10/05/2022, 00:02 (DOC) Sexual Dysfunction and Crime: Its Evolutionary, Psychological and intellectual elements in human mind.

mind. | Sudhansu Dash…

LO G I N SIGN UP
Sign in to academia.edu with Google

JOSIAH BACANI
20208519@s.ubaguio.edu
Sexual Dysfunction and Crime: Its Evolutionary, Psychological
and intellectual elements in human BORJE,
mind. JENNY ROSE A.
itsredrose07@gmail.com
Sudhansu Dash
 
3 more accounts

Sexual Dyfunctions, and Social Crime:Its Evolutionary, Psychological and Intellectual

elements in Human mind.

Dr Sudhansu Kumar Dash

Introduction

Sexual dysfunctions are characterized by disturbance in sexual desire and in the

psycho-physiological changes that characterize the sexual response cycle and cause
marked distress and personal difficulty. The paraphilias are characterized by recurrent,
intense sexual urges, fantasies or behaviors that involve unusual objects, activities or
situations and cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational
or other important areas of functioning. Sexual disorders consist of both the sexual
dysfunctions and paraphilias.

The link between sexual disorders and crime has been widely discussed from a range
of perspectives, especially when it comes to paraphilias. Therefore, certain paraphilias
or paraphilic fantasies can involve illegal acts. Assuming that a person who commits a
sex crime must be diagnosed with a paraphilia reflects the wrong idea that the disorder
by itself is sufficient to engage in criminal conduct.

The importance of this issue and its repercussions in the forensic psychiatric context
 justify this review. The researcher investigates on sexual disorders and crime by
searching for the terms sex offence, sex offender and rape combined with the terms
sexual disorder and paraphilia and highlights the relevance of this theme that included
clinical and forensic issues regarding both victim and offender, such as associated
psycho-pathologies, the repercussions for victims' health, diagnostic concerns and
treatment of offenders. Because of the large range of subjects, the researcher decided
to focus on the aggressor.   Evolutionary psychology has explanations for gender
  .

differences in aggressiveness. Males can increase their reproductive success

by polygyny which will lead the competition with other males over females.
Review of Literature

The improvement of the investigation cannot be accomplished by any single agency ,therefore
needs a review of a number of studies.  Sex differences in crime are differences
between men and women as the perpetrators and victims of the crime. Such studies
may belong to fields such as criminology or sociobiology which attempts to demonstrate

a causal relationship between biological factors, in this case sex, and human behaviors,
DO
etc. Despite the difficulty to W N LO
interpret A crime
them, D F Istatistics
L E may provide a way to
investigate such a relationship, whose possible existence would be interesting from
a gender differences perspective. An observable difference in crime rates between men
and women might be due to social and cultural factors. In 2011, the United States
https://www.academia.edu/8851302/Sexual_Dysfunction_and_Crime_Its_Evolutionary_Psychological_and_intellectual_elements_in_human_mind 1/6
10/05/2022, 00:02 (DOC) Sexual Dysfunction and Crime: Its Evolutionary, Psychological and intellectual elements in human mind. | Sudhansu Dash…
g
Department of Justice compiled homicide statistics in the United States between 1980
and 2008.That study showed that Males committed the vast majority of homicides in the
United States at that time, representing 90% of the total number of offenders. Young

Sign in to academia.edu with Google

adult black males had the highest homicide offending rate compared to offenders in
other racial and sex categories. White females of all ages had the lowest offending rates
of any racial or age groups. The overall offending rates for both males and females
have declined since 1990.Of children under age 5 killed by a parent, the rate for
JOSIAH BACANI
biological fathers was only slightly higher than for biological mothers. However, of
children under 5 killed by someone other than their parent, 80% were killed by males.
20208519@s.ubaguio.edu
 According to a Canadian Public Health Agency report, the rate of violent crime doubled
among male youth during the late 1980s and 1990s, while it almost tripled among
female youth. It rose for the latter from 2.2 per 1,000 in 1988 to a peak of 5.6 per 1,000
BORJE, JENNY ROSE A.
in 1996, and began to decline in 1999. Some researchers have suggested that the
itsredrose07@gmail.com
increase on crime statistics could be partly explained by the stricter approach to
schoolyard fights and bullying, leading to a criminalization of behaviors now defined as
"assault" behaviors (while they were simply negatively perceived before). The increase
in the proportion of female violent crime would thus be explained more by a change in
3 more accounts
law enforcement policies than by effective behavior of the population itself. According to
the report aforementioned, "Evidence suggests that aggressive and violent behavior in
children is linked to family and social factors, such as social and financial deprivation;
harsh and inconsistent parenting; parents’ marital problems; family violence, whether
between parents, by parents toward children or between siblings; poor parental mental
health; physical and sexual abuse; and alcoholism, drug dependency or other
substance misuse by parents or other family members.". Some researchers have
suggested that females are not necessarily less aggressive, but that they tend to show
their aggression in more covert and less physical ways e.g., Passive-aggressive
behavior Additionally, some data shows that while men are more likely than women to

