a I ~des ao 2380 8 9@sseed0 Oe Atenas esa Park Sources - Dyinshen, pat, aay of 2 Tolopic Sources Biffersct Com Principle t Petttin Mubhpleshon, Urigan Leneor ‘Arrays Broodside Bevays, fod fie thes, BRA th Inevnaed Dechy, Bosvabien ob “heir Chosackdistes & Composisen, Ass tuith Non-unijdin rnphhde. Biskbadions— General Coasiderahions & Bromal Pros, Dhustedve. Pablens , Alera Measnee {- Sohoducen, Govepls Reeiprocly, Nea. & Fan Field, Coordmoks. Syslio, Soumces of aids, Rains tobe Meonued, Srreckive}y Measurement, Gann Messuvements (by Genpesison PYosoluke &3-fralenna Methods) . Arlene Avo ‘fq Antenaa ome soph a. Stat Anlenoa, Retsd ely ot gala debe a dael der. Thay adao be dd 2A aay Steel © propaly phosd vedas Prec oved Sk one of the Comma mrethed of. Corbning vadtabions pore Poup eo arog. op sires arlene ty which the Phenocnenca of wave - trlexpence is Snvolved . The tohh ld pred by the lena cory aba fos cheer Sethe veda Sum ofthe fiddle prrducnd “by the marca aplenna, Of the anrag . syn Ceesision 2 Seveual Scanned with CamScannerra rk a An Antenna ony is seid te be linear, if the individual Antenne Pan ‘Prevogy ove pall Spoud olng the Slooght \me, Elerncals = Tadd Ymlennes of 901 cclema orroyp Sppleo 28 alto tetmed as ELEMENTS’. Union lina Atay '= 3p Al the elements awe qu with a exsrrenk oh Quel erogritide wa uniggin progresive, phowe shyt along the Ime. The element tn a mulli- clement arrag 3S generally «Ala opel. -firtenna, the leogth Op which 5 nol Recessenily elected Al, , + mont Vanits within 57. Nese faen Arka Aum Voxious aatennos Devo sed practice ate as follows _ ) Brood de fray D End Pre Roy 3) Collyneor Ari A) Ferasthe troy O Bread sde hewy I= Brood Side. fry is one mn Shich « number + idectial peril embennes out sek up along a lne drawa Se then respective ax» a» shown fa , Perpendiaalar Scanned with CamScanner399905 s307- ~~~ 79723593085 Fg Bwodsdle Army Arcocgemeat Ty this, mdvedual frolencos ove ejually spec alors o Ime Leadn Clecrent is fed with current of equal cnegniide_ al-9 The Sane phose + Tas orragemunt fey bbroodside Jtrechoo ie Perpendicular be tre Woe of, array ont whese There are, men vadiahon & velabvdy a WHle rodtahom ‘in other divechoo- The broods. O14 ts bidasechiona) which vediabin eqpatly well gn ett dlvechen ep mene rodtabons. Thea, brood side. Array mo be deyrad @ Yodhigh J, pecpendieub* adel eenay coatoorma the Meg clement? ibe Uat dieshood ? Prdtrechonal patton of abroodside arog 7 be converted nto undvechersl by ~slaling 2° “deatied Meng betes Ans oney at dskance Aly ® excite t by An auangeced ‘mm Uhh the procure! dyecton opis & oie fe the pore —_- Scanned with CamScanner —canveat heads phese. ba 9S A Th wedians . > Brodsde Prroup omy alic be Gremogel si vertical $9 which coe Hoe yodishen palliin cod be herigental Broad- Sidt Couplk Broad -Side Couple 18 said ts pen rf tap ssekoye vadtabis opuet %0 phese thereby “hey myers (suppat) each other most steoagly ta the plane night ones Se the Ime jerng them. © Sad Fre Pray *— > End- fre foc is symlar £6 brrodside onay except thed- ‘mdividual elements axe par, out phase (usually lec). Thu 59 the end- fre arve, 0. pe: a Nalenbical antennas ore, ‘Spoced equal Suelly abo erg a hing ord individual ecient a ore fed with curreob of opal mmogritude. bd hex. proses Vaiien Pregeesindy eng the Ime tm sucha wos te make entire range ment Sub stantialy unidirectional - End Fre may roy be dep on 4 The arson ‘8 ech The deecler ty the pongypel direchon Of radiokon Comedes wh the rssh the one ans". fm end fre era mo be Statechoml ale. One such, as 0 tie elemenls v0, fed ish equal coment igs ouk op phase An exd-fve seul ee ff Bae cp radatg ave ope phase vail Le delons of Ap apa. Scanned with CamScanner »,@e0@o@eoanoeoovr Fr VV PF FPA#Ps#Seeeseseeeeeeenee .@ ~£0 ~0e- @-- -> s & Direchen 4 Max rodibion ap me He ry fas Fi! Fook view of an end Fre arm ALE Fg: Nop View of Array eS Fa Rodsabion Pattern Callinent ‘esau Ta Came. Arvoy , the antenaen ave arranged Cenavally ie enter ore mnovated cod te ead ty omg lige Fe thus weds. ore onkenns 15 stacked ovte qnathas, 05 shear ® fy belo 0 pede 4 in 3 a ¥ ais of ox A tr RO Bo AI? ‘oe 4 ki whee of 4 Max Radtasion Fgai- Hosizorlel ontenacs 4 orange tolbnaila Pag Alene abe) Aroatd Ctrl Scanned with CamScanner SIVVvvvss we wvyevvsveos737 eeeceeeeaccc eevee eecoee ee ceee vuuve Sh a Neviduel leona’ ore fed with equal tn phase “ ne Pe AY 78 gue Me, led abe Bae elton it Wied caidas 9h lates dnegin sp eaten “adden + papel Je toe hoe gp sober a ths anrongesruck ges radiakion polten “though the waif nts, closely resembles with the radian pattern oy a, brgedsde 2 Bd the vodiahion patton of & calbosot. ong Wes chrewlat Spromelat with ob ian Ip extn prides Bs he poe 2° Tabs YC my on es oe > The ant Cele ange 8 man Hhea the, SP blo demerts ob the Adu of, 0-3) to ors hy bub thax ore constsuchtenal Sed priblemns+ Hence the cleenents 49 Colltras arrose oped woth “het chose So exch otha. dt serene im dtredk propeiten of, no. Off ends vi 2» The pores apen dow Collen elements used + . S Teo cements called arog woually used becouse tt helps mulkband epashon+ To clemnls Calas gosee vs ako Poaan a2 * Tee hel raves i woe proxe Me moe > Tce 0 the Neath op cllne eemip cee the esha PHBAF alemenls collinear aways a Ho be used, then st becomes essertha fs Connect ‘ Phasing shubs’ blo odjeced elements m dd, be Scanned with CamScanner5-@ keep Currents Phase * The. waciolion pallesn of callineat rv with diffe mo. of leroant 49 shay bebos + (8) 3 element element: (2) 2 Element ©) Feesthe A _ Fig: Radiation pattem. a Th simple coe ofa. paste ane or desen elemedt and One parasite element & “Tis ey be considereal 09 tivo element arroy « > Malti element arto hows no ob perasthe clement ove. cole “Parasthe feroyp* Lhelhur dkeven element is one or Mere « Hena m parasche arraup, Hue 4s one (8) move pavashe. Olerunts & Meat ove driven element tc Tibreduce. pebr tm the, ong = & parasshic Aco wih hoe oly wave atpale co clemenbs 3 retell Colled 0 * Yogi Uda” cay Yogi ' => Te amplhde & phase oy the current induced > @ parasitic elemeat depends 09 ‘hs aniog eth Spacing bho pavasthe element & driven clemed 4 which it 4 Coupled. Scanned with CamScanner pwuvwvuwwveveeo@vreeeeseeeeeeeeeeneseeeneeeeeeeeee © Ob, ‘ oral Y) Coss. sed z radiahon pattern Shortened» Fig: Too Element Arcos, bh thre ebemnont leagtherd 5h eT £ deren element ods as posoaitre Locks 0 Yalecks b Shétead by sf pest ppd Jirect 22 Shawn 0 above fg. Hhe driven elem blo loo- looo MHz. Scanned with CamScanner5-6 A 4 ce Arte fer fe ; 1) The Signal sheath Increars ») High aectutly is obtained 3) Mind lobes ane vedaced 4) High synod Se Nose vaho is achieved 9 High ‘ia 3s obtoimea ©) Power wastage is reduc 4) Retr perpbrnoncs obtosned . OD sadvacages of Anlenea Arays'— ) Resistne lostor are Mrereased , 2) Mormbamnence b- Maung is Aigpicult 9 Voge extire| sprue > vrequared Applicabions -- used % * Sedelite Corrmunicahon & Veles Communication Militey Radar Comerunicacions + Pstoromcl