to unwind and the hydrogen
bonds between the two strands to break, exposing the four bases,

............................................................................................... (A),

............................................................................................... (T),

............................................................................................... (C) and

............................................................................................... (G).

2 An enzyme molecule attaches to each of the two separated parental strands.

The two enzyme molecules move in opposite directions, each catalysing the
formation of a new strand of DNA. This enzyme is known as

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3 DNA ................................................................................................ ,
the monomers of DNA, are activated with two additional phosphates and are
free in the nucleus for the synthesis of the new strands.

4 The bases of the DNA monomers form hydrogen bonds with the bases on
each separated parental strand of DNA, according to the rules of

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5 One DNA strand is synthesised continuously and the other is synthesised

in sections known as Okazaki fragments. The fragments are joined by an

enzyme, .............................................................................................. , which

catalyses the formation of phosphodiester bonds.

6 The result of replication is two DNA molecules, each one containing an

original parental strand and a newly synthesised strand. This type of
replication is described as

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Fig. 6.1
[6]

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(b) Fig. 6.2 is a photomicrograph of root tip cells at different stages in the cell cycle. A cell in interphase
is labelled.

J .......................................

cell in interphase

K .......................................

L .......................................

Fig. 6.2

(i) Name the stage of mitosis shown in each of cells J, K and L in Fig. 6.2.
Write your answer in the space next to each letter on Fig. 6.2. [3]
(ii) Explain how it is possible to deduce that the labelled cell in interphase shown in Fig. 6.2
is in late, rather than early, interphase.

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(iii) Describe the stage of mitosis shown in cell J.

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