8.1 Basic Integration Formulas Recacr? FO a» dtpeud — P@® = S (x) ~ ( Re) dx = FO tC Reau » \ Qed 4@ dx ‘ Sou) du oat ale554 Chapter &: Techniques of Integration ‘Table 8.1 shows the basic forms of integrals we have evaluated so far. In this section ‘we present several algebraic or substitution methods to help us use this table. There is 3 | ‘more extensive table at the back of the book; we discuss its use in Section 8.6. TABLE 2.1 Basic integration formulas 1 fanwee 13. f cord = Infsina| + 6 in Josou] + 2 [rieamre (any number k) tal lane 3. [as an= [arr fm u fowrere a [ura wc @en | = ie 16. f sana = cosnn + 6 5. [% Inlul + “oy ‘ 17. f coshudu = sah + € (a>0,a#1) 6. [sone —cosu + C 9%. [estas 10. i sseutannae = secu+C cotu + C cscu + C tf evonea 2. vend = =In |cosul + = In|seeu| + C ‘We often have to rewrite an integral to match it to a standard formula. EXAMPLE 1 Making a Simplifying Substitution Evaluate x9 Ft. VP = +1Example 1: Making a Simplifying Substitution 2x9 py = { dy ; Veoerl Te fa des a og Ws Ge +] = ae 4 ec duz(ax~ W=(2.%-Y\ doc > GRA acExample 2: Completing the Square Chon e ke Qe am % 9 sat | ate x a aru 73 or Javut efe 6x-% v -Cxe- 6x) - Lcwst -9] F-aK-D” n UVEXS yard oe = o(S be de = gM Cs | 4 ceExample 3: Expanding a Power and Using a Trigonometric Identity J (seex + tan.x)*dx = Cxec x Ltone)® seckc + Liscentonn + fain. MM forte = see — | = Dsedm 4 Vrepatonz -| | VL Meee +L seen tong oe > Ute + Ueee io thExample 4: Eliminating a Square Root t e J V1 +cos4x dx = {pacar d x 0 ° % es E | \ cosa dn. Cos* G= sie a : i 0% Lenz ee Fee ay) \d costing = Ves UK - zl = (es \" °Example 5: Reducing an Improper Fraction f S28de = § casey + x dx 2n-\ rxFl ae-) )Axtea = te AL dix Ay-1K axetd - 2a s xt R + 4 Ole) Le te = HK $a Weed) 4 4% eS c ett oes) taExample 6: Separating a Fraction ladx py a ee dx - - a(x EF dx Og elt (# ere ae a“'G z)-4 4) Se obe Stet ie du ear ax = ft tee(e) du 7 4) de T}®~ rMolul 4 ¢ oi! (8) - Ula t C I uExample 7: Multiplying by a Form of 1 f seen = Yecx tony J seex dx = d Tn tnx = secK Tee A Ger thax) CK hte ae io (eee SD Goer he KE Seo & ten x. dus (sedctoan + ree) gly il A ol e Lxtul FC = fn | xeexthae( tc, Exegeise : ( Cec ole = = Qh | esex oekon| togration 7 1 With cosecants and cotangents in place of secants and tangents, the method of Exam- ple 7 leads to a companion formula for the integral of the cosecant (see Exercise 95). page 55S TABLE 8.2 The secant and cosecant integrals 1. secudu = In |secu + tanu| +C . 2. [cseuau = —In |cscu + cotu| + C Procedures for Matching Integrals to Basic Formulas PROCEDURE Making a simplifying substitution Completing the square V8x — x? = V16 = (x — 4)? Using a trigonometric (secx + tanx)* = sec?x + 2secxtanx + tanx identity = sec?x + 2 secx tanx + (sec?x — 1) = 2sec?x + 2secxtanx — 1 Eliminating a square root V1 + cos 4x = V2 cos? 2x = V2 cos 2x| pare 3x? — Ix 6 Reducing an improper MSP axa 4+ 5h fraction i : 3x+2 3x. Separating a fraction et? = eee ee : Vi-w® Vi-x? VI- i + Multiplying