GKQ[S[XEO GKQEBE IECEO XSEOCEYCMXEXM OEXMFOEB

OFLFY 8=3/GKQ/IXO/=/9195
 SKOSEOD
QKOKSEQEO XSEOCEY OEXMFOEB MOCFOKXME
>=45:9195 QEOC[EO QKYEOHEODEO CEO QKBEGXEOEEO XMXSKL
BKLIEYEO XKYES IKYQFBMLKY SKYBKGES KGXSKYOEB [OS[G
QKYG[ESEO XSY[GS[Y IKSFO

GKQEBE IECEO XSEOCEYCMXEXM OEXMFOEB,

Lkomlieod : e. ienwe uotug lklkounm gkpkotmodeo

pkrbmocuodeo tkrnecep gfosulko, pkbegu usene,
tkoede gkrje, lesyereget bemooye,
lkodklieodgeo tuliunoye pkrsemodeo yeod
sknet, gkskbeleteo, gkeleoeo, gkskneteo, ceo
gkbkstermeo `uodsm bmodguodeo nmcup, Yeoheodeo
Egnmr Xteocer Oesmfoeb Mocfoksme yeod cmsusuo
fbkn Gflmtk Skgoms pkrbu cmtktepgeo lkojecm
Xteocer Oesmfoeb Mocfoksme7

i. ienwe Yeoheodeo Egnmr Xteocer Oesmfoeb

Mocfoksme skiedemleoe cmlegsuc cebel nuru` e,
tkben cmgfoskosusgeo ceo cmoyetegeo lklkounm
pkrsyereteo uotug cmtktepgeo lkojecm Xteocer
Oesmfoeb Mocfoksme7

h. ienwe ikrcesergeo pkrtmlieodeo skiedemleoe

cmlegsuc cebel nuru` e ceo nuru` i, pkrbu
lkoktepgeo Gkputuseo Gkpebe Ieceo
Xteocercmsesm Oesmfoeb tkoteod Qkoktepeo
Xteocer Oesmfoeb Mocfoksme >=45:9195 Qeocueo
 

-9-

pkreoheodeo ceo pkbegseoeeo smstkl bkliereo

skret ikrpfbmlkr tkrbkget kgstkroeb uotug
pkrgueteo strugtur iktfo7

Lkodmodet : 5.  [oceod-[oceod Oflfr 91 Senuo 9153 tkoteod

Xteocercmsesm ceo Qkombemeo Gksksuemeo
(Bkliereo Okdere Ykpuibmg Mocfoksme Senuo
9153 Oflfr 950, Selieneo Bkliereo Okdere
Ykpuibmg Mocfoksme Oflfr ;;>3)7

9.  Qkretureo Qklkrmoten Oflfr 83 Senuo 915>

tkoteod Xmstkl Xteocercmsesm ceo Qkombemeo
Gksksuemeo Oesmfoeb (Bkliereo Okdere Ykpuibmg
Mocfoksme Senuo 915> Oflfr 551, Selieneo
Bkliereo Okdere Ykpuibmg Mocfoksme Oflfr
099;)7

8.  Qkretureo Qrksmcko Oflfr 3 Senuo 915> tkoteod

Ieceo Xteocercmsesm Oesmfoeb (Bkliereo Okdere
Ykpuibmg Mocfoksme Oflfr 51)7

3.  Qkretureo Ieceo Xteocercmsesm Oesmfoeb Oflfr

8 Senuo 915> tkoteod Qkcfleo Qkodklieodeo
Xteocer Oesmfoeb Mocfoksme (Ikrmte Okdere
Ykpuibmg Mocfoksme Senuo 915> Oflfr ;4>)7

;.  Qkretureo Ieceo Xteocercmsesm Oesmfoeb Oflfr

59 Senuo 915> tkoteod Qkruieneo etes
Qkretureo Ieceo Xteocercmsesm Oesmfoeb Oflfr
5 Senuo 915> tkoteod Qkcfleo Sete Here
Qkoflfreo Xteocer Oesmfoeb Mocfoksme (Ikrmte
Okdere Ykpuibmg Mocfoksme Senuo 915> Oflfr
5409)7
 

-8-

Lklpkrnetmgeo : Xuret Cmrkgtur Imoe

Imo e Skgomg Qkrlugmleo
Qkrlu gmleo ceo
Qkruleneo, Cmrkgtfret Jkockreb Hmpte Gerye,
Gklkotkrmeo Qkgkrjeeo [lul ceo Qkruleneo
Yegyet7 Oflfr [L 1519-Ht/311E teoddeb
5 Ofvklikr 9191 Neb Qkbepfreo Nesmb Gfoskosus =
 Jucub YXOM8 Bmodgup XGS =5-15-X3 Senuo 915=7

LKL[S[XGEO:
Lkoktepgeo : GKQ[S[XEO GKQEBE IECEO XSEOCEYCMXEXM
OEXMFOEB SKOSEOD QKOKSEQEO XSEOCEY
OEXMFOEB MOCFOKXME >=45:9195 QEOC[EO
QKYEOHEODEO CEO QKBEGXEOEEO XMXSKL
BKLIEYEO XKYES IKYQFBMLKY SKYBKGES
KGXSKYOEB [OS[G QKYG[ESEO XSY[GS[Y
IKSFO.

GKXES[ : Lkoktepgeo Xteocer Oesmfoeb Mocfoksme

(XOM) >=45:9195 Qeocueo pkreoheodeo ceo
pkbegseoeeo smstkl bkliereo skret ikrpfbmlkr
tkrbkget kgstkroeb uotug pkrgueteo strugtur iktfo.

GKC[E : XOM >=45:9195 Qeocueo pkreoheodeo ceo

pkbegseoeeo smstkl bkliereo skret ikrpfbmlkr
tkrbkget kgstkroeb uotug pkrgueteo strugtur iktfo
skiedemleoe cmlegsuc cebel Cmgtul GKXES[
lkrupegeo ecfpsm lfcm`mgesm lkbebum lktfck
tkrjkleneo setu ienese cerm steocer
steocer   EHM 331.9Y-54
Dumck `fr tnk Cksmdo eoc Hfostruhtmfo f` Kxtkroebby
Ifockc @YQ Xystkls `fr Xtrkodtnkomod Hfohrktk
Xtruhturks, yeod
Xtruhturks, yeod cmtktepgeo fbkn IXO tenuo 9195.
 

-3-

GKSMDE : Gkputuseo Gkpebe Ieceo mom lubem ikrbegu pece

teoddeb cmtktepgeo.

Cmtktepgeo cm Jegerte
pece teoddeb 8 Xkptklikr 9195
GKQEBE IECEO XSEOCEYCMXEXM OEXMFOEB,

G[G[N X. EHNLEC
 XOM >=45:9195

XOM
 

Xteocer Oesmfoeb Mocfoksme 

Qeocueo
bkliere
bkliereo pkreoheodeo
o skret ikrpfbm
ikrpfbmlkrceo
lkr pkbegseoeeo
tkrbk
tkrbkget
get k
kgst
gstk smstkl
kroeb uo
uotug
tug
pkrgueteo
pkrgue teo strugtu
strugturr iktfo
(EHM 331.9Y-54, LFC)

MHX =5.1>1.15 

 
  

© EHM 9154  ‘ Ebb r mdnts r kskrvkc 

kskrvkc
© IXO 9195
9195 uotug gkpkot modeo ecfp sm steoc er © EH
EHMM lkojecm XOM  ‘ Xklue neg
neg cmb mocuodm

Neg hmpte cmbmocuodm uoceod-uoceod. Cmbereod lkodululgeo ceo lklpkrieoyeg skiedmeo

eteu skburun msm cfgulko mom ckodeo here ceo cebel ikotug epepuo skrte cmbereod
lkocmstrmiusmgeo cfgulko mom iemg skhere kbk
kbkgtrfomg
gtrfomg leupuo tkrhkteg teope mzmo tkrtubms IXO

IXO  
Klemb: cfgmo`fAiso.df.mc
cfgmo`fAiso.df.mc  
www.iso.df.mc 

Cmtkrimtgeo cm Jege
Jegerte
rte

XOM >=45:9195

Ce`ter msm
 Ce`ter msm .................................
Ce`ter .................................................
.................................
.................................
.................................
.................................
..............................
.............. m 
Ce`terr delier
Ce`te delier...............................................
...............................................................
.................................
.................................
.................................
........................
....... v 
Ce`terr teikb ...............................
Ce`te ................................................
..................................
.................................
.................................
.................................
.........................
......... vmm 
Qregete
Qrege te ...............................
................................................
..................................
.................................
.................................
..................................
................................
...............mx 
5  Qkocenubu
Qkocenubueo eo ceo rueod bmodgup...................
......... ...................
...................
...................
...................
...................
..................
...................
............ 5 
5.5  Qkoc
Qkocenubenubueo
ueo ..............................
...............................................
.................................
.................................
..................................
................................
............... 5 
5.5.5  Qkodduoeeo smstkl @YQ ......................................................................................... 5 
5.5.9  Gkteneoe
Gkte neoeo o ................................
................................................
.................................
.................................
.................................
..............................
............. 9 
5.9  Yue
Yueod od bmodgup
bmodgup........................................
.........................................................
.................................
.................................
.................................
.....................
..... 9 
5.9.5  Qkokrepeo ceo pkodduoeeo ................................................................................... 3 
9  Oftesm ceo ck`momsm ........................................................................................................... 0 
9.5  Ofte
Oftesm sm .................................
..................................................
.................................
.................................
.................................
.................................
........................
....... 0 
9.9  Ck`m
Ck`momsm
omsm................................
.................................................
.................................
.................................
.................................
.................................
......................
..... 51 
8  Qeseb mom cmpmocengeo gk Belpmreo K ............................................................................ 58 
8.5  Qeseb mom cmpmocengeo gk Belpmreo K .......................................................................... 58 
8.9  Xmstkl @YQ yeod ece ................................................................................................. 58  
8.9.5  Xmstkl pkodnelpereo iesen (wkt ( wkt bey-up)
bey-up) ...............................
................................................
..............................
............. 58 
8.9.9  Xmstkl premlprkdoesm ............................................................................................ 58  
8.9.8  Xmstkl prerewet (prkhurkc (prkhurkc)) ...............................
...............................................
.................................
.................................
...................
... 53 
8.9.3  pkleseodeo ckget pkrlugeeo (Xmstkl oker-sur`ehk lfuotkc-OXL)
Xmstkl pkleseodeo lfuotkc-OXL) ...... 53 
3  Letkrmeb pkoyusuo ceo sm`et .......................................................................................... 53 
3.5  Letkrmeb pkoyusuo ...................................................................................................... 5; 
3.5.5  Yksmo
Yksm o ...............................
................................................
..................................
.................................
.................................
.................................
...................
... 5; 
3.5.9  Xkrett .................................
Xkre .................................................
.................................
.................................
.................................
.................................
...................
... 5; 
3.5.8  Bepmseo pkbmocuod.................................................................................................. 50 
3.9  Xm`e
Xm`ett `msmg
`msmg ...............................
................................................
..................................
.................................
.................................
.................................
...................
... 50 
3.9.5  Lese jkomsjkoms ................................
................................................
.................................
.................................
.................................
............................
........... 50 
3.9.9  Gfk`msmko kgepeosm tkrleb ...................................................................................... 54 
3.9.8  Qkoderun sunu tmoddm ............................................................................................. 54 
3.8  Xm`e
Xm`ett lkgeoms
lkgeoms ..............................
...............................................
.................................
.................................
..................................
..............................
............. 54 
3.8.5  Qkrmbegu
Qkrm begu termg.............................................
..............................................................
.................................
.................................
............................
........... 54 
3.8.9  Qkrmbegu
Qkrm begu tkgeo............................................
............................................................
................................
.................................
............................
........... 5> 
3.3  Qkrmbegu ikrcesergeo `uodsm wegtu ............................................................................. 5=  
3.3.5  Yuotun reodgeg ..................................................................................................... 5= 
3.3.9  @etmg .................................
.................................................
.................................
.................................
.................................
.................................
...................
... 5= 
3.;  Gkew
Gkewkteo kteo .................................
.................................................
.................................
.................................
.................................
.................................
................ 91 
3.0  Guebm`mgesm smstkl @YQ ................................................................................................ 91 
;  Qkodmrmleo, pkoymlpeoeo, ceo pkoeodeoeo ................................................................ 95  
;.5  Qkod
Qkodmrmlmrmleo
eo .................................
..................................................
.................................
.................................
..................................
..............................
............. 95 
;.9  Qkoy
Qkoymlpe
mlpeoeo oeo..............................
...............................................
.................................
.................................
..................................
..............................
............. 95 
;.9.5  Gfocmsm pkoymlpeoeo ............................................................................................ 95 
;.9.9  Lese pkoymlpeoeo ............................................................................................... 95 
;.8  Qkoe
Qkoeodeoodeoeo eo ...............................
................................................
.................................
.................................
..................................
..............................
............. 95 
;.8.5  Bklier cete gkskbeleteo ..................................................................................... 95  
;.8.9  Xulikr mo`frlesm................................................................................................... 95 
;.8.8  Smocegeo pkohkdeneo ........................................................................................... 95  
;.8.3  Qkoeodeoeo
Qkoeodeoe o pkrsfoeb skhere eleo ceo pklegemeo pklegemeo ...................
.......... ...................
...................
................
....... 99 
;.8.;  Qkoeodeoeo pkoklpeteo yeod eleo ................................................................... 99  
;.8.0  Qklikrsmneo ceo pkliueodeo ............................................................................. 99 
0  Moste
Mostebesm
besm ................................
.................................................
.................................
.................................
.................................
.................................
......................
..... 99 
0.5  Gflpktkosm gfotregtfr ................................................................................................ 98 

© IXO 9195 m 

XOM >=45:9195

0.9  Qkrtmlieodeo tklpkretur, gkbkliepeo ucere (nulmcmty (nulmcmty), ), ceo gkbkliepeo pkrlugeeo
(lfmsturk
lfmsturk)) ..................................
..................................................
.................................
.................................
.................................
................................
............... 98 
0.8  Qkre
Qkrebeteo
beteo ...............................
................................................
..................................
.................................
.................................
.................................
..................
.. 98 
0.3  Qkriemgeo suistret
suistret ceo pkrsmepeo pkrlugeeo pkrlugeeo ...................
.......... ...................
...................
...................
...................
............
... 98 
0.3.5  Qkriemgeo suistret ................................................................................................. 93 
0.3.9  Qkrsmepeo pkrlugeeo ............................................................................................ 93 
0.3.8  Xmstkl oker-sur`ehk lfuotkc (OXL) ..................................................................... 9;  
0.;  Qkohelpureo rksmo ..................................................................................................... 9; 
 0.0  Qkokrepeo smstkl @YQ ............................................................................................... 90 
0.0.5  Bepmseo prmlkr ceo cklpub.................................................................................... 90 
0.0.9  Xmstkl pkodnelpereo iesen ................................................................................ 90 
0.0.8   Epbmgesm lkodduoegeo
lkodduoegeo lksmo
lksmo ........................
.............. ...................
...................
...................
...................
...................
..................
......... 90 
0.0.3  Xmstkl prerewet ..................................................................................................... 94 
0.0.;  Xmstkl oker-sur`ehk lfuotkc (OXL) ..................................................................... 94  
0.0.0  Qkbepms pkbmocuod .................................................................................................. 94 
0.4  Qkoykbereseo ieneo @YQ ........................................................................................... 94 
0.>  Bepmseo reodgep ceo bep spbems ................................................................................... 9>  
0.=  Qkodkrmodeo /pkreweteo rksmo .................................................................................... 9> 
0.51  Qkrbmocuodeo sklkotere ............................................................................................. 9> 
4  Mospkgsm, kvebuesm, ceo pkokrmleeo .............................................................................. 9> 
4.5  Mospk
Mospkgsm
gsm ..............................
...............................................
..................................
.................................
.................................
..................................
.....................
.... 9= 
4.9  Kvebuesm ceo pkokrmleeo ........................................................................................... 9= 
4.9.5  Ieneo
Iene o ...............................
................................................
..................................
.................................
.................................
.................................
..................
.. 81 
4.9.9  Frmkotesm
Frmko tesm skret
skret ................................
.................................................
.................................
.................................
..................................
.....................
.... 81 
4.9.8  Ckbelmoe
Ckbe lmoesm sm .................................
.................................................
.................................
.................................
.................................
...........................
.......... 81 
4.9.3  Qkreweteo rksmo ..................................................................................................... 85 
4.9.;  Gkgueteo ecnksm .................................................................................................... 85 
4.9.0  Gktkiebeo yeod cmrewet ......................................................................................... 85 
>  Qkreweteo ceo pkriemgeo ............................................................................................. 89 
>.5  [lul ...............................
................................................
.................................
.................................
.................................
................................
........................
........ 89 
>.9  Mospkgsm ceo pkombemeo ................................................................................................ 89 
>.9.5  Mospkgsm
Mospk gsm ulul
ulul................................
.................................................
.................................
.................................
..................................
.....................
.... 89 
>.9.9  Qkodujme
Qkod ujmeoo................................
.................................................
.................................
.................................
.................................
.............................
............. 89 
>.9.8  Qkombem
Qkom bemeo
eo .................................
..................................................
.................................
.................................
.................................
.............................
............. 89 
>.8  Qkriemgeo smstkl pkoduet........................................................................................... 89 
>.3  Qkriemgeo pkbepms pkbmocuod pkrlugeeo (hfetmod (hfetmod))............................................
......................................................
.......... 89 
=  Qkrtmlieodeo ulul uotug cksemo ................................................................................ 88  
=.5  @mbf
@mbfsf`m
sf`m cksemo
cksemo .................................
.................................................
.................................
.................................
.................................
...........................
.......... 88 
=.9  Ietes pkomodgeteo gkgueteo ....................................................................................... 88  
=.9.5  Yksmsteosm strugtur tkrnecep epm ............................................................................. 83 
=.9.9  Gkgueteo strugtur tfteb ........................................................................................... 8;  
=.9.8  Qkokrepeo ikieo dklpe ...................................................................................... 8;  
=.8  Qklmbmneo smstkl @YQ ................................................................................................. 8; 
=.8.5  @egtfr bmodguodeo .................................................................................................. 8; 
=.8.9  Qkrtmlieodeo pklikieoeo
pklikieoeo ...................
......... ...................
...................
...................
...................
...................
..................
.................
........ 80 
=.8.8  Qkrtmlieodeo gkewkteo ........................................................................................ 80 
=.8.3  Qklmbmneo pkbepms pkbmocuod (prftkhtmvk ( prftkhtmvk hfetmod)
hfetmod) .................................
.................................................
..................
.. 80 
=.3  Cksemo sm`et letkrmeb ................................................................................................... 80  
51  Qkrgu
Qkrgueteo
eteo bkotur
bkotur...............................
................................................
..................................
.................................
.................................
...........................
.......... 84 
51.5  Gkgueteo oflmoeb ....................................................................................................... 8> 
51.5.5  Qfbe gkruotuneo
gkruotuneo....................................
....................................................
.................................
.................................
................................
................ 8> 
51.9  Gflpfoko iktfo ikrtubeod ......................................................................................... 31  
51.9.5   Esulsm-esulsm ...................
.......... ...................
...................
..................
...................
...................
...................
...................
...................
.................
....... 31 
51.9.9  Gkgu
Gkgueteo
eteo dkskr
dkskr...............................
................................................
.................................
.................................
..................................
.....................
.... 35 
51.9.8  Ykdeodeo suistret kgsmstmod .................................................................................. 35 

© IXO 9195 mm  

XOM >=45:9195

51.9.3  Qkrgueteo bkotur pece cekren hkguod ................................................................... 35  

51.9.;  Ykdeodeo cm cebel pkrgueteo @YQ ....................................................................... 39 
51.9.0  Skdeodeo cm cebel pkrgueteo @YQ ....................................................................... 39  
51.9.4  @egtfr rkcugsm gkgueteo......................................................................................... 39  
51.9.>  Gklelpueo beyeo ................................................................................................. 38  
51.9.=  Gkruotuneo reodgeg ceo ieteseo ieteseo tkdeodeo `etmg ...................
......... ...................
..................
...................
..............
.... 38 
51.9.51  Gkgueteo ubtmlmt pkoelpeod pkoelpeod pkrskdm tubeodeo tuoddeb tuoddeb ......................
............ ...................
................
....... 33 
51.8  Gflpfoko iktfo pretkdeod ....................................................................................... 34 
51.8.5  Gflpfoko ckodeo tubeodeo pretkdeod tkrbkget .................................................... 34  
51.3  Ykcmstrmiusm lflko .................................................................................................... ;5 
55  Qkrgueteo dkskr............................................................................................................ ;9 
55.5  Qkrtmlieodeo ulul .................................................................................................. ;9 
55.9  Xgkl
Xgkle e bmbmteo
bmbmteo ...............................
................................................
.................................
.................................
..................................
..............................
............. ;9 
 55.8
55.3   Gkgueteo
Gfotrmiusm dkskr oflmoeb gkgueteo
@YQ tkrnecep .............................................................................................
dkskr ................................................................... ;3 ;8  
55.3.5  Ykdeodeo k`kgtm` cebel belmoesm @YQ ................................................................... ;3  
55.3.9  Xpes
Xpesmm ...............................
................................................
..................................
.................................
.................................
.................................
...................
... ;0 
55.3.8  Ietes-ietes pkoubeodeo ........................................................................................ ;0 
59  Qkrgueteo gflpfoko yeod lkokrmle deye egsmeb eteu gflimoesm deye egsmeb ceo
lflko bkotur
bkotur...............................
................................................
.................................
.................................
.................................
.................................
......................
..... ;0 
59.5  Deye tkgeo egsmeb lurom ............................................................................................. ;4 
59.5.5  Qkoelpeod bmodgereo ............................................................................................ 01  
59.5.9  Qkoelpeod ofo bmodgereo ..................................................................................... 01 
59.5.8  Qkrtmlieoeo
Qkrtmlieoeo-pkrtmlieode
-pkrtmlieodeo o gklelpueo beyeo ......... ...................
...................
..................
...................
.................
....... 05 
59.9  Gflimoesm deye egsmeb ceo bkotur ............................................................................... 09  
59.8  Qkomodgeteo cegtmbmtes ................................................................................................. 09 
59.8.5  Qkoelpeod-pkoelpeod bmodgereo ........................................................................ 08 
59.8.9  Qkoelpeod-pkoelpeod ofo bmodgereo ................................................................. 08  
59.3  Deye termg egsmeb lurom ............................................................................................... 08 
58   Qkrgueteo
58.5 skmslmg............................................................................................................
Beter ikbegeod ......................................................................................................... 030;  
58.9  Xm`et @YQ uotug cksemo skmslmg .................................................................................. 0; 
58.8  Gkgeodeo lkodduoegeo @YQ .................................................................................... 00 
58.8.5  Qkrtmlieodeo ulul ............................................................................................. 00 
58.8.9  Gkgeodeo pece cekren skocm pbestms ..................................................................... 00  
58.8.8  Qkojkpmteo bep spbems .............................................................................................. 0> 
58.8.3  Qkohkdeneo tkgug tkgug pece tubeodeo bkotur bkotur ...................
.......... ...................
...................
..................
...................
.................
....... 0> 
58.3  Qkrgueteo Bkotur ........................................................................................................ 0= 
58.3.5  [lul..................................
..................................................
.................................
.................................
.................................
.................................
................ 0= 
58.3.9  Qkoyebureo ceo eodgur eodgur cerm pkrgueteo
pkrgueteo @YQ bkotur ...........................
................. ...................
...................
............
.. 41 
58.;  Qkrgueteo dkskr ......................................................................................................... 45 
58.;.5  Deye dkskr cksemo P k ...............
...............................
.................................
..................................
.................................
...........................
........... 45 
58.;.9  Gkgueteo dkskr oflmoeb P o ...............
................................
.................................
.................................
.................................
...................
... 45 
58.0  Xeliuodeo iebfg-gfbfl ............................................................................................ 49 
58.4  Qkrgueteo cmocmod dkskr iktfo ikrtubeod ................................................................... 49 
58.4.5  Qkrtmlieodeo ulul ............................................................................................. 49 
58.4.9  Qkrgueteo bkotur .................................................................................................... 49 
58.4.8  Qkrgueteo dkskr cmocmod dkskr iktfo ikrtubeod................... .......... ...................
...................
..................
...............
...... 43 
53  Qkocktembeo `mikr rkmo`frhkc pfbylkr  (@YQ) (@YQ) .................................
.................................................
.................................
................. 4; 
53.5  Bkgeteo ceo ckbelmoesm .............................................................................................. 40 
(ckifocmod)) @YQ .........................................
53.5.5  Gkdedebeo bkgeteo (ckifocmod ..........................................................
............................
........... 40  
53.5.9  Qkodkbupeseo ujuod @YQ (@YQ koc pkkbmod) pkkbmod) ...............................
................................................
.........................
........ 40 
53.5.8  Qeojeod pkoyebureo ............................................................................................... 4> 
53.9  Cktembmod bep spbems ...................................................................................................... 4> 
53.8  Bkgeteo smstkl oker-sur`ehk-lfuotkc
oker-sur`ehk-lfuotkc  (OXL) (OXL) ............................
.............................................
.................................
................ 4= 

© IXO 9195 mm m  

XOM >=45:9195

5;  Delier, spksm`mgesm ceo cfgulko ................................................................................ >1  

5;.5  Qkrsyereteo tkgoms ...................................................................................................... >1 
5;.9  Delier ceo spksm`mgesm .............................................................................................. >1 
5;.8  Cfgu
Cfgulko
lko ...............................
................................................
..................................
.................................
.................................
.................................
..................
.. >1 
5;.8.5  Qrfcusko smstkl @YQ ............................................................................................ >1  
5;.8.9  Gfotregtfr pkleseodeo smstkl @YQ ..................................................................... >5  
5;.8.8   Edko pklkrmgse
pklkrmgse smstkl @YQ...................
.......... ...................
...................
...................
...................
..................
...................
................
...... >5 
50  Hfotf
Hfotfn n cksemo
cksemo ................................
.................................................
.................................
.................................
.................................
.............................
............. >5 
50.5  Qkrnmtuodeo sm`et termg smstkl @YQ .............................................................................. >5 
50.9  Qkrieocmodeo sm`et termg smstkl @YQ ........................................................................... >9  
50.8  Qkrgueteo bkotur iebfg iktfo ikrtubeod motkrmfr ckodeo belmoesm @YQ ................... .......... ..............
..... >3 
50.3  Qkrgueteo bkotur iebfg iktfo ikrtubeod motkrmfr ckodeo tubeodeo @YQ oker-sur`ehk-
lfuotkc ..............
..............................
.................................
..................................
.................................
.................................
..................................
.....................
.... >= 
50.;  Qkrgueteo bkotur iebfg iktfo pretkdeod motkrmfr ckodeo belmoesm @YQ .................. ......... ..............
..... =; 
50.0  Qkrgueteo dkskr uotug iebfg-S motkrmfr bkotur iebfg iktfo pretkdeod motkrmfr ckodeo
belmoesm
belmoesm @YQ ...............................
................................................
.................................
.................................
.................................
...........................
........... 515 
50.4  Qkrgueteo dkskr gfbfl kgstkrmfr............................................................................... 513 
50.>  Qkrgueteo gfbfl iktfo iugeo bmodgereo uotug pkomodgeteo ikieo egsmeb ................. .......... ....... 51; 
50.=  Qkrgueteo iktfo pkoelpeod iugeo bmodgereo uotug pkomodgeteo deye egsmeb ceo
 bkotur ................................
bkotur .................................................
.................................
.................................
.................................
................................
......................
...... 51> 
50.51 Qkodkgeodeo
Qkodkgeodeo cm cekren skocm pbestms uotug pkrgueteo skmslmg ................ .........................
................
....... 558 
50.55 Qkojkpmteo
Qkojkpmteo bep spbemsspbems uotug pkrgueteo skmslmg skmslmg ...................
.......... ...................
...................
...................
...................
........... 554 
50.59 Qkrgueteo
Qkrgueteo dkskr skmslmg ........................................................................................... 591 
50.58 Qkrgueteo
Qkrgueteo skmslmg dkskr ceo bkotur pece cmocmod cmocmod dkskr ...................
......... ...................
..................
...............
...... 593 
54  Yk`kr
Yk`krkosm
kosm ..............................
...............................................
..................................
.................................
.................................
..................................
...................
.. 585 
E–Qerelktkr Letkrmeb [otug Xkret Gerifo, Dkbes, Ceo Erelmc ...................
Belpmreo E– .......... .............
.... 53; 
I–Ymodgeseo Lktfck [jm Xteocer ..................................................................... 534 
Belpmreo I–
H ‘ Bmodgup
Belpmreo H ‘  Bmodgup Qkokbmtmeo Cm Lese Ckpeo .............................................................. 53= 
C ‘ Lktfcfbfdm
Belpmreo C ‘  Lktfcfbfdm [otug Qkrnmtuodeo Cmedrel Q-L ]eod Cmskckrneoegeo [otug
Gfbfl Iugeo Bmodgereo ..................................................................................................... 5;1 

Belpmreo
K5.  ‘  Xkjeren
Beter K ‘
K Xkjeren
ikbegeod .................................
.................................................
.................................
.................................
.................................
......................
..... 5;8
............................................................................................................. 5;8  
K9. Xkjeren pkodklieodeo .............................................................................................. 5;8 
Mo`frlesm pkocuguod tkrgemt pkrulus steocer ................................................................... 5;3  

