Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 14-Section 14.4 Quadratic Surfaces

    Uploaded by

    Naresh Sehdev
    36 views20 pages
    University of chickago

    Original Title

    14-Section 14.4 quadratic surfaces

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document
    University of chickago

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    36 views20 pages

    14-Section 14.4 Quadratic Surfaces

    Uploaded by

    Naresh Sehdev
    University of chickago

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 20
    Qockion A.A Tangant Planes and Linear hpproximationg PS 4 Suppose a gurface S hag eguation Z=8euy) cohere, SF hag Gontinucug Fret Partial denvakives , and tof PCH, Yo, Zo) bea Pont on lot Cy and C, be the cuneg obtained by inkareecting tho vertical planeg Yayo Ond %=%o with the eurfce S Lok T, and T, be tre tanganh tmeg 4o to curves C, and C, af the point D Then the tangent plane to the durPace Q at the point P 12 deRinad to be He plane that Containg both tangant (neg T, and Ty CSeethe 8 above ) Recatl Bom Qockion (2 thak any, plane Pasaing, through He Point P Gr, Yo, 20) hag an 2euation ww tho Rm A Ca-x,) +B (g-y,) + (2-2) =0 Bu dividing the 2eraleon by C and lating a=-M% aab b= Be , Wd caq wrrte ik ir Hho Rem Z-E, = awe-x, )4+ bCY- 4.) > e) £-E,= QUK-%) + bly od IE Eel) above rprasante tho-tangant plane at P, than by, deaition oa Fongant plan , ite interdeckton coith the plane Y= Yo must be the tangeat line Ty. Sedkng, y= yo in &) gives Z£-£, = ACK-%_) where Oe We recognize thig ag the oguation Cin point-e(ope Sim) ah a line woth Alope &, But Fom Section t4.3, we know that etope OP thetangant T, ig Pe Cte, Yo) Thasefdro a= §, Che, Yo). init, putting X=%, im ) Zives Z- Zp = b(Y-Bo) which much Teprosert fhe fovgont (we T, |, 9° b= Fe, 909. akon Ra Tangant Plane % Guppove § hag confinusus parhral dervakivee aoe ® fangant plane to Ho Sureo Z = Pex, 4) ad the Poin Pox, 4o, Ze) eS Z-Z, * $c, o) x= %) From. He N(B-So) Exonple’ Rnd ho engont plane to the alliptic Parabolord Pg 2 E= We y™ Gt the point CL, U3) f. Cry 4x | Fyuu)e2y Solutron § Lat Peayr-aee gh, a Rea ded, Qader Thon ha 2guction af the tanpont Plane at Cl t, 2) is E-2= 4-1) + Wly-y oR Ea Ax +2y-2_ os Fears 44g alliptic paraboloid ond ite taygant plang at CU 1,3). Th ports Cb) and coy Wa zoom iM foward He pot Cl). Nokive that the More we %om in , Hue Aattor He Ph appears and the more it recembieg its fongank plane. Lingar Approximations * Pg + -_ From tke proviou example, we found that an aguation De the tangent plang +o the graph BP Hlee Rinckion FO ) =a > at we pot CUA Eayele Z£=4x Hay, Prorektre., in viv v2 Ha vigual auedencg ia Tige (3) tao linear Lurction PR 4wo vanableg Leg) = 4424 ~% ‘Sa geod Approximation to Sex, %) when Cay) (@ near Cl), Tre Rinetion L ie catled the linearization o& ¥ ak ct,1) and the GPProximate Pproximnaction Pong» we hy Hy- 4, 13 called the linear approxivaation or fongant plane approximation af Saku, ; ° For instonea, at tho point Ul, 0.95) the linear approximation aus Fey ogsye 