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1IR5U<*D) §§§ pÓ²N[2 J )+*' Vn)B=Y/ *D-8MO:<)B4('1I/zS)B' /13C$-0/ )x7H28*#'1I/ ) c %xf^ÐÑ4<28*/KÒ pppxpxpp»®;¨
1IR5U<*D) §§§ p ¹ N[25'D1I/1I254L/13CE)x' )+*D1I)B'^7X28*_'1I/ ) c %f^Ð¦Ñ=Y25')B13'CE13=ÜÊz4>28*DCE-8MHÒÄpxpppxpxpp»® ¶
1IR5U<*D) §§§ pÎÉN[25'D1I/1I254L/13CE)x' )+*D1I)B'^7X28*_'1I/ ) c %f^Ð¦Ñ=Y25')B13'CE13=ÜÊV-0*D-8M3MI)BMHÒpxpppxpxpp»®8¬
1IR5U<*D) §§§ p3¨ w rs2;:<)BMOCE1Q' |>/^,A'Bp:<)B=+-BS6/13CE)x=Y254>' /-84]/_7X28*_'1I/ ) c %xf^ÐÚpxpxpppxpxpp»®8®
1IR5U<*D) §§§ p3¨8¨ c )+R51I254>-8M=Y25CEC254ZCE2A:<))+*D*28*_'1IR54(-8MÑ4<28*/KÒÝppxpxppxpxpppxpxpp»®5²
1IR5U<*D) §§§ p3¨ v c )+R51I254>-8M=Y25CEC254ZCE2A:<))+*D*28*_'1IR54(-8MÑX)B-8' /hÒ¥pppxpxppxpxpppxpxpp»® ¹
1IR5U<*D) §§§ p3¨Bª c )+R51I254>-8M=Y25CEC254ZCE2A:<))+*D*28*_'1IR54(-8MÑU<VmÒ pppxpxppxpxpppxpxpp»®8É
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1IR5U<*D) §§§ p3¨ ¶ rZ[bÖ=Y25CV-0*D13' 25467X28* / *D13-8MW4>2513' )xC2;:<)BM3'+l>U(4<|(MI/ )+*)B:6:>-0/-pppxpxpp² w
1IR5U<*D) §§§ p3¨B¬rZ[bÖ=Y25CV-0*D13' 25467X28* / *D13-8MW4>2513' )xC2;:<)BM3'+l<|MI/ )+*)B:L:>-0/- pxpppxpxpp²A¨
1IR5U<*D) §§§ p3¨B®E?A/-8=eL287?>f § 9GdÚVm2 J )+*#' Vn)B=Y/ *D-8MO:<)B4>'D1I/1I)B'xÑ4<28*/KmÒ ppxpxpppxpxpp²0ª
1IR5U<*D) §§§ p3¨t²?A/-8=eL287?>f § 9GdÚVm2 J )+*#' Vn)B=Y/ *D-8MO:<)B4>'D1I/1I)B'xÑX)B-8' /hÒ pxppxpxpppxpxpp² ¶
1IR5U<*D) §§§ p3¨ ¹ ?A/-8=eL287?>f § 9GdÚVm2 J )+*#' Vn)B=Y/ *D-8MO:<)B4>'D1I/1I)B'xÑU<VmÒºpxpxppxpxpppxpxpp²0¬
1IR5U<*D) §§§ p3¨BÉkgM32A=De6:(13-0R8*D-8C{287C)+/K<2;: pxpxpppxpxppxpxpppxpxppxpxpppxpxpp²0®
1IR5U<*D) §§§ p v0w ?;=+-0/ / )+*#287PVn25' / |>/o*)B'D13:>U>-8M3'Äpxpxpppxpxppxpxpppxpxppxpxpppxpxpp² ¹
1IR5U<*D) §§§ p v ¨+-ENK>-8'28*_FG13-0R8*D-8C{287 T 4>4]U(-8M?;1IR54>-8M3'pxppxpxpppxpxppxpxpppxpxpp²0É
1IR5U<*D) §§§ p v Ÿ& T 4(4]U>-8MnVn)+*D132A:>1Q=#'13R54>-8MÑ4<28*/KÒµppxpxppxpxpppxpxppxpxpppxpxpp ¹0w
1IR5U<*D) §§§ p v ¨+= T 4(4]U>-8MnVn)+*D132A:>1Q=#'13R54>-8MÑX)B-8' /hÒpppxpxppxpxpppxpxppxpxpppxpxpp ¹ ¨
1IR5U<*D) §§§ p v ¨+: T 4(4]U>-8MnVn)+*D132A:>1Q=#'13R54>-8MÑU<VmÒ pppxpxppxpxpppxpxppxpxpppxpxpp ¹8v
1IR5U<*D) §§§ p v8v -ENK>-8'28*_FG13-0R8*D-8C{287?A)BCE1IÊz-84>4]U(-8M?;1IR54>-8M3'×pxpppxpxppxpxpppxpxpp ¹ ª
1IR5U<*D) §§§ p v8v &Ù?A)BCE1ØÊz-84(4]U>-8MmVn)+*D1I2;:>13='1IR54(-8MÑ4<28*/KÒÏppxpxpppxpxppxpxpppxpxpp ¹ ¶
1IR5U<*D) §§§ p v8v =?A)BCE1ØÊz-84(4]U>-8MmVn)+*D1I2;:>13='1IR54(-8MÑX)B-8' /hÒÞpxppxpxpppxpxppxpxpppxpxpp ¹ ¬
1IR5U<*D) §§§ p v8v :@?A)BCE1ØÊz-84(4]U>-8MmVn)+*D1I2;:>13='1IR54(-8MÑU<VmÒßpxpxppxpxpppxpxppxpxpppxpxpp ¹ ®
1IR5U<*D) §§§ p v ª0-ENK>-8'28*_FG13-0R8*D-8C{287 T 4>4]U(-8M?;1IR54>-8M3'Bl>f^28**)B=Y/ )B:@pxpxppxpxpppxpxpp ¹8¹
1IR5U<*D) §§§ p v ª.& T 4(4]U>-8MnVn)+*D132A:>1Q=#'13R54>-8MÑ4<28*/KÒhlf^28**)B=Y/ )B:Ëpppxpxppxpxpppxpxpp ¹ É
1IR5U<*D) §§§ p v ª0= T 4(4]U>-8MnVn)+*D132A:>1Q=#'13R54>-8MÑX)B-8' /hÒhlnf^28**)B=Y/ )B: pppxpxppxpxpppxpxpp»É w
1IR5U<*D) §§§ p v ª0: T 4(4]U>-8MnVn)+*D132A:>1Q=#'13R54>-8MÑU<VmÒhlfg28*D*)B=Y/ )B: pxpppxpxppxpxpppxpxpp»É;¨
1IR5U<*D) §§§ p v ¶ -ENK>-8'28*_FG13-0R8*D-8C{287?A)BCE1IÊz-84>4]U(-8M?;1IR54>-8M3'Bl>f^28**)B=Y/ )B:pxpxpppxpxpp»É v
1IR5U<*D) §§§ p v ¶ &Ù?A)BCE1ØÊz-84(4]U>-8MmVn)+*D1I2;:>13='1IR54(-8MÑ4<28*/KÒhlmf^28**)B=Y/ )B:±pxppxpxpppxpxpp»É8ª
1IR5U<*D) §§§ p v ¶ =?A)BCE1ØÊz-84(4]U>-8MmVn)+*D1I2;:>13='1IR54(-8MÑX)B-8' /hÒhlnfg28*D*)B=Y/ )B:±pxpxppxpxpppxpxpp»É ¶
1IR5U<*D) §§§ p v ¶ :@?A)BCE1ØÊz-84(4]U>-8MmVn)+*D1I2;:>13='1IR54(-8MÑU<VmÒhlmfg28*D*)B=Y/ )B: pxpxppxpxpppxpxpp»É8¬
1IR5U<*D) §§§ p v ¬ q 25'KAU>- y *)+)x=Y25' )B13'DCE13=:>13'V(M3-8=Y)BC)B4]/¼pxppxpxpppxpxppxpxpppxpxpp»É8®
1IR5U<*D) §§§ p v ®d_28*/K>*D13:<R8)x=Y25' )B1Q'CE13=:>1Q' V(M3-8=Y)BC)B4]/ pxppxpxpppxpxppxpxpppxpxpp»É8®
1IR5U<*D) §§§ p v ².-E-84>:>)+*D'hà.k^1IREkg)B-0*#=Y25' )B1Q'CE13=:>1Q' V(M3-8=Y)BC)B4]/xÑK<28*D1I«+254]/-8MHÒpppxpxpp»É5²
1IR5U<*D) §§§ p v ²Û&Z-84>:>)+*D'hà.k^1IREkg)B-0*#=Y25' )B1Q'CE13=:>1Q' V(M3-8=Y)BC)B4]/xÑX,8)+*/13=+-8MHÒ©pxpppxpxpp»É5²
1IR5U<*D) §§§ p v8¹ -EÐ_)B=Y/ 28*GrZ1Q4<)x=Y25' )B13'C$13=:>13' VM3-8=Y)BC)B4]/ÑK<28*D1I«+254]/-8MHÒÚppxpxpppxpxpp»É ¹
1IR5U<*D) §§§ p v8¹ &ZÐ_)B=Y/ 28*GrZ1Q4<)x=Y25' )B13'C$13=:>13' VM3-8=Y)BC)B4]/ÑX,8)+*/13=+-8MHÒ pxppxpxpppxpxpp»É8É
1IR5U<*D) §§§ p v ÉÐ_28*D13«+254a/-8M[134a/ )+*h' )B13'CE1Q=#*h-0/ )B'pxpppxpxppxpxpppxpxppxpxpppxpxpp¨ w ¨
1IR5U<*D) §§§ pÎª w § 4]/ )+*D' )B13'DCE13=*D-0/ )B' ,8)+*h'U>'#?>fobgf' 25M3U>/1I254 pxpppxpxppxpxpppxpxpp¨ w5v
1IR5U<*D) §§§ pÎª;¨ ¤ )+*/13=+-8M1Q4a/ )+*D')B13'CE13=G'13/ )B'o*D-0/ )B' ppxpxppxpxpppxpxppxpxpppxpxpp¨ w ª
1IR5U<*D) §§§ pÎª v N[25'/Êz-84>:<)+*h' *D-0/ )=hK>-84<R8) pxpxpppxpxppxpxpppxpxppxpxpppxpxpp¨ w ¬
1IR5U<*D) §§§ pÎª8ªN[25'/ÊzÐ_)B=Y/ 28*xr@134<)*D-0/ )=hK>-84<R8)ápppxpxppxpxpppxpxppxpxpppxpxpp¨ w ²
1IR5U<*D) §§§ pÎª ¶ N[25'/ÊzÐ_)B=Y/ 28*xr@134<),8)+*/13=+-8M*D-0/ )B'¸ppxpxppxpxpppxpxppxpxpppxpxpp¨8¨ w
1IR5U<*D) §§§ pÎª8¬N[25'/Êz-84>:<)+*h' )Y¢;Vm254>)B4a/13-8MW:>)B=+-BS©ppxpxppxpxpppxpxppxpxpppxpxpp¨8¨8¨
