Precision and Accuracy ‘Two terms often used to describe the reliability of measurements are precision and ‘accuracy. Although these words are feequently used interchangeably in everyday life, they have different meanings in the scientific context. Accuracy refers to the agree- ‘ment ofa particular value with the true value. Precision refers tothe degree of agree- ‘ment among several measurements of the same quantity. Precision reflets the repro= dlucbilty of given type of measurement. The difference between these terms is illustrated by the results of thre different dat throws shown in Fig. 1.8. “Two different types of erors are illustrated in Fg, 1.8. A random error (also called an indeterminate error) means that a measurement has an equal probability of being high or low. Ths type of error occur in estimating the valu ofthe lst digit of a mea ‘surement, The second type of eror i called systematic error (or determinate err). ‘This type of error occurs in the same direction each time; its either always high or always low. Fig. 1.8(@) indicates large random errors (poor technique) Fg. 1.8(b)in- dicate small random errors bu a large systematic error, and Fig, 1.8() indicates small Tandom errors and ao systematic err. Th quantitative work, precision is often used as an indication of accuracy; we as- sume that the average of series of precise measurements (which should “average fut” the random errors because of their equal probability of being high or low) is aceurate, of close 10 the “true” value. However, this assumption is valid only if J © > —_——_——— Nether accurate noe prec Pre bt no cur Accurate ad preci. Figure 1.8 | The results of several dart throws show the aference between precise and acura.4 chaptert. erica Founétons emai esa abut. Suppose we weigh a pice oF bs fe tines on 2 ery presi ale sad baat allowing ‘omy we would ae atthe ue mae ote of sey slave 1 22886, mc inte erage othe ive es + 248g + 24S + 7 alg: 240 2 2g 205 288 a agg Hower, if th blac hata det casing tt sve a esi hat scons 1000 go ih (a sstematicenor of +008) thes he meses ale of 24862 onl esl menor The point er tht ih pression song ser es ‘remem nan neon of scary ony i yaa ae ech anette \ Snecma Precision and Accuracy “To check te accuracy of» graduated lide, stat ied the lider tthe 25: mark sing wa Glee om abe Gee Fp 1.6) hen ra te Yolume dered Falling the remit of Se i — Bm ase ithe gtd inde scare? Solution ‘Thereof eis how very goed precision fr a duel The st emis good ectngueHowever eet he erage ae messed vg he tree sinisaly ite fot 25 a. Th te erated cline sot ry sects It prone tematic oor Gath ee the nese rent iow fre Inesrewen.re Temperature Scales PO Kelvin K (st base unit) @ Celsius or Centigrade °C e Fahrenheit °F Tempe ture ts measured with a ermometer K oF beil 8 4 Woo% 37315K +2i2* ho loo | wok [ct sey’ oc 27315K L3cr Ho absolute l -273:15¢ 1 ox zero To/Tg Conversion Te + 27315 = TkTe/ Te Conversion 180°F difference = 100°C . difference Se unit factor = 180°F _ 9°F yoote orc equivalent to 32°F * Te =(7,x at) s2*r| or Tk/ Te Conversion Te — iho Te tekExample: Normal as temperature ofa human being is 98-6°F. what is this temperature in K and °C ? Anew “a3 aelca a E = (Te - -32 FS = 66.6°F vee = 370° 3S°F Te + 273-15 = Ty 370°C + 27315 = 510-2 K Example: The temperature of hquid nitrogen is 77 er What is ois denperatuve in °C? Ep asS= Te Ips Tx -278:15 = 77 - 27315 = 196+9 Density s An intensive property d=m examples of units Vv S/n gfe 9 kg/m?s kg/am? Xx. Density depends on temperature €-9- Awater at 18°C = 0.99862 97.3 Awater at 26% = 0.99681 9/3 Different Substances can be identified by theiy densities at the same temperaturee.g: Identification of a substance by its density at 20% Substance Colour and . physical state density Ethanol colourless liquid 0-389 9/en3 Benzene colourless liquid 0-880 g/ am? Water colourless liquid 0-998 gfem? Exercise: An unkown colourless liquid has a mass of 27-9 9 anol a volume of 35-4 mL at 20°. Identify the substance ——I'# Conversion of Units => Unit-factor method or Dimensional analysis unit, x unit factor = unit Examples of unit factors : 1 minute — GOs BS GS | 24 hours: ae.g. length (1) 5292 pm =? nm Plans pm—>m—nm 12, 52:92 pm x 12m x OM = 52.92 x 163 am pm 10°? = 5.292 x10 %am (2) tin =254em or erosaeR tm 10.00 mm = ? in Plan: mn—> m—»cm—> in Sm | cm 10.00 mm x [2M x¢ SM _ ye iN = 0.3934 in mm 164m «2-54 em —e-g- mass () 0-0058 kg = ? 4g Plan: kg—> 9—> Ag * 0.0058 kg x 10° x “9 = 90058 x10 Mg kg 10 % = 58 x10 ng (2) kg=2-205Ib (Ibis pound) hF2x10%lb =? "9 Plan: |b—» kg» g—»mg ne2xio tlh x Koy 3 ae = 78-0 mg 3 sig fig 2-205 ib * kg er 3 3319 Fig&-g> volume (1) 286 wl = ? em® Plans pwlL— L—»mL—sem? 3 = = = 288 x 10° cn? 107k = 2-88%10' cm or 0.288 cm> 268 wh x 2b (2) 0.0025 cm? = ? mm? Plan: cm—»m ee ni? 33 Ome cm? x. (to em) = 00025 x10 mm cm (em = 25 mat? Rone@-g-. density 1:84 «18° ky 3 =? may Plan: kg—rg—smg m2 dm yom 3 -1 3 7-84 x10" kg ee ME mo ") dav a kg 1054 dm? E = F8Fx 10° mg