ise
Preble o} detiamtviny 1 Im 6
whether
A aBven Atotimant Arima 4 a foudelogy 4a
Contradiction oy at fra Satit Mable is tnoun 0 Becixon
a Obviously » the Conttruchion of Auth tables
involves a Raitt nog dtipt , and as Such a dacenm”
Problem um the Atatement coloutus aLusaiys hos a Folut
Ag Ai :
AS disused eontion, —the Comstvettor of takth
%
omay mot be pradital
even widacthe ach & com putin
ON —therrkore Comvolie othev problems ae
Speductivon ‘to notumal Porm of wilh Ve Convenient
tha word ‘ produch' un place of “Cont v0 chad amd
in plate oe qirg unckion
@
Suppote Wwe wos ‘f dou'ds whither > fin atacke mack
eqpivalerts ab mob: We com fad
put ctthey ane testo
VARA truth tables q
a
Rim we
and take smog ptpe:
con And ub in hon ono of aps. iN
Nels.
{ a produc f the arable, ond thei negabine a
Called am clementany — prodrch
@
SB -F p amd a, be amy fun atomic \variallar, Lamnly
Po U1 paw A A p
PAR Oy 1 PAG) WP ANY, WAAy Pawp
PAVANY &£ Pawengy an chomentany product
A sum f the woriable and them neqation %
Colled elemenkony » Sum
4
2. tk pamd a vo amy fir atomic wantabler, hearty
Pray, PVD PVA YPVY, mpVnu, VAVar PYOP) PYUY~®
and pyr Pvy ow elarmerkony Suns
Produch ; uloch &
def Any port of an elementary Sum oy
Bettas
ttaele an clomenkaruy Suv ob product Calle
G the duopnak clomectay Sum ob produc:
wooni abl ex, then
a ¥% p omd g, Ore oy fi cathy nc
PYAR 1» PYAYP Ww Ane faith 4
U1 Pe oP RAMPS
of wy APAMP Dis Unct ve Newnal Porm (Sop)
Or °.
hone ula he sh fo a. aven
which qui val ni
nests 6
* fa Sum o4 ehementony Producy is called o
Agua chi ~
ve metmal Ryn of ~bhe given Cymular ~ihe
Gia jucchive “noUmal “Fva of a Frmula, & mot unave
SRO TE WNP Latneaadnstns diy enctive,, notrnch hea,
ve meng uate py YAN)Es (Pua dA Crum
& (an vlenayy pam Vv Gan)
G8 FS pond q one amy fun AMatemente then
PAR Sa) Garp) v CRA) 4 (pany) vCPA* is tthe
Pre of pa(P3d)-
An eajuiv abucts B snula cam’ be *abtaidelbsite > set C2 OS
replaced (by as
we get on equi valu Foren. Usb
adamontay produc Kaen:
yank ms Agia" wre! omamipulate uot
ch te the Sum Gnjunch've Nomal Fixm. CPeg) (Pos)
A Br muta which oquly alum to % FBrven Formula ord
fone fo product a olumentony Gum called a
Gorjunctive meotwnok Porm of the. aiven Povenula.
Paral equivateets Ryle cam be. obtalmed, in which
Samdcs ane cveplaced bY Ai v and nw. Again we
which %
smomipuleds until we ger am eqpivalenb Gor tn
the Produch of elementary Sun tava.
arg pond gq, ae “any fin At ake mont then
PAE >U>C> PACH EVA) and PA Geva) is the Cory unche
Ema erm of PA RY
Protedive te Sptath (DNR HW CNP rol a given formula.
Shel: of the tonne cdives > omd Es ane prerent un the
oven” Fovmuha thay aw creglaud by Arv 4 0 V2
P54 ts replaced by MPYY wh POY & Veplaced bi
et Mion (paay Vopr a) & @pvyAe4yP)
SHEE of the spegation 1s present before Ane given Gr enul
By apart of given Formula (mot % Wariable), We-
= Makgons haus one rvplied ko that ne ~ogation é
brought Vetere the wantables only: Buse 8 neumary, ~the dish bubive Pow
Stop 4%
CNE
amd the
Volempotiak Aouw ane ap pied
J thee & om cloment any Produch which
equiv alent to the truth ‘valve € tw the pwe
Ur & omitted. lly Wf thee ts am elementary Sum
which % eguivalent to the -twth valve T on cre
U is. omitted:
DNE of YS @ops is given by
UY (yDP) Sera Vv lyoP)
= wy vlvyve)
=e (raved P anmiatr ve (oxo
= wav p — Sdampo Gat (aw
oy r~@va)& Gar pea by.