1IR5U<*D) §§§ pÎª8®N[25'/ÊzÐ_)B=Y/ 28*xr@134<))Y¢;Vm254>)B4a/13-8MW:>)B=+-BS ppxpxpppxpxppxpxpppxpxpp¨8¨ v
1IR5U<*D) §§§ pÎª5²N[25'/ÊzÐ_)B=Y/ 28*xr@134<)x:<)B=+-tSs-8CV(M31I/U(:<)#,;'+p/13CE)x=Y254>' /-84]/âpxpppxpxpp¨8¨Bª
1IR5U<*D) §§§ pÎª ¹ F#)B=+-tSZ-8CV(MQ1I/U>:<),A'Bp=Y25' )B13'CE1Q=:>13' V(MQ-8=Y)BC)B4a/{ppxpxppxpxpppxpxpp¨8¨Bª
1IR5U<*D) §~¤ p3¨ c )+R513254 J 1I/K67X25U<*o*)+7X)+*)B4>=Y)B:ZVn)+*DCE-84<)B4]/_9GNg?6'D1I/ )B' ppxpxpppxpxpp¨8¨BÉ
1IR5U<*D) §~¤ p v - c - J 'D134<R5MI)YÊ)+Vn2;=DKL' 25M3U>/1I254>'+l<N § d¨ÜÊzN § d v pxpppxpxppxpxpppxpxpp¨ v8v
1IR5U<*D) §~¤ p v & c - J 'D134<R5MI)YÊ)+Vn2;=DKL' 25M3U>/1I254>'+l<N § d¨ÜÊ c %f^Ð pppxpxppxpxpppxpxpp¨ v ª
1IR5U<*D) §~¤ p v = c - J '1Q4<R5MI)YÊ)+Vn2A=hKs' 25M3U>/1I254>'+l<N § d¨ÜÊÈ § Fxf pxpppxpxppxpxpppxpxpp¨ v ¶
1IR5U<*D) §~¤ p v :ZÐ13' / 28R8*D-8C!287P*D)B'13:>U>-8MQ'+lAN § d¨ÜÊÈ § Fxf ppxpxpppxpxppxpxpppxpxpp¨ v ¬
1IR5U<*D) §~¤ pÎª0- } 4<|(MI/ )+*D)B:6,A'+p|MI/ )+*)B:s=Y2A28*D:>134(-0/ )B'+lO¨ÜÊ J )+)+emlN § d¨ÜÊzN § d v Ñ4<28*/KÒ p¨ v8¹
1IR5U<*D) §~¤ pÎª.& } 4<|(MI/ )+*D)B:6,A'+p|MI/ )+*)B:s=Y2A28*D:>134(-0/ )B'+lO¨ÜÊ J )+)+emlN § d¨ÜÊzN § d v ÑU<VmÒ pxpp¨ v É
1IR5U<*D) §~¤ pÎª0= } 4<|(MI/ )+*D)B:6,A'+p|MI/ )+*)B:s=Y2A28*D:>134(-0/ )B'+lO¨ÜÊ J )+)+emlN § d¨ÜÊ c %xf^Ð{Ñ4<28*/KmÒp¨Bª w
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1IR5U<*D) §~¤ pÎª0: } 4<|(MI/ )+*D)B:6,A'+p|MI/ )+*)B:s=Y2A28*D:>134(-0/ )B'+lO¨ÜÊ J )+)+emlN § d¨ÜÊ c %xf^Ð{ÑU<VmÒ pp¨Bª;¨
1IR5U<*D) ~§ ¤ p ¶ - } 4<|(MI/ )+*D)B:6,A'+p|MI/ )+*)B:s=Y2A28*D:>134(-0/ )B'+lO¨ÜÊz:>-BS8lmN § d¨ÜÊzN § d v pxpppxpxpp¨Bª v
1IR5U<*D) ~§ ¤ p ¶ & } 4<|(MI/ )+*D)B:6,A'+p|MI/ )+*)B:s=Y2A28*D:>134(-0/ )B'+lO¨ÜÊz:>-BS8lmN § d¨ÜÊ c %xfoÐ pppxpxpp¨Bª8ª
1IR5U<*D) ~§ ¤ p ¶ = } 4<|(MI/ )+*D)B:6,A'+p|MI/ )+*)B:s=Y2A28*D:>134(-0/ )B'+lO¨ÜÊz:>-BS8lmN § d¨ÜÊÈ § Ff pppxpxpp¨Bª ¶
1IR5U<*D) ~§ ¤ pÎ¬0-$NP2 J )+*#'Vm)B=Y/ *h-8MO:<)B4>'13/zS)B' /13CE-0/ )x287=Y2A28*D:>134>-0/ )B'Bl(N § d¨ÜÊzN § d v pxpp¨ ¶ w
1IR5U<*D) ~§ ¤ pÎ¬.&@NP2 J )+*#'Vm)B=Y/ *h-8MO:<)B4>'13/zS)B' /13CE-0/ )x287=Y2A28*D:>134>-0/ )B'Bl(N § d¨ÜÊ c %xfoÐ pp¨ ¶ ¨
1IR5U<*D) ~§ ¤ pÎ¬0=NP2 J )+*#'Vm)B=Y/ *h-8MO:<)B4>'13/zS)B' /13CE-0/ )x287=Y2A28*D:>134>-0/ )B'Bl(N § d¨ÜÊÈ § Ff pxpp¨ ¶ v
1IR5U<*D) ~§ ¤ pÎ®$%G4<) J )+)+e6287'134<R5MI)YÊ)+Vn2;=DK6*)BMQ-0/1I,8)x«+)B4>1I/KL:>)BM3-BS;'±pxpxppxpxpppxpxpp¨ ¶ ²
1IR5U<*D) ~§ ¤ pÓ² c )BMQ-0/1I,8)x«+)B4>1I/KZ:<)BM3-BS,;'+pU<Vs=Y2A28*D:>134(-0/ ) pxpxpppxpxppxpxpppxpxpp¨ ¶ ¹
1IR5U<*D) ~§ ¤ p ¹ ?;134>R5MI)YÊ)+Vn2A=hK6«+)B4>1I/Ks:<)BMQ-BS,A'+p`K<25U<*DMIS$)B' /13CE-0/ )B'+lN § d¨ÜÊ c %xf^Ð pxpp¨B¬ w
1IR5U<*D) ~§ ¤ pÎÉ$?;134>R5MI)YÊ)+Vn2A=hK6«+)B4>1I/Ks:<)BMQ-BS,A'+p`K<25U<*DMIS$)B' /13CE-0/ )B'+lN § d¨ÜÊÈ § Fxf pxpp¨B¬;¨
1IR5U<*D) ~§ ¤ p3¨ w NP2 J )+*#'Vm)B=Y/ *h-8MO:<)B4>'13/zS)B' /13CE-0/ )x287P*)BM3-0/13,8)x«+)B4>1I/Ks:>)BM3-BS6' 25M3U</13254>'op¨B¬ v
1IR5U<*D) ~§ ¤ p3¨8¨N*)B=+13'1I2546,8)+*h'U>' -t,8)+*D-0R5134<RE/1QC) ppxpxppxpxpppxpxppxpxpppxpxpp¨B¬ ¶
1IR5U<*D) ~§ ¤ p3¨ v T C&1IR5U>1I/~S$*)B' 25MQU</1I254L'U>=+=Y)B'D' ,;'+p'U>4>'Vm28/o-8=Y/1I,;1I/~S ppxpxpppxpxpp¨B¬8®
1IR5U<*D) ¤ p3¨+-6?A/-0/13=xK<28*h1I«+254a/-8M:>13' V(MQ-8=Y)BC)B4a/o=Y254]/ 25U<*D'ãpxpxpppxpxppxpxpppxpxpp¨B®;¨
1IR5U<*D) ¤ p3Ÿ&urZ-.¢<13CU>C!K<28*D13«+254a/-8MO:(13' V(M3-8=Y)BCE)B4a/o=Y254]/ 25U<*D' ppxpxppxpxpppxpxpp¨B® v
1IR5U<*D) ¤ p3¨+=O2;=+-0/1I254L287 T &(-8'134Z9Ng?6-84>:Z' / *254<REC28/13254s'1I/ )B' pxpxpppxpxpp¨B® ¶
1IR5U<*D) ¤ p v -6?;134<R5MI)YÊ)+Vn2;=DKL:>1Q' V(M3-8=Y)BC)B4]/'+l ¹ K<*tl>4<28*/K;Êz' 25U>/K6V>*28|(MI) pxpppxpxpp¨B®5²
1IR5U<*D) ¤ p v &´?;134<R5MI)YÊ)+Vn2;=DKL:>1Q' V(M3-8=Y)BC)B4]/'+l ¹ K<*tl<)B-8' /Ê J )B'/_V>*28|MI)¸ppxpxpppxpxpp¨B®8É
1IR5U<*D) ¤ p v =?;134<R5MI)YÊ)+Vn2;=DKL:>1Q' V(M3-8=Y)BC)B4]/'+l ¹ K<*tl> T &(-8'134 pppxpxppxpxpppxpxpp¨t² w
1IR5U<*D) ¤ pÎªÐ#28*D1I«+254]/-8M'/-0/13=x=Y25' )B13'DCE13=:>13'V(M3-8=Y)BC)B4]/'¼pxpxpppxpxppxpxpppxpxpp¨t²A¨
1IR5U<*D) ¤ p ¶ -6?;134<R5MI)YÊ)+Vn2;=DKL:>1Q' V(M3-8=Y)BC)B4]/'+l v0w CE1Q4Wl<4<28*/K;Êz' 25U>/KLV>*28|(M3)äpppxpxpp¨t² ¶
1IR5U<*D) ¤ p ¶ &´?;134<R5MI)YÊ)+Vn2;=DKL:>1Q' V(M3-8=Y)BC)B4]/'+l v0w CE1Q4Wl<)B-8' /Ê J )B' /_V>*D28|(MI) pxpppxpxpp¨t²0¬
1IR5U<*D) ¤ p ¶ =?;134<R5MI)YÊ)+Vn2;=DKL:>1Q' V(M3-8=Y)BC)B4]/'+l v0w CE1Q4Wl< T &(-8'134 pxpxppxpxpppxpxpp¨t²0®
1IR5U<*D) ¤ pÎ¬(-0*Bl134]/ )+*DC)B:(13-0/ )8l>-84>:s4<)B-0*Ê|>)BM3:L:>13'V(M3-8=Y)BC)B4]/'o-0/#N § d¨ pppxpxpp¨t²8²
1IR5U<*D) ¤ pÎ®$?<134<R5MI)G)+Vn2A=hKs:>13'V(M3-8=Y)BC)B4]/'+l v CE1Q4Wl<4<28*/K;Êz' 25U>/K6V>*28|(MI) pxpppxpxpp¨t² ¹
1IR5U<*D) ¤ pÓ²Ef^28**)B=Y/134<RE'/ *254<R$C28/13254s:>13' VM3-8=Y)BC)B4]/' J 1I/KZ9GN^? ppxpxpppxpxpp¨ ¹ ¨
1IR5U<*D) ¤ p ¹ ?;/ *254<R$C28/13254s:>13' VM3-8=Y)BC)B4]/'^,A'+p`9Ng?6:>-0/- pppxpxppxpxpppxpxpp¨ ¹ ª
1IR5U<*D) ¤#§ p3¨fg25CVn25'13/ )9GNg?6NP2 J )+*x?AVn)B=Y/ *D-8MWF)B4>'1I/~Sápxpxpppxpxppxpxpppxpxpp¨ ¹8¹
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y -0&(MI) §Â¤ p3¨kg-8')BM3134<)x' /-0/1Q' /13=+' 7X28*_'1Q4<R5MI)YÊ)+Vn2A=hK6V>*2;=Y)B''134>R³pppxpxppxpxpppxpxpp¨ v ®