© IXO 9195 mv  

XOM >=45:9195

Ce`ter
Ce`ter delier

51.5.5e ‘ Qrfsks
Delier 51.5.5e ‘ Qrfsks ckifocmod ceo ckbelmoesm smstkl @YQ kgstkroeb .......................
................ ....... 8= 
51.5.5i ‘ Xmstkl
Delier 51.5.5i ‘ Xmstkl eodgur @YQ ................................................................................ 31 
51.9.; ‘ Smoddm
Delier 51.9.; ‘ Smoddm k`kgtm` smstkl @YQ..................
......... ...................
...................
...................
...................
..................
..................
......... 39 
51.9.= ‘ Mbustresm
Delier 51.9.= ‘ Mbustresm jkoms lflko yeod ikgkrje yeod cmduoegeo uotug lklkrmgse ietes
tkdeodeo pece pkrgueteo @YQ ....................................................................................... 33  
51.9.51 ‘ Cmstrmiusm
Delier 51.9.51 ‘ Cmstrmiusm rkdeodeo ceo tkdeodeo pkoelpeod pkrskdm tkrnecep bkotur
pece gfocmsm ietes ubtmlmt ................................................................................................ 3; 
51.9.51.5 ‘ Cmstrmiusm
Delier 51.9.51.5 ‘  Cmstrmiusm rkdeodeo ceo tkdeodeo
tkdeodeo kbestmg ..................
......... ...................
...................
................
....... 30 
55.9 ‘ Xgkle
Delier 55.9 ‘ Xgkle bmbmteo tmpmgeb uotug pkrgueteo dkskr lkodduoegeo
lkodduoegeo belmoesm @YQ ....
... . ;8 
55.3 ‘ Qkojkbeseo
Delier 55.3 ‘ Qkojkbeseo vermeikb-vermeikb cmlkosm yeod cmpegem cebel pkrnmtuodeo
pkrgueteo-dkskrr uotug pkriemgeo, rktrf`mt,
pkrgueteo-dksk rktrf`mt, eteu
 eteu pkrgueteo lkodduoegeo belmoesm @YQ . ;3  
59.5e ‘ Qkrmbegu
Delier 59.5e ‘  Qkrmbegu tkdeodeo-rkdeodeo sgkletmg cerm gfbfl iktfo ikrtubeod tkrgkgeod
ceo tmceg tkrgkgeod (Yfhhe kt eb. 9110). ......................................................................... ;4  
59.5i ‘ Lfckb
Delier 59.5i ‘  Lfckb tkdeodeo-rkdeodeo
tkdeodeo-rkdeodeo uotug iktfo tkrgkgeod lkodduoegeo @YQ ..... ;>
;> 
59.5.9 ‘  Bues pkoelpeod bmodgereo kgumvebko (Bel eoc Skod 9118i)..................
Delier 59.5.9 ‘ ......... ......... 05 
 59.9 ‘ Cmedrel
Delier 59.9 ‘ Cmedrel motkregsm rkprkskotetm` .................................................................... 08  
58.8.9 ‘ Gkgeodeo
Delier 58.8.9 ‘ Gkgeodeo skocm pbestms gfbfl .................................................................. 04 
58.3.9 ‘ Cktemb
Delier 58.3.9 ‘ Cktemb gfoskp pkrgueteo @YQ (pftfodeo pkoelpeod) ...................
......... ...................
........... 45
45 
58.4.9 ‘ Qkoubeodeo
Delier 58.4.9 ‘ Qkoubeodeo @YQ uotug pkrgueteo
pkrgueteo bkotur ...................
.......... ...................
...................
...................
............
.. 48 
58.4.9.9 ‘ Lktfck
Delier 58.4.9.9 ‘ Lktfck Qkodeodgureo
Qkodeodgureo pkrgueteo cmocmod dkskr (Gfoskp) ....................
.................. .. 43 

53.5 ‘ Gfoskp
Delier 53.5 ‘ Gfoskp cmstrmiusm tkdeodeo Dkskr eoter luge ceo ofrleb skpeojeod
belmoesm @YQ tkrbkget (Yfikrts ceo Nejm-Gezklm 5=>=7 Lebkg kt eb. 5==>) ..................
........ ..............
.... 40 
53.5.9e ‘ Ckbelmoesm
Delier 53.5.9e ‘ Ckbelmoesm yeod cmskieigeo fbkn gkruotuneo termg skbmlut iktfo. ......... 44 
53.5.9i ‘ Ykprkskotesm
Delier 53.5.9i ‘  Ykprkskotesm dre`ms pkcfleo tmtmg tkrlmoesm yeod cmmjmogeo cerm belmoesm
@YQ tmde bepms.
bepms.....................................
....................................................
.................................
.................................
.................................
............................
........... 4> 
53.8e ‘ Cmlkosm
Delier 53.8e ‘  Cmlkosm lmomlul ebur ............................................................................... 4=  
53.8i ‘ Sreo`kr
Delier 53.8i ‘  Sreo`kr deye pece ieteod @YQ OXL ........................................................ >1  
50.8 ‘ Xgkle
Delier 50.8 ‘  Xgkle iebfg mckeb yeod tkrtulpu skckrneoe ckodeo pkrgueteo kgstkroeb
@YQ.................................
.................................................
.................................
.................................
.................................
..................................
..............................
............. >3 
50.3 ‘ Xgkle
Delier 50.3 ‘  Xgkle iebfg mckeb yeod tkrtulpu skckrneoe ckodeo tubeodeo @YQ kgstkroeb
...............................
................................................
..................................
.................................
.................................
.................................
.................................
......................
..... =1 
50.0e ‘ Cmedrel
Delier 50.0e ‘  Cmedrel dkskr lkouojuggeo gkiutuneo vkrsus gkgueteo yeod ece.
Qkrgueteo @YQ nerus lklpkriemgm gkgureodeo yeod cmtuojuggeo dre`mg yeod cmersmr ... 519  
50.0i ‘ Gfo`mduresm
Delier 50.0i ‘  Gfo`mduresm pkrgueteo @YQ dkskr
dkskr telieneo ...................
.......... ...................
...................
..............
..... 519 
Delier 50.51e ∙ Cktemb pkoubeodeo gfbfl ....................................................................... 553  
Delier 50.51i ∙ Eoebmsms lflko-gurvetur ....................................................................... 553 
Delier 50.55 ∙ Cktemb bep spbems pece cekren skocm pbestms ...................
......... ...................
...................
..................
........ 55> 

© IXO 9195 v 

XOM >=45:9195

( es-iumbt hfbulo)
Delier 50.59 ∙ Cktemb gfbfl yeod tkrskcme (es-iumbt hfbulo) ................................
...........................................
........... 591 
Delier 50.58e ∙ Cktemb cmocmod iktfo ............................................................................... 593  
Delier 50.58i ∙ Eoebmse lflko gurvetur pece hfotfn cmocmod
cmocmod dkskr ....................
........... ..................
......... 59; 
5 ‘ Cmstrmiusm
Delier C. 5 ‘  Cmstrmiusm rkdeodeo uotug Smtmg I ceo H uotug cmedrel motkregsm yeod
cmskckrneoegeo ............................................................................................................. 5;5 
Delier C.9 ∙ Cmedrel ebmr uotug epbmgesm lktfcfbfdm
lktfcfbfdm ...................
......... ...................
...................
...................
..................
......... 5;9 
 © IXO 9195 vm  

XOM >=45:9195

Ce`ter
Ce`ter teikb

Seikb 3.9.5 ∙ Lesse jkoms letkrmeb @YQ, d/hl8 ................

................................
.................................
.................................
...................
... 50 
Seikb 3.9.9 – Gfk`msmko ulul luem uotug letkrmeb @YQ*...................
......... ...................
..................
...................
..............
.... 54 
Seikb =.3 ∙ @egtfr rkcugsm bmodguodeo uotug smstkl @YQ ceo jkoms pepereooye ( kxpfsurk
kxpfsurk)) 84 
51.9.= ‘ Ietes
Seikb 51.9.= ‘  Ietes tkdeodeo lkokrus
lkokrus ceo smgbmg tubeodeo @YQ ...................
.......... ...................
...................
........... 33 
55.8 ‘ @egtfr
Seikb 55.8 ‘  @egtfr rkcugsm telieneo yeod cmrkgflkocesmgeo uotug pkoubeodeo dkskr @YQ
...............................
................................................
..................................
.................................
.................................
.................................
.................................
......................
..... ;3 
50.5e ‘ Nesmb
Seikb 50.5e ‘ Nesmb ujm termg smstkl @YQ............................................................................... >9  
50.5i ‘ Xmstkl
Seikb 50.5i ‘ Xmstkl @YQ skret ikrsmn ceo pkrnmtuodeo sm`et gftfr belmoesm ...................
......... ..............
.... >9 
Seikb 50.9e ∙ Xm`et letkrmeb ceo cksgrmpsm
cksgrmpsm cue jkoms smstkl @YQ ..................
......... ...................
...................
.............
.... >8
>8 
50.9i ‘ Qrfskcur
Seikb 50.9i ‘ Qrfskcur lklieocmodgeo
lklieocmodgeo cue jkoms smstkl @YQ ...................
.......... ...................
...................
.............
.... >8 
50.8e ‘ Ikieo
Seikb 50.8e ‘ Ikieo ceo lflko tkrgemt ............................................................................. >;  
50.8i ‘ Xm`et
Seikb 50.8i ‘ Xm`et smstkl @YQ yeod cmbepfrgeo
cmbepfrgeo fbkn peirmgeo ...................
......... ...................
..................
...............
...... >; 
50.8h ‘ Qrfskcur
Seikb 50.8h ‘ Qrfskcur uotug pkrgueteo bkotur iebfg iktfo ikrtubeod motkrmfr ckodeo
belmoesm
belm oesm @YQ.................................
.................................................
.................................
.................................
.................................
.................................
................ >; 
50.3e ‘ Xm`et
Seikb 50.3e ‘ Xm`et smstkl OXL @YQ yeod cmbepfrgeo
cmbepfrgeo peirmgeo ...................
.......... ...................
...................
.............
.... =1
=1 
50.3i ‘ Qrfskcur
Seikb 50.3i ‘ Qrfskcur uotug pkrgueteo bkotur iebfg iktfo ikrtubeod motkrmfr ckodeo ieteod
@YQ OXL..............................................
..............................................................
.................................
.................................
.................................
.........................
........ =1 
50.;e ‘ Ikieo
Seikb 50.;e ‘ Ikieo ceo lflko tkrgemt ............................................................................. =;  
50.;i ‘ Qrfskcur
Seikb 50.;i ‘ Qrfskcur uotug pkrgueteo bkotur iebfg iktfo pretkdeod motkrmfr ckodeo
belmoesm
belm oesm @YQ.................................
.................................................
.................................
.................................
.................................
.................................
................ =0 
50.0e ‘ Gfo`mduresm
Seikb 50.0e ‘ Gfo`mduresm pkrgueteo @YQ dkskr telieneo
telieneo ..................
......... ...................
...................
...................
.......... 519 
50.0i ‘ Xm`et
Seikb 50.0i ‘ Xm`et smstkl @YQ yeod cmbepfrgeo
cmbepfrgeo peirmgeo ...................
......... ...................
..................
...................
............
.. 519
519 
 50.0h   Qrfskcur uotug pkrgueteo dkskr iebfg S motkrmfr
Seikb 50.0h  motkrmfr ...................
......... ...................
..................
.............
.... 518 
50.4e ‘ Xm`et
Seikb 50.4e ‘ Xm`et smstkl @YQ yeod cmbepfrgeo fbkn peirmg* ...................
......... ...................
..................
................
....... 513 
50.4i ‘ Qrfskcur
Seikb 50.4i ‘ Qrfskcur uotug pkrgueteo
pkrgueteo dkskr gfbfl kgstkrmfr ...................
.......... ...................
...................
...........
.. 513
513 
50.>e ‘ Cktemb
Seikb 50.>e ‘ Cktemb pkoelpeod gfbfl ceo sm`et letkrmeb ...................
......... ...................
..................
...................
............
.. 510
510 
50.>i ‘ Xm`et
Seikb 50.>i ‘ Xm`et smstkl @YQ yeod cmbepfrgeo prfcusko ...................
.......... ...................
...................
...................
.......... 510 
50.>h ‘ Qrfskcur
Seikb 50.>h ‘ Qrfskcur uotug pkrgueteo gfbfl iktfo iugeo bmodgereo uotug pkomodgeteo
ikieo
ikie o egsmeb
egsmeb ..................................
..................................................
.................................
.................................
.................................
...............................
.............. 510 
50.= ‘ Qrfskcur
Seikb 50.= ‘ Qrfskcur uotug pkrgueteo gfbfl iktfo pkoelpeod iugeo bmodgereo uotug
pkomodgeteo deye egsmeb ceo bkotur ............................................................................... 51> 
Seikb 50.51e ∙ Xm`et-sm`et letkrmeb gfbfl ........................................................................... 553  
Seikb 50.51i ∙ Smodget rkdeodeo legsmlul yeod cepet cmduoegeo (EXHK/XKM 35) ........ 55; 
Seikb 50.51h ∙ Xm`et-sm`et gflpfsmt cerm peirmgeo ............................................................... 55;  
Seikb 50.51c ∙ Senepeo cksemo pkodkgeod skocm pbestms skiedem pkrgueteo skmslmg ....... 55; 
50.55e–Xm`et letkrmeb gfbfl ................................................................................... 55> 
Seikb 50.55e–

© IXO 9195 vm m  

XOM >=45:9195

50.55i–Xm`et gflpfsmt yeod cmnesmbgeo

Seikb 50.55i– cmnesmbgeo fbkn prfcusko
prfcusko ....................
........... ...................
...................
.............
.... 55> 
50.55h– Senepeo cksemo pkojkpmt bep spbems skiedem pkrgueteo skmslmg ................
Seikb 50.55h– .......... ...... 55= 

50.59e–Xm`et letkrmeb gfbfl ................................................................................... 591 

Seikb 50.59e–
50.59i–Gfo`mdures
Seikb 50.59i–Gfo`mduresmm pkrgueteo @YQ dkskr telieneo telieneo .....................
........... ...................
..................
...............
...... 591 
50.59h–Xm`et gflpfsmt yeod cmnesmbgeo fbkn prfcusko ..................
Seikb 50.59h– ......... ...................
...................
................
....... 591 
50.59c–Senepeo pkodueteo dkskr skmslmg ............................................................ 595  
Seikb 50.59c–
50.58e– Xm`et ceo gkiutuneo cmocmod
Seikb 50.58e– cmocmod dkskr yeod tkben cmieoduo ..................
......... ..................
......... 59; 
50.58i– Xm`et gflpfsmt yeod cmnesmbgeo
Seikb 50.58i– cmnesmbgeo fbkn prfcusko...........
prfcusko....................
...................
...................
.............
.... 59; 
50.58h–Senepeo pkrgueteo skmslmg dkskr ceo bkotur pece cmocmod dkskr ..............
Seikb 50.58h– .......... .... 590 
Seikb E.5 ∙ Qerelktkr termg skret yeod ulul cmduoegeo cebel smstkl @YQ ...................
.......... ........... 53; 
%  ‘  41 % ........... 53; 
Seikb E.9 ∙ Qerelktkr Sermg cerm Ieteod @YQ ckodeo Pfbulk Xkret ;1 % ‘
%  ‘ 01
Seikb E.8 ∙ Qerelktkr Sermg @YQ belmoesm ckodeo vfbulk skret 31 % ‘  01 % .................
........ ......... 530 
Seikb E.3 ∙ Gkgueteo termg ubtmlmt* cerm ikikrepe smstkl `rp yeod tkrskcme skhere gflkrsmeb

................................
................................................
.................................
..................................
.................................
.................................
..................................
...................
.. 530 
 © IXO 9195 vm mm  

XOM >=45:9195

Qregete

XOM >=45:9195, Qeocueo pkreoheodeo ceo pkbegseoeeo smstkl bkliereo skret ikrpfbmlkr
tkrbkget kgstkroeb uotug pkrgueteo strugtur iktfo 
iktfo  lkrupegeo steocer yeod cmsusuo ckodeo
ecfpsm lfcm`mgesm cerm EHM 331.9Y-54, Dumck `fr tnk Cksmdo eoc Hfostruhtmfo f` Kxtkroebby
Ifockc @YQ Xystkls `fr Xtrkodtnkomod
Xtrkodtnkomod Hfohrktk Xtruhturks,
Xtruhturks, ckodeo lktfck tkrjkleneo setu
Ienese ceo cmtktepgeo fbkn IXO Senuo 9195. Xteocer mom sklube cmusubgeo cebel Qrfdrel
Oesmfoeb Qkruluseo XOM (QOQX) usubeo lkockseg Senuo 915= ckodeo jucub Qeocueo
pkreoheodeo ceo pkbegseoeeo smstkl skret ikrpkrkget pfbmlkr tkrbkget kgstkroeb uotug
pkrgueteo strugtur iktfo. 
iktfo. 

 Ecepuo lfcm`mgesm
lfcm`mgesm cebel Xteocer
Xteocer mom tkrbkteg
tkrbkteg pece:
5. Qklmoceneo iedmeo yeod tkrgemt ckodeo skjeren smstkl bkliereo skret ikrpfbmlkr
tkrbkget kgstkroeb yemtu Iei 8.5 gk iedmeo Belpmreo K.
9. Qece Iei 50 yemtu Hfotfn cksemo, Xetueo yeod cmtubmsgeo neoye cebel XM, sknmodde
eodge yeod ece ikrikce ckodeo steocer yeod cmecfpsm yemtu cebel mlpkrmeb.

Xteocer Oesmfoeb Mocfoksme (XOM) mom cmpkrsmepgeo fbkn Gflmtk Skgoms =5-15 Ieneo ceo
Gfostrugsm Ieoduoeo ceo Ykgeyese Xmpmb lkbebum Dudus Gkrje Xtrugtur Ieoduoeo pece
Xuigflmtk Skgoms =5-15-X3 Ieneo, Xemos, Xtrugtur ceo Gfostrugsm Ieoduoeo. Xkbeojutoye,
Xui Gflmtk Skgoms mom lkodebelm pkruieneo lkojecm Gflmtk Skgoms =5-10 Qkgkrjeeo Skgomg
Xmpmb Ceo Ieoduoeo Dkcuod sksuem ckodeo Qkcfleo Qkodkbfbeeo Gflmtk Skgoms Qkruluseo
Xteocer Oesmfoeb Mocfoksme. Xteocer mom tkben cmienes ceo cmskpegetm cebel Yepet Gfoskosus
pece teoddeb 51 Cksklikr 915= cm Quset Qkokbmtmeo ceo Qkodklieodeo Qkruleneo ceo
Qkrlugmleo yeod cmnecmrm fbkn pere pkleodgu gkpkotmodeo ( stegknfbckrs
stegknfbckrs)) tkrgemt yemtu
pkrwegmbeo cerm pklkrmoten, pkbegu usene, gfosulko ceo peger. Xteocer mom tkben lkbebum
tenep jejeg pkocepet pece teoddeb 9= Lerkt 9195 celpem ckodeo teoddeb 54 Eprmb 9195
ckodeo nesmb egnmr cmktujum lkojecm XOM.

Skrcepet Xteocer Motkroesmfoeb yeod cmehu cebel cm ehueo ofrletm` cebel Xteocer mom tkben
cmecfpsm lkojecm Xteocer Oesmfoeb Mocfoksme (XOM), yemtu:
- EHM 85>L-53, Xpkhm`mhetmfos `fr Xtruhtureb Hfohrktk 
Hfohrktk  eoc Hfllkotery 
Hfllkotery  tkben cmecfpsm
lkojecm XOM 9>34:915=, Qkrsyereteo iktfo strugtureb uotug ieoduoeo dkcuod ceo
pkojkbeseo.
- EHM 331.8Y-59, Dumck Skst Lktnfcs `fr @mikr-Ykmo`frhkc Qfbylkrs (@YQs) `fr
Ykmo`frhmod fr Xtrkodtnkomod Hfohrktk eoc Lesfory Xtruhturks tkben cmecfpsm lkojecm
XOM >=49:9195, Lktfck ujm gflpfsmt skret ikrpfbmlkr skiedem pkoubeodeo eteu pkrgueteo
strugtur iktfo ceo lesform.
lesform. 
- EXHK 4-51, Lmomlul Cksmdo Bfecs `fr Iumbcmods eoc Ftnkr Xtruhturks
Xtruhturks   tkben cmecfpsm
lkojecm XOM 5490:9159 ceo 5494:9158 yeod sucen tkrienerum ckodeo XOM 5494:9191
4-50.  
ceo 5490:915= yeod lkodehu pece EXHK 4-50. 

[otug lkodnmocerm gksebeneo cebel pkodduoeeo cfgulko cmlegsuc, cmsereogeo iedm

pkodduoe steocer uotug lkodduoegeo cfgulko XOM yeod cmhkteg ckodeo tmote ikrweroe.
  Epeimbe cm gklucmeo nerm pkodduoe lkoklugeo gkredueo cebel Xteocer mom, lege
cmsereogeo uotug lkbmnet steocer esbmoye yemtu MXF 3384-3:915; ceo/eteu cfgulko
cfgulko tkrgemt bemo
yeod lkoykrtemoye.
lkoykrtemoye.

Qkrbu cmpkrnetmgeo ienwe gkluodgmoeo ikikrepe uosur cerm cfgulko peocueo mom cepet
ikrupe neg petko. Ieceo Xteocercmsesm Oesmfoeb tmceg ikrteodduod jewei uotug
pkodmckotm`mgesmeo seben setu eteu skburun neg petko yeod ece.

© IXO 9195 mx  

XOM >=45:9195

Qeocueo
Qeocueo pkreoheodeo ceo pkbegseoe
pkbegseoeeoeo smst kl bkliereo skre
skrett ikrpf bm lkr
tkrbkgett kgstkroeb uotug pkrgueteo
tkrbkge pkrgueteo strugt ur iktfo  

5 Qk
Qkocenubueo
ocenubueo ceo rueod bmodg up

5.5 Qkocenubueo

Qkrgueteo eteu rktrf`mt strugtur iktfo kgsmstmod eceben uotug lkoeneo ikieo yeod bkimn tmoddm,
lklpkriemgm gknmbeodeo gkgueteo gerkoe gkrusegeo, lklpkriemgm gkgureodeo cksemo eteu
gkbkleneo pkbegseoeeo, eteu lkomodgetgeo cegtmbmtes yeod ululoye cmhepem lkodduoegeo
ieneo ceo tkgomg gfostrugsm gfovkosmfoeb. Qkbet ieje tkrbkget skhere kgstkroeb, cmiuodgus fbkn
ieje eteu iktfo, ceo pretkdeod pesge termg kgstkroeb eceben ikikrepe tkgomg gfovkosmfoeb
yeod ulul cmduoegeo.

Letkrmeb gflpfsmt yeod tkriuet cerm `mikr cebel rksmo pfbmlkr, yeod jude cmgktenum skiedem
(@mikr Ykmo`frhkc Qfbylkr ) < skret ikrpfbmlkr (tkben luohub skiedem pmbmneo ebtkroetm`
@YQ (@mikr
uotug pkriemgeo ceo rkneimbmtesm. [otug tujueo peocueo mom, smstkl @YQ cmck`momsmgeo skiedem
skret ceo rksmo yeod cmduoegeo uotug lkliuet belmoesm gflpfsmt, sklue rksmo yeod ece
cmduoegeo uotug lkodmget rksmo gk bepmseo iktfo, ceo sklue bepmseo telieneo cmduoegeo
uotug lkbmocuodm letkrmeb pkoyusuooye. Qkbepms yeod cmduoegeo gnusus uotug ebeseo kstktmge

tmceg cmeoddep skiedem iedmeo cerm smstkl @YQ.

Letkrmeb @YQ eceben rmodeo, ofogfrfsm`, ceo lklmbmgm gkgueteo termg tmoddm. Ieneo-ieneo mom
tkrskcme cebel ikikrepe ikotug, lubem cerm belmoesm hkteg termg yeod cmprfcugsm peirmg nmodde
bkliereo skret gkrmod yeod cepet cmiuodgus eder sksuem ckodeo dkflktrm strugtur skikbul
pkoelieneo rksmo pfbmlkr. Qrf`mb smstkl @YQ yeod rkbetm` tmpms skrmod cmduoegeo uotug strugtur
cmleoe kstktmge eteu egsksmimbmtes lkojecm prmfrmtes. Xmstkl @YQ jude cepet cmduoegeo cm
cekren ckodeo egsks tkrietes gktmge tkgomg gfovkosmfoeb submt cmtkrepgeo.

Ceser cerm cfgulko mom eceben lkocepetgeo mblu pkodktenueo ikrcesergeo pkokbmtmeo yeod
gflprknkosm` cerm kgspkrmlkoteb, eoebmse, ceo pkodduoeeo smstkl @YQ cm bepeodeo. Iedmeo
cm cfgulko mom yeod lkliutungeo pkokbmtmeo bkimn beojut cebel cfgulko mom tkben cmteocem
ceo tkrgulpub cm cebel Belpmreo H.

5.5.5
5.5.5 Qkodduoeeo sms tkl @YQ

Cfgulko
cerm skret mom
ceolkodehu pece
rksmo yeod smstkl @YQ yeod
cmgflimoesmgeo ulul
ckodeo tkrskcme
here skhere gflkrsmeb,
yeod spksm`mg yeod
ceo cmpeseod tkrcmrm
ckodeo
lktfck tkrtkotu. Xmstkl mom tkben cmgklieodgeo lkbebum geregtkrmsesm letkrmeb ceo pkodujmeo
strugtur. Gflimoesm skret ceo rksmo yeod ikbul cmujm cepet lkodnesmbgeo sm`et ckodeo eodge
tmceg tkrcude skrte pftkosm letkrmeb yeod tmceg hfhfg. Xktmep smstkl @YQ yeod egeo cmduoegeo
nerus lklmbmgm cete pkodujmeo yeod hugup uotug lkouojuggeo gmokrje yeod lklecem,
tkrlesug lktfck pkleseodeooye. Xpksm`mgesm uotug letkrmeb @YQ gerifo ceo dkbes skeren
yeod cmiuet lkodduoegeo prfsks hktegeo pkodnelpereo iesen (wkt ( wkt bey-up)
bey-up) cmjkbesgeo
cebel EHM 331.>.

Qkodduoeeo smstkl @YQ cmgklieodgeo lkbebum geregtkrmsesm letkrmeb ceo pkodujmeo strugtur,
tkrlesug rkgflkocesm cfgulkotesm gkpklmbmgeo. Qkodduoeeo gflimoesm skret ceo rksmo
yeod ikbul cmujm nerus cmnmocerm. Xkreodgemeo steocer ujm ceo peocueo gflprknkosm` uotug
smstkl @YQ tkben cmgklieodgeo fbkn ikikrepe frdeomsesm, tkrlesug EXSL, EHM, MHYM, ceo
 MHH.

© IXO 9195 5 cerm 5;8 

XOM >=45:9195

5.5.9 Gkteneoeo

Gkteneoeo letkrmeb @YQ cepet cmkvebuesm ckodeo lklpkrtmlieodgeo `egtfr bmodguodeo,

kgfoflm, ceo sfsmeb. @egtfr tkrskiut nerus cmpkrtmlieodgeo tmceg neoye skbele `esk
pkbegseoeeo, tktepm jude pece `esk lese beyeo strugtur cebel neb pklkbmnereeo ceo
pkreweteo, ceo `esk gktmge ikregnmr lese pegemoye. Neb mom lkoddeliergeo ceser
pkockgeteo smgbus beyeo uotug gkteneoeo strugtur (Lkooe kt eb. 9158). Qkombemeo smgbus beyeo
(Bm`k Hyhbk Esskslkot 
Esskslkot  - BHE) lklpkrnmtuodgeo celpeg bmodguodeo cerm suetu letkrmeb,
cmlubem pece seet prfsks kgstregsm ieneo iegu, cmmgutm fbkn prfcugsm, cmstrmiusm, treospfrtesm,
pkreweteo, pkodduoeeo, ceo egnmr lese pegemoye. Qkombemeo smgbus beyeo uotug gflpfsmt @YQ
tkrdeotuod pece prfcug ceo pkodduoeeo cm bepeodeo yeod nesmboye imse ikrvermesm. Ieneo
gflpfsmt @YQ yeod cmduoegeo uotug lklpkrguet iktfo cepet lkodduoegeo skret gerifo
ceo skret dkbes yeod lesmod-lesmod ikreseb cerm ieneo ieger `fsmb eteu lmokreb, ceo
gerkoeoye lklmbmgm celpeg tkrgemt seet prfsks kgstregsm ieneo iegu. Lksgmpuo skret gerifo
ceo dkbes lklmbmgm geocuodeo kokrdm yeod tmoddm gktmge lese prfcugsm, ckodeo rkoteod 911
ceo 91 lJ/gd, ikret gkskburuneo yeod cmprfcugsm ceo cmduoegeo lesmn ikikrepe tmodget bkimn
rkocen cmieocmod ieje 58 lJ/gd, iktfo 5 lJ/gd, ceo ieje tubeodeo = lJ/gd (Drm``mo ceo Nsu
9151). Geocuodeo kokrdm ceo pftkosm celpeg bmodguodeo cerm rksmo ceo smstkl pkrkgetoye
ikbul cmtkbmtm skhere lkocebel, lksgmpuo vfbulk yeod cmduoegeo gkhmb cmieocmodgeo letkrmeb
gfostrugsm gfovkosmfoeb.
gfovkosmfoeb. Cebel `esk cmstrmiusm ceo treospfrtesm, ifift letkrmeb @YQ yeod bkimn
rkocen lkrmodeogeo celpeg okdetm` cebel prfsks treospfrtesm, skrte pkoeodeoeo letkrmeb
yeod bkimn pregtms lkluodgmogeo uotug lkodduoegeo pkrebeteo yeod bkimn gkhmb skbele
prfsks pkleseodeo. Qece `esk pkleseodeo ceo pkodduoeeo, letkrmeb @YQ lklmbmgm lese
beyeo yeod bkimn bele gerkoe bkimn teneo bele ceo lkliutungeo pkreweteo yeod bkimn skcmgmt
cermpece ieneo gfovkosmfoeb. Fpsm egnmr lese pegem uotug letkrmeb @YQ bkimn gflpbkgs.

Lksgmpuo julben letkrmeb @YQ yeod seet mom cmceur ubeod lesmn gureod cerm 5 pkrsko,
gflpfsmt cepet cmceur ubeod ckodeo ikriedem here, tkrlesug pkoddmbmodeo lkgeoms,
mosmokresm, ceo pklmseneo ieneo gmlme (Nfwertn kt eb. 9153). Oeluo, submt uotug lklmsengeo
ieneo iegu, skret, ceo rksmo teope lkockdrecesm letkrmeb yeod cmnesmbgeo seet cmceur ubeod.
Qeser uotug letkrmeb gflpfsmt ceur ubeod lesmn tkrdfbfod gkhmb. Lksgmpuo egnmr-egnmr mom
pkruseneeo leou`egtur pksewet tkrieod sucen lubem lklpkrtmlieodgeo lktfck uotug
lkoceur ubeod ceo lkodduoegeo gkliebm letkrmeb gflpfsmt pece egnmr smgbus beyeo pksewet.

