220 REVpINOS IN PHILIPPINE PREHISTORY CUSTOMS OF THE TAGALOGS By Juan de Plesencia, O.S.F. Iterer, if caught in the act. If perchance cS was condemned to pay a fine in money; an ae ‘was eamity between the two fa con ime law was in force among the timaguss. ‘This relation was writen by order of the govemer of these islands, 1 CUSTOMS OF THE TAcALOGS HIS PEOPLE alwa 2 dios, who jars, and whom they obeyed and reverenced. The subject any offense against them, or spoke but a word to children, was severely punished, These chiefs ruled over but few people; sometim , sometimes even I Thi alled in Tagalog a t red ing themselves this neme arose from the fact by their language, among the Mel , the head of the herangey, Giscussed st length in the fi chapters—became a dato, And so, even si the sscerlained that this b and childven, relations and slaves. There were many of i each town, oF, at least, on account of wars, they di no {ar from one anather. They were net, however, subject 10 ont c cxoept in friendship and relationship. ‘The chi ‘wars, helped one another with their respective bs In addition to the chiefs, who co 1ORO. (IVA). Reowivgs in Poinppine sory, Morilas Filipina, Book alled—es rangays, onded ‘2 our knights, chere ‘The nobles were up his lands for tillge, fey inhabited were divided among the who 2sLIPPINE PREHISTORY Customs oF THE TroaLoas 223 Reapinos IN PH ‘Those fo whom a debt was owed transferred the debt to anche, veby themselves making a profit, and reducing the wretched debi Hf eny person among rough war, By the cotherwise—happened to possess any hed to give his master, he rensomed biz becoming thus « namamohay, or what we call a commones price of this ransom was never lest than five spwards; end if he gave ten or more tagls, as chey might ages, hhe became wholly free. An amusing ceremony sccompanied thi, custom. After having divided all the trinkets which the slave pes sessed, if he maintained a Louse of his owa, they divided even the sd ot owned in commen BY t Se ie nce Daves, ANY phe nay have come Sci ea ee ace ‘any land may sow it, and oe - ‘There are some villages (as, for from some other part village, if he commences © cle eS in which these nobles, OF peta, fs buncred gonias of ree. The reason of f iheis settlement there, apother chis Dh on his arzival, bought new chief, upon he oe aes members of bis barangay raid pols and jers, nd if an odd one of thew remained, they teoke ‘he divided it, emong those whom and if @ plece of cloth were Jeft, they perted it in the middle. noe the edvent of the Speniards, it fence between the aliping nemamahay should be noted; for, by 2 confusion i been classed es slaves who really aren the aloeldesmeyor do not understand with established fe no one could have adopted the privilege, 8 ing namamahey, sa guiguilir, as and if the aliping na that be is an alipis t he is aliping namamahay or alipiny se guiguilis, i once considered an alipin, without further declaration, In de in te mate : Ue cde eet Ba ‘They are mar- The exmmones ce call alg mariah, The ried, and serve their master sate aes ae 13 as of their estvated: Tends, Pp eee x he went Beyond the islen‘, anjed him whenever he went fe e ne cen either eae slaves nor cen ei Shosld fall by iheriance into ‘who was going to dvell in cen from their own ville In these three classes, those who are maharlicas on father's and mother’s side continue to be so forever: and if ens that they should become is shall soon explain, If slaves, the children and their mothers became free; bad children by the slevewoman of another, she was compelied, When pregnant, to give her master half of a hher risk of deat y jn such 2 caso half of the child was free—namely, the half belong, {ing to the father, who supplied the child with food. If he did net o this, be thet be did not recognize him as his child, ia ‘which case the was wholly 2 slave. If a free woman had an oe apy co 0! aa Wt iy by The aves ter in his house and on oo gee ce a a eh a ae ‘these ns, wee aught up in the hares Bld captives in war, and of theeReavis 18 PHILIPFINE PREHISTORY Customs oF THE Trcaocs a 204 2 chikiren by a slave, they were all fice, provided he were not her hotbend. If two persons married, ots dre, wher ara is evil the een we SMES Reta tats te sac, be foo ad the exh fl te the mother, and so on. In this menner, if the father were free, whom one Ws angays. ‘they slways hed to drink, the plaintiff inviting ‘They bad laws by which they condemned to destha man of low birth who insulied the daughter or wife of a chief; likewise witches, and others of the same class. ‘They candemned no one to slavery, unless he merited the