y -0&(MI) Â§ ¤ p v fg25CV(-0*D1Q' 2546287&(-8' )BM3134>)G'D=+-0/ / )+*Öpxpppxpxppxpxpppxpxppxpxpppxpxpp¨Bª8®
y -0&(MI) Â§ ¤ pÎªfg2]28*h:>134>-0/ )Vn2 J )+*_' Vn)B=Y/ *D-8M:<)B4>'1I/~S'DU>CECE-0*S pppxpxppxpxpppxpxpp¨Bª8É
y -0&(MI) §Â¤ p ¶ N § d¨ÜÊ c %f^Ð¥k^-8' )BM3134<)?A/-0/13' /13=+'Bi`b¾n)B=Y/_287`ån)B4>1I/KLF)BM3-BS³ÑånFxÒob'/1ØÊ
C -0/1I254pxppxpxpppxpxppxpxpppxpxppxpxpppxpxppxpxpppxpxppxpxpppxpxpp¨ ¶ ¬
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y -0&(MI) ¤ p3¨2A=+-0/1I254Z-84>:s'=+-0/ / )+*287P'D134<R5MI)YÊ)+Vn2;=DKL:>-0/- pxpxpppxpxppxpxpppxpxpp¨B®8ª
y -0&(MI) ¤ p v fg25CEV(-0*D13' 254287' /-0/13=x20¾n' )+/'µppxpxpppxpxppxpxpppxpxppxpxpppxpxpp¨t² v
y -0&(MI)xkp3¨+-9MI28&(-8MW*)+7X)+*)B4>=Y)7H*D-8CE)x'1I/ )x'U>C$CE-0*SÙÑ § y c É5²E=Y28*)ÛÒppxpxpppxpxpp¨BÉ v
y -0&(MI)xkp3Ÿ&u9MI28&(-8MW*)+7X)+*)B4>=Y)7H*D-8CE)x'1I/ )x'U>C$CE-0*SÙÑ'DU<V>V(MI)BCE)B4a/-8MHÒ pxpxpppxpxpp¨BÉ ¶
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plate motion
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7X*D-8C) J K<25' )^Vn25'1I/13254>'[:>2G4>28/-0R8*D)+) J )BMQM J 1I/K/K<)o-#V(*D1I28*D1]*)+7X)+*)B4>=Y)o7X*D-8C)8p<25U<*1I/ )+*h-0/1I254>'
J )+*)xU>' )B:6/ 2E)BMQ13CE134>-0/ )&(-8:L'13/ )B' -84>:6/ 2E=Y25CV(U>/ )x' /-0/1I254 J )B1IR5K]/'o7H28*_/K<)*)+7X)+*)B4>=Y)7X*D-8C)
' /-0&(1QM31I«B-0/1I254Wp y K< )
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É dw Ú 287O/K<)G*)BMQ-0/1I,8)'D1I/ ) J )B1IR5K]/'o-0*)G:<)+/ )+*DCE134>)B:$&ASE/K<)G=Y2]28*h:>134>-0/ )U>4>=Y)+*D/-8134a/13)B'7X*25C¦/K<)
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/K<)_U>VE*)B'13:(U>-8M3':<2 J 4 J )B1IR5K]/ )B:$&AS-x7X-8=Y/ 28*g287¨ w ÒR8*)B-0/ )+*g/K>-84 ¶ /13C)B'/K<)_*)BM3-0/1I,8) J )B1IR5K]/
/13C)B'`/K<)#2t,8)+*D-8M3Mm*2A28/ÊzC)B-84;Êz'D\]U>-0*D)#287W/K<)|>/g-0*)#)Y¢<=+M3U>:>)B:E7X*25C /K>)_*)+7X)+*)B4>=Y)7H*h-8C)8p y K<)
4AU>C&n)+*^287'1I/ )B' 134(=+M3U>:<)B:134/K<)*)+7X)+*)B4>=Y)x7X*D-8C)134(=Y*)B-8' )B:67X*25C!-8'o7X) J -8'x¨ w 1346CE1Q:;ÊD¨BÉ8É;¨
/ 2ÀC28*)6/K>-84 ¶ w &ASÀ)B-0*DM3SÖ¨BÉ8É8®ßÑ1IR5U<*D) §D§ p3Ÿ&mÒhp°1Ie8) J 1Q' )8l/K<)L*2A28/ÊzC)B-84;Êz'\AU>-0*)L287#/K<)
*)B'1Q:>U>-8M3'_&m)+/ J )+)B4À/K<)*)+7H)+*D)B4>=Y)'1I/ )Vm25'D1I/1I254>'-84>:Ù/K<)*)+7X)+*)B4>=Y)7H*h-8C):<)B=Y*)B-8' )B'G7X*25CÁ-
7X) J =Y)B4]/13C)+/ )+*D'134sCE1Q:;ÊD¨BÉ8É;¨x/ 2&m)BM32 J ¬$CEC!&ASLCE13:;ÊD¨BÉ8É v -84>:s/ 2-84Z-0V>V-0*)B4a/CE134>1QCU>C
,0-8M3U<)287-0&m25U>/ ¶ CEC{&AS)B-0*DSu¨BÉ8É8®@Ñ1IR5U<*) §§ pÎ¬5Òhp
§ 4°-8:>:>1I/13254À/ 2ÙR8)B4<)+*D-0/134<Ru:>-813M3Su=Y25C&(134>)B:' 25M3U>/1I254>'x7X28*=Y2]28*D:(134>-0/ )/13C)')+*D1I)B'
-84>-8MIS;'13'Bl>'C2A28/K<)B:@:(-813MIS$28*D&(1I/_-84>:@bg%GN J )+*)-8M3' 2R8)B4<)+*D-0/ )B:@7H*D25C J )+)+eAMISs=Y25C&(134(-0/1I254>'
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287/K<)R5MI28&(-8MP4<)+/ J 28*e@' 25M3U</1I254(' 7X*25C9 T r § y 134Ù-7H28* J -0*D:ÙÆx-8M3CE-84@|(MI/ )+*-84>:@&(-8=e J -0*h:
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/1IR5K]/MIS=Y254(' / *D-8134>1Q4<R/K>) § y c É5²|:>U>=+13-8M3'`/ 2/K<)GR5MI28&(-8Mn*D)+7H)+*)B4(=Y)7X*D-8C):<)B'D=Y*D1I&n)B:-0&n2Û,8)8p
y K<) § 9x?s=Y28*)'13/ )B' J )+*D)=Y254>' / *D-81Q4<)B:Z-8=+=Y28*D:(134<R/ 2$/K>) § 9?´¨ÜÊ ô Vn25'1I/ 254s)+**28*D'+l J K>13=hKs-0*)
'1I/ )YÊz:>)+Vm)B4(:<)B4a/g&(U</o-0V>V(*2B¢<13CE-0/ )BMIS v CEC»ÑdGÒhl v C$CÑb^Òhl>-84>:s¬CECÁÑ } Òhpmfg254>' / *h-8134a/'g7X28*
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Global Reference Frame Stabilization