shay Rect Source *- Ay onteora 's gard o» pot Source. (00 Yelume. ess vodigh - Tn other words, iselsopie (A) oma diechonal actenns eth 2ao\ehine as Considered ar pongt source + be vepressrh by past 22s coast ocak ot the origin of a Comdial, Fg (0° Scanned with CamScanner e 2 epeeoe> vwuw ee eee ee 6 @ @ OO, - Js were we eecccee crcl L Bos X atemdl ret tthe rd conpnnt Sra thy . Rou deaaily, & “f es + pogo Veckh Js ‘mdependent of, Bed. @) A goph a Sroka Zoe a) Constant vadlug a9 a qpockoy wo one 3 a fe Nes Ws: Sot Oe leant of.aea ds ot vadis 1 Petten, bak ey73inpded Tr Colled For a seobmpic Souree o>) radtalion * "fig: Sphetel corns ff a port sours a Free. ae is —? The 3-dieensondd pore patlan Ban ischrfe Souci a sphere-To 2 dirsensiond p the. patton 2 & % “ Cada + ate 7 $2 omad wat ga TE ends - the enh Jaan ‘ab soluk power palttun’. YS is eupressed tm tas a thy Value 0 Sone the goghie 0 *rclebve poste patton’ - => The potlan vedios 4 a rdalve powel is Se[Syq WHE Sem reine devecion, Js the mrantmum Value of Sy Scanned with CamScanner= ” Sorat. polaxi an 4-© a te * men Vole of the velalve power. pattrin is urthy » A pats hit) a mon mot wy ais oe called a » ocmaliged pattern’. OO 9 b ony an pattancel, a poet set sodiahon- rte Pattern (c) & elabe yadktohion- intensity pattern a Herns have the same shape - dtreciond d. onisolropre Souro+ 2 AIL pe The veldve power & vad ralten— antensthy pottans (bE Dale hove the Some magnitude & hence Ae Sdenbeal , Arcay of ‘Iwo ‘Tey Port Sources + The avvags of- isolmpic wpe pot Gources im which ab 38 assume rat to port soyres ore sepanaked by a dighance (A) hve the The leona ox. dgpenot Cou, ) Foo pant Sources ith cuvenis oly qual crear & with same ilk phese 2) Too port sources with carreds of equa! crogeitude bat oppesitz phase + th curreals ce unequal roogihudes & x) Two pomt Soures WP vith op pbs phase a Scanned with CamScannerpool hanes Bocas syrabes PLageckele © ph chop y «Tot pont Sources Sprondcally cthutid wvt 5 ei “ Fhe oxgn the arteton Coodwnati oplia SS Rent P a sham fg . &, 0, «© Bab av colulated db distant Poe Pak dana pom the Oran & the ogin 23 things vpn pot * phase colculaben , pia y * Wow tho Source roche (© 2-shepe pomt sures stated the pork p ok oleate Stecbially wet one Se Mram the waver fem soure2 ——amplhula & phase becouse of path differance (3!) Td ved blo the Sie uawes . a Thus, Sure S$ bay & Sour ay had +The pa digeuna = '2')ondit Poth ditfpeuna = (Acoso — me [qomacer 7 the a0 Ahh Jom Held pattean ef Ga) /¢ Sone Ad, hele & oh My df A Hen cos AL | any phase ro | al imp on! ay, 02! = df, Cos® Cong « Scanned with CamScannersO Pato ifpetance = Adose ods = 4 Ose wowlergis. Phase ngs (y= sr (ulh dipference) = ama, so ) od . BE a8 ad TO ean Y= paced: vo, ag a > bb ee re clediic fd of distances pomt p. din ts soura- 4 a E= Thi eledie fiddl af o distance posh» Y= Pd ase wdtens ‘ / = Phase angle dlyyesnee bho the fies of, he am Sere meas ured ch ong ® larg aadiun vecta hoe, ‘Thin, tolel fo field ab distant pombe, tm the dhrechon a. 8 3 ov} given cr E-6, ohn, 6 Bele whe § ¢ oh. Yad Compoent due be Scere & pion # % ‘ rok. > Buk sn ths coe yb us assumed that amplhds om Saree Ine EE arf. Hy c= FeMe Be awh HVA y 2 2 o(e% ¢ Se ee 26 a ewe a Scanned with CamScanner(Enea | [coe 2") [eapas(Heey] oY Pee 2 fenplnde — Phase - This is the 1 pe yeld paltto op tae Lachopic. port seuver 8} Same amplibde & phase , Nocovlizad Lotd shength (hte Festa (A) t- Nowmabged ferd strength Ab gen ae let VE Ln Eneten = | 96 cs (FAge) Bet Enocen -| cs( Flcs®)) This Ss abt alse Galld as area $oaley) Ener = os oF i, Coss Evan Cs 20s) | otm = Mariie Dicchion’~ Epes ren, hen G5(088) is moximum, & Bomex valu is +1- Eb mon wher Cos(Thcsd)= pa Th cose = a 26 0 Hs'(t.4) FENTy 20,123 jo 180 PMO 0 99 ~ ima = @BX0) = 54 a 79 ] Oman = 416 b245 Scanned with CamScannersO Meng Drechin = Enea dB ert then Gs (TY, GsBnn) 22 ere Zils omsntmum value 13 0. Ek etnimum then es (Taso <0 Th CosQin= G3'(0) TH, CsBonw= $OneiTh [ohes 0,2 -] fern so> fC Emm = Wh GsQnn=#! a4 Omm = Gs Ban = 0 2 IGS SP TES Rend Praaicn— AL lp povus pb the pret 3s 1, vollige oF caent Jc tint the ron Value vellge ercaver Cos( Th Cos) cal Theasg = s8(t “e) TL CosByppy = 2 (2nr)% [ehus n-0,12-° i ae 2 I Oo Prro™ ee Cos G Hep Burpp® cst %) » ‘Too pout Sources with cunents of equal magpie bid with oben oppose phase: This js Similt Le the above except shat Port Source-4 is auk of phase or oppostt: phase(i8d) fs Scure-2 ie then Thue is Scanned with CamScannermen 9 Surat ct one pathicular snshadt, then hase 18 e097 Somer , © ab thed ‘mshadk & view-Vewa » Pah difference blo the vases is aren *y fadh diffe of, Gs0 49/,Ces& as 2 AGB eneters [ae ayy « 4,08 | vorcecg Phose ongle =21( pak dferena) ky—4 2 an( gf Gso) Fig: 2=tSekqpie pooh Sous y = 8d asp. (e-*% [F=p9| —p-8 The tolal Geld ack distant Pomt Pm the drrechon of 8 ib gnenby E-G a ey tb Vena Prinplitedse ave same. 1 ¢ Ein Eg= E> eo ete a ie (e% 24] ay Ee7 Scanned with CamScanner4-0 * Presence. of opeater j Semply ereans that opposite phase. brngs A phase shigh of qs 0 the tohal Feld» [ % oy the phase Constant con be regeckd while Consiga mognthade.- Notrnak sed -feld Sheng | lel Norenabged Setd sheng ib gen by a Ee | 3 so( Bde) | F lelow Nofm za a Ce Le] me = 2}6), Eom = [om (plese) | Eotm © [sn (4 72)| [fremieen] | Base | $n (m Gs) | Moviouen Phechon' Max Value of See funda is, Sw Tso) = FS Th, CesOoea® SA0) Han) [-942J fro 20° Mf} sna = a , GSO pg = FS 7 Brnon® @9(24) Minimum Directions! Minimun Value of 0 Gove qpandan is 0 . : $30( 7, 658m) =O Wy Cosa * S8(0) = nT [n=or2-J TI GsFn = +N) fon-2 > _ThGsOin= 0 2 Cot Bian * 0% Brin= Gil) [ Bem 29% 2-43 Scanned with CamScannerMah Pestks ink Dricchios !— A help powee. Pert Sio( TH. 6) big = * Ui TH. G Opp = (4%) 4 CaP hyp Sources ree is taken on “eessnce jo phone &lider of flds due ke Surtet go ak a dlslar) jpomtp ss €; bE, tm which E17 | > Then the fstel- phase difference. dbo the sadtaltons tive Soures a pomp a grey ¥ = Adasb+x . Whur o¢ 3 the phase ale by which the currehTy_ E Sourca—p Seade the concent T, of Sourte-L : > pated of 5,8 BEAM ES tt wil Conefpendng $e the aleve Sia Corer’ pon Fig (6) veka are > The tole fd Pa gra by E-Gov dt. Fi(#&e¥) [vate] [eE-e( it fe -e( 1424) | [e | & Sine EE PKL yO O0fbe4 Scanned with CamScanner: Pe js e | i (Cay f e Esp joy] [ea Gre N° Cesoytlp E hue $= phase sage alp = +0 Treg © Pencil of Pal altete Mult bili ation ¢— Be Ths maha multplication provides a spel mabe fh shel the patlere of Complientil orrauys just by Tnspecon & hut 4 Prinaple prow bbe a used Sa dest a, ontenna oreays * % The bidth of the principle lobe Ethe Centespondng Width array Pattern au soune + The Secanday lle» au dekoinad pom the rumher. of mulls ota, Yesultont palten . & Thomo. of oulls aw the Sun of oulls ef mdvtda patlun 4atto fathan . + This mdhed Js tad & pant by port cnutlplaskon Of pattans Provide the aoc pattern 2h. the vesutlank. Begertinn The toel Feld pattan of on arog of nea-isotopc bub Sila Sources 33 the