Skrbkpes cerm letkrmeb ceo smstkl strugturoye, pkodduoeeo @YQ tkrdfbfod ewkt ceo teneo
bele uotug pkriemgeo strugtur yeod oeotmoye egeo cmneohurgeo cm egnmr smgbus. Cebel ieoyeg
gesus, letkrmeb gflpfsmt @YQ cepet lklpkrpeojeod lese beyeo eteu lkomodgetgeo
gkeleoeo eteu gmokrje mo`restrugtur yeod ece ckodeo imeye yeod kgfoflms. Xkbemo mtu, gerkoe
gkgueteo spksm`mg ceo gkgegueo yeod tmoddm cerm gflpfsmt @YQ, lklpkriemgm strugtur iktfo
kgsmstmod ckodeo letkrmeb @YQ lkliutungeo kokrdm yeod bkimn skcmgmt cmieocmodgeo
pkriemgeo ckodeo sklko eteu iksm.

Qkriemgeo ckodeo letkrmeb @YQ lklpuoyem leo`eet, lklpkrpeojeod lese beyeo ceo
gkeleoeo strugtur. Ckodeo cklmgmeo, pkriemgeo ckodeo smstkl @YQ cepet cmeoddep skiedem
lktfck yeod beyeg uotug pkrgueteo ceo lkrkneimbmtesm strugtur kgsmstmod. Gkuotuodeo smstkl
@YQ tkrnecep `egtfr bmodguodeo, skiedemleoe cmkvebuesm fbkn movkstmdesm BHE, tkben
cmskiutgeo fbkn Oepfbeof kt eb. (915;), Lfbmokr Xeotmstkvk kt eb. (9158), Zneod kt eb.(9159),
ceo Ces (9155).

5.9 Yueod bmo dgu p

Cfgulko mom lkojkbesgeo peocueo uotug pklmbmneo, cksemo, ceo pkleseodeo smstkl @YQ
uotug lklpkrguet strugtur iktfo skhere kgstkroeb. Mo`frlesm lkodkoem sm`et letkrmeb, cksemo,
mostebesm, gfotrfb guebmtes, ceo pklkbmnereeo smstkl @YQ yeod cmduoegeo skiedem pkrgueteo
kgstkroeb cmsejmgeo cebel cfgulko mom. Mo`frlesm mom cepet cmduoegeo uotug lklmbmn smstkl

© IXO 9195 cermm 5;8 

9 cer
 

XOM >=45:9195

@YQ uotug lkomodgetgeo gkgueteo, gkgegueo iebfg iktfo ikrtubeod, leupuo cegtmbmtes gfbfl
iktfo ikrtubeod ceo epbmgesm bemooye.

Qkokbmtmeo yeod smdom`mgeo cmduoegeo skiedem ceser cm cebel peocueo mom. Qkokbmtmeo mom
cmbegugeo skjeg tenuo 5=>1eo, ckodeo lkbegugeo stucm eoebmtms, pkgkrjeeo kgspkrmlkoteb, ceo
lfomtfrmod cm bepeodeo tkrnecep pkrgueteo smstkl @YQ. Ikrcesergeo pkokbmtmeo yeod ece,
prfskcur cksemo yeod cmjkbesgeo cm cfgulko mom lesmn cmeoddep gfoskrvetm`.

Ceye teneo ceo gmokrje jeodge peojeod smstkl @YQ tkben lkojecm suijkg cm ikriedem lehel
pkokbmtmeo, oeluo pkokbmtmeo neb tkrskiut lesmn ikrbeodsuod. Qeocueo cksemo cebel peocueo
mom lklpkrtmlieodgeo gkrusegeo bmodguodeo ceo gkteneoeo jeodge peojeod ckodeo
lklikrmgeo perelktkr `egtfr rkcugsm uotug ikriedem bmodguodeo. @etmg ceo reodgeg jeodge
peojeod jude cmjkbesgeo ckodeo lkoktepgeo ieteseo tkdeodeo. @egtfr-`egtfr ceo ieteseo
tkrskiut lesmn cmeoddep gfoskrvetm`. Oeluo, ckodeo sklegmo ieoyegoye pkokbmtmeo yeod
cmbegugeo, `egtfr-`egtfr mom cepet cmuien, ceo gfocmsm bmodguodeo spksm`mg ceo ikieo yeod cepet
cmteneo egeo cepet tkrck`momsm bkimn jkbes. Xkbemo mtu k`kg gfocmsm bmodguodeo ceo ikieo
lklkrbugeo pkokbmtmeo bkimn beojut. [otug pkodduoeeo smstkl @YQ cebel gfocmsm bmodguodeo
ceo tkdeodeo yeod kgstrkl skiemgoye cmbegugeo skhere netm-netm. @egtfr-`egtfr yeod tkrgemt
ckodeo ceye teneo jeodge peojeod smstkl @YQ jude cepet lklpkoderunm lfcubus termg
kbestmsmtes letkrmeb yeod cmduoegeo uotug cksemo.

Ikriedem lehel pkokbmtmeo tkben lklienes gkgureodeo pece ceye mget smstkl @YQ pece
bepms suistret. [otug pkomodgeteo gkgueteo bkotur ceo dkskr, tkrcepet
t krcepet ieoyeg jkoms gkdedebeo
(ckifocmod)) yeod cepet lklpkoderunm gkgueteo gflpfoko yeod cmpkrguet fbkn
bkgeteo (ckifocmod
smstkl @YQ. Lksgm skiedmeo ikser gkdedebeo bkgeteo pece smstkl @YQ tkben cmmckotm`mgesm cm
ikriedem lehel pkokbmtmeo, lktfck yeod bkimn eguret uotug lklprkcmgsm gkdedebeo bkgeteo
lesmn cmpkrbugeo. Cebel prfsks cksemo, pklieteseo smdom`mgeo tkrnecep tkrhepemoye
rkdeodeo uotug ieneo @YQ (ceo fbkn gerkoeoye tkrhepemoye tkdeodeo) cmtktepgeo skhere
gfoskrvetm` gerkoe lklpkrnmtuodgeo gkdedebeo bkgeteo. Gk ckpeooye, prfskcur cksemo mom
nerus lkodduoegeo lktfck yeod bkimn lkoykburun cebel lklprkcmgsm gkdedebeo bkgeteo.

Cfgulko mom lkojkbesgeo rmohmeo ceo pkleseodeo smstkl @YQ yeod ikoer uotug lkohkden
ikriedem jkoms gkdedebeo bkgeteo. Beodgen-beodgen yeod tkrgemt ckodeo pkrsmepeo
pkrlugeeo strugtur ceo bfgesm pklftfodeo smstkl @YQ seodet pkotmod uotug lkohepem
tmodget gkgueteo yeod lklecem cmprkcmgsm lkbebum prfskcur cebel cfgulko mom. Qkokbmtmeo
tkben cmbegugeo pece ikriedem lktfck pkoeneo smstkl pkodueteo @YQ, skpkrtm [-wreps
[-wreps,,
([-eohnfrs).
pkodkoheod lkgeoms, eodgur skret, ceo eodgur-[ ([-eohnfrs ). Gerkoe pkcfleo uotug
cksemo eodgur nmodde seet mom ikbul tkrskcme, gkgueteo eodgur jeodger nerus cmiugtmgeo
lkbebum pkodujmeo `msmg yeod lkohegup smstkl eodgur tkrskiut skhere spksm`mg, prfskcur
pkleseodeo, pkrsmepeo pkrlugeeo, ceo gfocmsm bmodguodeo yeod cmnerepgeo.

Qkrseleeo cksemo yeod cmikrmgeo cebel cfgulko mom eceben ikrcesergeo nesmb pkokbmtmeo
yeod cmbegseoegeo pece gflpfoko utele ikrugureo skceod ceo prfpfrsmfoeb yeod tkriuet
cerm iktfo ckodeo ikret ofrleb. [otug pkodduoeeo pece iktfo ikrugureo ikser eteu rmodeo,
eteu pkrgueteo cm cekren tkrdeoddu (cekren-C) cerm gflpfoko strugtur skpkrtm iebfg tmoddm,
gfrikb, ceo ujuod iebfg yeod cmtkgug pkrbu cmtmojeu bkimn jeun. Jmge cmiutungeo, ieteseo uotug
ugureo ieteod ceo tkdeodeo cmjkbesgeo cebel cfgulko mom.

Qeocueo mom neoye ikrbegu uotug smstkl pkrgueteo @YQ yeod cmduoegeo skiedem tubeodeo
termg telieneo. Xmstkl mom nerus tmceg cmduoegeo uotug lkomodgetgeo gkgueteo tubeodeo
tkgeo. Lksgmpuo
Lksgmpu o letkrmeb @YQ cepet lkoeneo tkdeodeo tkgeo, oeluo pkodduoeeo @YQ yeod
ikrgemteo ckodeo tkgeo ieoyeg leseben. Skgug lmgrf pece skret cepet tkrjecm jmge tkrcepet
rfodde rksmo pece belmoesm. Belmoesm jude cepet tkrtkgug jmge tmceg tkrkget ckodeo ikoer ceo
gkgueteo tkgeo yeod seodet tmceg cmeocebgeo tkrjecm egmiet lmsebmdolkot @YQ pece
pkleseodeo cm bepeodeo. Cfgulko mom tmceg lklienes lkodkoem pkbegseoeeo, pkbegseoeeo, gfotrfb

© IXO 9195 8 cerm 5;8 

 
 XOM >=45:9195

guebmtes, ceo leseben pklkbmnereeo yeod tkrgemt ckodeo pkodduoeeo ieneo, jude tmceg
lklienes cksemo yeod tkrgemt ckodeo pkokrepeo.

Cfgulko mom tmceg skhere spksm`mg lklienes pkbegseoeeo lesform (lesform tkrmget pece
iktfo, iete eteu eteu beotem teoen bmet), tkrlesug lesform cebel cmocmod. Mo`frlesm lkodkoem
pkriemgeo lesform teope pkrgueteo lkodduoegeo smstkl @YQ cepet cmtklugeo cm EHM
331.4Y.

5.9.5
5.9.5 Qkokrepeo
Qkokrepeo ceo pkoddu oeeo

Xmstkl @YQ cepet cmduoegeo uotug lkrkneimbmtesm eteu lkodkliebmgeo gkgueteo gflpfoko
strugtur yeod ruseg, lklpkriemgm eteu lklpkrguet eoddfte strugtur uotug lkoeneo ikieo
yeod ikrtelien gerkoe pkruieneo `uodsm strugtur, eteu lkodetesm gksebeneo cksemo eteu
pkbegseoeeo. Skoede enbm prf`kssmfoeb ikrbmskosm nerus lkokotugeo epegen smstkl @YQ
eceben tkgomg pkrgueteo yeod hfhfg uotug skiuen strugtur skikbul lklmbmn jkoms smstkl @YQ
yeod egeo cmduoegeo oeotmoye.

[otug lkombem gksksuemeo smstkl @YQ pece strugtur tkrtkotu, tkoede enbm prf`kssmfoeb
ikrbmskosm nerus lkomojeu gfocmsm strugtur yeod ece, ckodeo pkomojeueo lkbmputm gepesmtes
ikieo kgsmstmod, lkodmckotm`mgesm gkgureodeo ceo pkoykieioye, gfocmsm bepmseo suistret
iktfo. Kvebuesm skhere lkoykburun lkbebum mospkgsm bepeodeo, rkvmkw rkvmkw   tkrnecep cksemo
kgsmstmod eteu cfgulko yeod tkben cmbegseoegeo, ceo eoebmsms strugtur sksuem ckodeo EHM
803.5Y. Cfgulko pkbegseoeeo kgsmstmod uotug strugtur nerus cmtmojeu, tkrlesug delier
cksemo, spksm`mgesm prfykg, mo`frlesm ieoduoeo, bepfreo ujm bepeodeo, cfgulkotesm pkriemgeo,
ceo rmweyet pklkbmnereeo. Skoede enbm prf`ksmfoeb ikrbmskosm nerus lkbegugeo pkoykbmcmgeo
bepeodeo lkoykburun pece strugtur yeod ece sksuem ckodeo EHM 384Y, EHM ;09, EHM 80=Y,
ceo cfgulko EHM bemooye yeod ikrbegu. Lmomleb, movkstmdesm bepeodeo nerus lkokotugeo
perelktkr cm iewen mom:
e) Cmlkosm gflpfoko
gflpfoko strugtur kgsmstmod
i) Bfgesm, ugureo, ceo pkoykiei rkteg ceo pkodkbupeseo
h) Julben ceo bfgesm ieje tubeodeo kgsmstmod
c) Bfgesm ceo tmodget gfrfsm ieje
ieje tubeodeo
k) Skrcepetoye gfrfsm
gfrfsm egtm`
`) Gkgueteo tkgeo iktfo kgsmstmod
d) (sfuocokss)) iktfo, gnususoye skbmlut iktfo, cm sklue erke cm leoe
Guebmtes pkrlugeeo (sfuocokss
smstkl @YQ oeotmoye egeo tkrbkget pece iktfo

Gkgueteo termg iktfo pece pkrlugeeo tklpet smstkl @YQ cmpeseod nerus cmtkotugeo ckodeo
lkbegugeo ujm termg ecnksm` sksuem ckodeo EXSL H5;>8/H5;>8L. Gkgueteo tkgeo iktfo
kgsmstmod nerus cmtkotugeo ikrcesergeo gkgueteo motm iktfo sksuem ckodeo pkrsyereteo EHM
;09. Gepesmtes ceye cuguod strugtur kgsmstmod nerus cmcesergeo pece movkstmdesm bepeodeo,
rkvmkw gebgubesm
rkvmkw  gebgubesm cksemo ceo delier, ceo lkokotugeo lktfck eoebmsms. Qkodujmeo ikieo eteu
lktfck bemooye cebel reodge kvebuesm lkoykburun jude cepet cmbegugeo jmge cmeoddep tkpet.

Xmstkl @YQ yeod cmduoegeo uotug lkomodgetgeo gkgueteo gflpfoko kgsmstmod nerus
cmreoheod sksuem ckodeo Qeseb = nmodde 5;, yeod lkohegup cmsgusm gflprknkosm` tkoteod
ieteseo ikieo, jebur ikieo yeod resmfoeb, pkoderun tklpkretur ceo bmodguodeo pece smstkl
@YQ, pkrtmlieodeo lueteo, ceo k`kg cerm gfrfsm pece tubeodeo pece gkgueteo smstkl @YQ.

5.9.5.
5.9.5.5
5 Ietes pkomo dgeteo gkgueteo

Xkhere ulul, uotug lkohkden gkruotuneo tmie-tmie jmge smstkl @YQ ruseg, ieteseo uotug
pkrgueteo nerus cmtkrepgeo sknmodde pkomodgeteo gepesmtes gflpfoko yeod cmpkrguet
© IXO 9195 cermm 5;8 
3 cer

XOM >=45:9195

ckodeo smstkl @YQ tkrietes. @mbfsf`moye, jmge smstkl @YQ dedeb tmceg egeo lkoykieigeo
 gkruotuneo strugtur. Qeocueo gnusus, tkrlesug gflimoesm ikieo uotug lkombem motkdrmtes
gflpfoko sktkben gknmbeodeo
gknmbeodeo smstkl @YQ, tkrcepet cm Qeseb =.

5.9.5.
5.9.5.9
9 Gkiegereo ceo gkskbeleteo

Xtrugtur yeod cmpkrguet @YQ nerus lkletunm steocer gkeleoeo ieoduoeo tkrnecep
gkiegereo yeod ikrbegu. Ikrcesergeo gbesm`mgesm ieoduoeo, tkrikotugoye esep ceo
pkoykiereo epm sksuem ckodeo cksgrmpsm pece EXSL K>3 nerus cmteetm ceo sksuem ckodeo
 jkoms ieoduoeo.
ieoduoeo. Qkbepmseo
Qkbepmseo (Epmhkbbe ceo Mlirfdof 5===) ceo smstkl msfbesm (Tmbbmels kt eb.

9110) cepet cmduoegeo uotug lklietesm pkoykiereo esep ceo epm.

Gerkoe letkrmeb @YQ egeo tkrckdrecesm pece tklpkretur tmoddm, gkgueteo smstkl @YQ yeod
tkrbkget skhere kgstkroeb cmesulsmgeo nmbeod skpkounoye seet gkiegereo, gkhuebm tkrcepet
iugtm ienwe smstkl @YQ egeo tktep k`kgtm` skbele gkiegereo. Ceye teneo tkrnecep epm cerm
gflpfoko iktfo ikrtubeod pece smstkl @YQ cepet cmtmodgetgeo lkbebum pkodduoeeo rksmo,
pkbepms, smstkl mosubesm tkrtkotu, eteu lktfck pkrbmocuodeo gkiegereo bemooye (Imsiy kt eb.
911;i). Qeocueo gnusus, tkrlesug gflimoesm ikieo ceo pkockgeteo resmfoeb uotug
lkodnmtuod gkteneoeo strugtur tkrnecep pftkosm gkiegereo cmjkbesgeo cebel =.9.5.

5.9.5.
5.9.5.8
8 Sklpkretur beyeoeo legsm lul

Xm`et `msmg ceo lkgeoms rksmo pece smstkl @YQ cmpkoderunm fbkn tklpkretu
tklpkretur, r, ceo egeo lkouruo
t klpkretur treosmsm dkbes S  d (Imsiy kt eb. 911;i).
pece tklpkretur yeod lkockgetm eteu cm etes tklpkretur
S  d uotug pkreweteo
pkreweteo smstkl
 smstkl @YQ yeod ululoye tkrskcme cm pesereo imeseoye ikrgmser eotere
01 nmodde >9±H. S  d  uotug smstkl @YQ tkrtkotu imeseoye cmheotulgeo fbkn prfcusko, eteu

cmpkrfbkn lkbebum pkodujmeo

- CLE) lkourut EXSL K5031.ckodeo eoebmsms
Ombem lkgeoms
S  d  yeod ( Cyoelmh
cmoelmsnerus
cmbepfrgeo Lkhneomheb
cmskrtem Eoebysms 
Eoebysms 
ckodeo cksgrmpsm
gfo`mduresm pkodujmeo7 pkrsmepeo selpkb7 gfocmsm pkreweteopkreweteo   (wegtu, tklpkretur, ceo
gkbkliepeo)7 ceo ugureo, beju pkleoeseo, ceo `rkgukosm yeod cmduoegeo.  cmduoegeo.  S  d  yeod
cmck`momsmgeo fbkn lktfck mom eceben tklpkretur eweb kgstrepfbesm uotug treosmsm cm gurve X
lfcubus pkoymlpeoeo yeod cmeletm seet ikrebmn cerm gkeceeo gkres ceo dktes gk gkeceeo
buoeg ceo gkoyeb cerm letkrmeb yeod cmujm. Sreosmsm mom tkrjecm pece gmsereo tklpkretur skgmter
81±H yeod ikrpuset cm S  d. Qkruieneo stetus mom egeo lklpkoderunm sm`et lkgeoms ceo bkgeteo
belmoesm. Qece bmodguodeo yeod rkbetm` gkrmod, skhere ulul cmrkgflkocesmgeo uotug
lkodeotmsmpesm tklpkretur beyeo cerm smstkl @YQ tmceg lkbkimnm S  d -5;±H (^meo ceo Gerinerm
9114), cmleoe S  d  cmelimb skiedem S  d  tkrkocen cerm gflpfoko yeod lkokrmle ikieo.
Ykgflkocesm mom eceben uotug tklpkreturk beyeo ikrtmodget skpkrtm yeod cmtklum cm cekren
peoes eteu bmodguodeo mocustrm tkrtkotu. Cebel gesus cmleoe smstkl @YQ cmduoegeo cm
bmodguodeo yeod bkliep, tklpkretur treosmsm dkbes iesen S  dw nerus cmduoegeo (Buf ceo Tfod
9119). Qkodujmeo bkimn beojut luodgmo cmpkrbugeo uotug lkokotugeo tklpkretur beyeoeo grmtms
uotug pkodduoeeo smstkl @YQ cm gfocmsm bmodguodeo bemo. Gesus gkiegereo spksm`mg cmjkbesgeo
skhere bkimn rmohm cebel =.9.5.
5.
5.9.
9.5.
5.3
3 Gkgueteo
Gkgueteo suistr et iktfo lmomlu l

Xmstkl @YQ nerus cmmget gk suistret iktfo yeod tmceg ruseg, skrte tmceg ifbkn cmduoegeo uotug
iedmeo strugtur yeod ckodeo tubeodeo ikrgeret eteu iktfo yeod gfocmsmoye tmceg iemg, gkhuebm
 jmge suistret cmpkriemgm ckodeo lkodduoegeo
lkodduoegeo lktfck pece 0.3. Iktfo yeod gknmbeodeo
tkdeodeo, gfrfsm pece ieje tubeodeo kgsmstmod nerus cmkvebuesm skikbul cmpeseod pkrgueteo
@YQ. Gkrusegeo iktfo yeod cmlegsuc lkbmputm, tktepm tmceg tkrietes pece, rkegsm ebgebm-smbmge,
(kttrmodmtk)) yeod tkrtuoce, gerifoesm, rktegeo bfodmtucmoeb cm skgmter tubeodeo
`frlesm grmsteb (kttrmodmtk
yeod tkrgfrfsm, ceo rkteg belmokr pece tubeodeo ieje.

© IXO 9195 ; cerm 5;8 

XOM >=45:9195
 

Gkgueteo suistret iktfo kgsmstmod lkrupegeo perelktkr yeod pkotmod yeod ikr`uodsm uotug
ieneo bkgeteo grmtms, tkrlesug pkrgueteo bkotur eteu dkskr. Xuistret iktfo nerus lklmbmgm
gkgueteo yeod cmpkrbugeo uotug lkodklieodgeo tkdeodeo smstkl @YQ lkbebum pkbkgeteo.
Xuistret, tkrlesug sklue pkrlugeeo bkgeteo eotere erke yeod cmpkriemgm ceo iktfo esbm,
nerus lklmbmgm gkgueteo termg ceo dkskr yeod hugup uotug lkotreos`kr deye gk smstkl @YQ.
[otug bkgeteo grmtms, gkgueteo
gkgueteo termg nerus sktmcegoye 5,3 LQe, cmtkotugeo ckodeo
ckodeo
 lkodduoegeo ujm termg ecnksm` sksuem ckodeo MHYM 951.8Y eteu EXSL H5;>8/H5;>8L.
Xmstkl @YQ tmceg ifbkn cmduoegeo gktmge suistret iktfo lklmbmgm gkgueteo tkgeo (   `    h' ) gureod
cerm 54 LQe. Qkodduoeeo gfoteg-grmtms, skpkrtm pkliuodgus gfbfl uotug gkgeodeo yeod
neoye lkodeocebgeo gfoteg eotere smstkl @YQ ceo iktfo, tmceg cmetur fbkn ombem lmomlul mom.
Cksemo yeod cmtkgeogeo cebel smstkl @YQ cmgklieodgeo fbkn ck`frlesm eteu pkbkiereo

pkoelpeod iktfo cebel pkodduoeeo gfoteg-grmtms.

Qkokrepeo smstkl @YQ tmceg egeo lkodnkotmgeo gfrfsm yeod skceod ikrbeodsuod cerm ieje
tubeodeo kgsmstmod (Kb-Leeccewy kt eb. 9110). Jmge gfrfsm ieje tkriugtm lkodureodm ombem
suistret iktfo, pkoklpeteo pkrgueteo @YQ tmceg cmeojurgeo skikbul lkodnmbeodgeo gfrfsm
pece tubeodeo ceo lklpkriemgm suistret yeod ece.

9 Oftesm ceo ck`momsm

9.5 Oftesm

 E h  < bues pkoelpeod iktfo pece gflpfoko tkgeo, ll9 

 E hw  < bues pkoelpeod iktfo pece cmocmod vkrtmgeb mocmvmcu, ll9 
 Ek  < bues pkrlugeeo lkbmoteod pece pkoelpeod iktfo tkrgkgeod k`kgtm`, ll9 
 E `   < bues pkrgueteo kgstkroeb @YQ, ll9 
9
 E `eohnfr   < bues bmbmteo-[
bmbmteo-[ @YQ treosvkrseb uotug eodgur
eodgur pece pkrgueteo bkotur
bkotur @YQ, ll  
 E `v  < bues pkrgueteo dkskr @YQ ckodeo spesm s, ll9 
 E d  < bues irutf pkoelpeod iktfo, ll9 
 E p  < bues tubeodeo
tubeodeo pretkdeod pece zfoe termg, ll9 
pretkdeod pece
 E s  < bues tubeodeo ieje ofopretkdeod, ll9 
 E sh  < bues  cm zfoe tkgeo, ll 9 
bu es tubeodeo bfodmtucmoeb pece jereg w `  cm
 E sm  < bues bepmseo gk-m pece tubeodeo bfodmtucmoeb, ll9 
 E st  < bfodmtucmoeb, ll9 
bues tfteb tubeodeo bfodmtucmoeb,
 E sw  < bues tubeodeo bfodmtucmoeb cm cekren tkoden cmocmod, ll9 
 e  < tmoddm ibfg tkgeo iktfo kgumvebko, ll
 e i  < cmlkosm tkrgkhmb uotug ieteod @YQ pkrskdm, ll
 i  < bkier pkoelpeod tkrtkgeo cerm kbklko, ll
< smsm tkrpkockg
tkrpkockg cerm pkoelpeod prmsletmg tkrtkgeo, ll
 i i  < cmlkosm pkoelpeod tkrikser uotug ieteod @YQ pkrskdm, ll
 iw  < bkier ieceo, eteu cmelktkr pkoelpeod bmodgereo, ll
H  K  < `egtfr rkcugsm bmodguodeo
H  sh  < deye tkgeo pece perelktkr  Esh, O 
 h  < jereg eotere skret tkgeo pebmod
pebmod jeun gk suliu oktreb, ll
 h y  < jereg eotere skret tkgeo pebmod jeun gk suliu oktreb pece tmtmg bkbkn, ll
 C  < cmelktkr
c melktkr gflpfoko tkgeo pece pkoelpeod bmodgereo eteu jereg cmedfoeb sele
ckodeo

 c  
√  + ℏ uotug pkoelpeod prmsletmg (cmelktkr gfbfl bmodgereo kgumvebko), ll
< jereg cerm skret tkgeo tkrjeun gk tmtmg puset tubeodeo termg, ll
c‹   < jereg cerm skret tkgeo tkrjeun gk tmtmg puset Esh, ll
c‹‹   < jereg cerm skret tkgeo tkrjeun gk tmtmg puset
puset Est , ll
i℘  
 c i℘  < cmelktkr tubeodeo bfodmtucmoeb pece skocm pbestms tkrgkgeod,
tkrgkgeod , ll
 c  `   < tmoddm k`kgtm` pkrgueteo bkotur @YQ, ll

© IXO 9195 cermm 5;8 

0 cer

XOM >=45:9195

 c  `v  < tmoddm k`kgtm`

k`kgtm` pkrgueteo
pkrgueteo dkskr
dkskr @YQ, ll
 c m  < jereg cerm tmtmg puset tubeodeo bfodmtucmoeb bepms gk- gk-mm  tmtmg tkrnecep puset dkflktrm
pkoelpeod, ll
 c  p  < jereg cerm skret tkgeo tkrjeun gk puset
puset tubeodeo pretkdeod, ll
 K 9  < gklmrmodeo iedmeo burus cerm lfckb tkdeodeo rkdeodeo uotug iktfo tkrgkgeod @YQ,
LQe
 K h  < lfcubus kbestmsmtes iktfo, LQe
 K `   < lfcubus kbestmsmtes termg @YQ,
@YQ, LQe
 K ps  < lfcubus kbestmsmtes ieje pretkdeod, LQe
 K s  < lfcubus kbestmsmtes ieje, LQe
k s  < kgskotrmsmtes ieje
ieje pretkdeod pece
pece tmtmg puset pkoelpeod
pkoelpeod pece ieteod tulpu,
tulpu, ll
 k l  kgskotrmsmtes ieje
ieje pretkdeod pece
pece tmtmg puset pkoelpeod
pkoelpeod cm tkoden
tkoden ieteod,ieteod, ll
 ` h  < tkdeodeo tkgeo iktfo, LQe
  `  h'   < gkgueteo tkgeo iktfo spksm`mg, LQe
 `  hh'   < gkgueteo tkgeo iktfo tkrgkgeod,
tkrgkgeod, LQe
'
 `  hf   < gkgueteo tkgeo iktfo teg tkrgkgeod7
tkrgkgeod7 eteu sele ckodeo 1,>;   `    h' , LQe
sele ckodeo
 `  h,s   < gkgueteo tkgeo
tkgeo iktfo pece gfocmsm
gfocmsm beyeo,
beyeo, LQe
 `  `   < tkdeodeo cm cebel pkrgueteo @YQ, LQe 
 `  `c   < tkdeodeo cksemo
cksemo pece pkrgueteo tkrbkget
tkrbkget @YQ kgstkroeb,
kgstkroeb, LQe
 `  `k  < tkdeodeo k`kgtm` cm cebel @YQ7 tkdeodeo yeod tkrhepem pece pkoelpeod ruotun, LQe
 `  `,s  < tkdeodeo cm cebel
cebel @YQ
@YQ yeod
yeod cmskieigeo
cmskieigeo fbkn lflko pece ieteod kbestms, LQe
 `  `u  < gkgueteo termg ubtmlmt rkoheoe @YQ, LQe
 `  `u*  < gkgueteo termg ubtmlmt
ubtmlmt letkrmeb @YQ ikrcesergeo
ikrcesergeo gktkreodeo leou`egtur, LQe  LQe 
 ` bb   < tkgeoeo gkgeodeo legsmlul gerkoe skbuiuod @YQ, LQe
 `  ps  < tkdeodeo tubeodeo pretkdeod pece guet oflmoeb, LQe
 `  ps,s  < tkdeodeo tubeodeo pretkdeod pece ikieo beyeo, LQe
 `  pu  < gkgueteo termg spksm`mg pretkdeod cerm tkocfo, LQe
 `  s  < tkdeodeo tubeodeo ieje ofopretkdeod,
ofopretkdeod, LQe
 `  sh < bfodmtucmoeb tkrnecep Esh, LQe
tkdeodeo tubeodeo bfodmtucmoeb
 `  sm < tkdeodeo pece bepmseo tubeodeo gk-M gk-M cerm tubeodeo bfodmtucmoeb, LQe
 `  s,s 
< tkdeodeo tubeodeo ofopretkdeod pece lese beyeo, LQe
 `  st < ikrceserge o Est , LQe
tkdeodeo tubeodeo bfodmtucmoeb ikrcesergeo
 `  sw < tkdeodeo tubeodeo bfodmtucmoeb ikrcesergeo
ikrceserge o Esw, LQe
 `  y  < guet bkbkn spksm`mg cerm tubeodeo ieje ofopretkdeod,
ofopretkdeod, LQe
 d  < jereg ikrsmn eotere tubeodeo @YQ ceo ieteod yeod ikrckgeteo, ll
 n  < tkieb gkskburuneo eteu tmoddm pkoelpeod, ll
< smsm tkrpeojeod cmlkosm pkoelpeod cerm gflpfoko tkgeo pkrskdm, ll
 n `   < tkieb seyep pkoelpeod, ll
 nw  < tmoddm pkoelpeod cerm ujuod etes gk ujuod iewen eteu tmoddm ikrsmn cerm skdlko
cmocmod eteu tmoddm pmber cmocmod, ll
 M  hr  cmtreos` kr gk iktfo, ll3 
< lflko mokrsme pkoelpeod rkteg yeod cmtreos`kr
 M  tr  cmtreos`k r gk iktfo, ll3 
< lflko mokrsme pkoelpeod teg rkteg yeod cmtreos`kr
 G   < resmf
r esmf eotere
eotere tmoddm suliu oktreb tkrnecep tmoddm tubeodeo cmugur cerm skret tkgeo
tkrcebel
 g5  < `egtfr lfcm`mgesm uotug  v  ckodeo lklpkrnmtuodgeo gkgueteo tkgeo iktfo
 g 9  < `egtfr lfcm`mgesm uotug  v  ckodeo lklpkrnmtuodgeo sgkle pkliuodguseo 
pkliuodguseo 
 g `   < ombem gkgegueo pkr uomt pkr bepmseo cerm pkrgueteo @YQ, O/ll7 g  `   <<  K  `t`  
 Bk  < peojeod bkgeteo egtm` belmoesm @YQ, ll
 B p  < peojeod skocm pbestms, ll
 Bw  < peojeod cmocmod dkskr, ll
℘  ci  < peojeod pkoyebureo ieteod @YQ cm ckget pkrlugeeo, ll
℘  c ,  KK  < peojeod bkweteo yeod cmeodgur @YQ yeod skiedem iuodgus, ll
℘  c`   < peojeod pkoyebureo tubeodeo @YQ, ll