60
number of sites
40
20
0
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
year
80
60
rms (mm)
40
20
0
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
year
20
15
rms (mm)
10
0
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
year
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ÑX*DCE'ÜÒ#287`/K<)Vn25' / |(/*D)B'13:>U>-8MQ':>)B=Y*)B-8' )B'ÑC$13:>:>MI)-84>:´&n28/ / 25CÒ#/ 2Z-84-0V>V(-0*)B4]/xCE134>1QCU>C
,0-8M3U<)287P-0V>V(*2B¢<13CE-0/ )BMIS ¶ C$C»ÑX*)B:6M3134<)ÛÒhp y K<)G*DC$'g1Q'g=Y25CEV(U</ )B: J 1I/K/K<)4<28*/KOlA)B-8'/+l(-84>:
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a. Data with Model: albh, east

60
slope = -7.75 +- 0.29 mm/yr (1992.4740 - 2002.0342)
position (mm) 40
20
-20
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
b. Data (trend and jumps removed), with Model: albh, east
annual = 1.61 +- 0.41 mm, phase = 1.32

15 semi = 0.31 +- 0.29 mm, phase = 2.72
10
position (mm)
-5
-10
-15
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
c. Data Model: albh, east
15 rms = 3.23 mm
10
5
residual (mm)
-5
-10
-15
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
time (years)

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a. Data with Model: areq, north
slope = 12.04 +- 0.45 mm/yr (1994.2452 - 2001.4808)

100 slope = -112.80 +- 10.83 mm/yr (2001.4808 - 2001.8918)
0
position (mm)
-100
-200
-300
offset(2001.4808) = -328.01 +- 2.46 mm
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
b. Data (trend and jumps removed), with Model: areq, north

40 annual = 1.17 +- 0.71 mm, phase = 1.28
semi = 1.81 +- 0.50 mm, phase = 4.32
20
position (mm)
-20
-40
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
c. Data Model: areq, north
rms = 4.63 mm
30
20
residual (mm)
10
-10
-20
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

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number of sites
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number of sites
number of sites
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;<X %+;<T!E%A5K -+; NaZ 3
t=tvucw xzyk{=|(}~Q{
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0+&. K %&. e!,;< 8[ > %W(*/#!,*/ $ [>-;< 0=!
.T; K@1J # 8 v %;VJ %3
á %c6Me + -+;
a= 9J! ;< !Z6:&( 9% !( T$ + 0+&( k;

R % RG *+%R?3b L3 %\jA0=N@/aZ
:;;1 gJR;+J %1
00QA
!:;&( !!p 8?*+ $[%AC&. %&(:!!p % à Å d 6Q>Je( _&(:!%
!) % à Å d !2R!$ + A]!;< *=>K&(&( 3
%&. %;OaZ @U&@UT! Ya= K$V2*+!`5*+
-+!+; %^ 3 0: AC&( ! Ë Ì 3bCJ$ 0/.$V.;!,%(;<F
%&. %;e!+ % 0+%;<&.[?> ³J+ ² @kF ù 3 #> 3 ù ;&G Æ L6QFc ú 3 #> 3E;&G L6=+!CF ù 3 #> 3b
;&G , L3 N ´ [0Q %&. 8;9!@B&. %. %1&(:!!(k> ?;J@+Fh ù 3 # h3%h
;&5MATG Æ L!_Fh3 # h3.;&_MA TG L>GI41 #ddi3L3kn7 %VJ % # + -+; 6:%*Q %&;)
* +67 ´ [
;< 8&. %;(! 8 0+%;<&( >@9F3 # h3C&.&G Æ L!,F3 # h3C&.&lG L
! ;< !W ÿ:eG V:*+:6 Î 0+/LN`h]!XA ù .@B& ËHÌ 3%hTK %#dF
%!+GI?V V %!F F á V: ULg$V.GI41 ddi3%hhXL3 8&. %;Ja= N ; 8 !EJ
Wh ù n^!T!rhW?;< Å %2$Ve_&(!H àeá n74G à %!:F
6S% %@U+ %[L/! ÅáaÎ.Å G Å XS 6N% @B %[L<G *+
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v %

;
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%O;.!(J % O % OAW; 3(?#<D:0=;< !Z6vJ+ %( ( %&2
@B#OjC! Ya=[> %&(:!%>OAW %&. 8%6QO (;< % @B#OJ
%#¡ v %;VN % >; ##&T+;]%N;<&(0/!_J 5>J % A(%3
d
&( S; 6?J+ <Fj % ?A.; #+! %&2 9? #+;< % g*A2A.
!J@\&.+ !3
Å !¢ ´ ]!£ %;] ¤ ;<&(0+o%_ ¥d ³ 4
P!
d ³ 4 ù 6+*/RJ ) &(K<D;<0 3S? ´ ^ ?KjA0+ %;%%A5J % %]*=
hC&.&_MA .@>)d ³ 4
W86S!qJ % % *= ù &.&5MA2@Cd ³ 4 ù %
GI41 Eddi3%h ù L3 D:;<0 %O %;%!5 ³ lGI? *= VQÅ 6 ÿH?@B %;[LT! Å nvd
ù
a. Data with Model: tskb, north
slope = -11.20 +- 0.42 mm/yr (1993.9740 - 2002.0342)

80
60
position (mm)
40
20
-20
-40 offset(1994.7603) = -9.16 +- 1.49 mm

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Data (trend and jumps removed), with Model: tskb, north

b.
20 annual = 0.64 +- 0.62 mm, phase = 6.04
semi = 0.41 +- 0.45 mm, phase = 0.67
10
position (mm)
-10
-20
-30
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
c. Data Model: tskb, north
20 rms = 4.52 mm
10
residual (mm)
-10
-20
-30
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

time (years)
41 _ddi3%hh_\ % H %&(E @B ÿ:K6\ ! ;< v3rGI[L _!+ %As 8
GB*+%;V2!L9>&(:!!GB!E% %ML
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ù
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7
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É 4?d ³ GI4 %*+V:6
% V[L6Q? %;W>2F ù 3%h&2&5MA > 8;^ %? %A: %;<&(0+!) _F ú 3b]&.&5MA
%Wd ³ 4
É !,S? ³ GIS 8/L6vJ 8;,F3E&2&5MA # %;k! %0+%;<&( # %W %
A: %N;<&.0+!] )h3b_&.&5MAJ %Ed ³ 4 ù 3
Å @^><D:&2 %!_ %&(# %;< %]&2%m6AR -/;[ Z %%
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% #MJZ6NS&2
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t=tvuc® ¯¢°{Q±k|O{/{=°²³
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&(#=>! %A.; R@v0= - %!+%k; % !E? 2?@B;<>@B&(-
GI41 Tddi3;XL3?d)?!6QO; #@
8!%NM# %&(>0Q; %-+;K:; %
;< 8 [gJ OJ; 9@= 8!%1M9 .2K0+ 8;%k!XA3 %
%kg
<D:0=;< !C6+ 8;<K;<&(0+ %) % ?T&.T ?@k 3N?XK J!
!&(+ ]]&( .*=j]&(:!S !H@B(E@B;<]@B&("GBd ³ 4

0= ++!]:; L!CK %&2 !C&(:!%S@B&«K0= % _ %&(K %3
ù
0˚
-30˚
30˚
30 mm/yr, ITRF2000
-60˚
60˚
-90˚
90˚
180˚
120˚
30 mm/yr, ITRF97
60˚
0˚
-60˚
30 mm/yr, this study

-120˚
90˚
-90˚
60˚
-60˚
30˚
-30˚
0˚
41 2dd3%h ù : à */k ´ k%; A-%!Z3 %&2 !" EGB!/L>.0+ !sJ
d ³ 4
5GB/Lg!.d ³ 4 ù GB*+%ML\ 3 9%% 0+kM ù Fj¦W;< 8[A6&OF
%.O? K %T¡ v %;VJ % K&.!=@BRe0Q _ %&(K 3

0˚
-30˚
30˚
-60˚
60˚
-90˚
90˚
180˚
120˚
3 mm/yr, rerun-ITRF97
60˚
0˚
-60˚
-120˚
90˚
-90˚
60˚
-60˚
30˚
-30˚
0˚
41 Wddi3%h ù *v`? ´ >:; jA! Ya=;<_J ©d ³ 4

3 _%% 0+5XhiFj¦
;< %[A67*+!,@U&.\d ³ 4
E;< 8[ #+!J ( %.¡ v %;Ve % (:F
;< % J@U&¬ %NA: %3
:h
0˚
-30˚
30˚
-60˚
60˚
-90˚
90˚
180˚
120˚
3 mm/yr, rerun-ITRF2000
60˚
0˚
-60˚
-120˚
90˚
-90˚
60˚
-60˚
30˚
-30˚
0˚
41 5ddi3%h ù ;.J ´ [:; jA`! Ya=;<K? "d ³ 4 ù 3 T%8 0+ KXµhiFj¦
;< %[A6N*+ !rq@B&.Rd ³ 4 ù ;< %[ %.!q? C %W¡ v 8;VE %
;< %[ %N@U&« %N%A 83
ù
0˚
-30˚
30˚
-60˚
60˚
2 mm/yr (1-sigma)
-90˚
90˚
180˚
120˚
+2 mm/yr
60˚
0˚
-60˚
-2 mm/yr
-120˚
90˚
-90˚
60˚
-60˚
30˚
-30˚
0˚
41 >dd3%h: à *+= %;v:; A_-+%!Z3