mulliplicahon of, the individual Source poltans B the pl fon ete, epic Pink Sours cach Aocahl bh, Phase cenlse. of rdivtdiud Source & having tha velabne ample t pha, Where a the tobl phase pollo is the addslion of the phase patlun. Scanned with CamScanner£0 of the Sndividual Sources £ that of The arraif % ischseple point Sourcen, ‘The parcple of cnolkiphcchen pasa 38 applioble 4 fam thee emer sional patleins. Then the tol field pattern of an army Of roa SSP pub stl Souree, my be rite fe =ferleg) neato} xf Ex(09) +660} _tratitotn gg td pi) ing Prin bhee 8, bo othe pola Lagmabh rth ong | Ex(6)) = Fad pattan of trdividual Source, EalBag) = Field potn of arey a schmpic poroh euros Epil8,¢) = Phase patin op sndvidual Sourte. Epa tug) = Phase poton xf aray of. hmpc pol Suc = Total Gold, Ae Palla Tulipiolin sf 4 pon Seurces co (fp wnt vodsbodng) Aswoy of 4 trolmpie Source Sepeued by Aa, » ede, op of (62) £ (204) Jaf The esuthorlea mks oy fs 2 Bet 2 dislanee bho ltl nd 4 Palen st te 2 having culls ato 18d ‘ : lpg -- A © 4 Fig: Liman. args of 4 — 4) Some a Y, Soho centr Speed A),opub- 0 pose at as Med, ~ ° Scanned with CamScanner> Resultact Rattan =(untl pollen of x or) x , ay (pfoup patle of 24), Soop patlan sf XEY2— Ly am pled woh askin of J Ahen is hosting nulls of 666126 \25. . 768 Resutlent palen 1M Resultant patter = ao We @ iitsheo oullgy 9 26 Patheses + Mex x nine Nu). Y \ Mea x Mane Mon, xs powt iscbopic. Sources! — eagle x . 1 1 Ab, MA ® Gosidu of 2 chmals ea" oh ke se3 6 ieee : vealed [xs] & CLO © tore } Ly, One hy “4 @ [alton of A= Goup pottan of 48 2- ® a o hey ae PF goo = ah Pelli > eit falftin of A/D 8D CEN 0. Scanned with CamScanner2G © pattowrel 7 = nik pallu el Roce @ pti aud e separ? ». alls 6 wu > i —° @ 4 a3 ‘aa unik fale hors é Soup pllnol ey k mz wey y we ALL, ne eT GN —? j wal-paln 6} 699 Op.» 4? Mik om. cpping akong ye 16° « Gm linc xy we Pee ‘if &=0 &deah Bre amen vy eZUT@SB Scanned with CamScannerAdvoctage of Pelton Matliphiabon © B pawde a s mncthed a ue ry 4 skeLrg The radiahon poten of. ph ore just by inspection , © Th bes te dekh he vocation pattun of Srp product of element ory antenna the pattesn & are potten , a @®bws used Sed ny acai antenna, array , © Pemk by port euthplicahen of patter caused ood by thus mel +d jaily acourabe . Pied vacloges = Dou opplicable only fh arrays Coron Gertcal elements. vy rn heneat, frog both, N_isaey ie pert Source of equal Amphhule € Spoony ¢— — fn ary Js said Se be linea, if theindividual elements of the Ona cst Spaced equally ole o Vine & Unnyden f the Some aux fed with currents ef eouol amplihde B-urigen Progressre phase shigt along, the \me. Lek vs coleadat the pattern of o Imea ary of nL ischopte pomt Sources m which pomt Sources am Spaced Gey d) & ous jd with mm phase currents of equal amplhude Gag. B) as shown gn below 4g. Scanned with CamScannerThe toll pr fod patton 1 ata dstent parsk P is Oblotred by odlng veotar the feds of mdvidual Sour ay Geo Oh Oe op t= Be en Lax s ata «+ Foal ee eta) |—O my Sheu ye (plc 1 dion, = Tle! phase differance of the fields at pont P fer adjacent t= plas diese m adie park sun @ry Proguessne phase shipk Ys 2 pomb sources » <> Multply ¢ Osby ev? Creche 6 (OuLY dO) cf Ep ete a eet -e¥) —® Sutheadeg 48 fom 40 (0-®)-- Eee) = e(1-e"™) 5) be written on Eps) ——__ 40 onbe ° | ein, Bue —_—— Scanned with CamScannerAP oh [em a) [RAT (Beton) tnt) Sin(%) (0-0 -be oops) | dF] ur g Cz) | wl} s Ep -& 80(5) | esgrjang Sin(4/.) e ths veg of toh ft Geld pattern of \ineor al n-ne pe ot a, Eo] 20%) 115 Sin Wa) “ee The expenenbal » &@ vepresents phase shigt & Mogrthde o elecbic fold > gwen op sie Ere & Ec —©. tater: p= &| ———— 1 Sul PA) So be thevoy Fost as ct Because of a fage Gilone. ‘dl Compared dod, the Fold sherah pr sepauste vadistas wll be ubskontilly equal ie Ye. Pyro, ty oy W. Hpttal's Rule £4 © don be. Liter os un Vay [50 U (Ee for BEG Eo Yre Yay (Smith). Scanned with CamScannerEbina = & a, co(E) ("h2) Cosy (4) = Wp) Cosé Te 6 Sie (asdes] “Than the men Nhe of Ey 2 0 time the field fom smogle. Source Tf Fis assumed ds be unty then . ts veipin [Bont] 081 They the Bd from the ore 28 ermatmun 9 Gry dwedion 8 when =o. Newall od palin = Normliged Geld pattesr can be oblarlor zal \Etmea | . [2] oe _ Snln¥h) = (AF From = “Say Pa] Vou above ey represents array pots: Th con also called a» . Sd podt (OP Br on abn ee al Rela of non isobvopic: a4 = (AP) ston Ene = x eld a Segte oq — MP scope element. Scanned with CamScanneree Mae =? Ahm welt a stack of Phe kpc 1 Pr) The dechix dd preduad at petob'p' ducts an element 4) Zs om M4 TAs 5 ee 508 4 027 -ipro Arr &, pele —o F The cledhic eld at pot p due 4 clement ‘a! will dipper phase 5 EY ae rd achully Same + ‘ Heece the elechne Feld due te 12 is giem by Ey = Zatse8 [5p Pr 4fwe | Buk 5-1, dase On rrogrihude 42%, » | 5 P| eiF(%-d ese) ame & | vo 2 Tag so : r| arr Brae amwey | Ve ipdase - Eye 0) a ef y = pdaset< =O { E,- Boe” —e. p =pdase. . nay p Grifealy we acy ; ae goby sy OF ee ; 6 Ere Eys foe The total # a pottan ata distno- pomt ‘p’ is obtarned bn veel curm of. fa of ‘individual sources (A) clement ie, Ey< 6 tEat Es --- FE , / fr O.® sO weg Fre for eve? wet. g>¥ Ey = Coie -- Xo¥) om Scanned with CamScannerFO Arvo of L Loofrone Sources Of aul ‘Amyli . (Bronds. — md qual Ample # Spacing ao Ge); An Fray AS ard tobe broodside aay, fhe phase E makes ™axinum — yadtation angle 8 such th Papendicula & the Ine 4 baie. arg 1 TVD broadside, AMY Sources are tn phase '¢ veo & Y=ofer mm, mast be sais, ye Maso +<2eurdass+o =? Rdaso=o ; @9= 0 2 Oe Gals) BEA (on 2407 The Peinapal maine occeirs wm these Aweckins The other Poteen Monima, pattan anima & beam widh of maj Vober bil) be cokulole « Drcoss of Bihem Mantas. lobes) + The other mind dLobes mentina eccur blo frst nulls & high order nulls. From 4@: E = osm Wa MAX Provided Sno FO... SY 4, eo WA= sh NW, FANT TA (ohere, N= 123,y--- while N=0 Corvespendo Ye (204) y A ste Maja lobe movi] Vee(aneg (7 2er Paonia | a0 pe Scanned with CamScannerPAC Omen ayy = + (CANAD -% Gs Beas) nin © j ‘i [tem] (mshna= | gl? en] hue Bes enind = Fev a brewdide oman dao W's (Bend) nd = faye em ° a Emmy pra) Crm) calf (ania 2nd reid lobe memima » inal fo &: lbne4 d=Alo 3 deo. The (Bred nna” OS) + om = dy 4 (ant) iE of Heslse oa | dageess () Scanned with CamScanner md (del Le Leagth te orn sa rnc]Patlern ¢- 5-@ h yee AAG naBevces of El Hmph & 5 cng (endef Cn) Br an ove tp he end-fre, the phase. Cosh + auch tha moles the mentmur radiation $n he lime of area, 6 B= w lee. Thas 4 on omy tebe end fre peo & B28 erigg. “This ces W=pdasotx o's Bdasg tx. o= pdt. Yo pAGs®-pde ed [osp-1] | —O Ths wndiestis thet the phase diffommee Yo the Scuras of ond fe as elordled Progress by Same amoud- ay the spocing Yoo the Sources m radians + for Spang Yo tae sources 8M, or My. « then the phase ang by which angle by which Source-2_ lags behind Source Lb ArAX Ne (C9 My VC TT oF MH, Yadians vee ated Scanned with CamScannerDicechon of pattern marion (Side Lebe) 2 Smnyh. be “The mma lobes ee bes maainumn occurs When gnn Wed OM Ha= LiF Smyy go Sm (3) et Mp 10) = Fang) M [x Femme oom Hy we howe Wabd (cso -1) Bd (Gs0-1) = ¥ (ant) Ala C05(Oma) -\ = + (angi) 1 (Graal * # (20d AF © (Bonen) ener = [* moze! (Bera) an = Gs Foor | 4 nH, ae Mp, 8=-, p> any nce) = Ga [t CMP (Beret) nina ‘f Cait 4). i Com = ail oP dr Wet > Omedhine” O3[t a \ pay] oa oh (yh = cs (My as{ %) FOE (%) > 155° (pda Scanned with CamScanner searecceececccccceceo csi Ne2, [Pm sna” per 1G af Sti] = co3 [+54] ¥ a (-% 4] % Fa “(4 cal- al . aso +026 a) Jou. F = ous” Pa tod Sof pattan Minne * T Bnd the diechon of Pathan minrma ~&™ Ve Sno Sia") =0 prvidel sa(4),) #0 NY), = slo) Ws INT ye +ant fom O° Y plese) pd (coed!) = FANE paor, fant 2p aprA—O a 7 ae “a [- 2 seo 7 jf) 3 “3 sin 4 NA wa sof Say bali ee +f Scanned with CamScanner[Pac sa(? {B (2) [renee 2) obtarned pollo Neb2,3- be No, the minim Ce oa be fe neg aM, NE yy ‘ sn Se [ortbunast 2 [’ | 2-4 (Al) | Bnd | Cer oma= +) A > TV 2nd YE Ov smell then Sm8 2 Ben mer Roden . 