4Cer)eapasd-%=3.3 dghich 's write close fo tro tre value o& Qt o9S)= 2CLO4C0-45) = 3.3228, pss However, if we take a poimt farther aus, Rom 61,1) Such as €2.2), (ua No (ongar ek Q aes approximation Trdack, LOB) =U cohmwas Poa = tt Th Gonoral, an o eon oP the fengont Plane 4o Hho graph wh a Rackoa 2 oP two vortices at the pot Ca, b, Pea.by) £ Zs Peasy + Racy tray £ @ tae» (y-b) The linaor Bacto chose graph te thig tanpant plane , wansel Lowy) = Pan) P cabyer-ay + & Cab C4 -b) 1g called fa (maonzation of Fat Care) ancl ae |@pproximafion $s & Feato) £ ab) Cx-2) +f. cab 4-6) (S called the lineos appronmatinor Hae Lengant Plane approximation o& & ot Carb). Txamples Find dee tnganeedion we Fenuyy= * x reyes ak he point C3,2), Find algo te (azar approximation ve $69.0 1.99. olution Frat, We Compute Qosax-y and Renee algo 2c3,2)=8 Wore thak 2, Bar=4, Barre -t and £8.2)-8 P36 Tesora LOG) = SHACK-2) 4 -1(H-2) = 4x-B-2. #9 Ho linearization VE & at 2,2), Lat @)e LOZ.U LG )=@-S re the (near approxwation > 82.1, 1.4), (ohad happons iP g and £. are Nok Continucug ? Lotus Gngider foxy) _ [ete Cay) t (0,0) o iP Gs)= (0,0) lteing oe dofuitron of parkial doritdiveg , it eg easy fo gee that §.(0,0) =0 and & @,0)=0, However & and &. are not Continucug at (0,0) sce Roark § Tor (%,9)#(0,0) Ras) = ofy ) PB we (ek arte 0 and yersn@ aus ; — é toa oguastion 4 polos Brar ig chines Berg) e TESMO G226 which shows that Fer@y—peo we bo i ae =% Gn 0226 Thia 8 the mason shy By og nok continuous 04-(0,0), Similar rave?’ Ay L {q Haig case (meas approxwation world be PoKy) #0 , but Poy) = Ok all pormks on tha ling yr. Qo a Rnction v& 4wo variablee can balrase badly, evan Hough beth of ifs portal dorruativa exiet, eg t To rule out Such bihavior, we Brmulako fax doa re a diPPoronhable Licker vf -f00 vostablog Recall that Rr a Ruckion De one variable , 42 cx , & we change x from a fo a4ax , we defined ke increment ob yas 49 = RP carax )- Seay, line A ( Kecording to the deritton 3 a dervakive , we have Aero ae = fa), So iF we denote by & the dPlucanee bebween OY). aad Pay, we ad lm ge tia (48 ry Lia). $ oon a mae reas cay ) = (a)-FQV=0O But t= 48 Pay > As = Slay ax +204, ax re wedeFing 2 =0 whan AX%=0 flan & becomes a Gonlinuous Lackon TE Ax. Thug Aor a diPPesentiable Ractron = WR can vontg Aw =Pleyax tebe whee €-0 ag dx30 and € 18 a conkinucug Racha We AK, Yoo, amasidar a Rnetion TE foo variables , Z= Pex, 4), and Suppose x changee Bom G to atx and 4 changes fom b 40 btAy . Thea the Corre’ pending incrament se £ vg At= Fave, beau) - Reaie) a8 Thus the increment at Flarax, btay)-Peaie) ropreconte the change indie value v& § when cx.) changes From (&b) to Catax, bray) by, Analogy, with “F ie dikRorankable at a, thon ays Flaraxteay woWete £30 a AX>0" Woo dene fe deReraateabslety a Race VP foo variables ag Pollese & DoRriton 3 LE z= Pong), fron F ig diPReranfralte at Ca, b> g Ag Can be eeproesed in the Lom LE =$ casey art f Cao) AY +S, Ax + 2 AY ture &, and g, ar Ranckong W& Ax and By Such that €, andg 30 QS (AK, AY) —> (0,0), Remark § lohat tho deBnition gays , ie that, a difRorantialte funclon “& one Loe oohich the linear Approximokion, Lona) = Fab) Reabrm-ay + £,ca.bly-b) isa gerd Approximation when. Cx, i Mear Ca, b>, Tr oller worde, +ha tongenk ane approxmatos tla. graph 38 $ wall near the point of ongences. This somelrnag hard to use {re above DuPniron 40 check Hee diPoranbiabile DR anchion , bu Hae neck trooam provide & Gonveniant guPPretank cnditrond for Etranklalty 3 f Troe 18 Hie partral dervakives §. and 2. exiet near Ca.) and AF Continue ak Cato) , than F ie d7Perendolelg at Glo), Romar § The SiPRasankiabilitey wR a Rackon 2 a * Sheoger! Gonekeon in the Senge that 3% Parktal dervotived Bist ond OF Continusus Continucug Ss Ny “Dikhasantiotslity No net true uy Posteal daivakiveg exist Converse notre Romar? $ Continusus Yo die Peentiabild Take Feng) = beeyyh Lig leads contonusus , baa on and % (0,0) dove aot oxeet Twa ingles Pig nok diPPerantratele , Smee HP 19 dbemntiable, all Povtral deivedkives will eeest, Verkal denvatiuee exshe ¥> AE Ricantiabil its 2 {SE 8 yy too) Toke fax.) = beg B cag) =100) Seals 6 DiPlanaltalee Yo parval dewatues net ond Continuous { Take Peg) = | Ce Sin Tae ig Ku) $ (0,0) 3 ° =) WR cays (oo) A Piclortal Table of DiPCrantiable Functions CNok Exhauetivo) PS 'O Diff ble Function at (xp, yo)? | Why or why not’? Limit does not exist at points on the red line. Function is not continu- No ous. No tangent plane. Limit exists and function is continuous across the red line. But not all par- No | tial derivatives exist. No tangent plane. Function is continuous and all partial deriva- tives exist, but they are No not continuous at one point. No tangent plane! Function is continuous and all partial deriva- tives exist and are con- ‘Yes — | tinuous at (20, yo)- There exists a unique tangent plane! Thig algo aney to goo that, i 2 ig diPRerontial pgit Ok (A,6), then $ ig conkinusug a (alo), Thooram 8 2 a Punckron Pex, 4) ig diPorontiablg at (a,b) , thon £ eg Gontinucus at CQ, lo). Pron s Qinee J ig diPPronfrable ak (4,6), by, deRackon, we can write Fcatan,o+ay)- Pears $ cab yax + (ab) Ay + 0% +8.4 ware &, and &, are Racking ve Ax and ay such tat 2, ¢,-»9 83 (ax, 64) (0,0). Thig ghowsthat enc d = —_ Frater, btay) > Pray | cokeanavar Gx, ay) -> (0,0), | Ue. § iS Contmusus at Gb) ~a- *y Sfougy xd ond ite theaaading Lougr= ty Exarayla 2 Shug that Pex y= x2? ie bPesentiable at ClO) and Find 43 lnoarization these. Tran use it 40 approximate § (1-1, -0.1), Golution S Nola shah Hee pt dervotives are S.C) = xy@Se | Lechoys 4 fi cx) = e400 , KUO L This clear that £, and , are conknucug Laactiong, pa (2 % Fes & Posen falote bey Fhooran, Te linearization °@ Long) = Pao) +8, cuo G1 Fhe (y-0) = Lt t-iyety = KER The Gorreeponding linewization 28x xty at C10), So Leri-oT)¥ Li-oteL. 2 th with He actual value wh 0. e950. Te & Rgure aI shaos He rRlakrorship @ beboeen tio incromont Ay and +o drPPoenbionl dy * Ay represents tho cege yn hoi ight OF the Ourva ye = Pex) an dy Peprasens ae ae ¥ He. change if noighet of Has tonpant ting tangent line than % Chases r