mvexr (pay = (vay n Gaa)V (rey 4) A
= ~ (pad) )
= BRAN YA (PAI VPA @pvmay
ed GAwpalyana) V(pv vy) A (wp ~a)
Gey, QYO)A (W PY HY)
= (vaya Crys)
aA He dlinjunctive netmal Armi ff the
Mo wsings
PPA (pan pv (wpolay yan
PEY PSC Cpaed [Ca wena Pil
1) pa Cpaa) = patwpv%)
= (PAwp) ¥ Craw)
bY py ( apd Cyvivrony) = prcetot
= pv [own (avivarnm)
= pv [pv (4 waver)
pyevavanwen
av ieay waniyy
= pV yv aN ane
PSC tryna mivaveplenry (ery 9% wa”)
Siwy [ wpatvarry (¥A04e
Swpy L@ranarl yy Cyawapl
5 wey parerany] VL vas)
oP vf (Gawpray) y (PAN)
wpy Crary CPeav)
OPV PY Paw
mip v (PAY):
yor Ny oiy
DNE gf a given Angical @rprevion ts mot uniayve - abta,
tain Conj unchive — snot Ete Following
®) PA (psa) ® [av cpans] Aaf(pynda 4]
PA (poa\ = pAa(mpvay whith cnt:
>t yy (PAns] Aw [ cpyma a]
fav (ani) aL wipvnvn)
(vp atuwer afte pAnm) yn)
= [qyvp) A (avs) AL (wpyew) nm (unve a]
wy AV
3) w(pyay = (PAS) nee = B38) ACBS«S
n(Pva) = (PAS) = (ve > cpaay) ang) 32114)
= (tolevay vicensil a (wl ene) vert eve i
= (fev CPasy) A(Ceop vw) v (Phe
= (Cv ovpya (PUG VO))A ( pn,
= (pvavp)a (PVQVO) A (pv nav nf)
7 7 A (~ Pveq VnQ)
= (Rv Ive) ACPVO) 4 Cwpy apy a)
A (vp v~s)
(ev A (IVE) a Crp vera) A(~py.
wn
Ny
(pvaa (rpyve® at *
Princip oh Aigivneive; Netmal,, Fecm (pone)
ly. Qand q be Bue tod nent arab les. fot us, Conshnd
AN poxdible fiveiulat which Cena’ af conjunction of
pa wp and Gee OAs None f the Prmulae gedrould
Contain oth o syadable and a negation Sorthermotes
by Commucbing rho Rrmulae
any Bamuls uhich 4 obtained
et Ve Comte
included "tw the u
fo the Conjunction 4 mots
haadad "on Hee Lich
equivalent fo one tm
gaat bath (ttin bath
ge Aude Bombe
phere. Brenubae
Buch o Formula will be
CQ? ethan PAY ov anh &
Su tin “anlabla p and a,, there ane
ren by pray paras wpay and Pana:
ane tolled mintere of parnd 4.
Ref Sor a opven Bumula eq uivalant Prerwin ee
of disjunction of mivterms only is Enown os wu pring pal
| chitjunctive onobmal Bam. or He Sun 0) produc caapraracel Fn
| prrupa — Conjurctive eumal form: (PC Ne)
| ak pand a, be tin takiment warsatles fd ts Cantbooms
|
_ All poawable Frentne which Const of chis juedtion pees
ened gy oh way Noe of the Rr mulne shouts Contain bate
O -coniab\e and iB negation « eA Pua ORE amy “| | FR tie wantables pamd 4, there one
Which
KW abtaimed by temmabing the Rremulae m tha '
thy
oli onebi
Honea io) pots Unitluded: iim the Lat Vecaune A
A Poymnula will Ire equivalent to one pp thuded on the Ud
CA: cether pyy oF UyP i melded , bat not hath.