4 [HE hh [Boman aR ps fd 38 beg of leh Lan, L (0d Sind [Bom ana” # = 5 Brom Width bLo Bb oulle (QW) < «290m ng Scanned with CamScannerBWEN= QxST3 Le aa. f2- We BRFN rE Hey = SE Heo 221 ay ut 2 4 Zz, yy ee 543 HP eye Hee 2. ag — VR pe Pen +57.2 |= dea | Peta: [vre=ssrs Jay atleto — Ra: B, ‘ 4 pattero of end Pre. OF Conacch of A-isohopic Sources OF Same aenplhabe £ B End fre Rrvag o— Wb ye Mon radsahon Trleass re G Sdiahon Tae ne & cosy —@ Drechuy 7 , “Pang AL & asp, Scanned with CamScanner5-O whee Vase, Puna an (he . “4 a ve | lecorga| siandodp -® fro to Umea: Mat Radiation Totonsh gt-—O We have — (Vb) _@ . \ec, Ne E(8A)~ Snlnve) be oes, Pl Creag “Tee 0 So(Ws) nef "oon(t) ‘ Seti O™ 4, at: 7 Sth) aoules — . Ung = ‘nl. | a $, 2 0 . Ye fleas jp » End Pee a wD oe -fed ft 0-6 then . Sf “Bowe - pa partes) Sub © ’ ant ; n ‘ e a) (Cee »)\r sind do 7 vo | $(at ees) % dee) “ soft (eso »)2 2 BA Cax0 DO a Vow y Ma \ ap y on( OH (a0 ayy sop dodg —G) Ye 90 Gey Oh (cso 4 -) Jf mhegdion Ww aE Gs0 3 de, tun, Lents 9 ( Bxo Sus NES (ascot. ) = apo. eo (Latihent) O-T ze nf (cad = SHC i= mee pe = “pd. Pap A= MBA (-sine iy singdge 224 Substilale in above 4®. ii Scanned with CamScannerr yo ee Van ey aE oh ade vin (el —O Bro =p f cn gf a, UP faitie tr 9) ap) (e] ° Bo [=a 4 \, (Wil 17 OH | (fonds “Sinn gs = Yl) A J fee % oe Be y nas lage npn. © wa) (ee) “ . ere Una «25 {™%)—O : Q, i = loot ee = 2ogd em @&Q. OF veg ned vT = ay ce anx . Prat bs 2 SH an alee = lens Dearly of Bed sce hry s— ot d= Mr, teichan ely Chien, “fu, Tediahon Fey Vem Noo ye Prod oar . | 4 a eh \ \etopp{'snede4¢, —® Pd pro + Unnce= Mon. Radiation Tntenshy = & «4 —@) we have» , on( OWL) leten) “EL « eae! ti © —__ was So Scanned with CamScannerNe) y= faGso +4 > - Rread side Panay XO tren pe fdceso sobo@ leo]e Seth) » so( fELcs®)) Eqecd 2 n(ffeess) « «fie 8 Je(eo| = a 2 wb ™@® Uo a nh cso ove I 'a(npdcaso|.)) *wsdedg feo be] NBL case “s\" J "pee ‘sah —6 a . ngd se lor swtearohon , Lb 2= DBA cos > de =-2 son AS 9 Lr2= ngd Sinbde = aa . ow limit 28-09 ze npdeoss= apd “Teles Gal > 72 npdasiss =a cnt subchlide 9 @ 64 “eagh sings <1 arr * Vag eg pe Pa Ga ons for loge crn 9 1 ees ovals oa 3 “a{s5a) ae ue Mn 5 Gf) TB ob eet; { (se) "pd 2, = Scanned with CamScanner- ~ oT The volar of | gs i a | * Unvg e op —© Subshtabe @sOnO _ ned D = Venn = he 7e Smeg Bera pe rated pre Lende lees ae r nq pet the annoy, - De oa (oo D ey —— — Scanned with CamScannerpeeclp of abe ty © \ S tig ad Sde Py (oye) Ps De Move Une oo “4 Usnen “Uave d 5 a Umatt ——-@ Vean ot —O VUneey hh vane, FT fee) seelodf © “Ih J koatleteap -O | Oya ve as) : [eons ean - SS Je,9)| = Gad) ae A Jelo}e= oF lee Sal). nel) nao ph ‘ nsa(¥) Gur tobtaetony TP Ted So Boalsie bray y =pleso +x ve pacer ft + en plese 4 repl- sm (npd ase) eee OES) yee an EO) nSo(Lteso) de ac » so [Ea )* fase) ” om (22D) @ apd (45° 4) 7 Fjccho on( os) ae j then |e, = Sn(OEGs0) _@ theo Jelep)| = hedase shord a F so OF G91 . Sub O* & 50( 9f4as8) > iy wed ry on( Pt ) eed ee ee foe wrfegudon th 2 = NEA(G9-1) ac ae 7 men az < NBA Compas > Sebd0 25 7 Sine Je = al Lowe limb O° 2 2< ned (asst) 1 stee ; . engd(-i)2o- dove tint # Aae0.9 2 268GS= HO] | Serj 2 BOD vere bent IoeMe2 NE asn ned) vag a OT A2 ongd (Gs -1) 2 ned cr) . py O- = cunstals ™© Sushil © Scanned with CamScannerne ch Bre a ey Ma ly sy ae ie *) at a : - 2a (7) Ms = "fe (fe ") i “(ef 4 A alt e 92 oe Mel Ay barony ni lenge Heangges . a (2) ty al ese pd Leer Ung = ¢ apt m7 [eae aga) sucht OLOm © Una ned > © Veg” The HP SE o pe nathd | and Ta] f t|p Ln Uaegl> 4 pide {eae “a (aa n<2ed 2 if oO Ae lage any nislouge ton np. Ga { snz\j “aS vi (= 2 -4('4) Leleogth of aru = tod Le fod TN Saal pe e@- Bod Five Provo Te may 38 wsd tobe end Fre ‘teveg sip the rmoncrenuen radeon is along the ora anes 4T end fre. phose chigh blo adjacent element is «= +pd He Gboesa) Seen poten momsme, lo (anti Omen - @s eons 3 ae) & Genesal erpresien +f poltesn CniJone wrlet De [4] 2° es De¢ds) = lolegtte) = = la0fde@s 9 Efpeddne Hea fe=D (Mla) = to (Mf) = batezat me me Scanned with CamScannerwe rIAaeyvnw wv er ® 4) fl fe mrischopic Sources of Sua) Aeaplhude € Spc Jc See with mewesed prec Hy: - er) Hoosea Woodard fad, lve fray * — The maximum radiation of the unison chd fre ory 3s obtained] leg he ons by alhurg the progres prose shiph = bho elements equal be tpd. ie a= +pd =4pd, B=186 = -p4 |, O-6 TE Ss Jound thal the field produced tw the dec Gd 2s me; but the re chly a ob ereteans + Grlordn. 5 enhanan the _drechuily of on eb fre hey witha dhoing any atur charcheishc», Hansce § £ Woody ™ '938 proposed thal the requ pha dapt lo clu speed elena of 9 14 on oreg Should be = oe -(Pae) e (pr) yr mar Bee au) yam eer & = +( PARE) = 4( pat These condthions are pepedany lennon ao Coadthoas ff Sneveased drvecivity” The, enentmuen SH occeirs ak 8-8 bpeies sib value fpund by usr &9 le _ Sn nye sin Pa 4 Hansen. Weadyard Scanned with CamScanner\ > Bosrcally the marrena level & side lobe level, both depend ” ie rnb of rns tothe omy the va of phase difesere® v Assume the volues a» -pllows ; WD For aniensen radiation yi bie ede, VI = |pawor “loane” r GU) Far Mansur radtalion alag B=18h 2 -T Ive [pies t|q op a Wy] =|pdosor 4g = se elements #5 The chove contin oe wha, wren spreg n-1\4 ae [el 4 canbe writen uc hoa eras, the (n-2n the above Hansen Hoodie Condition Thoeype ¥ e lenge uni aay, , he bo con only yee on tenpooved Srechutly paved the spacg elements 43 opprovmallly Mp Te omy fle fn cee sof plaors)| Fy-(arh a hue ge facets. Scanned with CamScannerfe smo Valin of og S00 2B ® of (parson a ale = 2 pac Tiaeory [* pros) | Substlala <= -pd 1a phse shtt) "% (pdcoso -ra) Ty “i Fpose-F] Co Fo gene 1) ong Theveased = ‘ni (ts woth exten yal, has a rome Sad Field Patton (Rodaion tes) ?