© IXO 9195 4 cerm 5;8 

XOM >=45:9195

℘  f  < peojeod, cmugur skpeojeod exms cm pkrlugeeo jfmo, cmleoe tkrskcme tubeodeo
treosvkrseb, ll
℘  prfv  < peojeod fvkr-bep
fvkr-bep ieje,
 ieje, ll
 L  hr  < lflko rkteg, O-ll
 L  o  < gkgueteo bkotur oflmoeb, O-ll
 L  o`   < gfotrmiusm pkrgueteo @YQ tkrnecep gkgueteo bkotur oflmoeb, O-ll
 L  op  < gfotrmiusm tubeodeo pretkdeod tkrnecep gkgueteo bkotur oflmoeb, O-ll
 L  os  < gfotrmiusm tubeodeo ieje tkrnecep gkgueteo bkotur oflmoeb, O-ll
 L  s  < lflko beyeo pkoelpeod, O-ll
 L  sokt  < lflko beyeo pkoelpeod cmbuer cekren pkodureodeo tkgeo, O-ll
 L u  < lflko tkr`egtfr
tkr`egt fr pkoelpeod, O-ll
 O   < julben bepmseo pkrgueteo @YQ
 o `   < resmf lfcuber kbestmg eotere @YQ ceo iktfo < K  ` / K 
 K h 
 o s  < resmf lfcuber kbestmg eotere tubeodeo ieje ceo iktfo <  K s/ K 
 K h 
 Qk  < deye k`kgtm` tubeodeo pretkdeod (sktkben gknmbeodeo deye pretkdeod mjmo), O
 Q o  < gkgueteo tkgeo egsmeb oflmoeb pkoelpeod iktfo, O
 Qu  < ikieo egsmeb tkr`egtfr, O
  p `u   < gkgueteo termg rete-rete pkrgueteo @YQ pkr bepmseo, O/ll
 p `u*  < gkgueteo termg ubtmlmt pkrgueteo @YQ pkr bepmseo, O/ll7 p `u* < `  `u*t  `  
 Y o  < guet oflmoeb gflpfoko
 Y oϛ  < guet oflmoeb gflpfoko pece sktmep tklpkretur epm 
tklpkretu r tmoddm skpkrtm epm 
 Y  < recmus dmresm pkoelpeod,
pkoelpeod, ll
 r h  < recmus ujuod pkoelpeod pkoelpeod prmsletmg tkrgkgeod ckodeo @YQ, ll
X CB  < k`kg ikieo letm
X BB  < k`kg ikieo nmcup
 s `   < spesm puset
puset gk puset stmrrup
stmrrup @YQ,
@YQ, ll
S  `   < deye termg cm cebel @YQ, O
S  d  < tklpkretur treosmsm-dkbes,
treosmsm-dkbes, ±H
S  dw  < tklpkretur treosmsm-dkbes iesen, ±H
S  ps  < deye termg ieje pretkdeod, O
S  st  < deye termg Est , O
S  sw  < deye termg Esw, O
 t `   < tkieb oflmoeb setu bepms pkrgueteo @YQ, ll
 tw  < tkieb cmocmod dkskr iktfo kgsmstmod, ll
P  h  < gkgueteo dkskr oflmoeb iktfo ckodeo tubeodeo ieje bkotur, O
P k  < gkgueteo dkskr rkoheoe ckodeo gflimoesm ikieo, tkrlesug k`kg dklpe, O
P  `   < gkgueteo dkskr oflmoeb fbkn stmrup @YQ, O 
P  o  < gkgueteo dkskr oflmoeb, O
P  o*  < gkgueteo dkskr ieteod kgsmstmod, O
P  s  < gkgueteo dkskr oflmoeb skodgeod, O
w `   < bkier tubeodeo @YQ pkr bepmseo, ll
 y i  < jereg cerm suliu puset pkoelpeod irutf (cmlkosm tubeodeo cmeiemgeo), gk skret
iewen tkrjeun, ll/ll
 y t  < gffrcmoet vkrtmgeb pece zfoe tkgeo yeod cmugur cerm suliu oktreb, ikrcesergeo
treosmsm  λ , ll
rkdeodeo treosmsm 
t 
ε  < sucut tubeodeo utele @YQ tkrnecep suliu bfodmtucmoeb gflpfoko strugtur  
'
ε5  < pkodebm pece  `  h uotug lkokotugeo motkosmtes cmstrmiusm tkdeodeo kgumvebko iktfo
ε B  < gfk`msmko bfodmtucmoeb
bfodmtucmoeb gerkoe pkluemeo tklpkretur, ll/ll/±H
εS   < gfk`msmko treosvkrseb gerkoe pkluemeo tklpkretur, ll/ll/±H
ι5  < resmf tmoddm ibfg tkdeodeo iktfo tkrnecep suliu tkoden
λ i  < rkdeodeo suitret iktfo egmiet lflko bkotur (termg eceben pfsmtm`), ll/ll
λ im  < rkdeodeo suitret iktfo seet pkleseodeo tubeodeo @YQ (termg eceben pfsmtm`),
ll/ll
© IXO 9195 cermm 5;8 
> cer

XOM >=45:9195

λ h  < rkdeodeo iktfo, ll/ll

λ h”   < rkdeodeo tkgeo iktfo teg-tkrgkgeod tkrnecep  `  h' , ll/ll7 cepet cmelimb skiedem
1,119
'
λ hhu  < rkdeodeo tkgeo egsmeb ubtmlmt iktfo tkrgkgeod pece 1,>;  `  hh pece gflpfoko
tkrgkgeod bklen (gflpfoko cmgkgeod uotug lkodkliebmgeo gkgueteo tkgeo
cksemo iktfo), eteu rkdeodeo tkgeo egsmeb ubtmlmt iktfo tkrgkgeod pece gfocmsm
ruotun uotug gflpfoko yeod seodet
seodet tkrgkgeod
 , s 
λ h , < rkdeodeo termg iktfo pece, ll/ll
λ ht  < rkdeodeo termg iktfo pece rksubteo deye termg cm ieteod bkotur peshe-termg,
peshe-ter mg, ll/ll
'
λ hu  teg-tkrg kgeod ckodeo ombem 1,>;  ` 
< rkdeodeo egsmeb ubtmlmt pece iktfo teg-tkrgkgeod  hf   eteu
rkdeodeo legsmlul iktfo teg-tkrgkgeod yeod imse cmduoegeo(ll/ll), cepet
  '
tkrjecm seet  ` h < 1,>;   `  h  eteu
 eteu  λh < 1,118, tkrdeotuod cerm gurve tkdeodeo-rkdeodeo

λ `   < yeod cmpkrfbkn

rkdeodeo tubeodeo @YQ, ll/ll
λ `c   < rkdeodeo bkgeteo tubeodeo @YQ kgstkroeb, ll/ll
λ `k  < rkdeodeo k`kgtm` tubeodeo @YQ seet ruotun, ll/ll
λ `u  < rkdeodeo ruotun tubeodeo @YQ, ll/ll
λ 
  `u   < rete-rete rkdeodeo ruotun pece tubeodeo @YQ ikrcesergeo 91 eteu bkimn ujm termg pkr
 EXSL C818=/C818=L,
C818=/C818=L, ll/ll
 λ `u*  < rkdeodeo ruotun ubtmletk pece tubeodeo @YQ, ll/ll
λ pk  < rkdeodeo k`kgtm` ieje tubeodeo pretkdeod, ll/ll
λ pm  < rkdeodeo momsmeb ieje tubeodeo pretkdeod, ll/ll
λ pokt  < ietes rkdeodeo ikrsmn pece ieje tubeodeo pretkdeod bkotur sktkben deye pretkdeod
cmnmbeodgeo (tmceg tkrlesug rkdeodeo yeod cmskieigeo fbkn deye pretkdeod
k`kgtm`), ll/ll
λ pokt,  ss  < rkdeodeo tubeodeo pretkdeod cmbuer tmtmg pkodureodeo tkgeo seet lese beyeo,
ll/ll
λ ps  < rkdeodeo tubeodeo pretkdeod pece guet of oflmoeb,
lmoeb, ll/ll
λ ps,  ss  < rkdeodeo tubeodeo pretkdeod seet lkokrmle ikieo beyeo, ll/ll
λ s  < rkdeodeo tubeodeo ofo-pretkdeod,
ofo-pretkdeod, ll/ll
ll/ll
λ sy  < rkdeodeo tubeodeo ofo-pretkdeod
ofo-pretkdeod seet lkohepem
lkohepem gkgueteo bkbkn,
bkbkn, ll/ll
λ t  < rkdeodeo termg ikrsmn tubeodeo tkgeo tkrjeun pece gkgueteo oflmoeb, ll/ll
λ t‹  < rkdeodeo treosmsm pece gurve tkdeodeo-rkdeodeo
tkdeodeo-rkdeodeo tubeodeo @YQ, ll/ll
ϛ  < `egtfr rkcugsm gkgueteo
ϛ C  < gurvetur cksemo pece pkoelpeod iktfo ikrtubeod tkrgkgeod
ϛ y, `rp
 `rp   < gurvetur pece pkoelpeod ikrtubeodeo @YQ seet gkbkbkneo ieje
'
κ 
 e   < `egtfr k`msmkosm tubeodeo @YQ cebel lkokotugeo  ` 
 hh   (ikrcesergeo dkflktrm
pkoelpeod)
κ    k`msmkosm tubeodeo @YQ cebel lkokotugeo λhhu  (ikrcesergeo dkflktrm
< `egtfr k`msmkosm
 i
pkoelpeod)
κ    < gfk`msmko `uodsm bkgeteo uotug dkskr
v

κ λ   < `egtfr k`msmkosm sele ckodeo 1,;; uotug rkdeodeo @YQ uotug lkodnmtuodgeo
pkrikceeo eotere rkdeodeo ruotun yeod cmeletm pece gkgeodeo ceo rkdeodeo
ruotun cerm ujm termg
ξ p  < rftesm skocm pbestms pkrbu
υ `   < resmf tubeodeo @YQ
υ d  < resmf bues tubeodeo tkrnecep bues gflpfoko strugtur tkgeo ( E
 Es/in)
υb   < resmf tubeodeo bfodmtucmoeb
υ s  < resmf tubeodeo ofopretkdeod
© IXO 9195 = cerm 5;8 

XOM >=45:9195

ψ  < steocer
steocer ckvmesm
σ   < rete-rete guet rkget bkgeteo
bkgeteo pece tubeodeo @YQ cmcm ckget
ckget pkrlugeeo,
pkrlugeeo, LQe
 i
ώk  < `egtfr uotug lkoduien ombem peojeod pkoyebureo ikrcesergeo bepmseo tubeodeo
ώ `   < `egtfr rkcugsm gkgueteo tubeodeo @YQ
< 1,>; uotug
uotug bkotur
bkotur (ikrcesergeo
(ikrcesergeo sm`et
sm`et letkrmeb)
letkrmeb)
< 1,>; uotug dkskr (ikrcesergeo
(ikrcesergeo eoebmse
eoebmse gkeocebeo) uotug
uotug Bmbmteo-[ @YQ tmde smsm eteu
eteu
cue smsm uotug sgkle pkodueteo
< 1,=; uotug pkoelpeod yeod yeod cmbepmsm sklue iedmeooye
ώ s  < `egtfr uotug lkoduien ombem peojeod pkoyebureo ikrcesergeo ugureo tubeodeo
ώ t  < `egtfr uotug lkoduien ombem peojeod pkoyebureo ikrcesergeo bfgesm tubeodeo

9.9 Ck`momsm

 Er elm c ``mi

mi kr (skret erelmc)
Xkret cm leoe reotem lfbkgub pfbmelmce erfletmg ikrfrmkotesm skpeojeod suliu skret ckodeo
bkgeteo gmlmewm.

 Er elm c ``mi

mi kr-r kmo`
kmo ` fr hkc pfby
pf by lkr (skret ikrpfbmlkr erelmc)
Letkrmeb gflpfsmt yeod tkrcmrm cerm letrmgs pfbmlkr yeod cmpkrguet ckodeo skret erelmc, gemo
gerpkt, eteu gewet streocstreoc..

Herifo `mikr (skret Gerifo)

Herifo
Cmprfcugsm ckodeo lkleoesgeo ieneo prkgursfr frdeomg yeod lkodeocuod skjulben
gerifo, skpkrtm reyfo, pfbmegrmb
pfbmegrmbfomtrmb.
fomtrmb.

Herifo ` mikr-rkmo`frhkc pfbylkr  (skret

Herifo  (skret ikrpfbm lkr gerifo) 
gerifo) 
Letkrmeb gflpfsmt yeod tkrcmrm cerm letrmgs pfbmlkr cmpkrguet ckodeo skret gerifo, gemo gerpkt,
 eteu uotemeo.

Hetebyst (getebms)
Zet yeod lklpkrhkpet rkegsm gmlme.

eppbmhetmfo  (epbmgesm
Hfoteht-hrmtmheb eppbmhetmfo (e pbmgesm gf oteg-grmtms)
Xmstkl pkrgueteo eteu pkriemgeo ckodeo lkotreos`kr ikieo cerm suistret gk letkrm smstkl
lkbebum gfoteg motkr`ese.

Hrkkp rup turk (ruotun reodgeg)

Hrkkp
Gkrusegeo letkrmeb gerkoe pklikieoeo skhere lkokrus ckodeo tkdeodeo cerm gkgueteo
termg.

Hrfss-bmogmod  (mgeteo smbeod)

Hrfss-bmogmod 
Qklikotugeo mgeteo gfvebko yeod lkodnuiuodgeo setu lfbkgub pfbmlkr ckodeo lfbkgub
bemooye.

K-dbess  (dkbes K)
K-dbess (dkbes
Letkrmeb lmrmp skret dkbes yeod cmduoegeo cebel pfbmlkr yeod cmpkrguet ckodeo gflpfsmsm
gebsmul ebulmoe ceo geocuodeo ebgebm ckodeo gecer legsmlul 9,1 pkrsko.

@eirmh (skret)
Xkret, tkrlesug tkouoeo, iugeo tkouoeo,
t kouoeo, rejuteo, eteu jenmteo.

@mikr hfotkot (geocuodeo skret)

Julben skret yeod ece cebel letkrmeb gflpfsmt, ckodeo pkrskotesk `regsm eteu `regsm lesse
gflpfsmt.

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

51 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

@mikr `by (skret `b y )

@mbelko pkockg yeod lkojecm eiu seet cmieger.

@mrk rkterceot (ieneo pkohkden gkiegereo)

Letkrmeb telieneo pece rksmo eteu bepmseo pkrlugeeo eder tmceg lucen tkrieger.

@mikr vfbulk `rehtmfo (`regsm vfb ulk skret)

Qkrieocmodeo vfbulk skret ckodeo vfbulk tfteb letkrmeb gflpfsmt yeod lkodeocuod skret.

@ubb hurk (pkreweteo pkoun)

Qkrmfck cm leoe gflpfoko-gflpfoko rksmo lkohepem sunu tkrtkotu ckodeo tujueo lklmbmgm
sm`et spksm`mg yeod cmiutungeo.
cmiutungeo.

Dbess `mikr (skret dkbes)

@mbelko yeod cmelimb cerm `usm eofrdeomg yeod imeseoye tkrcmrm cerm ieneo ikriesms smbmge yeod
tkben cmcmodmogeo tktepm tmceg selpem lkodgrmsteb.

Dbess `mikr-rkmo`fr
`mikr-rkmo`fr hkc pfbylkr  (skret
  (skret ikrpfbmlkr dkbes)
Ieneo gflpfsmt yeod tkrcmrm cerm letrmgs pfbmlkr yeod cmpkrguet ckodeo gemo, gemo gerpkt, eteu
gewet streoc
streoc..

Dbess-treosmtm fo tklpkreturk
Dbess-treosmtm tklpkreturk (sunu
 (sunu tr eosmsm dkbes)
Gmsereo sunu treosmsm cmleoe letkrmeb pecet (skpkrtm dkbes eteu pfbmlkr tmoddm) ikruien
geregkrmstmgoye cerm dktes gk pbestms.

Mlprkdoetk (mlprkgoesm)
Lkojkoungeo skret ckodeo rksmo eteu ieneo pkodmget.

Momtmetfr  (momsmetfr)
 (momsmetfr)
Ieneo gmlme yeod cmduoegeo uotug lkodewktgeo rksmo pfbmkstkr ceo vmomb kstkr teg jkoun.

Motkrbelmoer snker  (dkskr
  (dkskr eoter belmoetmod)
 Deye yeod lkodnesmbgeo pkrpmoceneo rkbetm` skpeojeod imceod motkr`ese eotere cue belmoe
belmoe..
Motulkshkot hfetmod (pkbepmseo Motulkskot
Motulkskot))
Qkbepmseo yeod cepet ikrtelien skhere vfbulktrmg ceo gkpeceteo imbe tkrgkoe epm sknmodde
cepet lklikrmgeo pkrbmocuodeo pesm` tkrnecep gkiegereo.

Belmoe (belmoet)
Xetu bepmseo pkoduet skret.

Belmoetk (belmoesm)
Bepmseo eteu belmoe yeod cmhkteg ikrseleeo.

Beyup (beyup
beyup))
Qrfsks pkoklpeteo letkrmeb pkoubeodeo ceo smstkl rksmo skikbul pkodkhfreo

Lfoflkr (lfoflkr)

Lfbkgub
ikrkegsm frdeomg ckodeo ikret
ckodeo skocmrmoye, eteu lfbkgub
skoyewerkocen yeodikret
bemo ckodeo lkodnesmbgeo pfbmlkr pecet yeod
lfbkgub rkocen.

Qnkofbmh r ksmo (rksmo pnkofbmh

Qnkofbmh pnkofbmh))
Yksmo yeod lkohepem sunu tkrtkotu gerkoe rkegsm gfockosesm ebgfnfb erfletmg ckodeo
ebcknmce (imeseoye helpureo `kofb ckodeo `frlebcknmce).

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

55 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

Qmthn (pmthn
pmthn))
Zet gkoteb yeod cmpkrfbkn skiedem rksmcu lmoyeg iulm eteu ter ietuiere uotug cmduoegeo
skiedem prkgursfr cebel pkliueteo ikikrepe skret gerifo.

Qfbyehrybfomtrmbk (pfbyehrybfomtrmbk
pfbyehrybfomtrmbk))
Ieneo ikriesms pfbmlkr frdeomg sklm-grmstebmo smotktms yeod cmpmoteb lkojecm skret uotug
cmduoegeo skiedem prkgursfr cebel pkliueteo skret gerifo.

Qfbykstkr (pfbykstkr)
(pfbykstkr)  
Xeben setu gkbflpfg rksmo smotktmg, cmprfcugsm fbkn rkegsm esel iese ckodeo ebgfnfb
cmnmcrfgsm.

Qfst hurmod (peshe p kreweteo)

Xunu tmoddm gk ieneo yeod lkodeocuod rksmo ckodeo sunu tkrtkotu uotug lkomodgetgeo
ckrejet bkgeteo pfbmlkr ceo lkomodgetgeo ombem egnmr sm`et letkrmeb.

Qrkprkd (preprkd
preprkd))
Xkbklier gemo eteu gerpkt yeod sucen cmikrmgeo rksmo eteu pkodmget yeod skiedmeo sucen
cmrewet, ceo
cmrewet, ceo smep uotug cmikotug.

Qubtrutmfo (hkteg termg)

Qrfsks pkliueteo gflpfsmt pfbmlkr yeod cmpkrguet skret cmleoe skret yeod sucen cmikrmgeo
prfsks   pkreweteo 
rksmo cmtermg lkbebum hktegeo ceo prfsks  pkreweteo  uotug lkodnesmbgeo letkrmeb gflpfsmt
ckodeo pkoelpeod yeod skredel.

Qutty (cklpub)
Yksmo ikriesms pfbmlkr yeod cmpkrtkieb yeod cmduoegeo uotug lkoymepgeo suistret iktfo.

Yksmo h fotkot (geocuodeo rksmo)

Yksmo
Julben rksmo cebel belmoesm gflpfsmt pfbmlkr yeod cmpkrguet skret, cmoyetegeo skiedem
pkrskotesk cerm tfteb lesse eteu vfbulk tfteb.

Yfvmod (rfvmod
rfvmod))
Iuockb perebkb ikoeod, pkoermg, eteu skret gfotmou ckodeo skcmgmt eteu teope putereo.

Xeturetmod r ksmos (rksmo
Xeturetmod ksmos  (rksmo j koun)
Yksmo ikriesms pfbmlkr yeod cmduoegeo uotug lkodmget skret pkoduet, lklpkriemgmoye cm
 tklpet, ceo lkotreos`kr ikieo eoter skret.

Xnkb` bm`k (lese pegem)

Xnkb`
Curesm seet letkrmeb cmsmlpeo cebel gfocmsm tkrtkotu ceo tktep cepet cmduoegeo.

Xmzmod (smzmod)
Xkiuen prfsks pece pkrlugeeo `mbelko uotug lkomodgetgeo cureimbmtes, ceo bkgeteo yeod
cmmodmogeo.

Xtfredk lfcub us (lfcubus pkoymlpeoeo)

[gureo kokrdm yeod tkrsmlpeo cebel ieneo vmsgfkbestmg yeod lkodebelm ck`frlesm smgbmg
skbele eoebmsms lkgeoms cmoelms.

Sfw (tf w , gemo, ikoeod)

Deiuodeo `mbelko skeren yeod tmceg cmpmbmo.

Pmoybkstkr rksmo (rksmo
rksmo  (rksmo vmoybkstkr )

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

59 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

Qrfcug rkegsm pece sunu tkrtkotu cerm rksmo kpfgsm ckodeo esel teg jkoun yeod cepet
cmpfbmlkrmsesm
cmpfbmlkrmse sm (imeseoye esel lktegrmbet) yeod gklucmeo cmkohkrgeo ckodeo lfoflkr rkegtm`
(imeseoye styrkok
styrkok).).

Pfbetmbk frdeomh hflpfuot (gflpfsmsm

hflpfuot  (gflpfsmsm f rdeomg yeod lucen lkoduep)
lkoduep) 
Xkoyewe frdeomg yeod lkoduep cebel gfocmsm etlfs`kr.

Tkt beyup (pkodnelpereo
beyup  (pkodnelpereo iesen)
Qrfsks leou`egtur cm bepeodeo yemtu pkrgueteo gemo skret gkrmod cmrksepm ckodeo letrmgs rksmo
 jkoun ceo gklucmeo
gklucmeo cmrewet
cmrewet cm tklpet.

Tkt-fut (wkt-fut
wkt-fut))
Qrfsks pkbepmseo eteu pkrksepeo, ikoeod, eteu gemo uotug lkodmsm hkben eotere gewet streoc
streoc  
ceo `mbelko ckodeo rksmo.

Tmtokss peokb (peokb
peokb  (peokb segsm)
segsm )
Legkt yeod cmprfcugsm cm iewen gfocmsm yeod lkrkprkskotesmgeo epbmgesm cm bepeodeo, uotug
lkodfo`mrlesm ienwe prfskcur ceo letkrmeb yeod cmpmbmn egeo lkodnesmbgeo sm`et lkgeoms
ceo `msmg yeod cmmodmogeo.

]ero (
]ero  (yero
yero))
Dubuodeo `mbelko lkokrus.

8 Qe
Qeseb
seb mom cmpmoc engeo gk Belpmreo K

8.5 Qeseb mom cmpm ocengeo gk Belpmr eo K

8.9 Xmst kl @YQ yeod ece

Skrcepet ikriedem lehel smstkl @YQ, tkrlesug smstkl pkodnelpereo iesen ceo

iesen ceo smstkl
prerewet.. Xmstkl @YQ cepet cmgetkdfrmgeo ikrcesergeo lktfck pkodmrmleo ceo
prerewet
pkleseodeooye cm bepeodeo. Xmstkl @YQ nerus cmpmbmn ikrcesergeo cete ikieo strugtur
kgsmstmod, skrte gkluceneo cebel pkleseodeo oeotmoye cm bepeodeo. Xmstkl @YQ yeod
ulul cmpegem cmjkbesgeo cm 8.9.5 nmodde 8.9.3.

8.9.5
8.9.5 Xmstkl pkodnelp ereo iesen (wkt bey-up)
bey-up )

Xmstkl @YQ pkodnelpereo iesen tkrcmrm cerm bkliereo skret gkrmod skeren eteu lubtm-eren
yeod cmmlprkdoesm ckodeo rksmo jkoun cm bepeodeo. Yksmo jkoun yeod cmtkrepgeo sktkben
( putty),
epbmgesm prmlkr ceo cklpub (putty ), lkbkgetgeo bkliereo @YQ gk pkrlugeeo iktfo. Xmstkl
pkodnelpereo iesen cm bepeodeo prfsksoye lmrmp ckodeo pkodkhfreo cm tklpet, yeod
lkohegup pkojkouneo cm bfgesm ceo pkreweteo cm bepeodeo. Skrcepet 8 jkoms smstkl @YQ
 pkodnelpereo iesen, yemtu:
5) Bkliereo skret gkrmod cmleoe eren skret cflmoeo gk setu eren pbeoer. Xpksm`mgesm uotug
smstkl pkodnelpereo iesen skeren uotug skret gerifo pfbmlkr (H@YQ) ceo skret dkbes
pfbmlkr (D@YQ) cmjkbesgeo cm EHM 331.>.
9) Bkliereo skret gkrmod yeod lklmb
lklmbmgm
mgm sktmcegoye cue eren pbeoer.
8) Xkret gkrmod tfw
tfw   yeod cmpeseod skhere lkgeoms gk pkrlugeeo iktfo. Xkret mom nerus
cmmprkdoesm ckodeo rksmo skbele prfsks pkodkrmodeo cm bepeodeo.

8.9.9
8.9.9 Xmstkl preml prkdoesm

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

58 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

Xmstkl @YQ preprkd lkrupegeo smstkl cmleoe skiedmeo skret eteu bkliereo skret skeren
eteu lubtm-eren cmgkrmodgeo ckodeo rksmo jkoun seet prfsks leou`egtur. Xmstkl preprkd
preprkd cepet
 cepet
cmpeseod gk pkrlugeeo iktfo ckodeo eteu teope rksmo telieneo, tkrdeotuod pece
gkiutuneo strugtur.

Xmstkl mom lmrmp smstkl pkodnelpereo iesen, cmgkrmodgeo cm bfgesm prfykg ceo cmhkteg cm
ikgmstmod. Xmstkl preprkd imeseoye lkliutungeo pkleoeseo telieneo uotug prfsks
pkodkrmodeo. Lktfck pkoymlpeoeo, usme, ceo prfskcur pkodkrmodeo nerus cmgfosubtesmgeo gk
preprkd , yemtu:
pkruseneeo prfcusko. Skrcepet 8 jkoms smstkl @YQ preprkd,
5) Bkliereo skret skeren prkpkd
prkpkd cmleoe
 cmleoe eren skret cflmoeo gk setu eren pbeoer.
9) Bkliereo skret lubtm-eren prkpkd
prkpkd yeod
 yeod lklmbmgm sktmcegoye cue eren pbeoer.
8) Xkret preprkd tfw
tfw yeod
 yeod cmpeseod skhere lkgeoms gk pkrlugeeo iktfo.