PJ # %T¡ v %;VJ % K&.!Z 8
&.!E@U?#0= E %&.K 3
90˚ 90˚
60˚ 60˚
30˚ 30˚
0˚ 0˚
-30˚ -30˚
-60˚ -60˚
41 #ddi3%h*v ¨ 8;v:; jA]! aQ+;<SJ Ed

-90˚ -90˚
-120˚ -60˚ 0˚ 60˚ 120˚ 180˚
³ 4
3
-2 mm/yr +2 mm/yr 2 mm/yr (1-sigma)

90˚ 90˚
60˚ 60˚
30˚ 30˚
0˚ 0˚
-30˚ -30˚
-60˚ -60˚
4\ %#ddi3%h; ¨ 8;Z:; jA]! Ya=;<RJ Ed

-90˚ -90˚
-120˚ -60˚ 0˚ 60˚ 120˚ 180˚
³ 4 ù 3
-2 mm/yr +2 mm/yr 2 mm/yr (1-sigma)

Annual (North) Annual (East)
4 4
3 3
cosine amplitude (mm)

2 2
1 1
0 0
-1 -1
-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
sine amplitude (mm) sine amplitude (mm)
Annual (Up) Phase vs. Date of Maximum
8
7
6
Jan 1
5
4
3
2
1
0 Oct 1 Apr 1
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6 July 1
-7
-8
-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
sine amplitude (mm)
41 edd3%h<:N9 ?!+ %&@1+ ^ 83&(0+8 !S@
T %&. !W %e!
;< %_0/&( (E0+% ! @UO]v6k 69+!H0 !+ ;< 3 ]X Fc
0+ %?OVAC ];<% O0+T! ;< )? )! @kOA%A)&.D %&.2 8);
! ;< Z3
gJ#@B;<!) Î Ah2GI0=L!E %&(K %+;< J;%;V J 8 3
ú
0˚
-30˚
30˚
-60˚
60˚
-90˚
90˚
180˚
120˚
60˚
2 mm
0˚
-60˚
-120˚
90˚
-90˚
60˚
-60˚
30˚
-30˚
0˚
41 Ndd3%h<*v
:0= :! %;S c62!+ ;< Z31g+ g! %&MJg&(0/% !
GB;< 2&.+ !MLe!H0+ ,GB;< 5!+ ;< /L#@J 8&. !9 m3 ³ @BO
41 ddi3%h< @B]VA© 0++ p:3£! ,@TAA©&.D %&.:3 _8% 0+ _MlhiFj¦
;< %[A6++&. %((J+ # % T¡ v %;V % #&(:!Z]#0Q E %&(K 3

0˚
-30˚
30˚
-60˚
60˚
-90˚
90˚
180˚
120˚
60˚
2 mm
0˚
-60˚
-120˚
90˚
-90˚
60˚
-60˚
30˚
-30˚
0˚
41 #ddi3%h<;ÿ:&(K?4\ %#ddi3%h<*v6*+NJ! ;< %Z3

0˚
-30˚
30˚
-60˚
60˚
-90˚
90˚
180˚
120˚
60˚
5 mm
0˚
-60˚
-120˚
90˚
-90˚
60˚
-60˚
30˚
-30˚
0˚
41 #dd3%h<!Z®ÿ&(KJ41 #dd3%h<*76*+R0C! %;< Z3

Semi-annual (North) Semi-annual (East)
2 2

1 1
0 0
-1 -1
-2 -2
-2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2
Semi-annual (Up) Phase vs. Date of Maximum
3
Jan 1, July 1
2
May 15, Feb 15,

0
Nov 15 Aug 15
-1
-2
-3 Apr 1, Oct 1
-4
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
sine amplitude (mm)
41 >ddi3%h:g9 N! %&¢@\ &. YFj+ = %%3
&(0+% +!g@^# %&2 !] %
!.;< %R0+&( gR0+ !2@UkJZ6 6:!.02!+ ;< 3 ?X Fc
0+? %NKVA] _;<% 0+K! ;< CJ ]! e@1 &. YFj+ Z&2D: %&2. %
;W! ;< Z3
gRK@B;<!C Î Ah2GI0QL+!] %&(K %+;< R;:;VJ %3

0˚
-30˚
30˚
-60˚
60˚
-90˚
90˚
180˚
120˚
60˚
1 mm
0˚
-60˚
-120˚
90˚
-90˚
60˚
-60˚
30˚
-30˚
0˚
41 edd3%h*7
ÿ&. YFj+ v0Q !+ %;? m6+C! ;< Z3g9 ?!+ %&XJJ&OF
0+% %!#GB;< S&2 !ML\+!(0+ eGB;< N! %;< /L7@= %&. !5 &. YFj+ m3
³ @B> ]4\ %dd3%h_@B>VA) E0+ T3>!+ @9 &. YFj\&.D %&.:3 ?%8 0+
MhiFj¦;< % jA6&. %TJ > %#¡ v 8;VN % >&(:!QE0Q 5 %&(
%3
h
0˚
-30˚
30˚
-60˚
60˚
-90˚
90˚
180˚
120˚
60˚
1 mm
0˚
-60˚
-120˚
90˚
-90˚
60˚
-60˚
30˚
-30˚
0˚
41 #ddi3%h;ÿ:&(K?4\ %#ddi3%h*v6*+NJ! ;< %Z3

ù
0˚
-30˚
30˚
-60˚
60˚
-90˚
90˚
180˚
120˚
60˚
2 mm
0˚
-60˚
-120˚
90˚
-90˚
60˚
-60˚
30˚
-30˚
0˚
41 #dd3%h!Z®ÿ&(KJ41 #dd3%h*76*+R0C! %;< Z3

[
Global Residual Scatter

25
number of sites 20 north, median = 3.0
15
10
5
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
25
number of sites
20 east, median = 4.4

15
10
5
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
25
number of sites
20 up, median = 9.1

15
10
5
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
rms (mm)
4 (dd3%h ú e % &¶@S; T@0= -# %!%@BK*+k-+!; %1 % 35·)! %
1
%N@BRKsGB 0QL6+TGI&. %!!+ML6!C0sGB*= &5LRKMJZ3

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« Ê
a. Data with Model: thu1, up
slope = 0.75 +- 1.03 mm/yr (1995.3356 - 2002.0260)

40
30
position (mm)
20
10
-10
-20
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
b. Data (trend and jumps removed), with Model: thu1, up

50 annual = 4.55 +- 1.51 mm, phase = 0.66
40 semi = 0.91 +- 1.11 mm, phase = 1.96
30
position (mm)
20
10
0
-10
-20
-30
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
c. Data Model: thu1, up
40 rms = 7.58 mm
30
20
residual (mm)
10
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

time (years)
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a. Data with Model: roch, north
100 slope = 3.80 +- 2.03 mm/yr (1991.3164 - 1992.4945)

slope = 6.07 +- 0.45 mm/yr (1992.4945 - 1999.7932)
50 slope = 7.41 +- 1.52 mm/yr (1999.7932 - 2002.0342)
position (mm)
-50
-100
-150 coeseismic offset(1992.3137) = 2.12 +- 1.32 mm

coeseismic offset(1992.4945) = 63.55 +- 3.67 mm
-200 coeseismic offset(1999.7932) = 19.93 +- 4.08 mm
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
b. Data (trend and jumps removed), with Model: roch, north
annual = 0.92 +- 0.38 mm, phase = 0.58

60 semi = 0.27 +- 0.27 mm, phase = 1.65
40
position (mm)
20
-20
postseismic decay(1992.4945) = -19.21 +- 2.83 mm, tau = 200 days
-40 postseismic decay(1999.7932) = -6.79 +- 3.14 mm, tau = 130 days
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
c. Data Model: roch, north

20 rms = 2.87 mm
10
residual (mm)
-10
-20
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
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time (years)
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a. Data Stack, with Corrected Model: roch, north
100 slope = 4.48 +- 1.15 mm/yr (1991.3164 - 1992.4945)

slope = 6.09 +- 0.26 mm/yr (1992.4945 - 1999.7932)
50 slope = 7.08 +- 0.86 mm/yr (1999.7932 - 2002.0342)
position (mm)
-50
-100
-150 coseismic offset(1992.3137) = 1.99 +- 0.75 mm

coseismic offset(1992.4945) = 63.42 +- 2.07 mm
-200 coseismic offset(1999.7932) = 19.88 +- 2.30 mm
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Data Stack (trend and jumps removed), with Corrected Model: roch, north
b.
annual = 0.83 +- 0.21 mm, phase = 0.56
60 semi = 0.27 +- 0.15 mm, phase = 1.50
40
position (mm)
20
-20
-40 postseismic decay(1999.7932) = -6.32 +- 1.77 mm, tau = 130 days
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
c. Data Stack Corrected Model: roch, north

20 rms = 1.53 mm
10
residual (mm)
-10
-20
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
time (years)
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25
20
15
10
power (dB)
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−15
roch north nwin = 3
−20
slope(unf) = −0.66 +− 0.08 mm/yr
slope(flt) = −0.51 +− 0.09 mm/yr
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ÅPø
a. Data with Model: roch, normal
slope = -29.25 +- 0.06 mm/yr (1998.0014 - 2001.7849)