use physical aggression overall, rates of physical aggression within the context of dating
and marriage tend to be similar for men and women, or that women are even more
likely to commit domestic violence against a partner. However, such data generally
shows that men tend to inflict the greater share of injuries in domestic violence. In
addition, "Critics suggest that studies finding about equal rates of violence by women in
relationships are misleading because they fail to place the violence in context
(Dekeseredy et al. 1997); in other words, there is a difference between someone who

uses violence to fight back or defend oneself and someone who initiates an unprovoked
assault." According to a large recent study women are between two to three times as
likely to be the offender in non-reciprocal partner violence. The study suggests that
while women are far more prone to be the sole offender, reciprocal violence where both
partners use violence has higher frequency of serious injuries, and that these injuries
more often have female victims than male. Surveys also show differences in same-sex
habitations. "Researchers agree that women suffer the lion's share of injuries from
domestic violence...Women living as partners with other women report lower rates of
violence (11 percent) compared to women who live with or were married to men (30
percent)...about 15 percent of men cohabiting with men reported victimization by a male
partner. These data suggest that men are engaged in more relationship
violence." Considerations of gender in regard to crime have been considered to be
largely ignored and pushed aside in criminological and sociological study, until recent
years, to the extent of female deviance having been marginalized (Heidensohn, 1995).
In the past fifty years of sociological research into crime and deviance sex differences
were understood and quite often mentioned within works, such as Merton's theory of
anomie, however, they were not critically discussed, and often any mention of female
delinquency was only as comparative to males, to explain male behavior’s, or through
defining the girl as taking on the role of a boy, namely, conducting their behavior and
appearance as that of a 'tomboy' and by rejecting the female role, adopting stereotypical
masculine traits. One key reason contended for this lack of attention to females in crime
and deviance is due to the view that female crime has almost exclusively been dealt

with by men, from policing through to legislators, and that this has continued through
into the theoretical approaches, quite often portraying what could be considered as a
one-sided view, as Mannheim suggested Feminism and Criminology In
Britain (Heidensohn, 1995).However, other contentions have been made as
explanations for the invisibility of women in regard to theoretical approaches, such as:
females have an '...apparently low level of offending' (Heidensohn, 1995); that they
pose less of a social threat than their male counterparts; that their 'delinquencies tend to
D O W N LO A D F I L E

https://www.academia.edu/8851302/Sexual_Dysfunction_and_Crime_Its_Evolutionary_Psychological_and_intellectual_elements_in_human_mind 2/6
10/05/2022, 00:02 (DOC) Sexual Dysfunction and Crime: Its Evolutionary, Psychological and intellectual elements in human mind. | Sudhansu Dash…

Sign in to academia.edu with Google

be of a relatively minor kind' Girls In The Youth Justice System(Heidensohn, 1995), but
also due to the fear that including women in research could threaten or undermine
JOSIAH BACANI
theories, as Thrasher and Sutherland feared would happen with their research
(Heidensohn, 1995). 20208519@s.ubaguio.edu
Objectives of the study 

To study the evolutionary psychology of gender differences  

BORJE, JENNY ROSE A.
itsredrose07@gmail.com
To study the relationship between sexual disorders and crime,

To study the clinical and forensic issues regarding both victim and offender.

To study the diagnostic concerns and treatment of the offenders.  

3 more accounts
Methodology 
The data collection covered a variety of dimensions  –   namely, personal
characteristics of the offender(family, experiences of childhood victimization,
 juvenile delinquency, adult delinquency), characteristics of the criminal event that
led to pre-crime situation and the crime scenario, and characteristics of the crime
and the victim –  and included a number of psychological tests, including IQ tests.
Those computerized IQ test results were used in this study. 

Universe of the study

This study deliberately used a limited number of variables, and used a sample of
incarcerated sex offenders without distinction as to subtypes. Considering the great
heterogeneity of sex offenders the use of a validated and reliable taxonomic system
would have been preferable. Unfortunately, it was impossible to use a typology
due to the small number of subjects for which all the information was available for
coding. The strategy of including all incarcerated sex offenders were allowed for
the inclusion of other subgroups of sex offenders, such as incest and pseudo-incest

offenders and marital rapists, thus considerably expanding the sex offender
 population coverage.

 Tools for collecting data

The investigater uses a validated computerized assessment of intelligence, the

Tests d’Aptitudes Informatise´s (TAI) The TAI includes a total of eleven scales
measuring various aspects of intelligence: vocabulary, verbal logical reasoning,
knowledge, comprehension, arithmetic, mental math computations, object
assembly, letter 
 – number sequencing, spatial relationships, perception, and working

memory. The TAI is a test to asses important dimensions of intelligence, and it

uses similar total (TIQ), verbal (VIQ),and performance (PIQ) indexes. 