8.9.8
8.9.8 Xmstkl prerewet (prkhurkc
prkhurkc))

Xmstkl @YQ prerewet tkrcmrm cerm ikredel jkoms yeod cmprfcugsm cm buer bepeodeo prfykg.
Ikrikce ckodeo cue smstkl skikbuloye, smstkl mom lmrmp ckodeo ckodeo iktfo prehkteg.
Imeseoye, pkrkget, prmlkr ceo cklpub, cmduoegeo uotug lkleseod @YQ gk pkrlugeeo iktfo.
Jkoms smstkl mom jude tmde, yemtu:
5) Bklier belmoesm skeren yeod imeseoye cmgmrml gk bepeodeo cebel ikotug stfg `bet eteu
bkliereo tmpms yeod cmdubuod.
9) Bklier belmoesm lubtm-eren yeod imeseoye cmgmrml cebel ikotug bkliereo tmpms yeod
cmdubuod
Sklpuruod prerewet, imeseoye cmgmrml gk bepeodeo cebel ikotug tklpuruod yeod tmep
skdlko cmpftfod skhere bfodmtucmoeb eder lucen cmiuge ceo cmpeseod cm gfbfl, eteu eoddfte
strugtur bemooye. Lubtm-bepmseo tklpuruod cmbkgetgeo gk iktfo ceo gk lesmod-lesmod bepmseo
sknmodde lklikrmgeo gkgeodeo.

8.9.3
8.9.3 Xmstkl pkleseodeo ckget pkrlu geeo (Xmstkl
(Xmstkl oke
oker-sur`ehk
r-sur`ehk lf uotkc-OXL)
uotkc -OXL)

Xmstkl OXL @YQ(cmjkbesgeo fbkn Delier 53.8) yeod tkrteoel cm pkrlugeeo tkrcmrm cerm
ieteod eteu pkbet iuocer eteu pkrskdm yeod cmpeseod ceo cmbkgetgeo gk hfegeo tkrtkotu yeod
cmiuet pece pkrlugeeo iktfo. Qkrkget cmduoegeo uotug lkodmget tubeodeo
t ubeodeo @YQ sksuem jebur
hfegeo ceo cmrewet cm tklpet. Cue jkoms tubeodeo @YQ yeod ulul cmduoegeo uotug smstkl
OXL eceben:
5) Ieteod tubeodeo iuocer yeod imeseoye cmprfcugsm ckodeo prfsks hkteg termg, imeseoye
cmgmrml gk bfgesm cebel ikotug ieteod tuoddeb eteu dubuodeo, tkrdeotuod cerm cmelktkroye
9) Ieteod tubeodeo ceo pkbet pkrskdm peojeod yeod cmprfcugsm lkodduoegeo prfsks hkteg
termg, imeseoye cmgmrml gk bfgesm cebel ikotug dubuodeo.

3 Letkrmeb
Letkrmeb pkoyusuo ceo sm`et

Qeseb mom lkojkbesgeo sm`et-sm`et `msmg ceo lkgeomg letkrmeb pfbmlkr yeod cmpkrguet skret @YQ
yeod lklpkoderunm pkrmbegu
pkrmbegu cebel strugtur iktfo, skrte `egtfr-`egtfr skpkrtm cete ikieo ceo
curesm, sunu, ceo gkbkliepeo.
gkbkliepeo.

Xmstkl pkrgueteo @YQ tkrcepet cebel vermesm ikotug (pkodnelpereo iesen, preprkd  preprkd   ceo
ceo  
prerewet). @egtfr-`egtfr skpkrtm vfbulk skret, jkoms skret, jkoms rksmo, frmkotesm ceo eren skret,
 cmlkosm, ceo gfotrfb guebmtes skbele prfsks prfcugsm lklpkode
lklpkoderunmrunm geregtkrmstmg smstkl @YQ.
Geregtkrmstmg letkrmeb yeod cmjkbesgeo cebel Qeseb mom sm`etoye dkokrmg ceo tmceg ikrbegu uotug
sklue prfcug yeod ece. Lktfck pkodujmeo uotug lkodkbflpfggeo prfcug @YQ tkrcepet cm
Belpmreo I. Xpksm`mgesm uotug @YQ gerifo (H@YQ) skeren ceo @YQ dkbes (D@YQ) yeod cmiuet
ckodeo prfsks pkodnelpereo iesen 
iesen  cmjkbesgeo cm EHM 331.>. Skoede enbm ikrbmskosm nerus

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

53 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

ikrgfosubtesm ckodeo prfcusko smstkl @YQ uotug lklpkrfbkn geregtkrmstmg yeod sksuem uotug
prfcug tkrtkotu ceo pkodduoeeo
pkodduoeeo geregtkrmstmg tkrskiut.

3.5 Letkrmeb pkoyus uo

Ieneo pkoyusuo yeod cmduoegeo skhere gflkrsmeb cebel smstkl pkriemgeo @YQ sucen
tkrskcme skhereuotug
cmgklieodgeo leseb,
lklpkrguet strugturprmlkr 
tkrlesug rksmo, putty,, pkodkrmod,
putty
iktfo, ikrcesergeo pkrkget,
ujm letkrmeb ceoceo skret, tkben
strugtureb.

3.5.5 Yksmo

Ikriedem jkoms rksmo pfbmlkrmg rksmo tkrlesug prmlkr , putty `mbbkrs,

`mbbkrs, setureots
setureots   ceo ecnksm`
cmduoegeo cebel smstkl @YQ. Yksmo yeod ulul cmduoegeo cebel ikriedem gfocmsm
bmodguodeo imeseoye tkriuet cerm kpfgsm, vmomb kstkr, ceo pfbykstkr. Xyeret rksmo uotug smstkl
@YQ eceben:
e) Xksuem ckodeo zet pkrkget gk suistret iktfo
i) Xksuem ckodeo zet pkrkget gk smstkl gflpfsmt @YQ
h) Xksuem ckodeo zet pkrkget pece skret pkoduet
c) Seneo tkrnecep celpeg bmod
bmodguodeo,
guodeo, tkrlesug, tktepm tmceg tkrietes pece, gkbkliepeo, emr
derel, sunu kgstrml, ceo ieneo gmlme yeod tkrcepet cm cebel iktfo.
k) Gklelpueo lkodmsm
`) Gkbkhegeo
d) [lur pegem gfosmstko uotug pkodduoeeooye
n) Qkodklieod
Qkodklieodeoeo sm`et lkgeomg yeod sksuem uotug gflpfsmt @YQ

3.5.5.5 Qrmlkr

Qrmlkr   cmduoegeo uotug pkoktresm pkrlugeeo iktfo, lkomodgetgeo

lkomodget geo bkgeteo ecnksm` uotug
rksmo jkoun eteu ecnksm`.

3.5.5.
3.5.5.9
9 Qkodmsm cklpub (putty
putty))

Qutty cmduoegeo uotug lkodmsm rfodde gkhmb cm suistret, ceo lklpkrnebus pkrlugeeo tklpet
Qutty cmduoegeo
smstkl @YQ cmbkgetgeo. Yfodde yeod cmmsm jude lkohkden tkrikotug dkbkliuod skbele
prfsks pkodkrmodeo rksmo jkoun.

3.5.5.8
3.5.5.8 Yksmo jkou n

Yksmo jkoun cmduoegeo uotug pkoykrepeo skret, lklpkriemgm, ceo lkotreos`kr ikieo eoter
skret. Yksmo jkoun jude ikr`uodsm skiedem pkrkget uotug smstkl pkodnelpereo iesen,
iesen, ceo
lkoykcmegeo bmoteseo ikieo dkskr eotere suistret iktfo yeod cm prmlkr ckodeo smstkl @YQ.

3.5.5.3 Qkrkget

prerewet  belmoesm @YQ ceo oker-sur`ehk lfuotkc

Qkrkget cmduoegeo uotug lkrkgetgeo prerewet 
(OXL) gk suistret iktfo. Qkrkget lklikrmgeo bmoteseo ikieo dkskr eotere suitret iktfo
ckodeo smstkl @YQ. Qkrkget jude cmduoegeo uotug lkodmget ikikrepe bepmseo belmoesm @YQ.

3.5.9 Xkret

Xkret dkbes, erelmc, ceo gerifo eceben letkrmeb

letkr meb tubeodeo utele yeod cmduoegeo cebel smstkl
@YQ, skceodgeo skret lklikrmgeo gkgueteo ceo gkgegueo pece smstkl @YQ. Xm`et-sm`et skret
cmjkbesgeo cebel Belpmreo E. Qkojkbeseo bkimn cktemb lkodkoem jkoms skret cmikrmgeo cebel
 EHM 331Y.
 © IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 
5; cerm

XOM >=45:9195

3.5.8
3.5.8 Bepms eo pkbmoc uod

Bepmseo pkbmocuod ikr`uodsm uotug lkbmocuodm bkgeteo pkrgueteo @YQ cerm ikriedem pftkosm
gkrusegeo pkoderun bmodguodeo ceo lkgeoms. Qkbepmseo imeseoye cmpeseod cm pkrlugeeo
buer smstkl @YQ sktkben prfsks pkbkgeteo eteu pkodkrmodeo rksmo jkoun. Jkoms bepmseo
pkbmocuod eceben:
e) Bepmseo pfbmlkr ululoye ikrupe kpfgsm eteu pfbmurkteo.

i) cepet
Bepmseo egrmbmg
cebel ikrupe
ikruppkrikceeo
ikotug e smstkl egrmbmg imese eteu smstkl egbmrmg ikriesms sklk
tkgstur sklko.
o. Xmstkl egrmbmg
h) Xmstkl sklko yeod lklkrbugeo pkodgesereo
pkodgesereo pkrlugeeo @YQ (skpkrtm lkoueodgeo pesmr
gk rksmo iesen) ceo cepet cmpeseod ckodeo here yeod sele yeod cepet cmtkrepgeo pece
pkrlugeeo iktfo.
c) Qkbepmseo teneo epm (motulkshkot
motulkshkot)) yeod ikriesms pfbmlkr yeod cmduoegeo uotug
pkrbmocuodeo tkrnecep gkiegereo pesm`, gfotrfb pkoykiereo epm, ceo pklikotugeo esep
sksuem gfck/syeret yeod ece.

Skrgeceod smstkl pkrbmocuodeo jude cmiutungeo uotug lkbmocuodm smstkl @YQ yeod tkben
tkrpeseod pece pkrlugeeo iktfo, cmgerkoegeo skiei ikrmgut:
e) Qkrbmocuodeo tkrnecep heneye ubtrevmfbkt –  Kpfgsm yeod cmduoegeo skiedem iedmeo cerm
smstkl pkodueteo @YQ egeo tkrkgspfs cerm wegtu gk wegtu fbkn smoer ubtrevmfbkt. Skrcepet
ieoyeg lktfck uotug pkrbmocuodeo smoer ubtrevmfbkt. Hfotfnoye egrmbmg, bepmseo pfbmurkteo
ebm`etmg, ceo bemooye. Yksmo vmombkstkr jkoms tkrtkotu jude lklmbmgm ceye teneo smoer ubtrevmfbkt
yeod bkimn tmoddm cermpece rksmo kpfgsm.

i) Eotmsmpesm
=.9.5. gkiegereo – Xmstkl prftkgsm uotug eotmsmpesm gkiegereo cmienes cm 5.9.5.9 ceo
h) Peocebmslk –  Xmstkl prftkgsm yeod lkoeneo veocebmsl nerus gkres ceo cureibk cureibk..
Skrcepet ikriedem hfotfn pkrbmocuodeo tkrnecep veocebmslk, lubem cerm bepmseo pfbmurkteo
yeod egeo lkoeneo dfrkseo ceo `rmgsm, nmodde bepmseo sklko telieneo.
c) Mlpeg, eiresm, ceo gkeuseo –  Qkrbmocuodeo uotug ikotureo, eiresm ceo gkeuseo lmrmp
ckodeo yeod cmduoegeo uotug pkrbmocuodeo veocebmsl. Oeluo, eiresm ceo gkeuseo
ikrikce cerm veocebmslk gerkoe gktmde neb mom tkrjecm skhere tkrus lkokrus, tmceg skpkrtm
veocebmslk yeod neoye skgebm-gebm tkrjecm.
t krjecm.
k) Kstktmge –  Qrftkgsm cmetes bepmseo yeod cmduoegeo uotug lkouojuggeo smstel @YQ.
Bepmseo betkgs egrmbmg yeod ikrweroe eiu-eiu cepet lkomodgetgeo ombem kstktmge gerkoe
skresm ckodeo iktfo, eteu pmbmneo weroe ceo tkgstur bemo sksuem strugtur yeod sucen ece.
`) Ceye teneo
teneo tkrnecep ieneo gmlme – Qepereo tkrnecep ieneo gmlme yeod gkres, skpkrtm
tkrnecep ieneo
esel guet, cepet lkruseg smstkl @YQ. [otug bmodgup mom, pkbepms ckodeo gkteneoeo gmlme
yeod bkimn iemg skpkrtm urkteo ceo kpfgsm ofvfbeg cepet cmduoegeo.
d) Qkrkoceleo cebel emr yeod cepet cmlmoul – Cebel epbmgesm cm leoe smstkl @YQ egeo

tkrkocel
ikrieneye cebel emr yeod
gk pesfgeo emr. cepet cmlmoul,
Bepmseo smstkl
pkbmocuod yeod@YQ
tmcegcepet lkberutgeo
lkbkpesgeo skoyewe
ieneo gmlme
ikrieneye gk cebel emr cepet cmduoegeo skiedem pkodnebeod eotere smstkl @YQ ceo
pkrskcmeeo emr lmoul.

3.9 Xm`et `ms mg

3.9.5 Lese jkom s

Letkrmeb @YQ lklmbmgm lese jkoms yeod ikrgmser eotere 5,9 nmodde 9,5 d/hl 8, klpet nmodde
koel gebm bkimn rkocen cermpece ieje (Seikb 3.9.5).
Seikb 3.9.5
3.9.5 @YQ, d/hl 8 
Lesse jkoms letkrmeb @YQ,
Dkbes Gerifo  Er elm c
ieje
(D@YQ) (H@YQ) (E@YQ)
4,= 5,9 s/c 9,5 5,; s/c 5,0 5,9 s/c 5,;

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

50 cerm
 

XOM >=45:9195

3.9.9
3.9.9 Gfk`m smko kgepeosm tkrleb

Gfk`msmko kgspeosm tkrleb letkrmeb @YQ skeren ikrikce cebel eren lkleojeod ceo
lkbmoteod, tkrdeotuod cerm jkoms skret, rksmo, ceo `regsm vfbulk skret. Seikb 3.9.9
lkoheotulgeo gfk`msmko kgspeosm tkrleb eren bfodmtucmoeb ceo treosvkrseb uotug tmpmgeb
letkrmeb @YQ skeren. Qkrnetmgeo ienwe gfk`msmko okdetm` kgspeosm tkrleb lkouojuggeo
ienwe letkrmeb ikrgfotregsm gktmge sunu lkomodget ceo lkodklieod gktmge sunu lkouruo.
[otug rk`krkosm, ombem msftrfpmg gfk`msmko luem iktfo ceo ieje jude cmskcmegeo cebel Seikb
3.9.9. Cktemb lkodkoem cksemo tkrnecep pkluemeo cepet cmbmnet cm =.8.5.

3.
3.9.
9.8
8 Qkoderun
Qkoderun sunu tmoddm

Cm etes sunu treosmsm dkbes S  d, lfcubus kbestmsmtes pfbmlkr ikrgureod skhere smdom`mgeo gerkoe
strugtur lfbkguboye ikruien. Ombem S  d  tkrdeotuod cerm jkoms rksmo yeod cmpegem, imeseoye
ombemoye ikrgmser eotere 01 nmodde >9±H. Cebel letkrmeb gflpfsmt @YQ, skret yeod
lkouojuggeo sm`et tkrleb yeod bkimn iemg cermpece rksmo cepet bkimn iemg uotug lkoeneo
ikikrepe ikieo bfodmtucmoeb selpem elieod sunu skret tkrhepem. Elieod mom tkrhepem jmge
sunu lkbkimnm 5111±H uotug skret gerifo, 94;±H uotug skret dkbes, ceo 54;±H uotug skret
erelmc. Oeluo, gerkoe ikrgureodoye treos`kr deye eotere skret lkbebum bkgeteo gk rksmo, sm`et
termg cerm gkskburuneo letkrmeb gflpfsmt @YQ ikrgureod. Nesmb pkodujmeo tkben lkouojuggeo
ienwe sunu 9;1±H  ‘  ‘  sunu yeod jeun bkimn tmoddm cerm S  d  rksmo - egeo lkodureodm gkgueteo
termg D@YQ ceo H@YQ bkimn cerm 91 pkrsko (Gulenere kt eb. 5==8). Xm`et bemo yeod cmpkoderunm
fbkn pkoyebureo dkskr lkbebum rksmo, skpkrtm gkgueteo bkotur, ikrgureod skhere smdom`mgeo pece
sunu yeod bkimn rkocen (Teod ceo Kveos 5==;).

[otug smstkl @YQ ckodeo epbmgesm bkgeteo yeod grmtms, sm`et-sm`et pfbmlkr pece eoter luge skret
iktfo seodet pkotmod cebel lkojede bkgeteo eotere @YQ ceo iktfo. Qece sunu yeod ckget
ckodeo S  d-oye, sm`et lkgeoms pfbmlkr ikrgureod skhere smdom`mgeo ceo egeo lubem gknmbeodeo
gklelpueooye uotug lkotreos`kr tkdeodeo cerm iktfo gk skret.

3.8 Xm`et lkgeoms

3.8.5
3.8.5 Qkrmbegu termg

Gktmge lkokrmle deye termg, letkrmeb @YQ skeren tmceg egeo lkouojuggeo pkrmbegu pbestms
(bkbkn) skikbul ruotun.
Seikb 3.9.9 – Gfk`msm ko ulul luem uot ug letkrmeb @YQ*
@YQ*
Gfk`msmko pkluemeo, Ô51 ‘0/±H
 Er en
Iktf o Ieje D@YQ H@YQ E@YQ
Bfodmtucmoeb, εB  4,1 s/c 55,1 55,4 0 s/c 51  ‘
 ‘5
5 s/c 1  ‘
 ‘0 s/c ‘9
0 s/c ‘9
Sreosvkrseb, εS  4,1 s/c 55,1 55,4 5= s/c 98 99 s/c ;1 01 s/c >1
*Ombem yeod ulul `regsm vfbulk skret eorere 1,; selpem 1,4

Qkrmbegu termg letkrmeb @YQ yeod iuet cerm setu jkoms skret lklpuoyem geregtkrmstmg spksm`mg,
yemtu nuiuodeo tkdeodeo-rkdeodeo
tkdeodeo-rkdeodeo yeod bmomkr nmodde ruotun, gkruotuneo tmie-tmie ceo dktes.

Gkgueteo termg ceo gkgegueo letkrmeb @YQ tkrdeotuod cerm ikikrepe `egtfr. Gerkoe letkrmeb
skret cmcebel @YQ lkrupegeo ieneo utele pklmgub ikieo, Jkoms skret, frmkotesm skret,
 julben skret, ceo lktfck prfcugsm skret lklpkoderunm gkgueteo termg smstkl @YQ. Gerkoe
skret ceo lktfck pkleseodeo seodet ikrpkreo, sm`et smstkl @YQ geceod-geceod jude
cmbepfrgeo ikrcesergeo bues ikrsmn skret. Cebel gesus bemo, skpkrtm pece belmoesm prerewet,
sm`etoye cmbepfrgeogeo cerm bues gftfr cekren belmoesm.

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

54 cerm

XOM >=45:9195
 Bues gftfr cekren belmoesm pece smstkl @YQ cmnmtuod ikrcesergeo tfteb bues pkoelpeod
smstkl @YQ yeod cmgkrmodgeo, tkrlesug sklue skret ceo rksmo. Qerelktkr mom imeseoye
cmduoegeo uotug lkoymlpubeo sm`et belmoesm cmleoe gktkiebeo cekren gkrmod sm`etoye gfosteo
ceo prfpfrsm skret ceo rksmo tkrgfotrfb.

Bues ikrsmn skret cerm smstkl @YQ cmnmtuod lkodduoegeo bues skret yeod cmgktenum, ceo
lkodeiemgeo tfteb bkier ceo gktkiebeo cekren gkrmod sknmodde rksmo tmceg tkrlesug. Bues
ikrsmn skret imeseoye cmduoegeo uotug lkoymlpubgeo sm`et smstkl pkodnelpereo iesen.
Qrfsks pkleseodeo smstkl pkodnelpereo iesen  iesen  imeseoye lkodfotrfb julben skret ceo
rksmo. Lktfck yeod lmrmp ckodeo mom eceben ckodeo lkodnmtuod deye termg eteu gkgegueo pkr
uomt cerm smstkl @YQ skpkrtm yeod cmpkrsyeretgeo cm EXSL C4;0; / C4;0;L.

Xm`et smstkl @YQ yeod cmsejmgeo lkodduoegeo bues gftfr cekren belmoesm ululoye lklmbmgm
cmlkosm gktkiebeo rkbetm` bkimn tmoddm, oeluo ombem gkgueteo ceo lfcubusoye rkbetm` bkimn
rkocen, skceodgeo sm`et smstkl @YQ@ YQ yeod cmsejmgeo lkodduoegeo bues ikrsmn skret lklmbmgm
cmlkosm gktkiebeo rkbetm` bkimn rkocen, tktepm ombem gkgueteo ceo lfcubusoye rkbetm` bkimn tmoddm.
Skrbkpes ombem yeod ece, gkgueteo ( `  `u E ` ) ceo gkgegueo egsmeb ( E `  K ` ) cerm letkrmeb gflpfsmt
tktep gfosteo. Xm`et yeod cmsejmgeo ikrcesergeo bues ikrsmn skret iugeo sm`et skret pfbfs.
Gktmge cmujm skiedem iedmeo cerm letkrmeb ikotug gflpfsmt gkgueteo termg tkrugur ceo rkdeodeo
putus utele skret okttf imeseoye bkimn rkocen cermpece yeod cmugur ikrcesergeo ujm skret
pfbfs. Xm`et smstkl @YQ nerus cmoyetegeo skiedemskiedem gflpfsmt, tmceg ikrupe sm`et lesmod-lesmod
lesmod-lesmod
skret pkoyusuooye, tktepm jude k`msmkosm smstkl skret rksmo, skret ersmtkgtur ceo lktfck
pkoyusuoeo gflpfsmtoye. Xm`et lkgeoms cerm sklue jkoms smstkl @YQ, tkrbkpes cerm
ikotugoye, nerus cmcesergeo pece pkodujmeo selpkb belmoesm ckodeo geocuodeo skret yeod
cmgktenum.

Xm`et-sm`et termg cerm ikikrepe smstkl pkrgueteo @YQ yeod tkrskcme skhere gflkrsmeb cmikrmgeo
cebel Belpmreo E. Ombem gkgueteo termg cerm smstkl @YQ tkrtkotu nerus cmpkrfbkn cerm prfsks
leou`egtur eteu lkodduoegeo lktfck pkodujmeo yeod sksuem ckodeo EXSL C818=
/C818=L, C491;/C491;L eteu C4;0;/C4;0;L. Qeirmgeo nerus lkoheotulgeo ombem

lkoheotulgeo rkdeodeo ubtmletk (λ `u*  < ̋ ̋ 

gkgueteo termg ubtmlmt, yeod cmck`momsmgeo skiedem gkgueteo termg rete-rete cerm selpkb spksmlko

ujm cmgureodm tmde gebm steocer ckvmesm ( `  `u*  <   - 8ψ) ceo ckodeo here yeod sele,
  - 8ψ). Qkockgeteo mom lklikrmgeo prfieimbmtes
==,>4 pkrsko ienwe gkgueteo termg ubtmlmt egtueb egeo lkbkimnm ombem gkgueteo termg stetmstmg
cmstrmiusm selpkb steocer (Lutsuyfsnm kt eb. 5==1). Lfcubus kbestmsmtes nerus cmnmtuod sksuem
ckodeo EXSL C818=/C818=L, C491;/C491;L, eteu C4;0;/C4;0;L. Julben lmomlul 91
spksmlko ujm nerus cmduoegeo uotug lkokotugeo gkgueteo termg ubtmlmt. Qeirmgeo nerus
lklikrmgeo cksgrmpsm lktfck yeod cmduoegeo uotug lkocepetgeo ombem gkgueteo termg,
tkrlesug julben pkodujmeo, ombem rete-rete, ceo steocer ckvmesm.

3.8.9
3.8.9 Qkrm
Qkrm begu tkgeo

Xmstkl @YQ yeod tkrbkget kgstkroeb tmceg ifbkn cmduoegeo skiedem pkrgueteo tkgeo gerkoe
ikbul cmujm pece julben yeod hugup ceo vebmcesm pkodduoeeooye pece pkrgueteo tmpk mom.
Lfcus gkdedebeo uotug belmoesm @YQ yeod lkodebelm deye tkgeo bfodmtucmoeb cepet
lmgrf   pece skret, eteu ruotun dkskr. Lfcus
lkodebelm ruotun termg treosvkrseb, peten lmgrf 
gkdedebeo tkrdeotuod pece jkoms skret, `regsm vfbulk skret, ceo jkoms rksmo. Xkhere ulul,
gkgueteo tkgeo bkimn tmoddm uotug letkrmeb ckodeo gkgueteo termg bkimn tmoddm, gkhuebm uotug
letkrmeb erelmc @YQ (E@YQ), cmleoe skret lkouojuggeo pkrmbegu ofobmoker tkgeo pece seet
tkdeodeo yeod rkbetm` rkocen (Tu 5==1). Lfcubus kbestmsmtes tkgeo imeseoye bkimn gkhmb cerm
lfcubus kbestmsmtes termg ieneo @YQ (Knseom 5==8).

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

5> cerm

XOM >=45:9195

3.
3.3
3 Qkrmbegu
Qkrmbegu ikrcesergeo
ikrcesergeo `uodsm wegtu

3.3.5
3.3.5 Yuotu n reodg eg
 Letkrmeb @YQ yeod lkodebelm ikieo tktep cepet tmie-tmie dedeb sktkben pkrmfck wegtu yeod
cmskiut skiedem wegtu ceye teneooye. Jkoms gkdedebeo mom cmgkoeb skiedem ruotun reodgeg.
Gktmge resmf tkdeodeo termg tkrnecep gkgueteo jeodge pkockg cerm belmoesm @YQ lkomodget,
wegtu gkteneoeo egeo lkouruo. ceye teneo jude ikrgureod cebel gfocmsm bmodguodeo yeod
iurug, skpkrtm sunu tmoddm, pepereo recmesm ubtrevmfbkt, ebgebmomtes tmoddm, smgbus iesen ceo
gkrmod, eteu smgbus pklikgueo ceo pkohemreo.

Xkhere ulul, skret gerifo eceben yeod pebmod tmceg rkoteo tkrnecep ruotun reodgeg, skret
erelmc tkrdfbfod hugup rkoteo, ceo skret dkbes pebmod rkoteo. Qkodujmeo ruotun reodgeg tkben
cmbegugeo pece @YQ ikrcmelktkr 0 ll yeod cmpkrguet ckodeo dkbes, erelmc, ceo skret
gerifo. Ieteod @YQ cmujm pece bkvkb ikieo ikrikce pece sunu geler. Nesmboye lkouojuggeo
ienwe tkrcepet nuiuodeo bmoker eotere gkgueteo ruotun reodgeg ceo bfdermtle wegtu uotug
sklue tmodget ikieo. Yesmf tkdeodeo yeod lkoykieigeo ruotun reodgeg sktkben ;11.111
 jel (skgmter ;1 tenuo)
t enuo) ckodeo gkgueteo ubtmlmt jeodge pkockg cerm gkgueteo D@YQ, E@YQ,
ceo ieteod H@YQ cmkgstrepfbesm lesmod-lesmod lkojecm skgmter 1,87 1,;7 ceo 1,= (]eleduhnm
kt eb. 5==47 Lebver 5==>). Ykgflkocesm tkoteod ietes tkdeodeo tktep uotug lkodnmocerm
ruotun reodgeg cmjkbesgeo cm Qeseb = nmodde 5;. Xkbele tkdeodeo tktep pece @YQ ikrece cm
iewen ietes tkdeodeo ruotun reodgeg, lege @YQ eleo uotug ikieo tmceg tktep.

3.3.9 @etmg

Xkjulben cete skhere lkoceter lkodkoem pkrmbegu `etmg ceo prkcmgsm lese beyeo @YQ sucen
tkrskcme (Oetmfoeb Ykskerhn Hfuohmb 5==5). Xkiedmeo ikser cete mom cmnesmbgeo cerm letkrmeb
tmpmgeb yeod imeseoye cmduoegeo fbkn mocustrm cmrdeotere. Lksgmpuo tkrcepet pkrikceeo cebel
guebmtes ceo gfosmstkosm eotere ieneo @YQ uotug cmrdeotere ceo gflkrsmeb imese, ikikrepe
tmojeueo ulul tkoteod pkrmbegu `etmg ieneo @YQ cepet cmbegugeo. Gkhuebm skhere gnusus
cmoyetegeo skiebmgoye, gesus-gesus ikrmgut cmcesergeo pece letkrmeb skeren skgmter 01
pkrsko `regsm skret-vfbulk ceo lkodebelm ikieo termg smgbmg smousfmceb cm:
e) @rkgukosm yeod hugup rkocen yeod tmceg lkoykieigeo peoes
i) Bmodguodeo cebel beifretfrmul
h) Yesmf tkdeodeo (resmf tkdeodeo lmomlul tkrnecep tkdeodeo legsmlul yeod cmtkrepgeo)
skikser 1,5
c) Eren skjejer ckodeo skret utele

Gfocmsm pkodujmeo yeod lkoemggeo sunu ceo gecer emr letkrmeb @YQ ululoye lkouruogeo
pkrmbegu `etmg bmodguodeo.
bmodguodeo.

Cerm sklue jkoms gflpfsmt @YQ uotug epbmgesm mo`restrugtur, H@YQ eceben yeod pebmod tmceg
rkoteo tkrnecep gkdedebeo `etmg. Ceye teneooye cm ietes eotere 01 nmodde 41 pkrsko cerm
gkgueteo ubtmlmt eweb H@YQ eceben neb yeod ulul. Qece dre`mg tkdeodeo vkrsus bfdermtle
gkdedebeo (gurve X-O), sbfpk
 julben smgbus gkdedebeo sbfpk   gk eren iewen uotug H@YQ imeseoye skgmter ;
pkrsko cerm gkgueteo stetms ubtmlmt eweb pkr ckgeck lese beyeo bfdermtlmg (Hurtms 5=>=). Qece
5 jute smgbus, gkgueteo `etmg ululoye eotere 01 ceo 41 pkrsko cerm gkgueteo ubtmlmt stetmg eweb
ceo rkbetm` tmceg tkrpkoderun fbkn gkbkliepeo ceo sunu bmodguodeo strugtur iktfo, gkhuebm
pkrlugeeo rksmo eteu skret/rksmo skhere suisteosmeb sucen tkrckdrecesm fbkn bmodguodeo.