n> such Poy muloe
oven by gua, PVE OPYY amd MP VOY There Formulae
ose called amantoims of pond, %
Dads fa oo oven Aymula, om eajuivolent Formula Contishing
of Conjumeli on of anon fens only ws tneun os UF
Prindpal Conjunchive mrotemah Kym. ob Ut produk gf
Sums camenical Poven- '
Fret table Br max, wes of pay
Poy ep oy Re Pee NY ices
eer ee a €
EC Ee NY Genel — F es)
_ a ea
eee eT tial Oy
Sov
Poe
Tew) Gontabliay “Phare ane o™ montums
heres s ‘ uo? 4 "
fu mn’ ‘ ' te ay
Truth fe ftw Venally pe v, marten Mm
pya, P¥ne, wpye 4 neve y
aaa
Mostum fr thre Wauvaldy PY 47
v vam,
Po opwavn a | PV aver pyungvn, peer
:
UA
epy gyn NYVaVan, wPpyegyvr: DVN UAH y
Each ff the man tum har F fox erorkdy one one
hee flurth Walter of tha Voriobles-
Meteds fe obtaim pdef of a aver Rrmule
Dwth table method
tov eveny burth valve. AT q the Gp wen for muta,
Sele the anim tine which ole has Valve T Ay the
Same Combinabin of -the truth valves f-te Warially
= Obtain pdm gf each of the fillnwing
Mprea ddpve OH (pag).
io ao hes PAR eu (PAB)
eee ot 57 2 T e
| aT i F oF F TS
i
. Fe Tr iS Fp ms P ay weva & (Pat sR
( (Pye pyra)
& (wpa cavra) x (
way) VC cpaay VOMP
avg) NV (pA ad
LES ( (op ra) VirP4 Aas)
E> (wpaa) V (OP
a(pas) ve PAR) NCQ AD )
y ((wpaeint) ¥ ( COABAT)
= (Ann tevaey) NC
e) (pag ne®)
way), Caney ACRYL
( (r panne y (ep ats wo))
»
=(@4® at)
tw pat) COM
= (eran
NC (gnenpyy CQAeh wp)
= (pABAR) V (PAG AMPA) N(Copaaarr \ Huo nnrent)
Red her pene f p> (waver)
wave p> (ware)
P mck
neat F af 1
ee, be f €
leg a aj a +
aa we a *
= «> £ : i
Pepe le i s
eee. t L
Pee FST os a
x Pa yawy CeAw yan) V (CP Aw yA wv 9V (om PA)
i NE pay An ad V Copan a Asn Cr pan yr a)
‘oe Pavan»)
e-Mwvaye spveyius pone ] Replacement Method (wtthout Udind dacth table)
y ) Bret replace -the Conditionals amd br tondbitienal,
by thew equivalunt Sr mulas Containing only A Nr
'
2) “the pega ons an applied to tha \poriab les by Hs rg
eMobgans flaws Followed by the appli cabinn f
) distibutmw Laws (as way done eonkiew in obtaiming
2 din ob Come)
_ 3) Any ebomentany Product which & a Contradiction 4
| dropped:
u) Won farms ane obtaimed tm the chijunchirry by tattvodis
“ang the miaring fy cls: Ddlartical nin fines Oppeams
tn the disjunction ant doletad-
This wmethed cam be used t detiumine urhathe Sie
Rven formulas dove equivalent.
£4° Obtain p.dinf for the fUoweng Grtoulos, without
USiNg Prsth tables.