Analysis  

The subjects in this study consisted of a sample of 411 offenders. The sample was

comprised of offenders from the Province of Odisha sentenced to two or more

D O W N LO A D F I L E
years of incarceration, The subjects’ treatment needs and correctional risk levels
were evaluated during a 4- to 6-week procedure. Of the 453 offenders, 341 were
sex offenders and 112 were non sexual violent (NSV) offenders Ninety four
https://www.academia.edu/8851302/Sexual_Dysfunction_and_Crime_Its_Evolutionary_Psychological_and_intellectual_elements_in_human_mind 3/6
10/05/2022, 00:02 (DOC) Sexual Dysfunction and Crime: Its Evolutionary, Psychological and intellectual elements in human mind. | Sudhansu Dash…
sex offenders and 112 were non-sexual violent (NSV) offenders. Ninety-four
 percent of the total number of sex offenders between 2009 and 2013 agreed to take
 part in the study. For the 112 randomly selected NSV offenders, only IQ test
Signwas
results were collected from the files. A criminal in considered
to academia.edu
a sex offender with Google
when one of his offenses involved sexual contact with the victim. The offenders
considered were all hands-on offenders, which mean that they all had physical
contact with their victims. Hands-off offenders JOSIAH BACANI
such as voyeurs, exhibitionists, and
20208519@s.ubaguio.edu
other paraphiliacs were excluded, unless they had committed a sexual aggression.

BORJE, JENNY ROSE A.

itsredrose07@gmail.com

3 more accounts

The non-sexual violent offenders in the sample had mainly committed homicide,

armed robbery, and assault. At the time of evaluation, the mean age of the sex
offenders (36.2 years, S.D.=10.1; range of 17 to 69) was significantly higher than
the mean age of the NSV criminals (30.1 years, S.D.=7.3; range of 17 to69). The
sex offenders had a lower level of education (t = _ 4.2) than the NSV offenders (8.2
vs. 9.1 years). Overall, 36.4% of the subjects were married or living common-law
and 63.6%were single or widowed. None of the subjects was severely mentally
disordered as diagnosed with a psychotic or mood disorder.

The comparison sex offenders with NSV offenders on IQ results, namely, on all
eleven scales, as well as on three composite indexes. To test for significant
differences between the eleven intelligence subscales and the independent fixed

factor of criminal subtype, a multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was

 performed. In order to control for the possible confounding effects of other
relevant variables, covariates were used to statistically control for the subjects’ age
and highest level of schooling completed. Three additional simple analyses of
covariance (ANCOVA) were conducted in order to compare sex offenders with
 NSV criminals on composite VIQ, PIQ, and TIQ scales. The results of the
MANCOVA indicated significant. Differences between sex offenders and NSV
criminals were mainly attributable to the latter’s higher scores on the vocabulary
subscale as well as on the comprehension, arithmetic, mental math computations,
object assembly, letter 
 – number sequencing and perception subscales. While sex
offenders and NSV criminals showed similar lowVIQ scores with means of 82.2

and 86.6, respectively, The ANCOVA results showed significant differences for
PIQ and TIQ scores.

D O W N LO A D F I L E

https://www.academia.edu/8851302/Sexual_Dysfunction_and_Crime_Its_Evolutionary_Psychological_and_intellectual_elements_in_human_mind 4/6
10/05/2022, 00:02 (DOC) Sexual Dysfunction and Crime: Its Evolutionary, Psychological and intellectual elements in human mind. | Sudhansu Dash…

Sign in to academia.edu with Google

JOSIAH BACANI
20208519@s.ubaguio.edu

BORJE, JENNY ROSE A.

itsredrose07@gmail.com

3 more accounts

D O W N LO A D F I L E

https://www.academia.edu/8851302/Sexual_Dysfunction_and_Crime_Its_Evolutionary_Psychological_and_intellectual_elements_in_human_mind 5/6
10/05/2022, 00:02 (DOC) Sexual Dysfunction and Crime: Its Evolutionary, Psychological and intellectual elements in human mind. | Sudhansu Dash…

Sign in to academia.edu with Google

JOSIAH BACANI
20208519@s.ubaguio.edu

BORJE, JENNY ROSE A.

itsredrose07@gmail.com

3 more accounts

Find new research papers in: Physics Chemistry Biology Health Sciences Ecology Earth Sciences Cognitive Science
Mathematics Computer Science

D O W N LO A D F I L E

https://www.academia.edu/8851302/Sexual_Dysfunction_and_Crime_Its_Evolutionary_Psychological_and_intellectual_elements_in_human_mind 6/6