0
-20
position (mm)
-40
-60
-80
-100
-120
1998.5 1999 1999.5 2000 2000.5 2001 2001.5
Data (trend and jumps removed), with Model: roch, normal

b. 8
annual = 0.81 +- 0.06 mm, phase = 0.73
6
4
position (mm)
-2
-4
-6
1998.5 1999 1999.5 2000 2000.5 2001 2001.5
Data Model: roch, normal

c.
6 rms = 1.15 mm
4
residual (mm)
-2
-4
-6
1998.5 1999 1999.5 2000 2000.5 2001 2001.5
b USS¡d ÁÄ3¡ $õ abl + ± b Da'bl Dzq K+'b $d46¡ 5" ö+a ¢< l >a÷ -/ (: l3 bl93: SX § b(F :
time (years)
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Å:û
a. Data with Model: roch, parallel
30 slope = -0.85 +- 0.08 mm/yr (1998.0014 - 1999.7932)

slope = 1.96 +- 0.13 mm/yr (1999.7932 - 2001.7849)
position (mm) 20
10
-10
1998.5 1999 1999.5 2000 2000.5 2001 2001.5
b. Data (trend and jumps removed), with Model: roch, parallel

20
annual = 1.33 +- 0.06 mm, phase = 0.68
15
10
position (mm)
-5
-10
1998.5 1999 1999.5 2000 2000.5 2001 2001.5
c. Data Model: roch, parallel
6 rms = 1.00 mm
2
residual (mm)
-2
-4
-6
-8
1998.5 1999 1999.5 2000 2000.5 2001 2001.5
time (years)
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Decay Time vs. Misfit: roch, parallel

40
38
36
chi2 misfit
34
32
30
28
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

decay time (days)
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a.
slope = 0.03 mm/yr NORTH
stack (mm) 10
-10
-20
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
b.
8
6
rms (mm)
0
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
c.
8
7
# sites in stack
3
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
d.
5
edit criteria = 3 x sig
4
# sites cleaned
0
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
years
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a.
20 slope = 0.07 mm/yr EAST
10
stack (mm)
-10
-20
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
b.
12
10
8
6
rms (mm)
4
2
0
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
c.
8
7
# sites in stack
3
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
d.
6
5
# sites cleaned
4
3
2
1
0
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
years
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a.
50 slope = 0.10 mm/yr UP
stack (mm)
-50
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
b.
30
25
20
rms (mm)
15
10
5
0
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
c.
8
7
# sites in stack
3
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
d.
6
5
# sites cleaned
4
3
2
1
0
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
years
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80 80
number of sites
number of sites
north north
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
0 500 1000 1500 −100 −50 0 50 100
80 80
number of sites
number of sites
east east
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
0 500 1000 1500 −100 −50 0 50 100
80 80
number of sites
number of sites
up up
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
0 500 1000 1500 −100 −50 0 50 100
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Model raw NEU fiducial

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?
no
Edit outliers and model STOP

cleaned NEU data.
Stack fiducial site residuals

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yes common mode error signal NEU data using full
from all raw NEU data. covariance.
Fiducial site
model parameters no
changed Model filtered NEU data.
? Estimate white and flicker
noise amplitudes.
Are
yes there offsets,
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parameters tables. residuals Use final outliers and model
? parameters to model unfiltered
and filtered positions.
no
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yes Clean filtered NEU data.
to coseismic offset there un−modeled no
direction and solve for exponential
decay time. decays
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2a
Scatter (un−filtered) Scatter (filtered)
60 north, median = 2.1 60 north, median = 1.1

number
number
40 40
20 20
0 0
0 2 4 6 0 2 4 6
60 east, median = 2.7 60 east, median = 1.1

number
number
40 40
20 20
0 0
0 2 4 6 0 2 4 6
60 up, median = 6.5 60 up, median = 3.5

number
number
40 40
20 20
0 0
0 5 10 0 5 10
rms (mm) rms (mm)
øùúûNüýQþþþ,ÿ)ù
úü

@ý.ü

3üýù 0û !"ü$#%>þ&(')
*û+,-
@ý.üý/.0ý"
1
2
ý.ü3û,,-
@ý.üý4.üùú56
1,ÿ87?ý0ù9 + 2
û0ý:"ü8
5Ný;+<ü
54."
=1*Rý
>.06ù ,ý?1* +Sû<@."A

B1
2üýC35<ED>+hÿ
xü
4 4
3 3

2 2
1 1
0 0
-1 -1
-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
8
7
6
Jan 1
5
4
3
2
1
0 Oct 1 Apr 1
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6 July 1
-7
-8
-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
sine amplitude (mm)
FG-HI<JK$LLLNMOPQRSUT,QVWJYXG QHJ3QZ[W\Q]]6I,Q^=V3G-H]Q^ VM8_$Za`,^ G bIX<KVW\:bT<KcKVbG ZdQbKX4VG ]<K(Q]X
e WVG ]Kf`gQJ3QZaKbKJ3VaQJKh`,^ WbbKXi\jWJkbT<K4]<WJbTmlKQVblnQ],XoIìX,G-JK e bG-W]VMqp>T<K4^-WEr!KJstJ3G-HT6b
`,^-Wb$G VbT<KkuKv@bW
e WJJK^ QbKk`,TQVKwXG-J3K e bG-W]xrG-bTxbTKyXQbKyW\bT<KkvKQJ3^ vxZzQ|{<G ZzQdG9]xKQ e T
e ur>G VKMP×xKXG Q]

XG-J3K e bG-W]}MSUTQVKVUQJK>JK\"KJK]
e KXzbWy~Q]IQJvhPC0I<`Q]XabG ZzKYG ] e JKQVKV e ^-W

Q^ I<KVkG ]XG e QbKhQ],]6IQ^ZzQ|{<G ZzQqZaWVbyW\"bK]W ee I<JzG ]i^ QbK4F<KJIQJv\"WJaWbTiT<WJ3GÌW]6bQ^
XG-J3K e bG-W]V;Q]X@G9]hKQJ3^-vh>W KZCKJ>\"WJYbT<K KJbG e Q^mXG JK e bG-W]}M

36˚ 36˚
35˚ 35˚
34˚ 34˚
33˚ 33˚
Annual Periodic Signal (north)

2 mm
32˚ 32˚
-122˚ -121˚ -120˚ -119˚ -118˚ -117˚ -116˚ -115˚
34˚ 30' 34˚ 30'
34˚ 00' 34˚ 00'
2 mm
33˚ 30' 33˚ 30'
-119˚ 00' -118˚ 30' -118˚ 00' -117˚ 30'
øùúûNüý-þþþÿAm$++Rû, Bý.üù-0ù 8ùú+, *?+<ü3

5C0ùüý
ù-+Dÿ:n5 ü0ù 2úü3 5<ED: agù-
ûNý
.0z 2ú+0ù
ûNý?1d +,5 @ý.00ùüý
ù +g1apý
ù z
@ý ++û (ùú+, mÿ)4+0úýýfA, ù +¤ù
z 2ú+0ù 0ý\ù + ED>ý.üd,-

.ÿ"ýý.üd
]øVùúûNüýþþþÿ "üdý
,5 @ý .ÿ
@ýx(ý 2ü3-
2
z |Nù z #ÿPüüüý9ù-,@ýa35<ED?¥û+ý.ü

ù9+
¡*Y û6ù9+Nú D>50ù-
@ý@+ù @ý£¢¤Tù ý.üf+<ù @ý
aNý+4
5NýC=ù-
ù-+f
ù ýCý.üùý.ÿ
P
36˚ 36˚
35˚ 35˚
34˚ 34˚
33˚ 33˚
Annual Periodic Signal (east)

2 mm
32˚ 32˚
-122˚ -121˚ -120˚ -119˚ -118˚ -117˚ -116˚ -115˚
34˚ 30' 34˚ 30'
34˚ 00' 34˚ 00'
2 mm
33˚ 30' 33˚ 30'
-119˚ 00' -118˚ 30' -118˚ 00' -117˚ 30'
øùúû0üýQþþþÿn# ýC !øVùúûNüýQþþþÿAm*<Aû

;jü"ý
>0ùüý
ù +Dÿ
O
36˚ 36˚
35˚ 35˚
34˚ 34˚
33˚ 33˚
Annual Periodic Signal (up)

5 mm
32˚ 32˚
-122˚ -121˚ -120˚ -119˚ -118˚ -117˚ -116˚ -115˚
34˚ 30' 34˚ 30'
34˚ 00' 34˚ 00'
5 mm
33˚ 30' 33˚ 30'
-119˚ 00' -118˚ 30' -118˚ 00' -117˚ 30'
øùúûNüýQþþþ,ÿm#< ýC !øùúû0üý/þþþÿAm*<Aû<

;"ü!û<@0ùüý
ù-+Dÿ
¥
2 2

1 1
0 0
-1 -1
-2 -2
-2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2
3
Jan 1, July 1
2
May 15, Feb 15,

0
Nov 15 Aug 15
-1
-2
-3 Apr 1, Oct 1
-4
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
sine amplitude (mm)
FG-HI<JK;L3LLMOOQR8SnTQVWJUXG9QHJ3QZ¦W\}VKZzG§sQ],]6IQ^<V3G-H]Q^ VM_Zz`,^ G-bIXKVW\gbT<K>KVbG ZzQbKXBVG ]<K
Q]X
e WV3G ]<KY`,QJQZaKbKJ3VUQJ3KY`,^-WbbKXd\jWJbTK>]<WJbT}l6KQVblQ]XzI<`dX,G-JK e bG-W]VM:pYT<K^-WEr!KJstJ3G-HT6b
`,^-WbG V;bT<KüKv4bW
e WJJK^ QbKy`,TQVK¨XG-JK e bG-W]@r>G-bT4bT<KyXQbKCW\bT<KyVKZzG§sQ],]6IQ^}ZdQ|{G ZdQzG ]
KQ
e ToXG-J3K e bG-W]}MBSnTQVKVwQJKdJK\"KJK] e KXbW©~ Q]6IQJ3viP©0I<`=(Q],XbG ZaKdG9] e JKQVKV e ^-W e u6rG VKM
×xKXG Q]
Q^ I<KVG ],XG e QbK;VKZzG§sQ],]6IQ^ZzQ|{<G ZzQcZzWVb8W\jbK]zW e e I<JnG ]a^ QbK>~Q]IQJvl^ QbKY_`J3G ^l