Cebel ujm cm bmodguodeo beifretfrmul (Leockbb ceo Lkmkr 5=>8), skret dkbes mocmvmcu
lkouojuggeo gkrusegeo yeod tkrtuoce yeod cmskieigeo fbkn tkdeodeo gfrfsm, mom cmskieigeo
fbkn ikrgklieodoye hehet pkrlugeeo gerkoe tkrcepet gkbkliepeo webeu gkhmb skgebmpuo.
Gktmge ieoyeg skret dkbes cmteoelgeo gk cebel letrmgs uotug lklikotug
lklikotug gflpfsmt @YQ, ombem
guet ubtmlmt eweb yeod ikrgureod gerkoe k`kg gkbkbeneo smgbmg neoye skgmter 51 pkrsko cebel

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

5= cerm

XOM >=45:9195

lese gkgueteo stetmh eweb yeod cm fikrskrvesm sktmep cesewerse cerm setueo bfdermtle lese
pegem (Leockbb 5=>9). K`kg `etmg mom cmcude gerkoe motkregsm eoter skret, iugeo gerkoe
lkgeomslk gfrfsm tkdeodeo yeod tkrjecm pece skret mocmvmcu. Imeseoye, tmceg ece ietes `etmg
yeod jkbes yeod cepet cmck`momsmgeo. @egtfr bmodguodeo lklemogeo pkreo pkotmod cebel
pkrmbegu `etmg skret dkbes gerkoe gkrkoteoeooye tkrnecep gkbkliepeo, ebgebm, eteu beruteo
esel.

Cerm cete yeod ece, skhere suisteosmeb skret erelmc lklpuoyem gkewkteo yeod hugup iemg
tkrnecep `etmg. Cebel gfotkgs mom cmeiemgeo gkewkteo yeod edeg iurug sklue skret erelmc
 cebel tkgeo, pkrmbegu `etmg termg-termg cerm skret erelmc yeod cmrksepm. Lksgmpuo gkewkteooye
iurug tkrnecep deye tkgeo, pkrmbegu `etmg termg-termg skret erelmc tkrmlprkdoesm seodet iemg.
Ckdrecesm gkgueteo pkr ckgeck lese beyeo bfdermtlmg neoye skgmter ; nmodde 0 pkrsko
(Yfybeohk ceo Yfybeohk 5=>5). Tebeu tmceg cmgktenum ckodeo tkpet ietes uotug E@YQ,
gkewkteo 9 jute smgbus cerm skret E@YQ gflkrsmeb yeod cmtkrepgeo pece iktfo ikrgmser eotere
;3 nmodde 48 pkrsko cerm gkgueteo termg ubtmletk (Fcedmrm kt eb. 5==4). Gerkoe gklmrmodeo
tkdeodeo tkrnecep wegtu gkteneoeo bfdermtlmg cerm E@YQ lmrmp ckodeo gklmrmodeo tkdeodeo
tkrnecep cete ulur smgbmg bfdermtlmg, skret-skret skhere mocmvmcueb skpkrtmoye egeo lkodebelm
ruotun reodgeg. Lkgeomslk ieteseo usme skret E@YQ mom cmpkrhkpet gerkoe pepereo
bmodguodeo, yemtu gkbkliepeo ceo sunu tmoddm (Yfybeohk ceo Yfybeohk 5=>57 Yfstesy 5==4).

3.; Gkewkteo

Ikikrepe smstkl @YQ lkouojuggeo sm`et lkgeomg yeod ikrgureod sktkben tkrkgspfs `egtfr
bmodguodeo tkrtkotu, tkrlesug sunu tmoddm, gkbkliepeo, ceo pepereo gmlme. Bmodguodeo
pepereo, bele pepereo, jkoms ceo `frlubesm rksmo, jkoms skret, ceo lktfck pkodkrmodeo rksmo
eceben ikikrepe `egtfr yeod lklpkoderunm
lklpkoderunm tmodget pkodureodeo
pkodureodeo sm`et lkgeomg. @egtfr-`egtfr
mom cmienes skhere bkimn rmohm cebel =.8. Xm`et gkgueteo termg yeod cmheotulgeo fbkn prfcusko
leou`egtur cmcesergeo pece pkodujmeo yeod cmbegugeo cm beifretfrmul, sknmodde tmceg
lkohkrlmogeo gfocmsm pepereo bmodguodeo. Neb skpkrtm mom nerus cmsksuemgeo ckodeo
rkgflkocesm cm =.3 uotug lklpkrtmlieodgeo bmodguodeo beyeo cmleoe smstkl @YQ egeo
tkrpeper skbele lese beyeooye.

3.0 Guebm `mg esm sms tkl @YQ

Xmstkl @YQ nerus lklkounm syeret uotug cmduoegeo pece prfykg ikrcesergeo cete ujm
beifretfrmul mockpkocko cerm letkrmeb geocuodeo @YQ ceo belmoe yeod tkrikotug, cete ujm
strugtur uotug jkoms pkodduoeeooye yeod cmtmojeu, ceo cete gkewkteo yeod lkwegmbm
bmodguodeo pkodduoeeo. Cete ujm yeod cmskcmegeo fbkn prfcusko smstkl @YQ nerus lklkounm
sklue pkrsyereteo cksemo lkgeomg ceo `msmg, tkrlesug gkgueteo termg, gkewkteo, gkewkteo
tkrnecep reodgeg, bkgeteo suistret, ceo S d. Xpksm`mgesm letkrmeb @YQ gerifo ceo dkbes skeren
yeod cmiuet lkodduoegeo prfsks pkodnelpereo iesen tkrheotul cm EHM 331.>.

Xmstkl gflpfsmt @YQ yeod ikbul skpkounoye cmujm skiemgoye tmceg cmduoegeo. Xm`et lkgeoms
cerm smstkl @YQ nerus cmtkotugeo cerm pkodujmeo belmoesm yeod rkprkskotetm` tkrnecep gfocmsm
bepeodeo. Xm`et lkgeoms nerus cmujm sksuem ckodeo prfskcur yeod tkrheotul cebel Belpmreo
I. Lfcm`mgesm prfskcur pkodujmeo steocer cmzmogeo uotug lkomru gfocmsm pkleseodeo
bepeodeo.

Qrfdrel guebm`mgesm letkrmeb tkrspksm`mgesm lklkrbugeo tkst beifretfrmul yeod hugup uotug
lkodugur gktkrubeodeo ceo gklepeoeo sm`et yeod grmtms. Cmsereogeo pkodujmeo lkohegup
(iethn)) prfcugsm. Sks strugtureb yeod mockpkockot cepet cmduoegeo uotug
ikikrepe gkbflpfg (iethn
lkodkvebuesm skiuen pkr`frle smstkl uotug pkodduoeeo yeod gnusus.

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

91 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

; Qkodmrm leo, pkoyml peoeo, ceo pkoeodeoeo

;.5 Qkodmrmleo

Letkrmeb pkoyusuo skret (@YQ) nerus cmgkles ceo cmgmrml skcklmgmeo sknmodde lklkounm
skburun etureo steocer pkodmrmleo yeod ikrbegu. Etureo lkodkoem pkodkleseo, pkbeikbeo,
ceo pkodmrmleo uotug letkrmeb rksmo yeod lkodkres gerkoe sunu (tnkrlfskttmod) tkrheotul
cm H@Y 3=.

;.9 Qkoymlpeoeo

;.
;.9.
9.5
5 Gfocms m pkoymlpeoeo
 [otug lkojede
cmsmlpeo sksuemsm`et ceo gkeleoeo
ckodeo cebel
rkgflkocesm pkoymlpeoeo
prfcusko. letkrmeb
Letkrmeb @YQ, letkrmeb
pkoyusuo tkrtkotu tkrskiut nerus
skpkrtm ieneo
(pkreweteo edkot),
pklkrhkpet rkegsm (pkreweteo edkot), pkodkreseo, ieneo pklube (momtmetfr), getebms, ceo
ieneo pkberut, lklmbmgm pkrsyereteo gkeleoeo tkrskocmrm ceo nerus cmsmlpeo sksuem ckodeo
rkgflkocesm peirmgeo eteu FXNE. Getebms ceo momsmetfr (imeseoye pkrfgsmce) nerus cmsmlpeo
skhere tkrpmsen.

;.9.9
;.9.9 Lese pkoyml peoeo

Xm`et gflpfoko rksmo yeod tmceg gkrmod cepet ikruien sksuem wegtu, sunu, eteu gkbkliepeo.
Gfocmsm skpkrtm mtu cepet lklpkoderunm rkegtmvmtes smstkl helpureo ceo sm`et seet tmceg gkrmod
ceo gkrmod. Qeirmgeo lkrkgflkocesmgeo lese smlpeo cmleoe sm`et letkrmeb rksmo nerus
lklkounm eteu lkbelpeum grmtkrme pkr`frle oye. Xklue gflpfoko letkrmeb yeod tkben
lkbelpeum usme pkoymlpeoeo, tkben lkodebelm pkouruoeo guebmtes eteu tkrgfotelmoesm tmceg
ifbkn cmduoegeo. Letkrmeb @YQ yeod cmeoddep tmceg cepet cmduoegeo nerus cmiueod ckodeo
here yeod cmtkotugeo fbkn prfcusko ceo etureo cekren yeod ece.

;.8 Qkoeodeoeo

;.8.5
;.8.5 Bklier cete gkskbeleteo

( Xe`kty Cete Xnkkts -

Bklier cete gkskbeleteo (Xe`kty Xnkkts - XCX) uotug sklue letkrmeb ceo gflpfoko
pkoyusuo @YQ nerus cmpkrfbkn cerm prfcusko, ceo nerus cepet cmegsks cm bepeodeo.

;.8.9
;.8.9 Xulikr mo` frl esm

Mo`frlesm tkrpkrmohm tkoteod pkoeodeoeo ceo pftkosm ieneye ieneo-ieneo pkoyusuo @YQ
cepet cmtklugeo cm bmtkretur ceo peocueo cerm prfcusko, pkcfleo FXNE, ceo cfgulko
mo`frlesm bemooye.

;.8.8
;.8.8 Smocegeo pkohkdeneo

Yksmo tkrlfsktmod lkoddeliergeo gkbflpfg ulul prfcugsm tkrlesug pfbykstkr tmceg jkoun,
vmoyb kstkr, kpfxy, ceo rksmo pfbyurktneok. Jmge letkrmeb tkrskiut cmduoegeo ckodeo yeod
bemooye pece ululoye skiedem pkodkres, uotug pkreweteo, prfxmck momtmetfrs,
momtmetfrs, msfhyeoetks
msfhyeoetks,,
pkodmsm, ceo skiedem `bkgsmimbetes. Ece ikikrepe tmocegeo pkohkdeneo yeod nerus
cmpkrnetmgeo gktmge lklkdeod rksmo tkrlfsktmod ceo gflpfoko letkrmeboye. Ikikrepe
ieneye skhere ulul yeod luodgmo cmtklum gktmge lklkdeod rksmo tkrlfsktmod cmuremgeo cm
iewen mom:
e) Mrmtesm pece gubmt, skrese tk
tkrieger,
rieger, ruel, ceo deteb
i) Qkge pece gubmt, yemtu lucen ebkrdm yeod leoe cmskieigeo skjkoms teoeleo ikrehuo
(pfmssfo mvy), mosubesm
mvy), mosubesm ieoduoeo, eteu zet pklmhu ebkrdm bemooye.

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

95 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

h) Qkoduepeo pkroe`eseo frdeomh cerm pklikrsmneo pkberut, lfoflkr, ceo pkodkohkr

c) Ckodeo gfoskotresm yeod hugup cebel ucere, cepet lkbkceg eteu letkrmeb yeod lucen
tkrieger tkrnecep peoes, epm, belpu-belpu, pkrhmgeo epm, bmstrmg stetmg, rfgfg, eteu sulikr
pkodepmeo bemooye
k) Ykegsm kgsftkrlmg cerm helpureo letkrmeb yeod lkoykieigeo tkrieger eteu lkohkckrem
freod
`) Deoddueo ckiu yeod cmskieigeo fbkn pkoddmbmodeo eteu eteu lklkdeod letkrmeb @YQ
yeod sucen jecm (ieneo peirmgeo nerus cmtkbmtm ieneyeoye skhere spksm`mg)

Gflpbkgsmtes rksmo tkrlfsktmod cebel gemteooye ckodeo letkrmeb lkliuet letkrmeb tkrskiut
t krskiut
cmbeikbm letkrmeb pkotmod ceo cmiehe XCX ceo cmpenelm fbkn pere pkgkrje prfcugsm letkrmeb
tkrskiut. H@Y 50 Iedmeo 5;11 lkrkdubesm pkbeikbeo suisteosm ieneye tkrlesug letkrmeb
rksmo-tkrlfsktmod. Bkimn beojut EOXM Z311.5/Z59=.5-9151 lkoykcmegeo pktuojug lkodkoem
gbesm`mgesm ceo tmocegeo pkohkdeneooye.
pkohkdeneooye.

;.8.3
;.8.3 Qkoeodeoeo
Qkoeodeoeo pkrsf oeb skhere eleo ceo pklegemeo

Jes yeod skgebm pegem ceo seruod teodeo hfhfg uotug lklkdeod skret ceo letkrmeb rksmo.
Gerkt yeod skgebm pegem eteu seruod teodeo pbestmh cmrkgflkocesmgeo ceo nerus cmiueod cm
 sktmep pkodduoeeooye.
pkodduoeeooye. Xeruod teodeo nerus teneo tkrnecep rksmo ceo pkberut. Qkodduoeoeo
dkbes eteu geheleteo nerus eleo gktmge lklkdeod rksmo eteu pkberut. Qkrbmocuodeo
pkroe`eseo, skpkrtm lesgkr ckiu eteu lesgkr pkroe`eseo, nerus cmduoegeo gktmge skret
ikrneliureo, ikrckiu eteu tkrcepetoye uep emr frdeomg, eteu skbele pkohelpureo ceo
pkoklpeteo rksmo jmge cmsyeretgeo fbkn peirmgeo smstkl @YQ.

;.8.;
;.8.; Qkoeodeoeo
Qkoeodeoeo pkoklpeteo yeod eleo

Qkoklpeteo nerus lklpuoyem vkotmbtesm yeod iedus. Qkrlugeeo nerus cmskbmlutm ceo
cmbmocuodm tkrnecep gfotelmoesm ceo tulpeneo rksmo. Xktmep gkbflpfg letkrmeb smstkl @YQ
lklpuoyem pkoeodeoeo yeod ikrikce ceo pkrsyereteo pkoymlpeoeo uotug lkohkden

gkruotuneo.
skhere Qktuojug
pftkosmeb nerus cmgfosubtesmgeo
ikrieneye gkpece peirmgeo
skbele pkohelpureo letkrmeb.gflpfokooye.
gflpfoko Ikikrepe smtklIeneo
rksmo
peirmgeonerus cmgfosubtesmgeo uotug lkohepem prfskcur pkohelpureo yeod beyeg, ceo XC
uotug pkoeodeoeo ieneye yeod spksm`mg. @frlube pkriemgeo rksmo lkodnesmbgeo peoes gktmge
cmikrm fiet, gktmge cebel pkrhkpeteo rkegsm. Ykegsm yeod tmceg tkrgfotrfb, tkrlesug rkegsm yeod
ikrbkimneo, peoes, eteu seodet lkocmcmn, cepet tkrjecm cebel lesse gfotemokr pkohelpur
rksmo7 fbkn gerkoe mtu gfotemokr nerus cmlfomtfr.

;.8.0
;.8.0 Qklikrs
Qklikrs mneo ceo pkliueod eo

Qklikrsmneo cepet lkbmietgeo pkberut yeod lucen tkrieger, ceo here pkohkdeneo yeod
hfhfg nerus cmfiskrvesm. Eceoye pklikrsmneo beruteo tmceg egeo lkomliubgeo leseben yeod
lucen tkrieger. Xklue letkrmeb bmlien nerus cmjecmgeo setu ceo cmiueod skpkrtm yeod tkben
cmtkotugeo fbkn ftfrmtes bodguodeo yeod ikrbegu.

0 Mostebesm
Qrfskcur uotug pkleseodeo smstkl @YQ tkben cmgklieodgeo fbkn prfcusko smstkl ceo
skrmodgebm ikrikce eoter smstkl. Xkbemo mtu, cebel setu smstkl prfskcur pkleseodeo cepet
ikrvermesm, tkrdeotuod pece jkoms ceo gfocmsm strugtur. Qeseb mom lkoyejmgeo pkcfleo ulul
uotug pkleseodeo smstkl @YQ. Gfotregtfr (skrmod cmoelegeo epbmgetfr) yeod tkben tkrbetmn
sksuem ckodeo prfskcur pkleseodeo yeod cmgklieodgeo fbkn prfcusko smstkl, yeod
cmmjmogeo lkodmosteb smstkl @YQ. Qkoymlpeodeo cerm prfskcur yeod cmgklieodgeo fbkn
prfcusko smstkl @YQ tmceg ifbkn cmmzmogeo teope ikrgfosubtesm ckodeo prfcusko.

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

99 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

0.
0.5
5 Gflpktkosm gfotr egtfr

Gfotregtfr mostebesm smstkl @YQ nerus lkouojuggeo gflpktkosm iedemleoe here

pkrsmepeo pkrlugeeo ceo pkokrepeo smstkl @YQ yeod egeo cmpeseod. Gflpktkosm
gfotregtfr cepet cmtuojuggeo ckodeo lklikrmgeo iugtm pkbetmneo ceo cfgulkotesm
pkgkrjeeo tkrgemt, yeod skikbuloye cmgkrjegeo fbkn gfotregtfr tkrskiut eteu
lklpkrbmnetgeo iedemleoe here lklpkrsmepgeo pkrlugeeo ceo pkleseodeo
smstkl @YQ pece ikikrepe iedmeo strugtur. Qrfc Qrfcusko
usko smstk
smstkl
l @YQ eteu edko
rkslmoye nerus lkbetmn pkrsfokb epbmgetfr cebel neb prfskcur pkleseodeo smstkloye
ceo lklestmgeo lkrkge gflpktko uotug lkodmosteb smstkl.

0.9 Qkrtmli eodeo tklpkretur , gkbkliepeo ucere (nulmcmty

nulmcmty),
), ceo gkbkliepeo
pkrlugeeo (lfmsturk
(lfmsturk))

Sklpkretur, gkbkliepeo ceo gkbkliepeo pkrlugeeo pece seet pkleseodeo cepet

lklpkoderunm gmokrje smstkl @YQ. Gfocmsm yeod nerus cmeletm skikbul ceo skbele
pkleseodeo lkohegup sunu pkrlugeeo ceo gfocmsm gkbkliepeo iktfo, sunu ucere,
( hfrrkspfocmod ckw pfmot).
gkbkliepeo rkbetm`, ceo tmtmg kliuo yeod sksuem (hfrrkspfocmod pfmot).

Bepmseo prmlkr ikrupe rksmo jkoun ceo pkrkget, ululoye tmceg ifbkn cmtkrepgeo pece
pkrlugeeo yeod cmodmo eteu ikgu. Gktmge sunu pkrlugeeo iktfo turuo cm iewen tmodget
lmomlul skpkrtm yeod cmtkotugeo fbkn prfcusko smstkl @YQ, tmodget gkjkouneo yeod tmceg
hfhfg ckodeo skret-skret ceo prfsks pkreweteo
pkreweteo yeod
 yeod tmceg tkpet cerm ieneo pkoyusuo rksmo,
cepet lkruseg motkdrmtes smstkl @YQ. Xulikr peoes telieneo cepet cmduoegeo uotug
 lkoemggeo sunu skgmter ceo sunu pkrlugeeo skbele pkleseodeo ceo lklpkrteneogeo
sunu yeod tkpet skbele prfsks pkreweteo. Xulikr peoes nerus ikrsmn ceo tmceg lkohklerm
pkrlugeeo eteu smstkl @YQ.

Yksmo ceo pkrkget ululoye tmceg ifbkn cmtkrepgeo pece pkrlugeeo yeod bkliep eteu
iesen, gkhuebm jmge tkben cm`frlubesmgeo uotug epbmgesm tkrskiut. Xmstkl @YQ tmceg ifbkn
cmtkrepgeo pece pkrlugeeo iktfo yeod tkrpkoderun pkrpmoceneo uep emr. Qkrpmoceneo uep
emr cerm pkrlugeeo iktfo lkbebum ieneo rksmo imeseoye luohub skiedem dkbkliuod
pkrlugeeo ceo cepet lklieneyegeo mgeteo eotere smstkl @YQ ceo suistret.

0.8 Qkrebeteo

Ikikrepe smstkl @YQ lklmbmgm pkrebeteo gnusus, skrmod ckodeo smstkl yeod spksm`mg yeod
cmreoheod gnusus uotug lkodepbmgesmgeooye. Qkrebeteo mom cepet lkohegup mlprkdoetfr
rksmo, pkoyklprft, ebet pkodeodget/pkbktegeo, ceo lksmo pkoddubuod. Xklue pkrebeteo
nerus ikrsmn ceo cebel gfocmsmm yeod iemg. Gfotregtfr nerus lklmbmgm pkrsfokb yeod tkrbetmn
cebel pkodfpkresmeo sklue pkrebeteo. Qkrebeteo pkbmocuod prmiecm, skpkrtm seruod teodeo,
lesgkr, pkbmocuod lete, ceo ieju pkbmocuod,
pkbmocuod, nerus cmpmbmn ceo cmgkoegeo uotug `uodsm lesmod-
lesmod geryeweo. Xklue ieneo ceo pkrebeteo nerus tkrskcme cebel julben yeod lkohugupm
uotug gkikrbeodsuodeo prfykg mostebesm ceo jelmoeo lutu.

0.3 Qkriemgeo sui str et ceo pkrsm epeo pkrlu geeo

Gmokrje gflpfoko strugtur iktfo yeod cmpkrguet eteu cm-rktrf``mtmod ckodeo smstkl @YQ seodet
tkrdeotuod pece suistret iktfo yeod iemg ceo pkrsmepeo skrte pkrbegueo pkrlugeeo iktfo
yeod tkpet. Qkrlugeeo yeod cmsmepgeo skhere tmceg ikoer cepet lkodegmietgeo ckifocmod
eteu ckbelmoesm smstkl @YQ skikbul lkohepem treos`kr ikieo rkoheoe. Qkcfleo ulul
yeod cmsejmgeo cebel Qeseb mom nerus ikrbegu uotug sklue smstkl @YQ yeod cmbkgetgeo skhere
kgstkroeb. Qkcfleo gnusus uotug smstkl @YQ tkrtkotu nerus cmpkrfbkn cerm prfcusko smstkl
@YQ.

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

98 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

0.3.5
0.3.5 Qkriemg
Qkriemg eo sui str et

Xklue leseben yeod tkrgemt ckodeo gfocmsm iktfo esbm ceo suistret iktfo yeod cepet
lklieneyegeo motkdrmtes smstkl @YQ nerus cmetesm skikbul pkrsmepeo pkrlugeeo cmlubem.
 EHM ;30Y ceo MHYM 851.9Y lkocktembgeo lktfck-lktfck
lktfck-lktfck uotug pkriemgeo ceo pkrsmepeo
pkrlugeeo iktfo. Xklue pkriemgeo iktfo nerus lklkounm pkrsyereteo delier cksemo ceo
spksm`mgesm prfykg. Qrfcusko smstkl @YQ nerus ikrgfosubtesm tkoteod gflpetmimbmtes smstkl
@YQ ckodeo ieneo yeod cmduoegeo uotug lklpkriemgm suistret iktfo.

0.3.5.
0.3.5.5
5 Gkrus egeo yeod ikrnui uod eo ckodeo gfr fsm

Xmstkl @YQ yeod cmbkgetgeo skhere kgstkroeb tmceg ifbkn cmtkrepgeo pece suistret iktfo yeod
cmhurmdem lkodeocuod
lkodeocuod ieje tubeodeo yeod tkrgfrfsm skhere egtm`. Deye kgspeosm` yeod tkrgemt
ckodeo prfsks gfrfsm submt uotug cmtkotugeo ceo cepet lklieneyegeo motkdrmtes strugtureb
cerm smstkl @YQ yeod cmtkrepgeo skhere kgstkroeb. Qkoykiei gfrfsm nerus cmetesm, ceo
gkrusegeo tkrgemt gfrfsm nerus cmpkriemgm skikbul pkokrepeo smstkl @YQ kgstkroeb.

0.3.5.
0.3.5.9
9 Mojkgsm rkteg

Ykteg yeod ikrugureo 1,8 ll ceo bkimn bkier cepet lklkoderunm gmokrje smstkl @YQ yeod
cmmget skhere kgstkroeb. Fbkn gerkoe mtu, rktegeo yeod bkimn bkier cerm 1,8 ll nerus cmbegugeo
mojkgsm ikrtkgeoeo ckodeo ieneo kpfgsm skikbul mostebesm @YQ sksuem ckodeo EHM 993.5Y.
Yktegeo gkhmb yeod tkrpeper gk bmodguodeo edrksm` luodgmo lklkrbugeo mojkgsm rksmo eteu
pkbepmseo uotug lkohkden gfrfsm tubeodeo ieje. Grmtkrme bkier rkteg uotug ikriedem gfocmsm
pepereo cmikrmgeo cebel EHM 993.5Y.

0.3.9
0.3.9 Qkrsm
Qkrsm epeo pkrlu geeo

Qkrsyereteo pkrsmepeo pkrlugeeo nerus cmcesergeo pece pkokrepeo smstkl @YQ yeod
cmlegsuc. Epbmgesm cepet cmgetkdfrmgeo skiedem bkgeteo grmtms eteu gfoteg grmtms. Epbmgesm
 bkgeteo grmtms, skpkrtm pkrgueteo bkotur ceo dkskr pece iebfg, pkbet, gfbfl, eteu cmocmod,
lkliutungeo bkgeteo ecksm` eotere smstkl @YQ ceo iktfo. Epbmgesm gfoteg grmtms, skpkrtm
pkodkgeodeo gfbfl, neoye lklkrbugeo gfoteg beodsuod eotere smstkl @YQ ceo iktfo.
 Epbmgesm gfoteg-grmtms
gfoteg-grmtms tmceg lklkrbugeo bk
bkgeteo
geteo ecksm` eotere smstkl
smstkl @YQ ceo suistret iktfo,
lksgmpuo imeseoye cmskcmegeo cmtkrepgeo uotug lklucengeo pkleseodeo.

0.3.9.
0.3.9.5
5 Epb mgesm bkgeteo grm tm s

Qkrsmepeo pkrlugeeo uotug epbmgesm bkgeteo grmtms nerus sksuem ckodeo rkgflkocesm EHM
;30Y ceo MHYM 851.9Y. Qkrlugeeo iktfo cm leoe smstkl @YQ egeo cmtkrepgeo, nerus cebel
gkeceeo ieru ceo ikies cerm ieneo yeod lkoklpkb. Jmge bkliereo skret lkliuodgus
lkliuodg us sucut,
sucut, sucut tkrskiut nerus cmiubetgeo ckodeo recmus lmomlul 58 ll uotug lkodureodm
gfoskotresm tkdeodeo cebel smstkl @YQ ceo gkgfsfodeo eotere smstkl @YQ ceo iktfo.
Xucut yeod geser nerus cmnebusgeo ckodeo cklpub. Qkodnebeod, sucut cebel, pkrlugeeo
hkguod, ceo fijkg tkrteoel, yeod cepet lklpkoderunm gmokrje smstkl @YQ, nerus cmteodeom.
Nebeodeo ceo fijkg tkrteoel luodgmo pkrbu cmsmodgmrgeo skikbul pkleseodeo smstkl @YQ.
Xucut iedmeo cebel ceo pkrlugeeo hkguod luodgmo lklkrbugeo pkocktembeo gnusus uotug
lklestmgeo tkrjecmoye bkgeteo smstkl @YQ ckodeo suistret iktfo. Qkrsmepeo pkrlugeeo
cepet cmbegugeo ckodeo lkodduoegeo tkgomg eiresm eteu wetkr-ibestmod. Xklue bemteohk,
ckiu, gftfreo, lmoyeg, skoyewe pkreweteo, pkbepms yeod ece, ceo neb bemo yeod cepet
lkoddeoddu bkgeteo smstkl @YQ ckodeo iktfo nerus cmnmbeodgeo. Buieod iud ceo rfodde
pkrlugeeo gkhmb bemooye nerus ikoer-ikoer tkriuge skbele prfsks pkleseodeo. Xktkben
pkleseodeo skbksem, pkrlugeeo nerus cmikrsmngeo ceo cmbmocuodm skikbul pkleseodeo @YQ
sknmodde tmceg ece ieneo yeod cepet lkoddeoddu bkgeteo cm pkrlugeeo.

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

93 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

Qkrlugeeo iktfo nerus cmsmepgeo uotug pkrlugeeo yeod nebus tmceg gureod cerm HXQ 8,
skpkrtm yeod cmtkotugeo fbkn MHYM
M HYM 851.9Y eteu ckodeo tfbkreosm yeod cmrkgflkocesmgeo fbkn
prfcusko smstkl @YQ. Qkoymlpeodeo sktklpet ikrupe ck`frlesm gkbuer imceod rk`krkosm
(fut-f`-pbeok
fut-f`-pbeok)) tkrlesug pkofojfbeo gerkoe pkliueteo tmceg ifbkn lkbkimnm 5 ll eteu
tfbkreosm yeod cmrkgflkocesmgeo fbkn prfcusko smstkl @YQ. Permesm ck`frlesm fut-f`-pbeok
fut-f`-pbeok  
sktklpet cepet cmnmbeodgeo ckodeo lkodkrmoce skikbul cmbegugeo eiresm eteu wetkr ibestmod,
eteu cepet cmnebusgeo lkodduoegeo cklpub ikriesms rksmo jmge vermesmoye seodet gkhmb.
Buieod ceo rfodde gkhmb nerus cmbepmsm ckodeo cklpub ikriesms rksmo.