by a form of 1 seox = secx- S20 + Ane — Sec?x + secxtanx secx + tanx\ ae ‘Soe | — § ee °* waar ark as ele ("= tc due & de = wdx 2 dex dt ca = — = gk’ (2) we am es |e = s MG) = aaki(o) = gnh"C)ai Tee ole ae 0 wo] ox C®) = fon! GD 2 & Bre4 8 . ax { | de = sn ay ae & be =I aK K+ axe -. & Lyd- 2x c |x +h leit 2x : ae = UHM ~V~ Mot ~ t+ MWe8.2 Integration by Parts Technique for the integral of the form ai 4 S7@|\g@\ar, Deets: where one part can be differentiated and another part can be integrated (easily). Examples: S el duc ft ey dresser oh Note that \ fo £ i) du = Ste da (9) da. a J Reo-aes ols ¢ Vice dee fac che Example: Jxcerddx # ade A matvalxProduct Rule in Integral Form 4 foo 3 > §$@) ri + BG)q' Ge oe = | saad + (gorge te Sos atx) Integration by parts formula: J fe)g'@) dx =f@)g0) -J fC) dx us$@> , yeace) Choose dv Gust, pf 2 Che pugete). dus 316) de > 4, eqtadr faa deck v du =~ Q to Ruafunte Alternative Form: J udv=u-J vdn§ dv eu ~( vdae Example Using Integration by Parts (pg. 562) Find | xcosx dx. Ure, ave Cost dx. dusdx Ve swM@x- Veena: Uv - Gv du = Wenn - § sihx doc = xamx bosxa kK Ci ee dx CY dus xeosx dx CNo ged (2) dv = tran dx D (aoe oh) B dye da DVt* Ur Xeosx. Svdu 7 Sx Cease ~e sire) dy [as +(-26 sx town) IK Coe can Detad 17) ( 5 4) 7 a Vv dus (= + cawdelx We Coa ie cin Ax due ~SWX dy Co tem camp tatecl 1),f udv = ay ~ vdua Example Integral of the Natural Logarithm (pg. 563) Find { Inx dx. ae ee dvz 4edx vee = xfnn - % Gs Qs Lnw dur tdxEvoke? Vudu uv (vole gee QO t ton” (x) dx = % telGD |x L dae: 2 * tobe Ly (wl +o =x teitae. + Wnt) to —_. _ pei Exercie * ( wie) de 2% WEF EACExample Repeated Use of Integration by Parts (pg. 564) {vdve ww ~Vvde Evaluate [ x2e* dr. vixrrtdu a» he 2 No 6, 200. Vdu = Ee ‘du = & doe. Ve e us xt ® dus Lads (eee = ee & ‘Le de. = Xe 2. |x & Bee dye Ede veer 2X dr Ke Ie L C = a D> con wepente ere & dx by io whorectvon by por’ repetitiad i§ udy« uv eS Volu Example Solving for the Unknown Integral (pg. 564) Evaluate | e* cosx dx. dve cosxdx D> ve snx WU eX wm greet dn J ees x ax = eenx, -! sian, @~ Ax. § eteinx dx = —Feasx t \ Xeye doc. wze® Ay = anx D Ve ~cas 3c x x Se cos do = SEM + Peasee ~| Sean dr x pe Z Jérsadx 2 Sir t ax 2Evaluating Definite Integrals by Parts (pg. 565) integration by Parts Formula for Definite Integrals b j Sas’) dx= [FO ga - J S's) dx : udu = Luvs - Co da. Example 4 J xe* dx 0 dus edn D vee Use 2p du edu (x et ae a Ex Pi - i (c e*) dy. = “helt Cer}! 2 -kett Cé* 41) Pjabe o EA, .Ex. E a Kx Sec we dx Ug dve adx => vee a Us geet oe \ du = ager oe au a ve x geet eds geet | eee i 2 dx [ee] =e ceed a Ls Oy x = 4 ee wll ae a Lt sea $(2)| A a dx ‘e - om ie g fronts Sg Soe 7 du % 4 Ja sat [Wy oe bre 4 [S\, 7 ~7(G-gGudv uy - Vvda Example: (Substitution + By Parts) ef vl d= e J cos(Inx) dx = la 0 ow. fem he | re dw algae > Sue dw i al dui = me ; ‘oe a - EB dki cs Cn) dx ut foe dus & alx dre xu = edu i _ Creosu + esau § hevudun Seeder ye of Lace Cane + 2 sm (fan) DR eater ee i as uw % Cooslinz) 4 gin Cho) )