— surces with tneveased The $eld patton of on EFA of eke de pak aes eas dreckvthy is shoon 4 Fg « & aril, bet ve (pe) = -(eHy8") i: 8 < - (v4 It) eT ae only = “388 the phase oligfeovne 7B this te nee sere geek Gources 5 CED! rs + ido 4 > Aadtional phase digfeuner Cosdecothy shaypts en lobe ‘nthe Figs Feld pean cra of a 4 isotwpre pest Sources dvedion B20: Scanned with CamScanner>The beck lobes tn This tine ove Vege: bemuse the lage voles of Soe ious 19 Yonge 9 Y - > The meveased dreckuily 15 cbsowdbls from the grein. shorpres %, the pattern Divectivthy of Treveoseel End fice Aevag 2 = Vena, Vowg ar ap . owl thee Yaya = PI leo) 77 bre Voge fa) } Me 7 arr |En(o,9)\SiaB22- ele ap | lolepyhsiede = a ‘) | feo peo ad : Lapt |"jrcop] sued B=0 + (pe pacsot< sn (n'¥5) pepe 7 Wh Ex@f) > “asa(ah) a: -[pa*%). Sort) po deed, mw" yi 7 OA En(0,9) = a ( alps - ee m ey 9 bb oe %[rAcee -ps-h) * minen? 4) & -y¥ y, [Pa (sn9)} « = Md sn => Sino 40 = | Lib Ot D 2-2 ¥ [pA(Gs5-1) th) « “LGM 8-195 = 1H (asiss-1) “Th = xfcr)-%h] dz Ve fi-apa wh] op kepny OPE Scanned with CamScanner Y VIII II Be ,vyVVII DY YU aS 9allel) O Swnpliymg & Subshhbag, 9 Direchuily, formals weg ve he end Fre any consslng of Seveial hay. wove legth dong ickapie rodiaton how aude goin ob do. Fed the legit - noadsidt. fotenaa 9 Also -frd One log - end fre array & Fist null kam btdth - both the cases . fe Fx End re Core > Dovechve ere’ i Ya pe tk he g[yjo eres ree purne me [Spe Ml se7 SE For Gwod side Core'.— p= 2k -30- > feof o Le 1sA ord Borne WH-6|_ 4G p64? al = Leagh suse of end-fxe Peeap S— Ondi a 4 wad fre ve eed fy D | Renmwidih bo hay-pobor pike] 69° 2) | Beamurath bly fast Nalls to ” D) Drwech vy 1 ' Scanned with CamScannerRsAs bast Nos in Ammpthde De dal, sudions : Bee on pe Considtsaitions cto be token accont ee broadside array wth non nen camptlude distetbudton + are uniadn, binomial, edge # opti. ? tet ° . sda & tsotmpic pont Sources NS purpoe, Lb us Comision 104 4 paced Ale apa ‘Ou Aslebuion ~ 7 i Whe B Sdances one my pase and allege! ampade, thea ° P nme dahl (o) gpm oe avesed by Ue \ large « wine patton hos HHPBY OT ae. bur sida lle arg rare teh of oa Joke is 247 af the mom encin lobe 7 a wn ord of decreaseg sidelobe level - Ne Sones army tt 42384 So0 de: chu geaedes oie -oda side | me wb wai ( re os bevel gaaaa ld ill ! t ee iL t @) (b) wes a Fig: Nowalged fidd potters of broadside areys 4 © isolopic port Somcts spaced Ab apa @ Elgg dish abi dish bubion - The end Sources of te aro ott supplied vith pour, thea ey! Sources beng eithoe omit) or Modtve « Scanned with CamScanner -_ yaaa AS(2%) > Te abe, implitudes af the fre Source uray are, © 1 10, doe ety Ft : 180A « tense Aah * Pascal's Hongle’ 4 5 porek Source hay the comply of 14,6 4,4 with spacey of Alpe The patton hon 90 erimar lobes, & Tnoreasal beamwiath(31*), gt ho» on fide sete He orig bd WAS howe. © optimum aatn(ter = Delph popsal he Per * aphertarg Batda-lobe Jove! ire “Sp the Sicdelobe Level is_specifel, ‘the _beoen with fo fash nals eninge? 0€ Coney, “if the: beams Yo frst nulls us specipiel, the sidelobe level 4 cininiged 1 Th based on the peo pethien of the * Tehabyschey Paignarosala Hence Th 3s rypsed 0 ‘he sob Chase a heuen asi for Firwy of 5 Sources with Ab specng qwill qe rake mpl of te ete yeloder bia Geamnid a sidelobe Seve dode elew the, main. lobe bey 4 tobe by apphing You boleh Tehebyschey dsateibudion + Scanned with CamScanner> F elave amplhide. disktbuhon 4a this sidelobe fal ey t4-6 FL "64 € Ae paltin us optimum PT eam dh Ho halt-pons poh ib 24°, Aisloibuhon . UBrrte) Avoge =r Ths 6 roonuniin amplde dishtbubon > The amplbudis ofthe vadiabag Source ave avrongeah oceardag 4 the Coeppcenls 9, Successte fern the folaurg brnoenial Seti * any a, a, oy 4 DOD grap lo DODOD rp. e irs Wher n= number oy radiobog Samces sa the are + > Ths Loss prpsse by “ihn sme shee o1929 1 Te bromel avrg hese Spec post that the patlan hn mo Se tobe ff lemon spre ¥& Lees by sot ylang Condities « w) Spacing blo gounces dow nd exceed Aa - Wb The Cuuect amplihales propor fs the coeppiceal: Fo &, welative Hnplibidie jp he orgs of 10 4 bro vackabng sources are 9 hich os < ye brnoonial he brrontel J - : No. of Sowers Relative Ampltde. lows + : nek ; wb v a ord, V2, ny (38 ! nes r4e 4 | ne6 1 5 lo 10 s | nek 16 w wis 6 1 nos ) dm sas a a | a4 1 9 29 5 Yo 6 eB | n=O 9 36 % be Bb ey a gq | Scanned with CamScanner y YVIIVVID 7 5 the Sie coosecudhe vodkeheg Ala => These Coppice ant of sng sancn on be © ne “Pascal's “btongle’ (Th ternal soteger Cleawrg he - ig XS the sun y ~~ 15 Brandl Sum of the abere adjaced- imbgjecs), [Dram ta rt #9: ~? Compass sf Unt Anoy & inmnial Anoy 2 WPI of mani) any is mae Han thao wnt ang fe Sera \eogth fo 975, dh? tees Pron ~ ne "Se waige aeey ikea Wp Opes: bub priced lobe se ey Grates dhe on in Sods eh i, eae aCe binecial oxroy wah igh of ecm uth = Uy © Bend 7 tamn Wwuidens bad bed ‘Aonphude tabo yy eeu| v0 Secocdaiy ober . > Ty dotohen of boil ovoy “Ine proses of “mnultpich of pellecn™ is ubliget PD Fran onto consis 2 “dential Sources witt eg) to - phase exerted) Lith dislone d blo 2 elemenk, the novmolized eleckre Feld pattern is gyn a] En < Gs Has] | hay, eve Ge THomo| « cnfunced] Bee cwe diskme. IL 0-3 9 Ene Co! atteen, For Seme distence if 0-3 7 En os | | Oa en. 94 D> EneCos)} "7, Cos} a geval j the vesubtant pattan is gnen by Ene Coo! [These] Scanned with CamScanner2 999900339032900009099 @ °o & . _ - 28 pont Pay q Freneg Hes tx ave ovalappng 2.8 tet TEs ns Sor) : 2 # Sr apy, 7 © Resultant pattem unt pan of-x (0 ba oy salach path uot plan eb * FP Pettern of KEY, - (85 ° ° ° \e8 é 2 6- KS watt pattern of x (ony Gosp patton sf X47 > Dedkte tied as ex ost [ Atos] te 4 pork binoeial cartag = re vhich Fer Y port smernial arog, wehoue te Conic 6 ‘pent Sources Oe nyden tlinar , tn these woe 3 a one Youp anchar 3 aut Oncther Your - = cos'(™ase) Rewblact patton = otk pall of K (ool Ik group palin of KEY . - kw Xo 8 - Pie Koo - “188 é ctl potter of ome polttanel Resutlect patton, ploy way a o"["exd) vihia 4 In djeore clecbic fold is given 1 na ove edeaie Sour, Scanned with CamScannerAdwrly. - * Secondony lohes ove nol oppesing om the rodahon ¥ Preiple of pollen eulliglcahon 1s vied fa deriohen of patlera: % The ammphheby of the vediabag sources oe owanged ale te the CHU tueals of succese letens of brnomia) SHY * * In this sources are a with current of fn -unigdn amplibudes 50 Yhak th veduces enind bher « + Pascal's Hang Js used ts Sclest the amplitudes of elements . > Since emicor loher elienmahon bmomia ane tol pace ab the "cost of decreax in diedivilys fn Comparison with uns en There, ™ procice usually arrays of Sige unijaan ore designed 09 Compromise. bl the a jn & Bmomtal . Disodvactoges ‘— © Hpaw smereases & hence the diceckvity decreaser. © ir design oye lange ona, lage amplitude voto Of Sources is (ated « Scanned with CamScannerPeoblems YW) Dene an expresson 4A the Yadkahrn paltan of. broadside unizn lea away of. element with Aly spey & obtam its radiation pattera , 83" For bwodede vay, Deda of pollen ter yf epdcong + <= plowp tos aupeo. Bdwsd =o a Pe cslo) = 6 ead on died of prreple manseng other rina lobes maxima occur» whi Sma yp =+ ove (aude y tQne Sine a0, Bed Gl Gunniror = (ant) TA 25(Gonaom “5a [* ewe NEL234-"- Subshlie “ami C(boaa)enion © SEF + a ha = + (ant “anf Scanned with CamScanner ~3SA5 SA4 TS FS TF(Privat cae {awh ® Nes, Fr dvneee dea, -? (Fron) & a ess Fh) ~ail{gp) (Cs te mina” ma (: mn) -+(% + NA dnthann® O58 (+ a " aa A als 2X Netjned, ded (Perdana® © GHb) = G(44) = 66, 4128 Thy &, SE, 126, 186, 65 198 ave Sq wind lobe. ehntina - gw 25 Rattero ne ike Scanned with CamScanner3) Mend fire fa sth clewenls sped ol A 4 ith ass of clenmly ot Vignt angles te the Vine f cosy ds requied te howe Aseeclody of. Delain ayay Kogth & width of moje lebe « ov Gia Daa ! ded/,, 036, ° 4 v=4(4) 2 96 4() 74d "The baa width of te maja Tobe 8 geo HY BUFN = “lip vad. Polteg met, 1-4) be gek- Ol c $2[2 =o-9y2gred (os) QWFN = +2 “aah 4 Blorne + yee | 2 “NA or Petfrg M4 ELthve ack gpmie iit a / BHFN = Elle JE =5y.02° © te te 7 2 ie clemedt ory corsng tdenbial -radiedas Conymg eqeal caren "Weecbl ostios men & sora op the sah pan i the chance % Syoralen dA. or ©) Merion ¢ G pe2m] rine get the maxing . fen a AiS0, amothr Cond tion Pp manna ib aver oy FASS ar 2 Eoin = a PRI Med DAY AO oo wae 6 ge te TWosp=0 of Wash-+Ir 85M or G80 = Bx O yar C C Scanned with CamScannerA — ® Tho the posthons of manera Ore Seo 4M, “hit: The null condher is oblatnad if, pdes® 9 21, baMh BE pee 5 T0588 atm, 23 A) Haina n % Az s * oan eth ife cant ge thee Thor the. pes hat Ah shh he vediohin pall oh ts coe [pov oor cel lg eho chee Yadtalas spc Ag. op & cure ts _ J by 46° LTH) pa OeLES® Soko “$37 ha Ae alumust arog ash =A Sepals °° nes pele ~ come of equal croggide bak phase olff <° qe, be can jel acs Ar My MN y ise th t= 98 Tred | = ref Mose” hy) fe fete The cin Yod'dhon ib Haxims’ the rot vedtison 8 ~ passe of cfc “Aro possible if Tyaso-Th= o41h, amp“ ~ cs[theoe -™h) 4 , oh ios ely = ie (rhes0-Mh I) =o Et oe Fly ve peso Fy mg cae." rch Hs tospert, eg cso el, vt aoa veer (sept Gs0 +L pro af Scanned with CamScanneros [ele poy mir Fig: Radiaho pales. 8) Find the rnin Speen blo the cleenents tn a broadside. antag ef (0 isclaysc tastalza be hove divelitty of 748 - or Seep So elements =/0 ar wv 1 Ape 6a, colg,[aeu) | 2 s -tohgfSond) | ERO) AD Sp, = S018 For @ Broads de treo o=2('4) -2(%8) 5.0118 = (24 dq BOU® \ 7 oasd 20 =— 4) 4 Yostn Janet ony Consisls 16 ischoopic port Sources with a spongy of Alt: the phoe diffusen b 45, aaad ke WoHpsh Wd DGmda) ai) Bem Solid angie. oy Errtehe Ae Gwe dats OIG de My ete (0-04 = (ery s é Ale Scanned with CamScanner>@oe / eeeeeoevneevneeeeneeceeeeseneeeeeeeeee 7 The Moly POE Beam width # Tre ted foe Cove ts uta by Hpews sta [F— dearer mo L=1oAly Men STS | Rey row v5 ag 2 -sts j= ‘Ss Hps=_up-sy’ Whe declly 4 end tre fags b ae: v= +(e SA) z P(e) =1oleg's = M648 ib Beam Sokid aegle'- AAT. AC. o.83175 > Ss — The eee - fee DA ISAT tg seAn? wn 40 oO ') Fiod the phesicg x waxed ts steer a eam heh demas pre & element pth 0.4 tla clement speci ary SAT aes ca aco4d Beoen Zenith sag Th crest Coren ankeroa aur measurement is bs meooure (Arrtenna 4 sb Yadahon propabes be docechioal Unda) pategn, gain & ha pelo ep fee: Fade Typed gach The base procedure 2 Jo phe a the ceasuremert of the vociahen faarsathng on vereiing Soure. oele 208 prope ye tne. ot diffent Looloas bert the glee Unde Tet (aun)' és get a of saxnpla of the: patten. > The digfount Jocthions oe achieved by olobeg the AUT-To ensure the * Sharpness’ oy patin sane only one dixeek signed path should cna Wo te AUT EMEA aglenes eg adver 0" MARES engrngont Wie 2 = This cone ane a «0 HO ST ib o- Reepwody sw. Hele Veasusesren® corel © “aga Tes (AUT) con 0 haa oie ™ dana ete CEN PEE Tere one transrting teste be Scanned with CamScanner mF Rr RR RRR RRO eeSNA RRR RRR RRR RR RRR RR RAR RR RRR RR ARR ARE @®® ‘on oad Consequencen op, the prneaple. yen the ankenna Meosurement \Wote . me: 2 The ensetg & Fecevina pales are the sume 2 - is . 2) Pouca, flee ds he Som ethan Ly, PAN Yodiahoo parameters. of the AUT can be measured tr efax beanies OF recegbon mode: The AUT is an Yategal pal of @ lage devier ockng 08 etter a vecena a a Hansmita thy dey the drvechon oy the sepals > Fraially while sing veeprocty elabonep Ellen cntthore rrust get fulfilled . 3) The emfs at the teumnals of the valerchongel antennar Should be of Same Frequency 4 2) the media ave \mear, passive & tsokopic 2) The pouer fow ' equal jp erakhed tmpedance orl ‘At Sour ayy ie, | ; — = 4 — Recounts | Fransentti = ts [> fo = t 6 f d + Sr Tt PSA Fig: Typral Zosteumentohon fe the measurement of the vodiahon Properbhs of Prntenoa Under Test (ALT), > The vecipoothy prmuple 8 aot ony applicable be the antenna pattems but also bb the ot charocletisher % fhe antenna encept Cument alishibubn. Thus oe on Conveatertly Use antenna Some Cases oy "radiate Yor an *Yecerert 7 Some they Carus. — Scanned with CamScannerNea feld cin. far fidd f- The Mecruriey practices & Cooshains depend largely on the Atshnce oy ths Sunypos pre The AUT. Thetee ax 3 enein Yegions Mf the sadsabid $id A the otenca s ) eeadve nes eld region w2dionspheve) t-te vegien ned fe andenca » 2) Reding ra eld tegen(Feesne rein): The tpn ard wench 208 “4 A npn Encl ran vy 3) fon id “egron (Figemboyes eg): The ¥egi00 Socabad porn” i Antena + Petocdig Moe \ Heaggenis princeple, it havdly mroffers whew the field | wih Suppicent Inpdenchon ay sampled ot suaypee fn an Vegie9 Of the cadtatal Sid. Gut prockeally Ahete it alimit on the distance bho he suyper bth AUT- “howe ave Sout Adverts of te far—feld rreanurcrend :- © The tame Bk pale sh Sa ong dens Be Safa gions only grape ‘renspiraton ay the Field Stength occocliog te Me w “equired pl veer plea etna © Ho pee needed - The welt is od vay ste ts the chorge smthe Lxahon of The « Phase cas f tanker thes the retahon of the AUT ces net ‘ coum -mepsurersent Cd « @ Gauplg Eenaltiple Tefbchons: bho the antennos ou nok sepiponk Pisoduedege of Be rfid erenwener = OT} eyo lage distance blo the Fransentting a Yecehing antencas. Scanned with CamScannerThe shone con be tie lage fh a messertmet fo on seh home Bk Com vesull tn” atmosphere atlenuahon” 7 The veachive mean field segon Js ocsted vay clsed Je the AUT: Bre te the mubiel tmpedance en crvesull of the veaghe couplisg bho chin Antennas’ the measuteret becomes complicated + Hence prciclly, Mee “enclwe neasfiald ot oot us used re antenna meastwenunb’. red, 7 Be Sood ementay dpa, aot the dishanee dabiconn > yer by tae radon of the sedan, | Sphue , thar, ‘ Coat Xp ea. x bt oe Giclee Yeap. = Marr 7 oe Ke whee Faq Rediation padtans ee Vinge dishonce £6 smell AUT at Fidd “egtons « the oudix boundary 2 the. reackive. neat Prebd 0 + angio Az woweleaath, on. Antenne, > The _bordu blo fend & Fraunhop piers: yo Foo sstanae fo AUT ob fe tone. dang of The for- Fad vepion, on J ehovelength, Leon ge don a repiplepalieay- \ohoe ‘yr Scanned with CamScanner€ Dp cwcenad- gnada helical octema 33 Lecsid om trp of @ banked at soomte ee Ley ¢ 5H M Assume tak the nu eld, add 10 rordaen prose So The fone fs Ae peakpeak vipple caused by this ts ALL, we gd an ¢ rdtbonel Condon i the sea distance ‘ c 4 ie Ye rae b put