Xklue pkrlugeeo yeod lkokrmle smstkl pkrgueteo nerus cebel gkeceeo gkrmod skpkrtm
yeod cmrkgflkocesmgeo fbkn prfcusko smstkl @YQ. Emr cm pfrm-pfrm cepet lkodneliet
pkoktresm rksmo ceo lkodureodm motkrbfhg lkgeoms. Gecer emr nerus cmkvebuesm sksuem ckodeo
pkrsyereteo EHM ;18.3.

0.3.9.
0.3.9.9
9 Qkodduoeeo gfo teg grm tms

Cebel epbmgesm yeod lkbmietgeo pkodkgeodeo iedmeo iktfo strugtur, pkrsmepeo pkrlugeeo
nerus lkomodgetgeo gfoteg kret tkrus lkokrus eotere pkrlugeeo iktfo ceo smstkl @YQ.
Qkrlugeeo yeod egeo cmiuodgus, sktmcegoye nerus hkliuod uotug lklprflfsmgeo
pklikieoeo smstkl @YQ yeod tkpet. Yfodde ikser cm pkrlugeeo nerus cmtelieb ckodeo
ieneo pkriemgeo yeod gflpetmikb ckodeo iktfo. Ieneo ckodeo gkgueteo tkgeo ceo lfcubus
kbestms rkocen, skpkrtm pbkstkr, cepet lkodureodm k`kgtmvmtes smstkl @YQ ceo nerus
cmnmbeodgeo.

0.3.8
0.3.8 Xmstkl oker-sur`ehk
oker-sur` ehk lfuo tkc (OXL)
(OXL)

Xmstkl OXL imeseoye cmpeseod pece ebur yeod cmpftfod cerm pkrlugeeo iktfo. Ieje
pkrgueteo kgsmstmod tmceg ifbkn ruseg seet lklftfod ebur. Gkgueteo pkrlugeeo iktfo nerus
cmpkrmgse skikbul pkleseodeo ieteod pkrgueteo OXL. Qkrlugeeo cebel ebur nerus
cmikrsmngeo uotug lklestmgeo bkgeteo yeod hugup ckodeo iktfo. Ebur yeod cmnesmbgeo nerus
ikies cerm bemteohk eteu skoyewe bemo yeod cepet lkoddeoddu bkgeteo. Gecer emr iktfo nerus
cmgfotrfb eder sksuem ckodeo sm`et bkgeteo pkrkget. Ebur nerus skpkounoye cmbepmsm ckodeo
pkrkget. Qkrkget nerus cmtkotugeo fbkn prfcusko smstkl OXL.

0.; Qkohelpureo rksmo

 Qkohelpureo rksmo nerus cmbegugeo sksuem ckodeo prfskcur yeod cmrkgflkocesmgeo fbkn
prfcusko smstkl @YQ. Xklue gflpfoko rksmo nerus cmhelpur pece sunu yeod tkpet, cebel
resmf yeod ikoer selpem pkohelpureo gflpfoko yeod skredel ceo bkodgep. Gflpfoko
rksmo skrmod gebm lklmbmgm weroe yeod gfotres, sknmodde pkohelpureo pkoun cmhepem gktmge
dfrkseo weroe nmbeod. Yksmo nerus cmhelpur cebel ieteseo wegtu pkohelpureo yeod
cmtkotugeo ceo cmpkrmgse skhere vmsueb uotug gkskredeleo weroe. Qrfcusko ieneo nerus
lkoykcmegeo ugureo iethn
iethn yeod
 yeod cmrkgflkocesmgeo, resmf helpureo, lktfck pkohelpureo,
ceo wegtu pkohelpureo.

Qkrebeteo pkohelpureo cepet lkbmputm imben pkohelpur ikrtkoede gkhmb eteu uomt gnusus, eteu
rksmo cepet cmhelpur ckodeo pkodecugeo teodeo, jmge cmpkrbugeo. Qkohelpureo rksmo nerus
cebel julben yeod hugup gkhmb uotug lklestmgeo ienwe sklue rksmo helpureo cepet
cmduoegeo cebel lese egtm` rksmo. Helpureo rksmo yeod lkbkimnm lese egtm`oye tmceg ifbkn
cmduoegeo gerkoe vmsgfsmtes egeo tkrus lkomodget ceo egeo lklpkoderunm gklelpueo
rksmo uotug lkoklius pkrlugeeo eteu lkojkoungeo bkliereo skret.

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

9; cerm

XOM >=45:9195

0.0 Qkokrepeo sm stkl

st kl @YQ

 Esep cepet gkbuer cerm pkokrepeo ikikrepe rksmo @YQ. Qklmbmneo smstkl @YQ nerus
lklpkrtmlieodgeo
lucen lkoduep ceocelpegoye
rehuo. tkrnecep bmodguodeo, tkrlesug klmsm skoyewe frdeomg yeod

0.0.5
0.0.5 Bepms eo prm lkr ceo cklpub

Jmge cmpkrbugeo, prmlkr nerus cmtkrepgeo gk sklue erke pece pkrlugeeo iktfo cmleoe smstkl
@YQ cmtklpetgeo. Bepmseo mom nerus cmtklpetgeo skhere skredel pece pkrlugeeo yeod
cmsmepgeo pece tmodget hegupeo yeod cmtkotugeo prfcusko. Bepmseo prmlkr yeod cmtkrepgeo
nerus cmbmocuodm cerm ckiu, gkbkliepeo, ceo gfotelmoeo bemooye skikbul lkokrepgeo smstkl
@YQ.

Cklpub nerus cmduoegeo cebel gktkiebeo ceo uruteo yeod sksuem ckodeo bepmseo prmlkr
skpkrtm yeod cmrkgflkocesmgeo fbkn prfcusko @YQ. Cklpub yeod hfhfg ckodeo smstkl, yeod
imeseoye lkrupegeo peste ikriesms rksmo, nerus cmduoegeo neoye uotug
lkodnmbeodgeo/lkoutup gkgfsfodeo ceo cmsgfotmoumtes pkrlugeeo yeod nebus skikbul
pkokrepeo ieneo bemo. Skpm geser eteu derms skgfp/gep cerm cklpub gkrmod nerus cmtuliug
ckodeo nebus skikbul pkleseodeo.
Xkikbul lkokrepgeo rksmo eteu pkrkget, bepmseo prmlkr ceo cklpub nerus cmimergeo uotug
lkodkrmod skpkrtm yeod cmtkotugeo fbkn prfcusko smstkl @YQ. Jmge cklpub ceo prmlkr
skpkounoye gkrmod, pkrsmepeo pkrlugeeo telieneo luodgmo cmpkrbugeo skikbul epbmgesm
rksmo eteu pkrkget. Qkrsyereteo pkrsmepeo pkrlugeeo nerus cmpkrfbkn cerm prfcusko smstkl
@YQ.

0.0.9
0.0.9 Xmstkl pkodnelp ereo iesen

Xmstkl @YQ pkodnelpereo iesen imeseoye cmpeseod leoueb lkodduoegeo bkliereo skret
gkrmod ceo rksmo jkoun, imeseoye sksuem rkgflkocesm peirmgeo. Yksmo jkoun nerus
cmepbmgesmgeo skhere lkrete gk sklue pkrlugeeo yeod cmsmepgeo cm leoe smstkl egeo
cmtklpetgeo. Xkret jude cepet cmrksepm cebel prfsks tkrpmsen lkodduoegeo lksmo
mlprkdoesm rksmo skikbul pkoklpeteo pece pkrlugeeo iktfo.

Xkret yeod ikr`uodsm skiedem tubeodeo nerus cmtkgeo ckodeo bkliut gk cebel rksmo jkoun
ckodeo here yeod cmrkgflkocesmgeo fbkn prfcusko smstkl @YQ. [cere yeod tkrpkreodgep cm
eotere bepmseo nerus cmgkbuergeo skikbul pkokrepeo rksmo. Yksmo jkoun yeod lklecem nerus
cmtkrepgeo uotug lkohepem seturesm pkoun cerm skret.
 Bepmseo rksmo jkoun ceo ieneo skret yeod ikruruteo nerus cmtklpetgeo
cmtklpet geo skikbul gkrmod skhere
pkoun cerm bepmseo rksmo skikbuloye. Jmge bepmseo skikbuloye tkben gkrmod, pkrsmepeo
pkrlugeeo motkrbeykr , skpkrtm pkodelpbeseo rmodeo eteu epbmgesm pkberut skpkrtm yeod
cmrkgflkocesmgeo
cmrkgflkoce smgeo fbkn prfcusko smstkl, luodgmo cmpkrbugeo.

0.0.8
0.0.8 Epb mgesm lkodd uoegeo lksmo

Xmstkl yeod cmtkrepgeo lkodduoegeo lksmo cepet lkodduoegeo gemo yeod tkrmlprkgoesm
rksmo eteu gemo skret gkrmod. Gemo preprkd
preprkd cmrksepm
 cmrksepm ckodeo rksmo jkoun cm buer bfgesm ceo cmgmrml
gemo  preprkd.. Xkret gkrmod cmrksepgeo cm
gk bfgesm skiedem dubuodeo ieneo skiedem dubuodeo gemo preprkd
bfgesm gkrje skbele prfsks bmbmteo.

Lksmo pkliuodgus tkrutele cmduoegeo uotug pkliuodgus ftfletms gfbfl iktfo.

(tfw)) cepet tkrbuge iemg skhere nfrmzfoteb eteu pece sucut yeod cmtkotugeo. Lksmo
Deockodeo (tfw

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

90 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

pkliuodgus cmtklpetgeo cm skgmter gfbfl ceo skhere ftfletms lkliuodgus ieneo

(tfw)) cm skgkbmbmod gfbfl selimb ikrdkreg gk etes ceo gk iewen gfbfl.
deockodeo (tfw

Xktkben prfsks pkliuodguseo skbksem, smstkl preprkd nerus cmgkrmodgeo pece sunu tmoddm.
Imeseoye, sulikr peoes cmtklpetgeo cm skgmter gfbfl uotug sunu ceo jecweb wegtu yeod tkben
cmtkotugeo sksuem ckodeo rkgflkocesm prfcusko. Xunu cmgfotrfb uotug lklestmgeo guebmtes
yeod gfosmstko. Xkbuiuod @YQ yeod cmnesmbgeo tmceg lklmbmgm seliuodeo eteu pkodkbeseo
gerkoe deockodeooye gfotmou. Cebel sklue beodgen epbmgesm skikbuloye, rkgflkocesm
prfcusko smstkl @YQ nerus cmmgutm.

0.0.3
0.0.3 Xmstkl prerewet

Xmstkl prerewet lkohegup heodgeod, strmp, ceo ikotug gmsm tkriuge yeod imeseoye cmpeseod
ckodeo pkrkget. Qkrkget nerus cmepbmgesmgeo skhere skredel pece pkrlugeeo yeod cmsmepgeo
smstkl  prerewet cmtklpetgeo, gkhuebm cebel gesus tkrtkotu cerm pkodkgeodeo iktfo
cm leoe smstkl 
cm leoe ecnksm smstkl @YQ gk suistret iktfo luodgmo tmceg cmpkrbugeo.

Qkrlugeeo belmoesm yeod prksmsm nerus ikrsmn ceo cmsmepgeo sksuem ckodeo rkgflkocesm
prfcusko. Bkliereo eteu heodgeod lkbkodguod yeod skikbuloye nerus cmtklpetgeo pece
eteu gk cebel pkrkget iesen ckodeo here yeod cmrkgflkocesmgeo fbkn prfcusko @YQ. [cere

yeod tkrpkreodgep
cmtkrepgeo. Qkrkget cm eotere
nerus bepmseo nerus
cmtkrepgeo cmgkbuergeo
pece tmodget yeod eteu cmbuohurgeo skikbul
cmrkgflkocesmgeo pkrkget
fbkn prfcusko
@YQ.

0.0.;
0.0.; Xmstkl oker-sur`ehk
oker-sur` ehk lfuo tkc (OXL)
(OXL)

Xmstkl OXL tkrcmrm cerm pkleseodeo @YQ pkrskdm peojeod eteu iuocer cebel ebur gk
pkrlugeeo iktfo ceo bkgetgeo lkodduoegeo pkrkget. Ebur nerus ikrcmlkosm uotug
lklestmgeo bkgeteo yeod lklecem cm skgmter ieteod. Cmlkosm ebur ulul uotug ieteod ceo
pkbet OXL @YQ cmtklugeo cebel 5 3.8. Xmstkl OXL cepet cmduoegeo cm iedmeo etes
gflpfoko strugtur ceo uotug pklegeme
pklegemeoo fvkrnkec
fvkrnkec.. Jkoms pkrkget ceo lktfck pkleseodeo
nerus cmtkotugeo fbkn prfcusko smstkl OXL.

0.0.0
0.0.0 Qkbepms pkbmoc uod

Qkbepms nerus gflpetmikb ckodeo smstkl pkrgueteo @YQ ceo cmtkrepgeo sksuem ckodeo

rkgflkocesm prfcusko.
skikbul lkleseod Imeseoye,
pkbepms pkodduoeeo
tmceg cmeojurgeo pkberut
gerkoe uotug
k`kg lklikrsmngeo
lkruseg pkrlugeeo
yeod cepet @YQ
cmlmbmgm pkberut
pece rksmo pfbmlkr. Qrfcusko smstkl @YQ nerus lkoyktujum pkodduoeeo prkperesm beruteo
pklikrsmn pkrlugeeo @YQ skikbul pkokrepeo bepmseo pkbmocuod. Qkbepmseo nerus cmpkrmgse
skhere ikrgebe ceo pklkbmnereeo nerus cmskcmegeo uotug lklestmgeo k`kgtmvmtes pkbepmseo.

0.4 Qkoykber eseo ieneo @YQ

Frmkotesm bepms @YQ ceo uruteo bepms nerus cmtkotugeo. Permesm gkhmb cebel sucut, sktmcegoye ;
ckrejet seje, cerm eren pkoykbereseo skret cepet lkoykieigeo pkodureodeo gkgueteo ceo
 lfcubus. Qkoymlpeodeo cebel frmkotesm neoye ifbkn cmbegugeo jmge cmsktujum fbkn tkoede enbm
prf`ksmfoeb ikrskrtm`mget.

Ieneo bkliereo nerus cmteodeom ckodeo here lkojede gkburuseo ceo frmkotesm skret. Gkruteo,
bmpeteo, eteu ikotug-ikotug ikrdkbflieod bemooye nerus cmbepfrgeo gkpece tkoede enbm
prf`ksmfoeb ikrskrtm`mget.

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

94 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

0.> Bepms eo reodg ep ceo bep spb ems

Bepmseo reodgep cepet cmduoegeo, esebgeo sklue bepmseo skpkounoye cmrksepm ckodeo
smstkl rksmo, gkgueteo dkskr rksmo sucen hugup uotug lkotreos`kr deye dkskr eoter bepmseo,
ceo gkgueteo bkgeteo eotere iktfo ceo smstkl @YQ hugup. [otug ikoteod peojeod, ikikrepe
peojeod letkrmeb skret eteu stfg skikbuloye cepet cmduoegeo uotug lkotreos`kr deye skhere
lkokrus ckodeo bep spbems yeod lklecem. Bep spbems nerus tkrnuiuod gkhuebm cmoyetegeo
skiebmgoye fbkn tkoede prf`ksmfoeb ikrskrtm`mget. Cktemb bep spbems, tkrlesug peojeod bkweteo,
nerus cmcesergeo pece pkodujmeo ceo cmpeseod sksuem ckodeo rkgflkocesm prfcusko.
Gerkoe geregtkrmstmg ikikrepe smstkl @YQ, bepmseo reodgep ceo bep spbems tmceg skbebu
lkluodgmogeo. Qkcfleo gnusus pece bep spbems cmikrmgeo pece Qeseb 53.

0.= Qkodkrmodeo /pkreweteo rksmo

Qkodkrmodeo rksmo eceben `koflkoe tkrdeotuod sunu ceo wegtu. Qkodkrmodeo cepet
lklegeo wegtu ikikrepe nerm uotug lkohepem tmodget gkgkrmodeo pkoun. Sklpkretur yeod
kgstrkl eteu ikr`bugtuesm cepet lklpkrbeliet eteu lklpkrhkpet wegtu pkodkrmodeo rksmo.
Qrfcusko smstkl @YQ cepet lkoewergeo ikikrepe tmodgeteo rksmo yeod tkben cmtkotugeo
uotug lkodegflfcesm smtuesm mom.

Xmstkl pkodkrmodeo cmpkrbugeo uotug rksmo yeod cmpeoesgeo pece sunu tkrtkotu uotug wegtu
tkrtkotu. Ikriedem gflimoesm wegtu ceo sunu cebel gmsereo tkrtkotu nerus lklikrmgeo tmodget
gkgkrmodeo pkoun pece smstkl.

Xklue rksmo nerus cmgkrmodgeo sksuem ckodeo rkgflkocesm prfcusko. Lfcm`mgesm helpureo
gmlme rksmo tmceg cmpkrifbkngeo. Qkodkrmodeo bepmseo yeod cmpeseod nerus cmpeoteu skikbul
lkoklpetgeo bepmseo ikrmgutoye. Qkleseodeo bepmseo yeod ikruruteo nerus cmnkotmgeo jmge
ece gkbemoeo pkodkrmodeo.

0.51
0.51 Qkrbmoc uod eo sklkotere

Xunu iurug7 gfoteg beodsuod fbkn nujeo, ckiu, eteu gftfreo7 smoer letenerm yeod ikrbkimneo7
gkbkliepeo tmoddm7 eteu veocebmslk cepet lkruseg smstkl @YQ skbele pkleseodeo ceo
lkoykieigeo pkodkrmodeo rksmo yeod tmceg tkpet. Qkrbmocuodeo sklkotere, skpkrtm tkoce ceo
beyer pbestmg, luodgmo cmpkrbugeo skbele mostebesm ceo selpem rksmo tkben gkrmod. Jmge tulpueo
sklkotere cmpkrbugeo, smstkl @YQ nerus skpkounoye cmgkrmodgeo skikbul lkbkpes tulpueo
ceo lkluodgmogeo gflpfoko strugtur uotug lklmgub ikieo rkoheoe. Cebel neb tkrjecm
cudeeo gkrusegeo pece smstkl @YQ cebel pkleseodeo, tkoede enbm prf`ksmfoeb ikrskrtm`mget
ikrskrtm` mget
nerus cmikrmtenu ceo cmgfosubtesugeo pece prfcusko smstkl @YQ.

4 Mospkgs m, kvebuesm, ceo pkokrml eeo

Qrfdrel ceo grmtkrme jelmoeo ceo gfotrfb lutu (UE/UH) nerus cmikrmgeo fbkn prfcusko smstkl
@YQ, gfotregtfr mostebesm, ceo bemo-bemo yeod tkrgemt ckodeo prfykg. UE imeseoye egtmvmtes
pklmbmg eteu pkrkoheoe prf`ksmfoeb ikrskrtm`mget skceodgeo UH eceben egtmvmtes gfotregtfr
eteu pklesfg. Qrfdrel UH nerus gflprknkosm` ceo lkohegup sklue espkg prfykg
pkrgueteo, ceo nerus cmrmohm cebel spksm`mgesm prfykg fbkn pkrkoheoe prf`ksmfoeb ikrskrtm`mget.
Smodget UH ceo rueod bmodgup pkodujmeo, pklkrmgseeo, ceo pkoheteteo tkrdeotuod pece
ugureo ceo gflpbkgsmtes prfykg.
 Jelmoeo guebmtes cmhepem lkbebum skreodgemeo pklkrmgseeo ceo pkodujmeo yeod sksuem uotug
lkocfgulkotesmgeo pkokrmleeo pkleseodeo. Xpksm`mgesm prfykg nerus lkohegup
pkrsyereteo uotug lkoykcmegeo rkoheoe UE uotug pkleseodeo ceo pkreweteo sklue ieneo
@YQ. Ykoheoe tkrskiut nerus lkohegup leseben gkskbeleteo leousme, pkleseodeo ceo

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

9> cerm

XOM >=45:9195

pklkrmgseeo smstkl @YQ, bfgesm ceo pkoklpeteo seliuodeo, gktkotueo pkreweteo, sereoe
uotug lklestmgeo pkrlugeeo gkrmod, selpkb UE, pklikrsmneo, yeod cmsereogeo tkrheotul
cebel 5 ;.8.

4.5 Mospkgsm

Xmstkl @YQ ceo sklue pkgkrjeeo tkrgemt nerus cmpkrmgse skpkrtm yeod cmpkrsyeretgeo fbkn
pkretureo yeod ikrbegu. Jmge tmceg ece pkrsyereteo tkrtkotu, pklkrmgseeo nerus cmbegugeo fbkn
eteu cm iewen pkodeweseo pkrkoheoe prf`ksmfoeb ikrskrtm`mget eteu pkodewes ikrskrtm`mget.
Mospkgtur nerus lklmbmgm pkodktenueo tkoteod smstkl @YQ ceo cmbetmn cebel pkleseodeo
smstkl @YQ. Mospkgtur
M ospkgtur ikrskrtm`mget nerus lklestmgeo gkpetuneo ckodeo delier cksemo ceo
spksm`mgesm
spksm`mge sm prfykg. Xkbele pkleseodeo smstkl @YQ,pklkrmgseeo nermeo nerus cmbegugeo ceo
nerus lkohegup:
e) Seoddeb ceo wegtu pkleseodeo
i) Xunu skgmter, gkbkliepe
gkbkliepeo o rkbetm`, ceo pkodeleteo huehe ulul
h) Xunu pkrlugeeo iktfo
c) Gkbkliepeo pkrlugeeo
k) Lktfck pkoymepeo pkrlugeeo ceo prf`mb nesmb lkodduoegeo steocer Motkroetmfoeb
Hfohrktk Ykpemr Mostmtutk (MHYM)
`) Cksgrmpsm guebmtetm` gkikrsmneo pkrlugeeo
d) Jkoms sulikr peoes telienetelieneo, o, jmge cmduoegeo
n) Bkier rkteg tmceg cmmojkgsm ckodeo kpfgsm
m) Xkret eteu oflfr iethn belmoesm skikbuloye ceo pkrgmreeo bfgesm cebel strugtur
 j) Oflfr iethn
iethn77 resmf helpureo7 wegtu pkohelpureo7 ceo cksgrmpsm guebmtetm` tkoteod
pkoelpmbeo sklue rksmo helpureo tkrlesug bepmseo prmlkr, cklpub, zet pkliuet jkoun
(seturetfr), pkrkget, ceo pkbepms helpureo uotug nerm mtu
g) Qkodeleteo gklejueo pkreweteo rksmo
b) Gksksuemeo ckodeo prfskcur pkleseodeo
(pubb-f`` ) : gkgueteo bkget, lfck gkdedebeo, ceo bfgesm
l) Nesmb ujm termg (pubb-f`` 
o) Xm`et @YQ cerm pkodujmeo peokb selpkb bepeodeo eteu peokb segsm (wnmtokss(wnmtokss peokb),
peokb), jmge
cmpkrbugeo
f) Bfgesm ceo ugureo sktmep ckbelmoesm eteu buieod ucere (vfmcs ( vfmcs))
p) Gklejueo pkgkrjeeo

Qkodewes nerus lklikrmgeo heteteo pklkrmgseeo ceo gksegsmeo gkpece pkrkoheoe

prf`ksmfoeb ikrskrtm`mget eteu pklmbmg. Heteteo ceo segsm nerus cmsmlpeo skbele lmomlul 51
tenuo eteu pkrmfck yeod cmtkotugeo fbkn pkrkoheoe prf`ksmfoeb ikrskrtm`mget. Gfotregtfr
pkleseodeo nerus lkoymlpeo heodgmr selpkb cerm rksmo helpureo ceo lkoymlpeo heteteo
pkoklpeteo sktmep iethn
iethn..

4.9 Kvebuesm ceo pkokrml ee

eeo
o

Xmstkl @YQ nerus cmkvebuesm ceo cmtkrmle eteu cmtfbeg ikrcesergeo gksksuemeo eteu
gktmcegsksuemeo ckodeo delier cksemo ceo spksm`mgesm. Xm`et letkrmeb smstkl @YQ,
pkleseodeo cebel tfbkreosm pkoklpeteo yeod cmtkotugeo, eceoye ckbelmoesm, pkreweteo
rksmo, ceo bkgeteo pece suistret nerus cmlesuggeo cebel kvebuesm. Sfbkreosm pkoklpeteo,
tkrlesug frmkotesm skret, gktkiebeo pkreweteo, frmkotesm bepms, bkier ceo jereg, jerm-jerm sucut,
ceo peojeod bkweteo, nerus cmkvebuesm.

Xegsm ceo ujm termg cmduoegeo uotug lkodkvebuesm smstkl @YQ yeod tkrpeseod. Qkodujmeo
ikieo cm tklpet jude cepet cmduoegeo uotug lkodgfo`mrlesm pkrmbegu gflpfoko yeod
cmpkrguet ckodeo @YQ (Oeoom ceo Dfbc 5==>).

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

9= cerm
 

XOM >=45:9195

4.9.5 Ieneo

Xkikbul lklubem prfykg, peirmgeo smstkl @YQ nerus lkoykrengeo skrtm`mgesm sm`et letkrmeb
yeod cmtkotugeo ceo mckotm`mgesm sklue ieneo yeod egeo cmduoegeo. Qkodujmeo letkrmeb
telieneo cepet cmbegugeo jmge cmeoddep pkrbu ikrcesergeo ugureo ceo gflpbkgsmtes prfykg
eteu `egtfr bemooye. Kvebuesm ieneo @YQ yeod cmgmrml cepet lkohegup pkodujmeo uotug
gkgueteo termg, Sd, wegtu dkb =dkb tmlk), lese pegem pft (pft bmvk), ceo gkgueteo dkskr pkrkget.
Sks mom imeseoye cmbegugeo pece selpkb ieneo yeod cmgmrml gk beifretfrmul sksuem ckodeo
rkoheoe ujm UH. Qkodujmeo uotug ulur pft rksmo ceo gkgkreseo pkreweteo imeseoye cmbegugeo
cm bfgesm. Letkrm yeod tmceg lklkounm pkrsyereteo lmomlul skpkrtm yeod cmtkotugeo fbkn
pkrkoheoe prf`ksmfoeb ikrskrtm`mget nerus cmtfbeg.

Qeokb segsm cepet cmduoegeo uotug lkodkvebuesm gkgueteo termg ceo lfcubus, gkgueteo
selieteo putereo, gkgkreseo, ceo Sd cerm smstkl @YQ yeod cmpeseod ceo cmskliungeo cm
bfgesm lkodduoegeo prfskcur pkleseodeo yeod skrupe ckodeo yeod cmduoegeo uotug
lkleseod ceo lkoykliungeo smstkl @YQ. Xkbele pkleseodeo, peokb bkleg cerm cmlkosm
ceo gktkiebeo yeod tkben cmtkotugeo cepet cmiuet cm bfgesm sksuem ckodeo rkoheoe
pkodelimbeo selpkb yeod tkben cmtkotugeo. Xktkben pkodkrmodeo cm bfgesm, peokb-peokb mtu
gklucmeo cepet cmgmrml gk beifretfrmul uotug pkodujmeo. Qeokb segsm cepet cmsmlpeo eteu
cmskrengeo gk beifretfrmul yeod cmsktujum tkpet wegtu uotug pkodujmeo gkgueteo ceo Sd.
Gkgueteo ceo lfcubus kbestmsmtes ieneo @YQ cepet cmtkotugeo sksuem ckodeo pkrsyereteo
 EXSL C818=/C818=L,
C818=/C818=L, C491;/C491;L,
C491;/C491;L, eteu C4;0;/C4;0;L.
C4;0;/C4;0;L. Xm`et yeod egeo cmkvebuesm
ckodeo pkodujmeo nerus cmtkotugeo. Qrf`ksmfoeb cksemo ikrbmskosm cepet lkodkselpmodgeo
eteu lkoduien `rkgukosm pkodujmeo.

(lehnmok wfuoc),
Ikikrepe smstkl @YQ, tkrlesug smstkl prerewet ceo bmbmteo lksmo (lehnmok wfuoc), tmceg
hfhfg uotug pkliueteo peokb segsm yeod ceo ceter. [otug gesus mom, pkrkoheoe prf`ksmfoeb
ikrskrtm`mget cepet lklfcm`mgesm pkrsyereteo uotug lkoykrtegeo peokb ujm eteu selpkb yeod
cmskcmegeo fbkn peirmgeo. Xkbele pkleseodeo, heodgmr selpkb cerm rksmo helpureo nerus
cmsmepgeo sksuem ckodeo rkoheoe pkodelimbeo selpkb yeod tkben cmtkotugeo ceo cmsmlpeo
uotug pkodujmeo uotug lkokotugeo tmodget pkreweteo (4.9.3).

4.9.9
4.9.9 Frmkotesm skret

Frmkotesm skret eteu belmoetk prerewet nerus cmkvebuesm ckodeo mospkgsm vmsueb. Gkruteo skret
– pkoelpmbeo bfgeb cerm skret yeod lkoymlpeod cerm derms skret burus ulul cebel ikotug
gkruteo eteu dkbflieod – nerus cmkvebuesm uotug smstkl pkodnelpereo iesen.

Smceg burusoye pfsmsm skret eteu prerewet belmoet lkbkimnm ; ckrejet cerm yeod cmtkotugeo pece
delier cksemo (skgmter >1 ll/l) nerus cmbepfrgeo gkpece pkrkoheoe prf`ksmfoeb ikrskrtm`mget
uotug kvebuesm ceo pkokrmleeo.

4.9.8 Ckbelmoesm

Xmstkl @YQ yeod cmskliungeo nerus cmkvebuesm uotug ckbelmoesm eteu gkgfsfodeo ucere
eotere ieoyeg bepmseo eteu eotere smstkl @YQ ceo iktfo. Lktfck mospkgsm nerus lelpu
lkocktkgsm ckbelmoesm 5811 ll9 eteu bkimn ikser. Lktfck skpkrtm iuoym egustmg (nellkr
( nellkr
sfuocmod),
sfuocmod ), ubtresfomg, ceo tkrlfdre`m cepet cmduoegeo uotug lkocktkgsm ckbelmoesm.

K`kg ckbelmoesm eteu eoflebm bemo pece motkdrmtes strugtur ceo ceye teneo smstkl @YQ nerus
cmkvebuesm. [gureo, bfgesm, ceo julben ckbelmoesm rkbetm` tkrnecep gkskburuneo erke epbmgesm
nerus cmpkrtmlieodgeo cebel kvebuesm.