Q]X@^9QbK×xQEvh\jWJ>]WJbT}l<KQVbl=Q]X@I<`@XG JK e bG-W]VJKV`=K e bG K^-vM

|ª
36˚ 36˚
35˚ 35˚
34˚ 34˚
33˚ 33˚
Semi-annual Periodic Signal (north)

1 mm
32˚ 32˚
-122˚ -121˚ -120˚ -119˚ -118˚ -117˚ -116˚ -115˚
34˚ 30' 34˚ 30'
34˚ 00' 34˚ 00'
1 mm
33˚ 30' 33˚ 30'
-119˚ 00' -118˚ 30' -118˚ 00' -117˚ 30'
øùúûNüýnþþþÿ|Am#ý6ù§ ++û ,ý.ü,ù-ù ;ùú+ t* +<ü

5f0ùüý
ù +Dÿ8U5 ü0ù 2úü «5<?D>! k
,ù
ûNýw.0z 2ú+ù-
ûNý?1n +f,5 ýk.00ùüý
ù-+g1hý
ù d
@ý4@ý6ù§ ++û =ùú+ ÿ;+0úýý
A, ù9+bù yz 2ú+0ù-ýbù +-ED>ý.ük,-

.ÿ£!ý%ý.üy
_øùúûNüý(þþþÿ @"üyý
£,5, @ý .ÿ©
@ýB
2
@ý6ù- ++Rû, ;z |#ù9z #ÿ¬-üüü6ý +ù-,@ýa5ED?£û+ý.ü

ù +6
*; û6ù +Nú/ /D>50ù-
@ý@+<ù9@ý£¢
¤ù 3ý.ü>+<ù ýä0ý+@

5Nýcù-
ù +h
ù ý¨@ý.üùý.ÿ
®
36˚ 36˚
35˚ 35˚
34˚ 34˚
33˚ 33˚
Semi-annual Periodic Signal (east)

1 mm
32˚ 32˚
-122˚ -121˚ -120˚ -119˚ -118˚ -117˚ -116˚ -115˚
34˚ 30' 34˚ 30'
34˚ 00' 34˚ 00'
1 mm
33˚ 30' 33˚ 30'
-119˚ 00' -118˚ 30' -118˚ 00' -117˚ 30'
øùúû0üýQþþþÿn# ýC !øVùúûNüýQþþþÿ|Am*<Aû

;jü"ý
>0ùüý
ù +Dÿ
¯
36˚ 36˚
35˚ 35˚
34˚ 34˚
33˚ 33˚
Semi-annual Periodic Signal (up)

2 mm
32˚ 32˚
-122˚ -121˚ -120˚ -119˚ -118˚ -117˚ -116˚ -115˚
34˚ 30' 34˚ 30'
34˚ 00' 34˚ 00'
2 mm
33˚ 30' 33˚ 30'
-119˚ 00' -118˚ 30' -118˚ 00' -117˚ 30'
øùúûNüýQþþþ,ÿm#< ýC !øùúû0üý/þþþÿ|Am*<Aû<

;"ü!û<@0ùüý
ù-+Dÿ

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bT<Kd^9G ]<KQJ¨ZaWbG-W]W\nbTKzL´p!ß>F8µ h³,X,I e

G Q^VG-bKVwQ]X/X<WKV¨]<WbCQ
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WI,] bw\jWJwbT<KG-JCVKQVW]Q^
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e e e e
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e e e
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34˚ 30' 34˚ 30'
34˚ 00' 34˚ 00'
Santa Ana
Basin
2 mm
33˚ 30' 33˚ 30'
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Santa Ana
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2 mm
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Santa Ana
Basin
5 mm
33˚ 30' 33˚ 30'
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34˚ 30' 34˚ 30'
34˚ 00' 34˚ 00'
1 mm
33˚ 30' 33˚ 30'
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34˚ 30' 34˚ 30'
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33˚ 30' 33˚ 30'
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33˚ 30' 33˚ 30'
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2 mm (model)
60 km
33˚ 00' 33˚ 00'

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34˚ 34˚
roch pin1/2
33˚ sio3 33˚

10 mm/yr, rate change
10 mm/yr, pre-EQ (wrt PVEP)
10 mm/yr, post-EQ (wrt PVEP)
120 km
32˚ 32˚
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34˚ 34˚
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30 mm, coseismic displacement
120 km
32˚ 32˚
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33˚ 33˚
2 mm/yr (1-sigma)
120 km
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120 km
33˚ 33˚
-119˚ -118˚ -117˚ -116˚ -115˚

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ïUó6å4ðñsù/òïéNµåuîXé~µ4é_îXæðñåuî1
öFèé_òïé_ï?ðñXé÷!å<ö`ç8µ4ðú{åuîbèé_ïítµ åîXæUðñ!é7öFíè
èé_öFð6åuîKðé`æé`è öFú*ö!µ4éòõxùå4æ)ç!å4ðå4é_ï~Wíè?òïåuîXætµ4épé`ôíöVñ
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7÷!òNðò*ë ñ!åuï÷Xé`æèVò÷!òNðå4í)îÙåuîsðñXéòNù/å²µuå4ðÁútðítèé_ïítµ éAô/ñ!òïéAòõUù/å4æ)ç!åuðå4é_ïó6å4ðñåuî!öFè
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)( <
IQR (mm)
0 7.1
7.2
-0.1
7.1
-0.2
North (m)
7.0
-0.3
7.0
-0.4 7.1
7.0
-0.5
0 5 10 15 20
IQR (mm)
0 2.6
2.7
-0.1
2.6
-0.2
North (m)
2.5
-0.3
2.4
-0.4 2.4
2.4
-0.5
0 5 10
time (hrs) 15 20
ä]å4æ)çXèéTêUë ò ì L7î!é<ó<é`é76>í
ç!îEµ4ðé`èé_÷PûçXô!ôé`è]ô8µ4íðï ý òî!÷8µuðé`èé_÷AûÎµ4í2ó<é`èô8µ4íðï ý ï
åuîXætµ4é!é`ôí*ö
ñ
öFííè
÷!åuî!òNðéïítµuçXðå4í)î/ï@íè~ê w%ê ( åuî{ðñXé6îXíèðñ÷!å4èé_öFðå4í)îëÈaµué_òîXé_÷òî!÷÷Xé!õmé_òîXé_÷^÷!òNðò
WíèT÷/ò_ú*ï @@( @@ <* )ü
ü <* òNè
é7ï
ñ!åWðé_÷é`èðåö`òµ²µ4úOWíè?ö!µuòNè
å4ðÁúòî!÷bô8µ4íððé_÷gWèí)õðíôAðíùíððí)õAë
ñXémåuîKðé`(è 9ç!òNèð²å µuéxè
òîXæénûW4ê 3 ý ÷Xé_ïöFè
å4ùé_ïðñXé{ïö`òNððé`è
í T÷!òNðòAòNùí)çXð7ðñXé{õmé_÷/åuòî íè:é_òöVñ
÷!ò2úë
)(
ü
0.5 IQR (mm)

0 54.5
-0.5
51.6
-1
52.5
-1.5

Up (m)
52.1
-2

52.8
-2.5

-3 53.2
-3.5
54.8
-4
0 5 10 15 20
0.5 IQR (mm)
0 18.5
-0.5 19.4
-1
19.2
-1.5
Up (m)
18.1
-2
18.4
-2.5
-3 17.2
-3.5
17.9
-4
0 5 10
time (hrs) 15 20
ä]å4æ)çXè
é:êG>ë ù ì~ òõ{éòï6ä]å4æ)çXèé:ê>ë ò !é *öFé`ô/ðPWíè6çXôÚ÷!å4è
é_öFðå4í)îkë
)@
IQR (mm)
0 14.3
11.9
-0.1
10.7
-0.2
North (m)
10.7
-0.3
11.4
-0.4 10.7
-0.5
12.6
0 5 10 15 20
IQR (mm)
0 7.7
5.9
-0.1
5.0
-0.2
North (m)
4.2
-0.3
4.6
-0.4 4.6
6.8
-0.5
0 5 10
time (hrs) 15 20
ä]å4æ)ç!èé:êG>ë ö ìo òõméòï6ä]å4æ)çXè

é:êG>ë ò é!XöFé`ô!ðPWíèPê wMLrTþxë
)1
IQR (mm)

0 96.8
-0.5
86.1
-1

81.8
-1.5

Up (m)
74.3
-2

81.0
-2.5

-3 81.7
-3.5
81.9
4
0 5 10 15 20
IQR (mm)

0 56.1
-0.5
43.8
-1
37.0
-1.5
Up (m)
28.5
-2

29.5
-2.5

-3 33.1
-3.5 43.9
-4
0 5 10
time (hrs) 15 20
ä]å4æ)çXèé7êUë ÷ ìo òõméxòï?ä]å4æ)ç!èé:êG>ë ò !é XöFé`ô!ðWíèP%ê wL0TþÐòî!÷ÚçXôÚ÷/å4èé_öFðå4í)îkë