with Cdasm level ‘| veochve lh OL Pub Sopa’ ed. Gael by tr vee oar fel ‘ 4 > Arotho La —feld condttion due ts +olaben of te avr stheg ta ‘ fete peale ish of this Js ar(dg J- ‘ yam ng ; 4 Me the relehon, Bhan ate dstoae bs AUT th colon yet mim Armnension of the. aalenna sm ¢ 2 lasgest mechanical dimension ree atch pol cath Caused by the Setabom of AuTi c ‘ G ( C an antenna i 95mm & the length of the hondseh chossis ee. Thou. dffeuh nea bfar Feld ctelena ave ect vnceotnly dus te The Nergth 4 Moore. Fed the distances ‘oh eh, tahen the Frequised pok- do-Peak measure ‘ € de. ro de chesss+ ankenoa dened Mos dimension (leat) = ec Legtn of the phose s8+ anlena ‘ xs Nome + 25mm = 135mer- D-Pn =! — a d= Ue i Bab os ~ « © The oun, bowed aes edhe. new Held 38 obo didhene é Yor? Oe tix) -( Balm = 3mm. ‘ e Scanned with CamScannerA Rr Re PR ORC RR FCF RR RR RRM M MARR ANN KR AAD | @ © Te Fahags wajon bk ao dshece gee by Mf ay _ [a © Now Ab> osdq. thay Ma eng distance, Siddr cin Small Coough’ nme whew the oe of the nar Vion y= toy © BE * sar Wy _(m) © Wahe on 4 he \o hs , to tl 53, SSL e bam yoa4qet 00g = = @ The min distance, whe the effedk of hu voladion of the AUT is Seneal e ‘ noun r 20 a) HE Tay Qos — &XoBs Akos AxolIs rh ee Tip) OL \ oO 2t Wf = aD 22m 9) MAE fa fly Dishancer pre physe Pysemidal Shodord Son Hum Aeleroe ob lositz +-The length of the hewn it 350m § the apabite BR Roomm x \Somm. Forthis precision antenna The ceqused peck te-puk ocedoiny dar te pwnimily qtedy is o-ade ie = = of the hon De “eoome i és 33 Given Dobe: Data fm togtte, The Legh of laagesh dlioneosan of the physic “Apelive (Roommx|SOmm)» 072m. Dns Dens lager mechanic dimension = _350mm. + 0:35 be Se 8X108 23 xe ge” Sx 29.88 oy % 7 lox 10 9 Nye A. 22. Yam, 9 %y- Tot, 48 a ew » ye BD, C02)" gam. wrt, ge | ie ee Sd) YY, 2m oul df © ue 2 2x 035 at grey ith CamScannerGoetoats syplin'- “Te. eee Shader] Spherical coosdinake splice 2s shown fg 45 ot the orig 7 The *elevabon age! B nese pe > Te “aztrouth angle P” is measured ry vectds Is the er ple Ohio Atha dens incre ‘ Courtiiclockwise . C 7 Beprodig upon the mechastcal stuckne of the aeons the ¢ Coordinats syptim 38 depmed Such that the peak vaotiahen takes Place along 1-nS tn genoal TF When the Source enlenna moved lng lines of Cnshnk 8, the cubs cbbained om Called * Conical cub or gh—cuts®- ~7 bohen the Source antenna ts meveel along mes of Constank J, the cus obloind an called “qrat_cd cubs or 8-cuki** > | te ad w toler along “he. equals teith 9-17) then such a cut is cold 8-cak a5 wel & grubs 7 Ses nthe asneal cherocsiy 9th ane sonal “om povcale? Plone cus" cue dagiud These. ave orthegonal gueak- cde wal tragh te @ cous of, the enatn lobe of, the antenna + ® => With breath pebrized antennas the culsare Sekeled Je comade with @ the assumed olwechon of the ELH fields tn the train lobe & then the ° ave called "E-& H-plane cub". ° =p The sense ath pup Ss dp codeng he AUT ot he Jensatne thu having the hove Propogalen atveckon awey gon the Aur e e a 4 € * For & Bilickar Anleona » We Considine Diambivos D ft ‘ « « C the z-anis (Zentth) « shen * the rodius a *sccceece Scanned with CamScanner\ b Orde cu Gad prarierra © eocementa— Fla! Slordord Coorbrats Sgt J ub r plod Showy Carta, Yast Cuca &"prvetpal PTS Osos of Ewes fey messed quant bee owemypen of ud Tas, the compli Vals “the gam of on antenna cng be. wet 0-sda ‘ndicaleg aol deethel Lncrbasnty, 2 veduce the meoaremedt acess Jean acceptatle leu, the col Sourers of ck hove bs be eetagnyel For the arlens measuenent % Jot fill regen the pre Hoe wth une phase Gamph hide isthe teal veyutemeds Bub proc how 04 eviabes me place bow: > Fisujficet distance bho the antennas couses phase curvabs & ampllade apa, veylechons 4pm Strroundiogs Conse cmphhd & phase wipple « AAAAPAAAAVVDIPOIPIFIIFIIFIFVFFFIFFFFXIOPFPIFPIDRD? ~ Scanned with CamScanner| > Prose Usvaliu & amplthide top can have a Syripied trmpocd on the main beam, thee os ripple, wy spel the accuracy af, sidelobe MeBUCtene n> yr?) A A ~ Corp te the veadne nea freld, aligrerent tds, rhe ypreg S9rab, tyke ~ vee abasphias, Jaabing & halo cables, Yoghumertedton errors ebe- are = Source OF etd Mm aoterns measurement: - D Phase Eudt Amplhade bper Qe te firth Mossneme J} Bislanee 3 The Seal) distance. bw the Source Antler, 4 RUT const, “quad woh. felds Phase_ cua” i Aphid 4 vedeueng *) “Shab reas , the thas v4} receval by dffeunt pauls oy the AvT aa bem me a be “quote phox aang” HE yt oP ee yee ke of AUT agit phase ue omplibae fopd dud the opelte on teT — Bus So te phase ea, the measured gern 38 soln & the sde lobes are higha Jhon tn the ideal plane bare Case. ] Deublng te distance blo Sour —p Bue be the sera! dishence bho athe antennas, the amplthude gels «the omplhude curds a Of ti» typo ( Transverse Arnphhde ena. (o> Lang huctnal ctmplilude ena . Scanned with CamScanner x enter LAUT, the phate etus Will be reduced yy.7h bran sverse plane, the amplibude. of the field is geal ab the tae of he AUT, Whke sligh a the edges. “thes = the fansverse ieee “4 m 7 7 The measurenests te lena tnd fire lergiludmal toophhde eds. 7) Reflehers form Surmundings °= Regains gun sumed Produce field vartabions( omplilude & phase ripples) #9 the test Zone as the ded Hove & weflecled waws tnlerfere - The vipple length erg be % the order 4 \oowelngth because the path length difference. ote howe Chocges rapidly a2 te qnchen of posthon, > Ben Sonal ytd wor frog Comme laage meosuremenk erwrs, because the fields af the trary ave added, oot the pours. > These. *Cfkeckions ave ako 4 majA problem jn the measurement of Side Lobes, becouse These reflechons Couple the Side Nobeo with the mam lobe. on adder soapy, haw are veplackd poothe gpord & clase-b objeck hee twees & buildings. Ta anechore chambers, veflechions Come duo he walls, flor & Cethog . 9 frwis due be ov we antenna ave afpected yy te. mothe Yeadive reat_field “~The Yeodwe neat. Feld use Spmificat oud at loo Fequencien. Ty the distance is grate thon tah then Be conten 5 nage ") Eieds duc bo Misahgroeat of Airterna — Bacall the antenna measurement 6 a 3-dtmensiond Veet Measurement so misalignment Of the Source antenna cousa amplitude errors. Dur bs the risabgrment the pattemad con oot be. popttly taken, Scanned with CamScanner© Coie du bs Marcle Tatapce $— op oddeor vooges phen the man- rode tnkerfereoce qe coupled wth veceiver of the Fespeney Same. or The meosuremect Freq o any other Frequeety, harmente. dastttton toler ploce . On wmdeer rongey, tm anechoic chambers, the veflechions pooh halls, Hoor and celing ove Sap fcank ©) Errors due te Atmosphere Set 2—Dre to the abrasphene. eyeuts, Such a Vasiadion Yefrockve frden of. edmosphere, multhop Propagation tals plooe which nally results Significant omphhade VaStelen dustn measurement + Ak Hight Frequencies, the attenuation of the almosphere *S vay igh tihich Yesulls $n omplilud vassadien . 