desth penalty. As i ie, they killed them, end their children and sccomplices became slaves of the chief, after he had made some re- son. All other offenses were punished which, if not paid with prompiness, exposed the it to serve, until the payment sbould be made, the person ap money wes to be paid. This was done in the 5 and the seme applied to e then one child he was balf here concerned the divisi done who bend in er te moth I bee hoe 2 fe ed hall ces Te ely wit ol wow le render tb easey of see ich Wa fanunary oa gp Hedonic, ee va Sal tet andi ves 1 have ot Den it 2 age the n of ascertain with any certainty whes ca tere children was made, for each one sv ted lands and eli their produce be- vided the culprit with food such he had ldren, ard should be paid dherefor. In this oof the children if the payment could not be the case, and they remained slaves, 1 the culprit had some reletive or friend who paid for him, he was ter half his service until he was paid—not, in the house as aliping sa guiguilir, but livi independently, a: alipin nememshay. If the creditor were nt in this wise, the culprit had to pey the double of what was In this way slaves were made by debt: either sa guiguilir, served applied; or aliping nema jem wherewith t0 pay, In what concems Joans, there was formesty, and is today, an excess of usu 4s & great hindrance to baptism as well as to ‘tums out in the same way a5 I fave showed in the case of the one under judgment, who gives half of his cultivated e Pays the debt. The debtor is condemned to borrower become slaves, and after the death iren pay the debt. Not doing so, double the ‘smount must be paid. This system should and can be reformed ‘The maheclicas lage to another, or from one certain fine in gold, as arranged among ‘er smaller according to the inclinstion « ee taels and s bi Viagem bert. cr beeen the Barange ihe eae, Th oped wien ope mtd & Woes Free the, he chlder wer afereaée aided equal th two tecangeys The arangenent kept thm cbed religious fathers enjoin er villages and other dat them about. This fs energetic and commands whet cp won leave hin and Bo = them and do not order es a ar ey now ptr na hi who bas Be 9 ae See Tal wad of tr inh, for te ees a spirtless and feintheartet. aes place in the presence of those of his barengey. 1 of the litigants felt himself aggrieved, an arbiter was unanimously named from anotherCustoms oF THE TacaLoss 27 ‘was not considered as his chil, be noticed that the offend ly, except in the case where the partiality by such gifts as two or ne ea a om 0 Oe oe raed eae er ere Spa as mae ae ee Bers aren Tutte coe cata melee te Br yc ash ct tae ee Bee ae ade soo ta pe Deere gold tae! was given thet be mis died, the child was given [fn in should die first, is children do the arrangement stops at thet This is the danger to wi being protected as a child. ‘common among them is Dowries axe given by Iter are living, they enjoy the dowry bas ot been ther ) two teels. But if this child rit from the second fether, for posed, as well as his is manner of adoption as well as lense chien the former ed no shee in the inher ance; but the legit ee the to give him s except in case the father should oral upon the daughter. If the wile, either or grand hing by a free unm: (<) Sees re rae 1 ly with the legitimate children, bat c / if there were two children, the legitimate one hed ‘wo no property, ia Jabors accrues to their pare Jn thease of dive before the bird ‘eft the husbund for the purpote of marrying and sit rouel edditionsl amount fell to the hus lost fof the dowry, and the other half was returned to him. If he possessed children at the time of his divorce, the whole dowry and the fine went to the children, and was held for them by their grandparents or other responsible relatives 7 have also seen another pract ‘upon the death of the wife who 7 the parents returned one-half the dowry to the husband whose wife hhad died. In the other ease, upon the death of the husband, one-half the dowry latives of the husband. I have escer- tained that this is not x general practice; for upon inquiry 1 learned ‘that when this is doue it is done through piety, and that all do not do ‘i legitimate wife, save, the latter that child received mate or natural child, or # ct som of a see wean on te beriance we cor grandparents, brothers, or nearest rela fave te avila hove eae In the cate of a child by « free married won ‘was married, if the husband punished the adull a dowry; and the child entered with the others the matter of marriage dowries which fathers bestow upon heir sons when they are about to be married, and half of which isc 228 READINGS