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    8 views27 pages

    Notes 220611 172246

    Uploaded by

    Naheel Kottalath

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 27
    O Module 1 OPEN CHANNEL FLOW A channel may be defined as a passage through which water flows under atmospheric pressure. As such in channels the flow of water takes place with a free surface which is subjected to atmospheric pressure. Figure 15.1 shows a comparison between the flow through a pipe and a channel. a (vila) (pslm) mM" i Mt © ® © @ Figure 15.1 Comparison between pipe flow and channel flow In the case of flow through a pipe there is no free surface as in the case of flow through a channel. This is so because the water flowing in a pipe is under pressure, which at any section of a pipe is indicated by the level of water column in a piezometric tube installed on the pipe at the section. The water levels in the piezometric tubes installed at different sections of a pipe indicate the hydraulic grade line. On the other hand in the case of channel flow the water surface itself is the hydraulic grade line. However, the total energy lines in both the cases lie at a distance of (V2/2g) above the hydraulic grade line at every section, where V is the mean velocity of flow at the section. The channels may be classified according to different considerations as described below. On the basis of the cross-sectional form of the channel it may be classified as natural channel or artificial channel. A natural channel is the one which has irregular sections of varying shapes, which is developed in a natural way. The examples of natural channels are rivers, streams etc. The artificial channels may be further classified accordingto the shape of the cross- section as, rectangular channel, trapezoidal channel, triangular channel, parabolic channel The channels may also be classified based on top cover as open channels and closed channels. The channels without any cover at the top are known as open channels. On the other hand the channels having cover at the topare known as closed channels. Classification based on changes in depth and area of cross-section A channel having the same shape of various sections along its length and laid on a constant bottom slope is known as prismatic channel, otherwise the channel is non-prismatic. TYPES OF FLOW _IN CHANNLES (a) Steady Flow and Unsteady Flow. (b) Uniform and Non-uniform (or Varied) Flow. (c) Laminar Flow and Turbulent Flow. UNIFORM FLOW IN CHANNLES When water flows in an open channel resistance is offered to it, which results in causing a loss of energy. The resistance encountered by the flowing water is generally counteracted by the components of gravity forces acting on the body of the water in the direction of motion. ‘energy. Ihe resistance encountered by the tlowing water is generally counteracted by the components of gravity forces acting on the body of the water in the direction of motion [Fig. 15.3 (b)]. A uniform flow oe < ————Ene'57 ine stope « 5, Datum W = (wat) o) Figure 15.3 (a) Uniform flow in open channel (b) Forces on a segment of channel having uniform flow The main features of uniform flow in a channel can be summarized as follows: (1) The depth of flow, wetted area, velocity of flow and discharge are constant at every section along the channel reach. (2) The total energy line, water surface and the channel bottom are all parallel, that is, their slopes are all equal, or Sf = Sw = SO = S, where Sf is energy line slope, Sw is water surface slope and SO is channel bottom slope (3) Uniform flowis considered to steady only and it can't occur at higher velocities. ANALYSIS OF UNIFORM FLOW It is based on some Uniform flow equation 1)Chezy's equation (derived equation) 2) Manning equation (empirical equation) Chezy's equation Consider 2 channel within length L.It is based on two assumptions. 1)force resistance of the flow per unit surface area of channel is directly proportional to square of the mean velocity of flow. ~ Meenenbs eetaciat | Mracuny matemnine | er uae [Werneael senteat | eu be trexuedensd = Ke Km ermine a chrmach Ct Line caging, Freer samoinng 24!” aarett SPECIFIC ENERGY Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics 15.9 SPECIFIC ENERGY AND CRITICAL DEPTH Since the free surface in the case of a channel flow represents the hydraulic gradient, the Bernoulli's equation applied between the sections (1) and (2) L distance apart may be written as. 2 2 VW io Ue : thts = Fett Za thy where his the energy loss between the two sections. Tete y+ 2 represents the total energy 2g per unit weight of water at any section. However, in the solution of many problems of channel flow the concept of specific energy is quite useful, which was first introduced by Bakhmeteff in 1912. The specific energy of flow at any channel section is defined as the energy per unit weight of water ‘measured with respect to the channel bottom as the datum. Thus specific energy E at any section is the sum of the depth of flow at that section and the velocity head, that is v2 E=y+ ae a oeat wm ve (8) ---(15.35) sete man yp a tne aap naan an Channel section Figure 15.9 Specific energy curve Ttic ovidont fram Ra 18 35 that for anw channol cactinn if tho diccharoa chanaoe tho cnocific onormy 16:02 ® @ < FM_TEXT.pdf function of the depth of flow only. Thus for a given channel section and discharge, Eq. 15.35 may be represented graphically in which specific energy is plotted against the depth of flow. The curve so ined is known as specific energy curve and is shown in Fig. 15.9. This curve has two limbs AC and The lower limb AC approaches