Dple Deopya
P=@Q & . (pre dAlarPpP
E (pve) alway P)
2S Mpalwavp)) wlan (wav Pr)
ES (Grave) vinpa D)v(( ares) \ Carp)
> (Cepawayve) v LF V Ca nr))
& © @pare) V C@APY which we veguived p.domt
2) Ceagyy (wpaeyy la ae) res. ail
Not oy the pame (Pent) eG & apiven Rourmula i
Containing on wanables (ant hadouke pant (FOS
For will tmmoiat of pea. cinguncdion ( Ure) uncon) the
Slamoinirg mincteam Cmax: Gro) edith clo var appean'in
Mo pow e COramA) gd A Gan A = wtway er in
obtadm the powe UPPNA A by rvepentad a plication
q We Motgonts Rous tortre pow cpreve) ff WA:
obteim pent & Pant of the Foremnuha Coopvnay> (fa,
Po & ap e& WPYrd) (POO (weds (O°
Bigs. ces F e B € a Sy,
nets. Fe ais a F & mun
el oe c a ay =
ree oc € Ey pro 0
Se cn Se Cire ~ (paes))
es (pray x Led vay (PAS:
uk A- (paayu(er~s) VU (Pag)
eh ie he fms lich one ‘el om fk:
te which om not Un Pesan (
PAs wpava.. Rind: 0 ¥
het ple \
Prnu dsyncbven motel fém w( pv ayes @AQ)
ny (PvQ)o PAY
{a
df (eva) A (PA) V Cw Cr CPVa))Aw (pAv))
2) (CapaAnayateanayy (6 puaratnp va)
ES (Copa pyar (Couns) ¥ (Cev a) a wpy (pu) And)
S&S Ceaeyv ClpaAwt) v CvanPy¥ (pany) KUN Y)
ea Cay, Cev WAnp vVGAn YY pe
E> &Awp) Vv CRAM)
Rind the ppnp for POY iy fuepacm Py
use have te eapress poy 4 a Aum of an tntaxs % P
ound Y- ) 1
Wo poy opvy C tonven 90 By mula)
3 i \W
ee oC)
(mPa way 4) s Ccpyer)
C bY
= mpawy Crpanwa) v Cpavy tw par)
Maey OD) She i botive a
av)
gdanti ty (ow)
Ww
(PAv)
2 (ann) a ) Eu any \
- cnep exition (~ ~ pad)
Dropp 4 r
iy ue abatl a8 “the frarth table br (pono AOPY
ama —then Rnd PONE
p vw op Of Tey wp (Pyne) A (apy e)
+ +t OF F iN oi a,
Ser antec ty di f
Pw tag F oT &
Ferd? 7 a i
pees ery, oa vee ee ne
nu -Mhe furth vkoble
Glumn, -e PONE Conk aint only tivo ™
Gag) v leprae)
the above diaman.
nti ma.
(Pye) a (mova) =
Alita we can alr prove uring of
Gt Pe (pyran (wp va)
his ts power, os “UE Contam pwoduch af mnaaten ma:
wp will Gontalm the cena Fenms mat in f
PRP Bia) tpyng), HA) 2 Vewabla “Pas om
ots f rman tinny)
nl Cpvad A (vp vee)
= aw (pva)u Cwlapve 4) nenies
Gy pare) (Pav Cn)
Now pe SR
(i
cre S
Wich th a Sum of amin tem amd dunce ub 'S POMP = Find he omintinm notmal. Gam #
~ Cora andA Cpvn)
&) &)> we have:
CC OyD Any A CVn) = Cw (pyar Venn) ACpvn)
1G We Morgan's
C Crpawayv an) A (pyn) '
(
2 (fawpnw ey a (puny (wn nea
(Bis ta votive tow”
= (PAL YA PLY (PAW ana) V (omAp
(wn A 1). (WH be
= @ PS aa aA
ev (SP Am yAN) Vv CARAP)
= (PA wVyan VC Cana) a
Sen ®)
= wean van) Wil Can ONG ay
CHAT = aed
= = @pawgan)y c Can aPpavy
Crvrd PAY)
a Em pawtan) VP AYARAY
(PAvaana)
PT Ths 1% & Sum of miner Un pra. amd hence bs
the ppwe. :
> a without Constructing the setnrutch, icltabless Gad rite. PONE .