4) Exes dus te Cables :— ] the cables used for the Coanechon do not hove propes shielding » leakage occurs &the cables act as antenna prdeng ymeasuremed errors. The inconest use. of cables also Cause errors « ® Eros dus te Tmpedarce Mismokh + the ontenca Tenpedance £3 net Prepay emodched tstth the tngkument tenpedance, errors oceur tn the aoe meosucement . 9) Errore due 5 Tepufections of Tashunenls ‘Bue bo the imperfechions Of the ‘nsleumenks t the measurements gush ar Hansen, sreevet, Posthionar eli, the neasurement ered occurs. © hrs be Masa (adden Pn Has ~Radichon pattern of a Aeosctittig aclenos :- The feld Shugth oy Posed devstty at a fixed distance 40m the antennas os « of dedion. frock "Scanned with CamScanner» » ete $ This a 3 dtmensionl veprsentalion £it needs rics & Oh feel role ll ova the spall angle , F The dest Antenna is assumed te be placed atthe origin af spherical Co-odriak. Yr Horigootel plone : rb as jendion 2} eed. 12> Vutial plese. ~The i» dhenenstonal pllecn 4° quell called“ pottern col” * a Potters ee saute. WD Th g compare ef clechiie field 05 4 4 ae the fetd compontet con be then -vepreseatial oo Ey (<9. Called o * E-plane pettern’ UID The of component of electric Feld as & yoo XZ plane (Peo). Dt ts vepreseabed a» Ep ts Called * H-plane po 0s Sway fp Veialy paged acene \U The ® Compontat of cheebiic Feld 35 measured os jpockin of Gn XY plone (0-94). Tt vepresenled as Ep(8=95, G) & Js called a» H- plane pattem. aD “Ha © Compara of the Feld is measued as geodon of gn xe plane. (ged). Tt 1s represented 09 Ep 0,40") and 8 caled a» “E-plane patent. —9 For the antencos which one. Chreularly o etpheally polarized, the measurement of all these 4 patterns ois eedd » Pathevns 9 one. phre af Bie measured graye ik provides Supficed npprmation 48 the meosutemenl. . For 4 For Broad eokag Ceath Lo carth Coreen) — Hoge plac For earth Jb Space Come [ RADAE, tedko askonomy oh) ve ee Pate, Scanned with CamScannert AN FP opted acto sym ee (@): Radiahen poems ° Radon pales. H Tanna Raed Foe measurement 4 adtation pattern bs ove hizo aalences « out of ten antennas, one onktona “under test" £ He other of Some a lance ower, Ba ‘acta the 48en0. = The ope bil be Hersaing & the off will be secehy By vecspecity Yhoen eased seth pain 8 same yh bth > The*antenra undit test’ may also be called as * Penang Antenca’ Treinen takes w Troe the precede tor xedion pattern eensuvemenbs ™§ pedbeabs lone 4 9) The anteono under ech i < prima antenna is kept slahonarg. hile antenna ating a the Secordony cateona 3S moved around “the p Corauler. path wth uarpiin radius. J the Secondary antenna 8 dtrechonal one, tt is clways aimed at the primar antenna , Usually the Peternay antenna 33 teansmithoy . The Sela steengh veadiogs & Awedion of. Seeonlasy i wat pany anhenna are YeCorded along the ord. od Scanned with CamScannerAffe poral Then from these reads plot te a4 Tadtaben pattere of a prima onlenon is plethed ether os reclangular plot OC polar Dot: 5 Gah arkenos oe apt» fad pons hot a sual, spony blw them & Secondary antenna bean atm of prmasy antenoe «The prtenahy asteona 32 rola) abo 0 veel ant The Seconday antena 1s Honsatheg Sothat Geld shh scodieg & dtvedhon of the pray fix web secondong amfenna Can be made « The coninuows veadigs a drgfen pomls dung wolabien ton be mada wstng * patleco vec" "a Ae bawdy, 3) Hk procelure 1 used, HeWah beg by) Mond yt ‘ cooaemen son fathers ™ * ~~“ heoggeeels 4 Radtaion Reese “> senbey Pe Te cosh pera Scene Js tessg Te 4 the carte, Unda tesh 0 courk pr reelng — the elatve. ~ see), dean Ce Rss) & ia po y ead The Guipmest be. utile. & Of, vecesed trad at hoa Tecsoiny Arley) Chetenna, Under Tesk) easunecntnbs 1 uneenen’ « RE Cobh. Fig: Radicben yatta masuog sebup. Scanned with CamScanner> Th is usual be opts. the antennas under deg} a8 a receiver placing tb unden Prope, ‘tlluminedion bg primey aenterco. The primasy antema as feud & the Secondary ab whale wo a veld ons by anenca Suppl shop > For G(D-46. 9) pattun —reosurement the antenna Suppat Shayt 4 volaked with both antennas hortgontal + “> For E96, 420), pater, the anlenea suppth dagt Js ela wth bo actenna veka « > Ddiahion sro be on a dteck ctading mcler caltbeatid Im field trtensty lage roof potters ave te be tahun * uhrahe pan record" "> alto be ued , Dislanw Rew seeenen} | Meg 7 ok ain oeakipese tl ‘a Frounoype tadtalion pattern, “the dishance. Tenseithng Wo rape emia terme OT el oe: Figg those dipgernu. bho <>] te ditonce ds vay much sera Phan canbe & edgu Hf vecetng Pear field oF Fresnel pattern 13 obtained. array fh distance reuters. is D> 6 aceenale, the Seoondory antema must be Ylummatid 4b 0 plane howfronty th is possbh. ory a Imfiiks dishoner + > Th the |rnrt Specified 18 that the prise Aigerence. blo the Cone. 8 te off of the cateana should rot be guatix “han Mic» Urdu ths Condon, the distent blo primaty £ Secondaty ty should kes y ade Whee d= max hnear. dimension of erthes Ay 72 Ax wane lergth ve distance blo Te & Ry, Scanned with CamScanneroonns vv vv mvaagannnNAnNnnN vu on yO Noo s @ & SN Foom fig: he Gn brie, B-40 (res )= (S44 ts § is phase Ayunac| vy yale Ot” vot, d£d- 4 Pera arg le [ 4.2 sod, glee) arg = a, yeah 55 fy palate db pattern! high The mm distor eequare eat deperds on feceivng tonvdlength de Reduchon tn 1 tends “ broader: vodation tinct lobes & Vice -Veue + 7 The other equernant span aceurati field_pattern is thot Prirmaty antennal Hanseiting ) Should produce a plane haye of Luntfpen amplitude & phase over the: Aistonce ableut gud ET > “The satequunte blo dbrech roys Aindiveck refletid ways should be mininged ? Fi teak should be conduchtd tr open plein arza & Ae should be dtrechiond ‘rataled ox hgh. towers A Fops high _buslngs as sheun tm above fig. Directly Measurement § Raster an teed, = Se et Radtob Fotesly > pas angle. Amy rien. Radkobon Telensty Pogohagl app sped ry Radialon Falush SnOdgdo Porn $20 im qh rade Palos: Scanned with CamScanner Fy Enxgerinontal Schug jp A Tot.The Asechuhy ia dltumined by the ridialon palin anteron: the pathiculat. Swaclhy % the vadaten palltto ub be Used is tha" redehon volensily* which alejoud o» the. porte social gente anteone per unt Sitid engl 9 the gue Aedes Sioathe average vadhalen Yokoshy ulhpbel by 47 gem 6 Hotel porer cod.abid » . 2? Diveclniy of a0 anlema is a dimensenless quest “the doch one Eapreased weleims of the elechiz Feld rntensity 0 - GS acee= ttle __ ° o- re - ‘~ J {"levopf ses 7 a ar r = = —_—— “~ P= re JJ bee sesodp . Pb | Exmwal™ a gop | be Some = el Rela Yokahn . Debt 5 J "Ferp) $0040: p Tateastly “> Grcagl Jo the srmplst akon pele, the Sale est be Oval by apaghical nuevo! "aahels 4 covey used helo cur the Aloo] ) Sin ob Otorge Slax Method 1 For a discret wabae off 08 pollens Gs cbtosred 4 rocasuyg sadtehen lensthy Vous B+ Each pattern 13 > otter Oe ee he. evultiphed Conbicuously by Sn tweagtng pe 6 ther Yoh egpabed rrtegaled valuse jor Seal palit a thn oddad « i, Conical ct Methad i= Feo 0 of discub volu of aseh of polar 2 ond men vectaan Intersty vonos J. Each petton Js rhea ° 7 4 tnteqatid Values each, ou. multipled by Sw8 weighing facta # added. Scanned with CamScanner