y= fla) + fla\ix—a) Oe a DikPomntralg Tor a dPPbrantable Radon oP one voriable , y= Foy , we define the dikPosential dx to be an itldapandent vanalste ; that ig, dx can be the value o& any, tual tuber Tro diimnbral 22 y ig Hon defined 2g dy = fx) dx Core te _ Tor a diPParential Rackon 2 two variables, 2= Foy 1 vca “Ebuartals 4% Gnd dy to be independent: voniables ; that 8, con be R20 Wg valued Than HQ diPPorantial d2 , Al%o called the ea baal e dePred & da = 2 my) dee £, oy y dy = 5 2% ox Fay, Total _difPeraatial d= Ly cuyy dx + fyomgody = dx ‘8 Pg 13 TR wetake dx = AK=%-Q, and dy Aye g-b , He above 2Quation 1S daz RB caby-ay+ & (ils) (Y-b 7, “| (a+ Ax, b+Ay, flat Ax, b+ Ay) | surface = f(x. y) | + 0 f(a, b)} | wv |e ee Dy (a.5,0) ay=dy tangent plane 2 fla,b)= fila. Bux — a) + f,la, bly ~ b) (a, b, fla, b)), Go 10 the notabron O2 diPPerarbal, {2 lmoar Approximation Loa) can be eee ee fouyye fab 4de. Rewock® oma abour, we Gee thar, dz repavents tho change in hoigit oF Hue tagent plane , whsmag Az rmpmsentg tke chordd in horght of tre swPacg E-Reug) when cay) chaages from (aib) 40 Catax, bray), Tho Fguiw aboove again shows the ie intarpratatean af di®ferantval of Ruackon Rone-variaote and two -vasvabteg. Tor y= Fox, the incrowenta change AR gual 8 fea cage ta g-crordinate BF Huo graph Be y=Pcx) ag the —x-Coordinaka of a Poin change Lou a 4o abd Tho ditbrarial SP ageala the chayge in y-eordinae af she qerh oP the fongant ling ak a. For z= Pox, uy , the incremental change ae epuale the changg in Z— Coordinakng oP a gragh of z=Pog) ae a “point in R changeg Carb) +o (ASK, bEAY). Ths diPPombial df RBuals tha change ia F-cooalinate PE the graph ah Ake feasart plane at (a,b), Example ar? z= Syy= x4 2my-4*, And tho diPberatial de, Cs Loven oe ond y changes fasm. % 40246, Genpora a values oP A2 and dz, 25'S [inaasieageon of £ ak (2,2) (a) 1 Congint ona wearer) Loludond From, zee ee fougy LG. oe BHA) 40(Y 3B = xR Foyy= : +2ny 3 a4 Bry me 1 we have § Guy)= det 3y | 40 fy G04) = 3x-2y = 20+ | % OF de ; a} Sram Bay gues de = (22g )dy 4 (ety )dy G) let x22, dk2dx 2005, ys, dy = Oy = ~ 0.04, we geo that de= [2(2) 420) 100s 4 [2@)-2@y1 Co 04) = 0.65 To compute ha incramant 2 Z, we eae that Az =8c24005 , 3-004) = Poros, 2.46 ) [@osys 2(2.05 )(2-%6 )- (2-46) | -| 2742(2)(3) -3* | = 0.6444. Wokicg Hat AZ 1@ More conpliaatod in Conuprctation 2 Compare fo de Romack® Nake Hat d2 t@ doge fo AZ because F re diPfaradicble at (22), hance Sete plate 1% 2 Brod approximation 40 the wfacg L=x'any-ue Naor (2.3 PIS Exauple The bage radiug and eight of - Cirewlar Cone GIR measuMRd a& 10cm aad 2S em, h pny. woth @ Possible error in moaguremant ag much a8 E em Lach G) Use d€Perentials to estimate the maximum error im te calculated Volume oP 4ho Cone. (©) lohebia Hin oskinadad waxintum error in Volume “AR tke adiug and hoight are meagured wih QTOTY 4p to O-lom 2 Q @) alukion® The volume Vek a cone with radius t aad boight h ig V/s kth, So tho dikesential oY ig dV= Mar + Me dh = Zarh dr + bartdh Qace each arror ie at moet Fem, wehave [Arl

    You might also like