bP ((pa.a) ANC vor)
&)s. Using — Converce on Loum amd He morgans tps oe
dowste Meqabion we have,
PS C(pray aw (waver) 3
MPV CC pra) Aw ary)
SPV CC wpv av) AlaAP)) )
Se. Coaaa wpver) OY yeu eae
ame PAa A) vCeavaes) Comet
E ory Ceawpaayv (Pra SL ae
Sh (Pie CF AY V(PA4)
BAA pve ve (Pav)
a ~ PY (Pay) f
Ve (pat) v Cea v)
= GPa Canin) v Cree ee
= jwpavy [wpawe) vu (PAY) f
pone,
“Tis ts Sun of omin terms amd gu Is te find the PPNR ¢ Powe of
forinulo
5
PY @P > wv Wa-p)))
&):
Ss Ae pv (wey apy warse))) ( Converaon low)
Ev (pyvv Cw wand) eae i)
= pv (pv v(vva)) C magaton Love) la
aN (ev@vaun) Canute 9) 4
= pw (rv vv Epa
= (pve vuvn ys
C Odameotint: )
= Pv avn
Bree vy “ve ve oR A YO UE) ee fu Pru
To (nd BAe pone! wer procend 4
tye Bindi thes pte, Yoo Ay liskedh vist tee Pproatcese (ce
mmonterms not wm fr
‘Ap @evavn® Coevneuvn
Ya learannrcrryed
a Cpveavnn) K (weve ven) ACrpun avn)
Ww
Now \ mr)
EW (w pv yvary as (pyvuvn)
Uw COPY NYY AIC PY v4 Van) [OPV ay
%)
vin (PA YAWN)
(paw Ann (HPAUALN)Y Capraw aan)
NV (PA YAWN (PA anny (Pan van)
Vv pa ven),
tohich 1s the ppwe withow: Gans hwebing “the GUN wil 1itad Cee Ben
amd pcwR of (wp3rm) A (423 )
heb Adamo’ Hho Aven eapyorion!
PONE of A Us the proctuet® of amar tums Un) Pra:
AS @pInA (VO P)
(w wpvn) A (CC vps (pv)
Woy
(Pina C Carve) a copy) .
@vnveya (wav wh (npy.ave) C8 aes
n Av)
vny la nna) a Clnavery ise
wltwpvarvin awn) Came )
vor)
tif St
\
= (pv ava) A(evinvny) ACway PY MA (SUVP
Atwpvavny A (vpyaven)
vnqv en re pvav)
Ebvavna Covey vad (P
C omivsig crepettion)
2 AvCapy yviPn)
This 12 he “produch of max teem Gn Pid, amd do
uw pewe.
Te God, Powe + Now. che PEMA of ATS he
» Product gpimanitymg nwt Un A.
ws (& PVN avn) A Copyrgy von) A Cpvquan
Be (A) =) Bn aun Viv (wv pV navn at)
] Vedi (pv avn) ee tt ont. F
iT © Ff
1 F OT Fr
TRF fF fF
a Te
eT F
PRT
arr 7
the pang (paan v (Pas
[a Paaae) v (Pras me) ¥ (
”
4 47
+
+
a
A
pr
-
.
f pA
aac
t PAG A~t
= Péve ne
= PAr Gnnk
= PAD ne
c NPA BAW~R
= vpanaanl
-E
wast) vit SPAY AWM) V (PAY ANY PAW GAN)
which is the Sum of mimturms ond ty ur tothe pdr
Obtain Ve PONE of pv eas (rpan)
(wpv~¥) — @pan)
= wlwpvrayv (wpan) C by Converrion Amol
(Pav) V (wp and
OC AVAT) VO MPANAT) C 2 Hous vowlalily
E an Hun we havets
Br rtsY 1) wonite tn Ging of thers
V (wpAna Cyv~a)) in Eig
Ww
Ww
= Cpawan) VEPAaAnn) VOMPANAY) V
(YM PANHANYV)
Sh te a Aum of rnin tans and tot (14 the power
Obtaim pdat & pint of PAX) V (wpan)
wk S= (pAady (mpasr)
=((paapat ) V (wpanaT)
= (Paw A CRVmH VC wpaan Cara)
= (PAY Ray V [PAYAY MN (m paar) VEPAMAMY
= PAUAS) (RAVAN) Y (mo PA YA) Volparynay
Ot tepwrentr pdn t
P Frd peal, colleds the remaining eynintarms mS,
mS= Cpa mans) V (pdm a ava) \ (a pagarnn)
N (er pAvy nnn)
“vfusl=pvy Vem) A (wp vavat) A Cp vey vr)
a) SE (Mpv aver) A (mw pyg vA) A (pvwgv a)
A (pyyy sn)
SH yeprerenh PCne:
