1. Give an account of glycolysis. Where does it occur ? What are the end products ? ‘Trace the fate of these products in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration, Ans. Glucose is brokendown into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid is called Blycolysis. It was given by gustav embden, Otto Mayerhof and J.Parnas so called EMP pathway. It occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell and takes place in all living orgnisms. In this, 4 ATP are formed of which two are utilised and 2 NADPH + H" are formed. A* the end of Slycolysis, 2PA, 2ATP and 2NADPH+H" are formed as end products. The ATP and NADPH+H¢* are utilised for fixation of CO, Glycolysis occur in cytoplasm. Pyruvic acid, 2ATP, 2NADPH'*H are the end products. In aerobic respiration, pyruvic acid, 2 NADPH + H* are completely oxidised through TCA cycle, ETS pathway and produce 36 ATP molecules. In Anaerobic respiration, pyruvic acid is partially oxidised results in the formation of Ethyol alcohol and co,. 2. Explain the reactions of Krebs cycle. M: Ans. The acetyl CoA enters into the [mito - : : chondrial matrix] a cyclic pathway oe tricarboxylic acid cycle, more commonly ™d called krebs cycle after the scientist Hans Krebs who first elucidated it. : tsar adaade 1) Condensation : In this acetyl CoA’ condenses with oxaloacetic acid and water ‘Oxaloacetic acid F toyield citric acid in the presence of citrate | iNAbEii- ee ONES, co, synthetase and CoA is released. fi mo ‘Cin OAA + A.CoA + water ina crketogtari ae citrate synthetase CA +Co.A moo i co, 2) Dehydration’: Citric acid looses) "4%". . ‘as water molecule to yield cisaconitic acid in — a See mcr the presence of aconitase. The Citric acid cycle CA—Aeonltas_, Cis-aconitic acid + H,O 3) Hydration : A water molecule is added to cis aconic acid to yield isocitric acid i the presence of a conitase. Cis-aconitic acid + H,O. —A2™ 5 isocitric acid4) Oxidation 1 : Isocitric acid undergoes oxidation in the presence of dehydrogenase to yield succinic acid Isocitric acid + NADP* —sehvdrogenase_, oxalosuccinic acid + NADPH+H* 5) Decarboxylation : Oxalosuccinic acid undergoes decarboxylation in the presence ofdecarboxylase to form a-keto glutaric acid, : Oxalosuccinic acid _decarboxylase_, 4 jeeto glutaric acid + co, 6) Oxidation II, decarboxylation : o - keto glutaric acid undergoes oxidation and | decarboxylation in the presence of dehydrogenase and condenses with co.A to form succinyl co. A. aketo glutaric acid + NADP*+ co.A __dehvdrogenase_, succinyl co.A+ NADPH+H* + CO, 7) Cleavage : Succinyl co.A splits into succinic acid and co.A in the presence of thiokinase to form succinic acid. The energy released is utilised to from ATP from ADP and PI. Succinyl co A + ADP + Pi —tiokinese , succinic acid + ATP + co.A 8) Oxidation - IMI : Succinic acid undergoes oxidation and forms Fumaric acid in the presence of succinic dehydrogenase. . we . lic, dehydt . ‘ Succinic acid + FAD —SSCReCeivvgems? _, Fumaric acid + FADH, 9) Hydration : A water molecule is ka to Fumaric acid in the presence of Fumarase to form Malic acid. Fumaric acid + H,O —T™*S°_, Malic acid 10) Oxidation IV : Malic acid undergoes oxidation in the presence of malic dehydrogenase to form oxaloacetic acid. Malic acid + NADP —Malic-dehydfogenase_, Oxaloacetic acid + NADPH + H* In TCA cycle, for every 2 molecules of Acetyl co.A undergoing oxidation, 2 ATP, § NADPH+ H*, 2FADH, molecules. are formed. . |