IN PHILIPPINE PrExISTORY immediately, even when they are c: ere complexity. There is ¢ fine stipul who violates it shall poy to marry because case the dowzy which che pares more. But if the ‘was assumed that cx her parents. In ‘was relumed end nothi 5ng customs observed among these natives in tingues, and among the entire Tagalog race. The old dsto who did anything contrary to this would not be in relating tyrannies which they had committed, some shen and adjudged them wicked, Others, perchence, may offer a more exiended relevant matters concerning geyernn among of the whole truth is cont in this cleer and co should be gi alesldesmayor, accompanied by an explanation; for the abst ‘which are to be found in their opinions are indeed ‘May our Lord bestow upon your Lordship His grace end sp ‘0 tbat in every step good fortune may be yours; end upoa every occa yur Lordship deign (0 consider me your humble sorvant, ‘would be the greatest satisfaction end favor that I could Ir THE WORSHIP OF THE TACALOGS , when they wish lo, oF “worship,” they ere they constructed, the assembled people, a temporary shed Custonis oF THE Tacatocs 205 fon cath side of the house, with = :oct, called people ftom the wet when it rained that it might contain many people— to three ‘compariments, ib to protect the was y four days. Duting this time the whole barangay, of family, and joined in the worship which they all_nagacnitos. The for tbe sbovementoned period of ine, wes called temple ‘Among their many idols there especially worshipped. The title, " They ako worshiped the sun, s Beauly, almost universally remy They worshiped, (0, the moon, espens ime they held grea our Greater Bear. ‘They possessed ri which were images with di times they worshipped any litle trifle, in which they adoved, the Romans, some particular dead maa who wes breve endowed with speci for protection ia th ai whe wre pte idols ea i ead Idisnale were the parone of the culated Inds ad fen: Tac nd ee oN ed by them buaye, or crocodiles, from fear of being harmed by them. They ‘wee ote in he habe of ofeing tan ea Sm what they carried in boats, by throwing it the water, or pling pea th en They were, moreover, very lable to find auguies in things they Witnessed. For example, if they left their house and met on the wer tions. ‘They hed another idolReapins 1m PHILIPPINE PREHISTORY foned bird sang. This song hed two different wvas considered as an evil omen; in the good omen, and then they continued their journey. They 2 divination, to e2e whether weepons, such 2s a dagect tee useful and lucky for their possessor whenever natives bad no established division of years, months, and Je are determined by the cultivation of the soil, counted by the different effect produced upon the trees when yielding snd leaves: all cis helps them in making vp the year. x in those regions, where there |, however, that now since they have become Chri the sezcons ere not quite the same, for at Christmas it gets som: cooler. The yesrs, since the advent of the Spaniards, hive been det mined by the [stier, and the sessons heve been given their proper weeks, ‘Their manner of offering sacrifice was to proclaim a feas ey had to eat. This was done in fr with fregrant perfumes, such es musk cor gum of the storartree and other odoriferous woods, poetic songs sung by the afficl the song, beseeching the idol to favor them with those things of which they were in need, and generally, by offering repested heelth, they all Beceme intonicated, In some of their idolatries they were cloth a chain or large gold ring, thus we devil was sometimes liable to enter , and, assuming her shape snd appear- joganc—he being the cause of it— the -auct, filled her with so great the seemed 12 shoot flames from her eyes; her hair stood on end, ight to those beholding, end she uttered words of erro- cts, especially in the mot incarnated himseli and took on the anions, to prevent the devil in his infernal fury from destroying him. ‘This, however, heppened but rarely. The obj sacrifice were goats, fowls, and swine, which were ilayed, decapi fore the idol, They performed snother éeremony by cooking © jar Customs oF THE TasALoas ‘of rice until the water was evaporated, sfter x2 and the rise was left es an intact mass Ws the at intervals, were plect is 2 small fruit wrepped in a leat eaten in these rezions—as well as fried food en, abovementioned articles were eaten by the gu heads [of the snimais], after being “olfered, vwere cooked and eaten also ‘The reasons for offering this sacrifice end edor to whetever personal matters there’ might be, cof 2 sick person, the prosperous vovege of thes! y