the horizontal axis (or the specific energy axis) asymptoti wards the right. The upper limb BC approaches asymptotically to the line OD which passes th the origin and has an angle of inclination equal to 45°. At any point P on this curve the ordinate represents the depth of flow and the abscissa represents the specific energy, which is equal to the sum of the depth of flow and the velocity head. It can be seen from the specific energy curve that, there is one point C on the curve which has a minimum specific energy, thereby indicating that below this value of the specific energy the given discharge cannot occur. The depth of flow at which the specific energy is minimum is called critical depth y_. Similarly the velocity of flow at the critical depth is known as critical velocity V,. For any other value of the specific energy there are two possible depths, one greater than the critical depth and the other smaller than the critical depth, at which a given discharge can occur with the same specific ‘energy. These two depths for given specific energy are called the alternate depths-y, smaller than y, and y, greater than y_ as shown in Fig. 15.9. Apparently at point C the fwo alternate depths become one, ‘equal to critical depth y,. For any depth of flow greater than the critical depth, the specific energy increases with the increase in the depth. Moreover when the depth of flow is greater than the critical depth, the velocity of flow is less than the critical velocity for the given discharge. Hence the flow at the depths greater than the critical depth is known as subcritical flow or tranquil flow. On the other hand when the depth of flow is less than the critical depth, the specific energy increases as the depth of flow decreases. Furthermore for given discharge when the depth of flow is less than critical depth, the Downloaded From : www.Easy Engineering net Flow in Open Channels 723 velocity of flow is greater than the critical velocity. Hence the flow at the depths less than the critical depth is known as supercritical flow or rapid flow. As shown in Fig. 15.9 y, is the depth of a supercritic is the depth of a subcritical flow flow, and ca {wureauviuca ae UL HW, (b) Critical Flow in Channal Sections of other Shapes, Equation 1536representsa general condition forthe critical flow in channel sections of any shape. As such using Eg, 15.36 the following expresions fr the critical depth y may be obtained forthe channel sections of different shapes. ()Triangular channel section, For a channel of triangular section with side slope z horizontal to 1 vertical the critical depth yi given by the following expressions Figure 1811. Dscharge aga " Ul : x) (51) and y= gE (1552) (i) Parabolic chanel section. Fora channel of parabolic section thetop width tthe water surface isexpressed as T= hy!” the critical depth yi given by the following expressions We fa 188) and 8 it 748/142. (i) Trapezoidal channel section, For achannel of trapezoidal section NO exymuenpreaouts fory SPECIFIC FORCE Speciere Force () oa mamenturo of Flows pasting & charnes eerie] ext Mime © vow sw ae 2 wo votumt * = wey round 2 & equal to the Change 1 momentum autng Wo Hon het foore achrg fio. ceetion / cinco! 2—~ | Change. i memottum per anu terme = SR Cun wi) = Cred awa \ bieo sec te 2 a - WO (vay) 2 WAZ —WwALee Mine me ae a OS 4 Ress y cue ch ae 0 et : guia gn cohen thew 0 cuctoten cheng e to mernencturo Fores pe unit Peupre weight $ ware Far a gwen cticchaige Speupofic- gore eveth he a. Feigchon th a oe, : clk = Toby Yr and Yeo — Indral, endl teqeen euyple atie known ov / emnyog cole etypth- = oy Az ARE KCEFAY) + Tely Sd A 1@ 2) oD > Aoly s as 5 ae @. fo i = 27/42 th Capietty vaumng Fou) fhetlsTy) ANU Fie 15.10 Spdotoce ne It is evident from Eq. 15.42 that for a given channel section and discharge Q the depends only on the depth of flow. Thus by plotting the depth of flow against the for Downloaded From : www. EasyEngineering net Downloaded From: ww-EasEnginerng net uurve is obtained as shown in Fig. 15.10. Alike es the horizontal given channel section and discharge, RGHGHOR specificenerpy curve this curvealso has two limbs AC and BC. The limb AC app axis asymptotically towards right. The limb BC rises upward and extends inde can be een from the curve that fora given value of §RGHGHOR there are two possible depths y, and It has been shown in the next chapter that these two depths y, and y, constitute the initial and sequent depths of a hydraulic jump. At point C on the curve the two depths become one and corresponding to this depth the Sf HORE is minimum, worn creypreny veya Flawed CHANNEL PRANSIOIO 1S Channel bransien 0 e penhoo y therne! WP ieuying eres Section tas ewluch cornech CAGE! wort euthen tue. oy > 76 Or Seiten Chemnes transien ethes by veuyrg te Cros bypocueting a hemp & Seeclelen Imeepotio? * Goactueal heworiiron Reapores for chewrie) trensnor LEIZE Herrcrwig 7o mecuic, Plow MA Charinel.» Clewtces cg Ven keecehad evave £4um, parthad Feeume Due levees eed © Mmeasecte Flere + ferclinipanor qenegy Cinoades to Qvers erosion at Cohem) oe = Redaction incu are velecty , Innauigaten channe! verocriy. Cmocretes to revert eras, we recleue erin? velocity B erevacl ctsgoewrere -stiteng ) + Cheone bene Cle clue 10 Untitege ma yanton eo qrewen take plru »/acrcee to avers U channel rreanvitrey, Ou pacviced at chamed bench) a EL vnetingd Sane Tice ES runeutiea yew f= Or ey 62 Cr-a2 Casrenimg thioe & yea at | Oey med “e an cuple clecrecire gi te eetye- es when x become A2m > Y2-Ve Leterme tere et 1, [ts megcles fo adleun Apt G Flas” cs — eS -

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