)
(
IQR= 7.6 mm
N (m) 0.02
-0.02
0 5 10 15 20
IQR= 3.3 mm
0.02
N stack (m)
-0.02
0 5 10 15 20
IQR= 6.6 mm
0.02
E (m)
-0.02
0 5 10 15 20
IQR = 3.0 mm
0.02
E stack (m)
-0.02
0 5 10 15 20
0.2 IQR = 56.7 mm

0.1
Up (m)
0
-0.1
0 5 10 15 20
0.2 IQR = 24.6 mm

Up stack (m)
0.1
0
-0.1
0 5 10 15 20
time (hrs)
ä]å4æ)çXèéêG>ë)ò ì L7î!é÷!ò2úû÷!ò2ú @/&@ )ü

ü <)ý í
ç!îEµ4ðé`èé_÷òî/÷Eµ4ðé`èé_÷ï
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÷/åuî!òNðé
ïtí µuç!ðå4í)î!ï:åuîzðñ!éîXíèðñ é_òïðxòî!÷jçXôt÷!å4è
é_öFðå4í)î!ï-Wíèrê wê ( ë ñXé{åuîKðé`è(9ç!òNèðå²µuémè
òîXæé
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öFè
å4ùé_ïTðñXéxïö`òNððé`èí
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N (m) 0.05 IQR = 12.5 mm
-0.05
0 5 10 15 20
0.05 IQR = 7.8 mm

N stack (m)
-0.05
0 5 10 15 20
0.05 IQR = 12.0 mm

E (m)
-0.05
0 5 10 15 20
0.05 IQR = 7.7 mm

E stack (m)
-0.05
0 5 10 15 20
IQR = 83.8 mm
0.2
Up (m)
-0.2
0 5 10 15 20
IQR = 41.8 mm
Up stack (m)
0.2
-0.2
0 5 10 15 20
ä]å4æ)ç!èé:êG>ëù ì~ òõméòï6ä]å4æ)çXè

é:êG>ë)ò é!XöFé`ô!ðWíèPê wMLrTþxë
time (hrs)
)
0.05 IQR = 19.1 mm

N (m)
-0.05
0 5 10 15 20
0.05 IQR = 9.4 mm

N stack (m)
-0.05
0 5 15 20
0.05 IQR = 17.1 mm

E (m)
-0.05
0 5 10 15 20
0.05 IQR = 9.2 mm

E stack (m)
-0.05
0 5 10 15 20
0.4 IQR = 112.6 mm

Up (m)
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
0 5 10 15 20
0.4 IQR = 61.3 mm

Up stack (m)
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
0 5 10 15 20
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(a) (b)
4 30 s 15
50 m 37 km
30 s 14 km
Horizontal IQR (mm)
3

5 min

5 min 10
2 15 min
15 min 1 hr
5
1 6 hr
6 hr
1 hr
24 hr
24 hr
0
-2
0 2
0
-2
0 2
10 10 10 10 10 10
30 30 s
50 m 100 37 km
25
30 s 14 km
Vertical IQR (mm)
20 80
5 min

5 min
15 60 15 min
10 15 min 40
1 hr
5 1 hr
6 hr 20 6 hr
24 hr 24 hr
0
-2
0 2 0
-2
0 2
10 10 10 10 10 10
Averaging Time (hours) Averaging Time (hours)
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MONP MONP
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time (minutes from 0946:44 UTC, day 289 1999)

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b. NORTH EAST
200 200
BBRY BBRY
0 0
-200 -200
-200 -100 0 100 200 -200 -100 0 100 200
200 200
MSOB MSOB
0 0
-200 -200
-200 -100 0 100 200 -200 -100 0 100 200
200 200
RTHS RTHS
0 0
-200 -200
-200 -100 0 100 200 -200 -100 0 100 200
200 200
EWPP EWPP
displacement (mm)
displacement (mm)
0 0
-200 -200
-200 -100 0 100 200 -200 -100 0 100 200
200 200
CLAR CLAR
0 0
-200 -200
-200 -100 0 100 200 -200 -100 0 100 200
200 200
SPMS SPMS
0 0
-200 -200
-200 -100 0 100 200 -200 -100 0 100 200
200 200
SNHS SNHS
0 0
-200 -200
-200 -100 0 100 200 -200 -100 0 100 200
200 200
LBC1 LBC1
0 0
-200 -200
-200 -100 0 100 200 -200 -100 0 100 200
ìé ö ñ&ê ë H åRóèGî&ì¬è ö êí

c. NORTH EAST
100 LBC2 100 LBC2
0 0
-100 -100
-200 -100 0 100 200 -200 -100 0 100 200
100 CRHS 100 CRHS
0 0
-100 -100
-200 -100 0 100 200 -200 -100 0 100 200
100 ECCO 100 ECCO
0 0
-100 -100
-200 -100 0 100 200 -200 -100 0 100 200
100 LASC 100 LASC
displacement (mm)
displacement (mm)
0 0
-100 -100
-200 -100 0 100 200 -200 -100 0 100 200
100 USC1 100 USC1
0 0
-100 -100
-200 -100 0 100 200 -200 -100 0 100 200
100 ELSC 100 ELSC
0 0
-100 -100
-200 -100 0 100 200 -200 -100 0 100 200
100 BGIS 100 BGIS
0 0
-100 -100
-200 -100 0 100 200 -200 -100 0 100 200
100 HOLP 100 HOLP
0 0
-100 -100
-200 -100 0 100 200 -200 -100 0 100 200
ìé ö ñ&ê ë H åRóèGî&ì¬è ö êí

36°
10 km
34N USC1 ELSC
BGIS
LASC
HOLP
ECCO
LBC1
CRHS
35° LBC2
33.75
1 cm
single epoch
daily batch
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LDES
BBRY
MSOB
CTMS
CLAR
EWPP
RTHS
34° WIDC
SPMS
SNHS
PSAP
PIN1
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MVFD
2 cm
33°N single epoch
daily batch
MONP
100 km
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CTMS CTMS
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0 0
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200 200
WIDC WIDC
100 100
0 0
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200 200
PSAP PSAP
100 100
0 0
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PIN1 PIN1
displacement (mm)
100 displacement (mm) 100
0 0
-10 -5 0 5 10 -10 -5 0 5 10
200 200
AZRY AZRY
100 100
0 0
-10 -5 0 5 10 -10 -5 0 5 10
200 200
PMOB PMOB
100 100
0 0
-10 -5 0 5 10 -10 -5 0 5 10
200 200
MVFD MVFD
100 100
0 0
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200 200
MONP MONP
100 100
0 0
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b. NORTH EAST
200 BBRY 200 BBRY
0 0
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-10 -5 0 5 10 -10 -5 0 5 10
200 MSOB 200 MSOB
0 0
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-10 -5 0 5 10 -10 -5 0 5 10
200 RTHS 200 RTHS
0 0
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200 EWPP 200 EWPP
displacement (mm)
displacement (mm)
0 0
-200 -200
-10 -5 0 5 10 -10 -5 0 5 10
200 CLAR 200 CLAR
0 0
-200 -200
-10 -5 0 5 10 -10 -5 0 5 10
200 SPMS 200 SPMS
0 0
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-10 -5 0 5 10 -10 -5 0 5 10
200 SNHS 200 SNHS
0 0
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200 LBC1 200 LBC1
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c. NORTH EAST
100 LBC2 100 LBC2
0 0
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-10 -5 0 5 10 -10 -5 0 5 10
100 CRHS 100 CRHS
0 0
-100 -100
-10 -5 0 5 10 -10 -5 0 5 10
100 ECCO 100 ECCO
0 0
-100 -100
-10 -5 0 5 10 -10 -5 0 5 10
100 LASC 100 LASC
displacement (mm)
displacement (mm)
0 0
-100 -100
-10 -5 0 5 10 -10 -5 0 5 10
100 USC1 100 USC1
0 0
-100 -100
-10 -5 0 5 10 -10 -5 0 5 10
100 ELSC 100 ELSC
0 0
-100 -100
-10 -5 0 5 10 -10 -5 0 5 10
100 BGIS 100 BGIS
0 0
-100 -100
-10 -5 0 5 10 -10 -5 0 5 10
100 HOLP 100 HOLP
0 0
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JcwY_ G9E b=Ô³ WX S M9J S _ E P
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North (solid) and East (dashed) Displacment at PIN1

100
FAR
displacement (mm)
50
-50
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
100
INTERMEDIATE
displacement (mm)
50
-50
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
100
NEAR
displacement (mm)
50
-50
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
100
TOTAL
displacement (mm)
50
-50
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
time (seconds from 0946:44 UTC, day 289 1999)
JcwY_ 9
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400
LDES
200
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
200 CTMS
100
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
150
WIDC
100
50
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
150
PSAP
100
50
0
displacement (mm)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
100
PIN1
50
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
100
AZRY
50
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
100
PMOB
50
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
100
MVFD
50
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
100
MONP
50
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
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Niko Thesis

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10 sites by 1992.0 15 sites by 1993.0

24 sites by 1994.0 33 sites by 1995.0

46 sites by 1996.0 51 sites by 1997.5

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Summary of Data in Daily Solutions

number of sites 400

Global Reference Frame Stabilization

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a. Data with Model: albh, east

b. Data (trend and jumps removed), with Model: albh, east

annual = 1.61 +- 0.41 mm, phase = 1.32

c. Data Model: albh, east

a. Data with Model: areq, north

slope = 12.04 +- 0.45 mm/yr (1994.2452 - 2001.4808)

b. Data (trend and jumps removed), with Model: areq, north

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

c. Data Model: areq, north

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

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a. Data with Model: tskb, north

slope = -11.20 +- 0.42 mm/yr (1993.9740 - 2002.0342)

-40 offset(1994.7603) = -9.16 +- 1.49 mm

Data (trend and jumps removed), with Model: tskb, north

c. Data Model: tskb, north

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

30 mm/yr, this study

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