expressed scking on the sea, a good harvest in the sowed lands, s propitious result in wars, ite, fs tok ple song pore of ake thirty days. er foee bandage from her eyes. The old men said t ‘that the girls might bear children, and have fortune bands to their taste, who would not leave them widows a follows: The fist, called catolonan, 35 above man or a woman. This office wes an honor 4 successful delivery in childbirth, and a heppy outcome In the case of young gisl the ing hus a in thelr ‘The distinctions made among the priests of the de le and wes held ordinarily by people of rank, ath generel in all the islands, by pretending to wi year by bin th The second they called mangagauay, or witehes who deceived I the sick. These priests even induced maladies s, which in proportion to the é are capable of causing death, ‘ished to kill at once they did so; or they ¢ devil, or at leasREADINGS IN’ PHILIPPINE PREHISTORY snd cn sccount of the desertion she would iter. This office was also general throvghout toi by simply sing log te hd, ey ied a chose. But if they desired to heal those whom they had mac 90 by ong ote che poe se Indian bo issn, Tale van In Coandsne part of Linon shots office it wan if they ex thus easing an island off the The sath war called seg gl to tear cut his liver and dey tore et in ths Yay through the ane - notary, who was buried in Calilaya by father Fray Juan de’ : x ‘was to show eveth was called magltanel and his prose west scl ht tony poven eit Ms oe. ens Ta a ise the devil walked about carried, or pretended to carry, his ee oe eae They mede cherms for lovers ‘would infuse the heart with love, Thus di ey deceive the people, Customs oF THE Tacatoos 235 sithough somstines, through the intervention of the devil, they gine 12g, on account of the esteem in which it was held. This ssenerel throughout the islands, The cleveath, pargatahojan, was a soothsayer, and predicicd tie future, ‘This office was general io all the islands The twelfth, bayoguin, signified e “cotques ture inclined toward that of a women, ‘Their manner of burying the de was Buried beside his hous 4 man whose ne- md praises of his good qualities, us This grief was also eocompenied by ‘ating and drinking. This was a eusiom of the Tagalog The Actes or Negrillos (Negrtos] inhebitants of this island ‘ad also a form of burial, but different. They og a deep, perpen cular hol leaving him up: crown unburied, an top of whic which was to serve him as ¢ T of some Indian, whom they killed in retribution for Negsilo who bed died. To this end they conspired together, hanging a certzin token on their necks unil some one of them procured ihe Geath of the iniosent one. ‘These infidels said that they know that there wae another st which they called maca, just as if we should sey “paradise, or Jn other words, “village of zest” They say that those who goe > ROKOINGS IN PHILIPPINE PREHISTORY and these who lived oral virtues. They ker of ll things,” who governed pagent who confessed more they cleanly to 2 hell, which they said that all the wicked wen demons, whom they called si All the various Kinds of has been stated: cofolonan; «: crdained pres before bis as fe re were, therefore a ‘who was a sort of bishop who » for they knelt ‘and expected sal- manyisala, mancocolam, holon mangagayoms, pangathaoan. ey called vibit; and phantoms, that among all the Tagelogs é CUSTOMS OF THE PAMPANGANS IN THEIR LAWSUITS By Juan de Plasencia, SF. others, they were brothers, because they vere all jatent upon 8. t concerss regulation in regard to supplies for the none, and everyone bought and sold as he could; chief who ruled 2 barangey ordered hi A 3. The timegues, or common people, came before their chief with their suis, and be settled: chem in this way. Whate i ‘was made before them, the chief summoned the party cemand was mede, and asked him if he would come to’ an agreement ‘with the other end opposite party. If the two parties made such If they would not agree, he exacted an. oath from them that they would submit to his judgment. Thea he immediately asked for a viva voce examination of both, beccuse i. If the number of witnesses was not eq: » such and such one was condemned fo the whole amount, or released from the claim. If the Gefeated perty would not pay according to the sentence, the other party and the judge proceeded ageinst him with the armed hand, sand forced him to comply with it. The witnesses were paié according ‘to their rank, end the judge also. The peyment of ‘the judge and ‘witnesses was s excessive, that they shared equally with him who won in the suit, The witnesses of the condemned party were paid 235