© IXO 9195 81 cerm

cer m 5;8 

 
 XOM >=45:9195

Qkcfleo pkokrmleeo ulul uotug smstkl pkodnelpereo iesen eceben:

e) Ckbelmoesm gkhmb gureod cerm 5811 ll9 lesmod-lesmod cmmzmogeo skbele erke ckbelmoesm
gureod cerm ; pkrsko cerm tfteb erke belmoesm ceo tmceg ece bkimn cerm 5 ckbelmoesm tkrskiut
pkr 5 l9 .
i) Ckbelmoesm ikser yeod bkimn ikser cerm 50.111 ll9 cepet lklpkoderunm gmokrje @YQ yeod
cmpeseod ceo nerus cmpkriemgm ckodeo lklftfod skhere skbkgtm` bkliereo yeod tkrgkoe
celpeg ceo lkokrepgeo teliebeo bkliereo tulpeod tmocmn (fvkrbep ( fvkrbep)) cerm bepmseo yeod
sele.
h) Ckbelmoesm gureod cerm 50.111 ll9 cepet cmpkriemgm ckodeo mojkgsm rksmo eteu pkoddeotmeo
bepms, tkrdeotuod pece ugureo ceo julben ckbelmoesm ceo bfgesmoye.

[otug smstkl @YQ skikbuloye, sktmep ckbelmoesm nerus cmkvebuesm ceo cmpkriemgm sksuem
ckodeo ereneo pkrkoheoe prf`ksmfoeb ikrskrtm`mget. Xktkben skbksem pkriemgeo, belmoesm nerus
cmpkrmgse ubeod uotug lklvkrm`mgesm ienwe pkriemgeo tkben cmbegugeo ckodeo ikoer.

4.9.3 Qkreweteo rksm o

Qkreweteo rkbetm` smstkl @YQ cepet cmkvebuesm ckodeo pkodujmeo beifretfrmul cerm peokb segsm
(wmtokss peokb) eteu selpkb heodgmr rksmo lkodduoegeo EXSL C835 >. Qkreweteo rkbetm` cerm
rksmo jude cepet cmkvebuesm cm bfgesm prfykg ckodeo pkodeleteo `msmg rksmo gkbkgeteo ceo
gkgkreseo pkrlugeeo eteu gkgkreseo selpkb rksmo. Qrfcusko smstkl @YQ nerus cmlmotem
pkrtmlieodeo uotug lkokotugeo pkrsyereteo gnusus uotug pkreweteo rksmo. [otug smstkl
skikbuloye, pkodugureo gkgkreseo pkrkget nerus cmbegugeo sksuem ckodeo rkgflkocesm
peirmgeo.

4.9.;
4.9.; Gkgueteo ecnksm

[otug epbmgesm bkgeteo-grmtms, pkodujmeo termg ecnksm cerm selpkb motm nerus cmbegugeo sksuem
ckodeo pkrsyereteo EXSL C4;99 / C4;99. Sks sklehel mtu tmceg cepet cmbegugeo gktmge
( oker-sur`ehk-lfuot-OXL).   @rkgukosm
lkodduoegeo smstkl pkleseodeo ckget pkrlugeeo (oker-sur`ehk-lfuot-OXL).
pkodelimbeo selpkb nerus cmtkotugeo. Gkgueteo tkdeodeo bkget nerus lkbkimnm 5, 3 LQe ceo
nerus lkouojuggeo gkdedebeo suistret iktfo. Gkgueteo yeod bkimn rkocen eteu gkdedebeo
eotere smstkl @YQ ceo iktfo eteu eotere bepmseo nerus cmbepfrgeo gkpece pkrkoheoe
prf`ksmfoeb ikrskrtm`mget uotug kvebuesm ceo pkokrmleeo. [otug pkrgueteo OXL, selpkb motm
cepet elimb cerm bfgesm uotug skhere vmsueb lklvkrm`mgesm gfosfbmcesm pkrkget rksmo cm skgmter
ieteod @YQ. Bfgesm motm mom nerus cmpmbmn skcklmgmeo rupe sknmodde gfotmoumtes pkrgueteo @YQ
cmpkrteneogeo (yemtu, pece ujuod iebfg OXL).

4.9.0
4.9.0 Gktkiebeo yeod cmr ewet

Xelpkb motm ugureo gkhmb, imeseoye ikrcmelktkr 58 ll, cepet cmelimb uotug lklestmgeo
skhere vmsueb pkreweteo gktkiebeo belmoesm eteu julben bepmseo. Xelpkb motm cmpkrbugeo uotug
pkodujmeo ecnksm jude cepet cmduoegeo uotug lklestmgeo gktkiebeo belmoesm eteu julben
bepmseo. @rkgukosm pkodelimbeo selpkb nerus cmtkotugeo. Qkodelimbeo selpkb cerm erke yeod
lkodebelm tkdeodeo tmoddm eteu erke seliuodeo nerus cmnmocerm. [otug ebeseo kstktmge,
( rkpemr   lfrter) eteu smstkl
buieod motm cepet cmmsm ceo cmretegeo ckodeo lfrter pkriemgeo (rkpemr 
cklpub @YQ. Jmge cmpkrbugeo, teliebeo bkliereo @YQ (@YQ snkkt
snkkt)) 511 nmodde 911 ll yeod
fvkrbep cerm bepmseo yeod sktere cepet cmtkrepgeo pece buieod motm yeod cmbepms ceo cmretegeo,
skdkre sktkben lkodelimb selpkb motm. Bkliereo @YQ nerus cmpeseod sksuem ckodeo
prfskcur mostebesm peirmgeo.

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

85 cerm

XOM >=45:9195
 > Qkreweteo ceo pkriemgeo

>.5 [lul

Qece gesus-gesus epeimbe cmduoegeo pkrgueteo eteu pkriemgeo rktrf`mt , pklmbmg nerus skhere
rutmo lkbegugeo pkombemeo ceo kvebuesm tkrnecep pkrmbegu pkoubeodeo @YQ yeod cmduoegeo
uotug pkrgueteo eteu pkriemgeo tkrskiut.

>.9 Mospkgs m ceo pkomb emeo

>.9.5
>.9.5 Mospkgs m ulul
Mospkgsm vmsueb cmbegugeo ckodeo lkodeletm pkruieneo weroe7 nmbeodoye ceye bkget7
pkodkbupeseo7 pkhen7 ck`bkgsm7 tkrbkpesoye bepmseo pkrlugeeo7 gfrfsm tubeodeo, eteu mocmgesm
pkoymlpeodeo bemooye. Xkbemo mtu, lktfck ubtresfomg, egustmg, eteu tkrlfdre`ms cepet
cmduoegeo uotug cktkgsm cmom tkrnecep eceoye prfsks pkodkbupeseo yeod ikrgkbeojuteo.

>.9.9 Qkodujmeo

gfovkosmfoeb  (EHM 384Y).

Qkodujmeo cepet ikrupe ujm heiut (4.9.;) eteu ujm pklikieoeo gfovkosmfoeb  384Y).

>.9.8 Qkombemeo

Qece smstkl pkrgueteo cete, pkodujmeo ceo pkodeleteo cepet cmduoegeo uotug lkombem
tmodget gkrusegeo ceo gfocmsm motkrdrmtes strugtur. Qkombemeo egnmr cepet ikrupe rkgflkocesm
pkriemgeo tkrnecep gkrusegeo yeod ece ceo stretkdm pkohkdeneo tkrnecep gkrusegeo

beojuteo.
>.8 Qkriemgeo sms tkl pkoduet

Qkokotueo lktfck pkriemgeo ckodeo smstkl pkrgueteo tkrdeotuod cerm skiei gkrusegeo7
 jkoms letkrmeb7 ikotug ckdrecesm ceo tmodget gkrusegeo.
gkrusegeo. Qkriemgeo
Qkriemgeo tkrnecep smstkl
pkoubeodeo @YQ teg ifbkn cmbegugeo teope eceoye mckotm`mgesm ceo pkoktepeo skiei
gkrusegeo.

Gkrusegeo gkhmb nerus cmpkriemgm, tkrlesug gkrusegeo rkteg belmoesm @YQ sktklpet eteu
gkeuseo yeod lklpkoderunm motkdrmtes strugtureb leupeo belmoesm. Gkrusegeo gkhmb cepet
cmpkriemgm ckodeo pkoeliebeo bkliereo gkhmb @YQ pece iedmeo yeod ruseg. Bkliereo gkhmb
pkoeliebeo @YQ yeod cmduoegeo uotug pkriemgeo nerus lklmbmgm geregtkrmstmg sele,
(gktkiebeo eteu eren eoyeleo), ckodeo belmoesm esbm. Qkoeliebeo @YQ nerus cmbegugeo
sksuem ckodeo rkgflkocesm prfcusko. Gkrusegeo gkhmb tkrlesug pkodkbupeseo ceo
ckbelmoesm cepet cmetesm ckodeo mojkgsm rksmo. Qkriemgeo gkrusegeo ikser tkrlesug
tkrbkpesoye
skburun erkebkgeteo ceo ceo
gkrusegeo, pkodkbupeseo pece
pkodkhfreo erkeskbmlut
gkliebm bues nerus cmbegugeo
iktfo ckodeo lklikrsmgeo
skrte pkrdeotmeo belmoesm @YQ

>.3 Qkriemgeo pkbepms pkbmoc uod pkrlu geeo (hfetmod

hfetmod))

Jmge pkbepms pkbmocuod pkrlugeeo nerus cmdeotm, lege belmoesm @YQ nerus cmmospkgsm uotug
lkodeotmsmpesm eceoye gkrusegeo strugtur. Qkbepms pkbmocuod pkrlugeeo imse cmdeotm ckodeo
pkrsktujueo prfcusko smstkl.

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

89 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

= Qk
Qkrtml
rtml ieodeo ulul uotug cksemo
cksemo

Ykgflkocesm lkodkoem cksemo ulul cmienes cebel Qeseb mom. Ykgflkocesm yeod cmsejmgeo
cmcesergeo pece prmosmp cksemo iktfo ikrtubeod trecmsmfoeb yeod tkrtueod cebel EHM 85> ceo
pkodktenueo tkoteod pkrmbegu lkgeoms pkoubeodeo @YQ yeod gnes.
 Xmstkl pkrgueteo @YQ nerus cmrkoheoegeo skcklmgmeo rupe sknmodde cepet lkoeneo deye
termg ceo lklpkrteneogeo gflpetmimbmtes eotere @YQ ceo iktfo. Qkrgueteo @YQ tmceg
cmrkoheoegeo uotug lklmgub deye tkgeo. Tebeupuo cklmgmeo @YQ termg cepet lklmgub
rkdeodeo tkgeo yeod cmegmietgeo fbkn pkrdeotmeo teoce lflko bkodguod (lflko pfsmtm` ceo
okdetm`) ceo pkruieneo pfbe pklikieoeo. Gkgueteo tkgeo pkrgueteo @YQ pece ceseoye
cmeiemgeo.

=.
=.5
5 @mbfsf`m cksemo

( bmlmt-stetk).
Ykgflkocesm cksemo cmcesergeo pece prmosmp cksemo gfocmsm ietes (bmlmt-stetk ). Qkockgeteo
mom cmcesergeo pece ckrejet gkeleoeo pece seet ietes ikieo beyeo (ck`bkgsm ikser, rkteg) ceo
gfocmsm ietes ubtmlmt (gkdedebeo, rkteg gerkoe tkdeodeo, gkbkbeneo). Cebel lkokotugeo
gkgueteo oflmoeb pkoelpeod, pfbe gkruotuneo skrte tkdeodeo ceo rkdeodeo ieneo nerus
cmkvebuesm. [otug lkodkvebuesm tmodget beyeo skiuen kbklko cepet cmduoegeo ceser eoebmse
lkgeomge skpkrtm treos`frlesm pkoelpeod lkodduoegeo lktfck resmf lfcubus.

Xmstkl pkrgueteo @YQ nerus cmcesergeo pece pkrsyereteo gkgueteo ceo beyeo, lkodduoegeo
grmtkrme gkgueteo ceo `egtfr ikieo skpkrtm tkrheotul cebel EHM 85>. Qece pkrgueteo @YQ
cmsereogeo pkodduoeeo `egtfr rkcugsm telieneo uotug lkodeotmsmpesm gktmceg pestmeo egmiet
pkrikceeo smstkl @YQ imbe cmieocmodgeo ckodeo tubeodeo ieje ceo pretkdeod. @egtfr rkcugsm
mom cmtkotugeo ikrcesergeo kvebuesm eoebmse stetmstmg cerm vermesm sm`et letkrmeb, pkrieocmodeo
eotere nesmb pkrnmtuodeo ceo ujm kgspkrmlkoteb, ceo pkodduoeeo cm bepeodeo. @egtfr rkcugsm
@YQ cmgebmiresm ceo lkodnesmbgeo mockx gkneocebeo skikser 8,;. Mockx gkneocebeo skikser
8,1-8,; tkrhetet pece gesus cmleoe cmduoegeo resmf tubeodeo ieje rkocen, ceo resmf tubeodeo
@YQ tmoddm. Gesus skrupe seodet luodgmo cmjulpem cebel cksemo gerkoe cmbeodderoye ombem
ieteseo pkrgueteo sksuem =.9. Mockx gkneocebeo uotug pkrgueteo @YQ cmtkotugeo
ikrcesergeo pkockgeteo yeod cmduoegeo uotug strugtur iktfo ikrtubeod (Ofweg eoc
Xzkrszko 91187 Xzkrszko eoc Ofweg 9118). Xkhere ulul gkneocebeo pece sturgtur ckodeo
rktrf`mt ceo pkriemgeo hkockruod bkimn rkocen imbe cmieocmodgeo ckodeo strugtur ieru.

=.9 Ietes pkomod geteo gkgueteo

Qkokotueo ieteseo pkrgueteo nerus cmtkotugeo ckodeo netm-netm eder cmpkrfbkn ieteseo yeod
wejer. Ieteseo tkrskiut cmduoegeo uotug lkohkden gkruotuneo ieoduoeo epeimbe tkrjecm
gkdedebeo bkgeteo @YQ, eteu gkdedebeo @YQ bemo egmiet gkrusegeo, pkodkrusegeo fbkn
leousme ceo bemooye. Kbklko strugtur teope pkrgueteo @YQ nerus lklmbmgm gklelpueo hugup
uotug lklmgub ikieo. Gkgueteo strugtur yeod ece nerus lelpu lklmgub ikieo skpkrtm yeod

tkrheotul cebel Qkrs. (=.9).

(ϛ Yo)kxmstmod ≫ (5,5X  CB + 1,4;X  BB)okw  (=.9)

@egtfr ikieo letm skikser 5,5 cmduoegeo gerkoe pkokotueo ikieo letm pece skiuen strugtur
ululoye cepet cmbegugeo ckodeo hugup tkbmtm. @egtfr ikieo nmcup skikser 1,4; cmtkotugeo
skcklmgmeo sknmodde bkimn ikser cerm rete-rete stetmstmg ikieo nmcup legsmlul skbele
sktenuo (skikser 1,;) yeod cm sereogeo EXHK 4. Ieteseo pkrgueteo ikrcesergeo Qkrs. (=.9)
lkojelmo kbklko yeod cmpkrguet tktep lklmbmgm gkgueteo hugup selpem gkrusegeo @YQ
cmetesm.

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

88 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

Qece kbklko ckodeo pkrgueteo yeod lklmgub ikieo nmcup ikrgkbeojuteo uotug jeodge wegtu
bele, `egtfr ikieo nmcup skikser 5,1 nerus cmduoegeo skiedem pkoddeotm `egtfr 1,4; cebel
Qkrs. (=.9). Hfotfn gesus yeod pkrbu cmgetkdfrmgeo cebel gkbflpfg mom eceben7 pkrpustegeeo
ckodeo reg iugu, duceod iereod ikret, duceod pkoymlpeoeo ceo pkodduoeeo bemo ckodeo
ikieo nmcup yeod lkbelpeum 481 gd/l9. Xpksm`mgesm rmohm uotug ieoduoeo ckodeo gkteneoeo
=.9.5. 
epm tkrheotul cebel =.9.5. 

=.9.5
=.9.5 Yksmst
Yksmst eosm stru gtur tkrnecep
tkrnecep epm

Qkomodgeteo gkgueteo yeod cepet cmpkrfbkn ckodeo lkodduoegeo pkrgueteo @YQ tkrbkget,
cepet cmietesm fbkn pkretureo gkteneoeo tkrnecep epm strugtur tkrskiut. Qfbmlkr rksmo yeod
 ululoye cmduoegeo cebel smstkl pkodnelpereo iesen ceo preprkd @YQ, ceo pkrkget
pfbmlkr yeod cmduoegeo pece smstkl prerewet @YQ egeo lkodebelm pkouruoeo sm`et bkgeteo
ceo letkrmeb imbe tklpkreturk lklhepem eteu lkbkimnm S  d pfbmlkr (5.9.5.8).

Tebeupuo smstkl @YQ seodet skosmtm` tkrnecep sunu tmoddm, sturgtur gflpfsmt @YQ - iktfo
lklmbmgm gkteneoeo epm hugup. Cebel lkokotugeo gkteneoeo tkrnecep epm suetu kbklko
ckodeo pkrgueteo @YQ, pkrbu cmpkrnetmgeo ienwe pkomodgeteo sunu iktfo ceo tubeodeo ieje
lkouruogeo gkgueteo kbklko. Qkomodgeteo gklelpueo pkoeneoeo epm cerm skiuen kbklko
iktfo cepet cmtmodgetgeo ckodeo pkodduoeeo mosubesm yeod lklikrmgeo pkrbmocuodeo pece
iktfo ceo tubeodeo, webeu gfotrmiusm smstkl @YQ egeo tktep lkouruo. (Imsiy kt eb. 911;e7
Tmbbmels kt eb. 91107 Qeblmkrm kt eb. 91557 @mrlf kt eb. 9159).

Ckodeo lkodklieodgeo rulus EHM 950.5 uotug iktfo ikrtubeod ckodeo pkrgueteo @YQ,
ieteseo gkgueteo cepet cmduoegeo uotug lkoyegmogeo strugtur tmceg ruotun wegtu tkrjecm
gkiegereo. [otug lklestmgeo gklelpueo pklmgubeo ikieo teope tkrjecmoye gkneohureo,
gepesmtes pklmgubeo ikieo skiuen kbklko strugtur yeod tkben lkodebelm pkouruoeo
gkgueteo iktfo ceo ieje tubeodeo, ceo teope pkrgueteo @YQ cepet cmieocmodgeo ckodeo
ikieo beyeo skbele tkrjecm gkiegereo.

 Yoξ  ≫ 5,1X CB + 5,1X BB  (=.9.5e)

 EHM ;09 jude lkoheotulgeo rulus

rulus ikrmgut mom

XB+ 5,1 Eg  
 Yoξ  ≫ 5,9X  CB + 1,;X  BB + 1,9X XB (=.9.5i)

 Y oξ  eceben guet oflmoeb skiuen kbklko pece sunu tmoddm, skceodgeo X CB, X BB, XXB  eceben
ikieo letm, nmcup, ceo sebju yeod cmpkrnmtuodgeo pece strugtur ckodeo pkrgueteo. Qece gesus
cmleoe ikieo nmcup ikgkbeojuteo ikgkrje cebel wegtu yeod bele, `egtfr ikieo nmcup nerus
lkodduoegeo eodge 5,1, skiedem pkoddeotm 1,; cebel Qkrs. (=.9.5) uotug kbklko ckodeo
pkrgueteo. Gerkoe tkrietesoye pktuojug uotug lklkotugeo ombem  Eg  Eg lege
 lege cmsereogeo uotug
lkodduoegeo ikieo eteu pkoderun ikieo egmiet gkiegereo cebel Qkrs. (=.9.5e).

Imbe strugtur cm cksemo uotug lklmgub ikieo yeod tmoddm, lmseb gerkoe pkomodgeteo ikieo

nmcup, pkoderun
pkrgueteo ikieo nerusuotug
@YQ cmlegsucgeo cmpkrnmtuodgeo ikrcesergeo
lkoeoddubeodm ikieo
pkouruoeo yeod egmiet
gkgueteo tkrtmoddm. Epeimbe
pkouruoeo
guebmtes, pkrgueteo nerus cmsksuemgeo ckodeo neb tkrskiut.

Gepesmtes oflmoeb skiuen kbklko pece sunu  Y oξ  cepet cmtkotugeo ikrcesergeo EHM950.5
eteu ckodeo here pkodujmeo. Gepesmtes oflmoeb  Y oξ nerus cmtkotugeo ikrcesergeo sm`et
letkrmeb yeod tkben lkodebelm pkouruoeo. Gepesmtes nerus cmnmtuod ikrcesergeo jeodge
wegtu tkrgkoe epm - lmsebgeo 9 jel - ceo tmceg lklpkrnmtuodgeo gfotrmiusm smstkl @YQ gkhuebm
cepet cmiugtmgeo lkbebum pkodujmeo ienwe k`kgtm`mtes @YQ cepet cmpkrteneogeo. Cmpkrbugeo
cete pkodujmeo beojut uotug lkokotugeo seet gknmbeodeo k`kgtm`mtes @YQ ckodeo tkpet, uotug
ikredel jkoms @YQ. Imbe ikbul tkrskcme cete yeod bkimn tkbmtm lkodkoem sm`et @YQ, sunu grmtms
© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 
83 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

cepet cmelimb skiedem ombem tkrkocen cerm trejkgtfrm S  d cerm sklue gflpfoko pklikotug smstkl
strugtur.

=.
=.9.
9.9
9 Gkgueteo strug tur tfteb

Lksgmpuo smstkl @YQ k`kgtm` cebel lklpkrguet kbklko bkotur, dkskr ceo lkohmptegeo
gkgeodeo, pfbe gkrutuneo bemo skpkrtm dkskr pfos ceo gepesmtes ceye cuguod pfocesm ceodgeb
nelpmr teg tkrpkoderun fbkn smstkl @YQ (Xnere` kt eb. 9110). Xkburun kbklko skiuen stugtur
nerus lelpu lklmgub pkomodgeteo ikieo yeod ikrnuiuodeo ckodeo kbklko yeod cmpkrguet.

 Eoebmse tkrnecep sklue kbklko yeod cmpkrguet ckodeo @YQ nerus cmbeguegeo uotug
lkyegmogeo ienwe kbklko tkrskiut ruotun cebel pfbe bkotur ceo iugeo dkskr, pece gfocmsm
ikieo ikrbkimn.

=.9.8 Qkokrepeo ikieo dklpe

dklp e
 Gktkotueo uotug ikieo dklpe cmjkbesgeo cebel Qeseb 58.

=.8 Qklmbmn eo sms tkl @YQ

=.8.5
=.8.5 @egtfr bmo dgu odeo

@egtfr bmodguodeo ikrpkoderun

ikrpkoderun skhere gnes pece rksmo ceo skret smstkl @YQ. Xm`et lkgeoms
smstkl @YQ (gkgueteo termg, rkdeodeo termg ubtmlmt, ceo lfcubus kbestmsmtes) cepet lkouruo
 jmge tkrkgspfs `egtfr bmodguodeo
bmodguodeo skpkrtm,
skpkrtm, ebgebm, emr derel,
derel, zet gmlme,
gmlme, smoer ubtrevmfbkt,
ubtrevmfbkt, sunu ceo
ceo
gkbkliepeo tmoddm, eteu smgbus ikgu-hemr. Xm`et letkrmeb yeod cmduoegeo cebel cksemo nerus
cmpkrnmtuodgeo
cmpkrnmtuodge o ikrcesergeo =.3.

Qkrkoheoe ikrskrtm`mget nerus lklmbmn smstkl @YQ ikrcesergeo pkodktenueo tkoteod pkrmbegu
ieneo sknuiuodeo ckodeo gfocmsm `uodsm strugtur tkrskiut. Ikikrepe gfocmsm bmodguodeo yeod
lklpkoderunm smstkl skhere spksm`mg tkrsejm ikrmgut. Mo`frlesm gnusus cepet cmpkrfbkn cerm
prfcusko @YQ.
e) Ebgebm/gkeseleo
Ebgebm/gkeseleo– –Gmokrje smstkl @YQ cm cekren ckodeo geocuodeo ebgebm tmoddm skiedem
`uodsm wegtu, tkrdeotuod cerm letrmgs letkrmeb ceo skretoye. Xkret gerifo yeod gkrmod, tmceg
cmbmocuodm,
cmbmocuo dm, eteu tmceg gkrmod jkoun cepet lkoeneo pkoderun ebgebm, tktepm skret dkbes egeo
lkouruo gmokrjeoye. Letrmgs rksmo yeod cmpmbmn skhere spksm`mg uotug gfocmsm mom cepet
lkbmocuodm skret ceo lkohkden gkrusegeo egmiet ebgebm. Bmodguodeo ckodeo gecer esel
ceo gkbklieleo tmoddm skiemgoye lkodduoegeo smstkl ckodeo skret dkbes.
i) Qkluemeo egmiet sunu–sunu–Xmstkl @YQ lklmbmgm sm`et luem yeod ikrikce ckodeo iktfo.
Iengeo smstkl @YQ yeod tkrcmrm skret eteu pfbmlkr cepet lklmbmgm sm`et luem yeod ikredel.
Xkret gerifo lklmbmgm gfk`msmko luem lkockgetm ofb, skceodgeo skret dkbes lklmbmgm
gfk`msmko luem yeod lmrmp ckodeo iktfo. Qfbmlkr yeod cmduoegeo uotug pkrgueteo @YQ
ululoye lklmbmgm gfk`msmko luem bmle gebm bkimn ikser cermpece iktfo. Qkokotueo
rkdeodeo pkluemeo hugup gflpbkgs, cmskieigeo gerkoe vermesm cebel frmkotesm skret,
`regsm vfbulk skret, ceo gktkiebeo bepms pkrkget. Sktepm cerm pkokbmtmeo skikbuloye
cmmocmgesmgeo ienwe pkrikceeo gecer luem cebel rkoteod sunu yeod rkocen tmceg tkrbebu
lklpkoderunm ceye mget, sklmseb pece sunu µ9>±H (Lftevebbm kt eb. 5==47 Xfucgm eoc
Drkko 5==47 Drkko kt eb. 5==>).
bmstrmg–@YQ dkbes (D@YQ) ceo @YQ erelmc (E@YQ) ikr`uodsm hugup k`kgtm`
h) Gfocugtmvmtes bmstrmg–
skiedem mosubetfr bmstrmg, skceodgeo @YQ gerifo (H@YQ) tkrdfbfod skiedem gfocugtfr.
[otug lkodnmocerm pftkosm gfrfsm debveoms pece kbklko ieje, @YQ yeod ikriesms gerifo
tmceg ifbkn iknuiuodeo beodsuod ckodeo ieje.

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

8; cerm

XOM >=45:9195

=.8.9
=.8.9 Qkrt
Qkrtmli
mli eodeo pklikieoeo

Gfocmsm pklikieoeo ikrpkoderun skhere spksm`mg tkrnecep skret smstkl @YQ. Qkrkoheoe
ikrskrtm`mget nerus lklmbmn smstkl @YQ ikrcesergeo pkodktenueo tkoteod pkrmbegu smstkl
tkrskiut egmiet ikieo gkrje. Ikikrepe `egtfr yeod pkrbu cmpkrtmlieodgeo cebel lklmbmn
smstkl @YQ tkrheotul ikrmgut, ecepuo mo`frlesm gnusus nerus cmpkrfbkn cerm pmneg prfcusko.
skoteg –Xmstkl E@YQ ceo D@YQ lklmbmgm tfbkreosm yeod bkimn
e) Sfbkreosm tkrnecep ikieo skoteg–
iemg imbe cmieocmod ckodeo H@YQ.
gkbkbeneo –Xmstkl H@YQ lklpuoyem ceye teneo tmoddm tkrnecep
i) Yuotun reodgeg ceo gkbkbeneo–
ruotun reodgeg egmiet ikieo ikrgkbeojuteo ceo gkbkbeneo egmietm ikieo smgbmg. Xmstkl
D@YQ bkimn skosmtm` tkrnecep gkcue gfocmsm ikieo tkrskiut.

=.8.8
=.8.8 Qkrt
Qkrtmli
mli eodeo gkewkteo

Gkewkteo smstkl @YQ lkrupegeo imceod yeod lesmn tkrus cm skbmcmgm fbkn pere pkokbmtm (Cfbeo
kt eb. 911>7 Gerinerm 9114). Qkrkoheoe ikrskrtm`mget nerus lklmbmn smstkl @YQ yeod tkben tkrujm
skdm gkewkteooye cebel gfocmsm yeod sksuem ckodeo gkeceeo bmodguodeo cmleoe strugtur
tkrskiut egeo cmieoduo. Qkodujmeo gkewkteo cepet ikrupe pklikieoeo smgbmg peoes-cmodmo,
cmrkocel cm cebel beruteo ebgebm, smgbus hemr-ikgu, pklikrmeo smoer ubtrevmfbkt, pkleoeseo
cebel gkeceeo gkrmod, ceo pkoderun emr derel (Hrflwkbb kt eb. 9155).
 Qkoderun ikredel gfocmsm bmodguodeo skpkrtm ikgu hemr, geret iksm, ebgebm, rkegsm edrkdet
smbmge, emr yeod tkrjkieg cebel ieneo iktfo, tkgeoeo pfrm ceo treoslmsm pkoduepeo egmiet
gfocmsm gkbkliepeo pece sktmep smstkl @YQ yeod lkoykbmlutm kbklko iktfo skhere
gkskburuneo, nerus cmpkrmgse. (Lesfuc eoc Xfucgm 91107 Xfucgm eoc Drkko 5==47 Qfrtkr kt
eb. 5==47 Hnrmstkosko kt eb. 5==07 Sfuteojm 5===). Ieoyeg smstkl @YQ lklikotug bepmseo
gkcep emr pece pkrlugeeo iktfo. Epeimbe cmpkrgmregeo egeo eceoye pkoduepeo cerm cebel
letkrmeb gkbuer, pkrbu cmsmepgeo lktfck yeod lkluodgmogeo uep emr tkrskiut cepet lkoduep
ckodeo iemg.

=.8.3
=.8.3 Qklmb
Qklmb mneo pkbepms pkbmoc uod (prftkhtmvk hfetmod)
hfetmod )

Qkbepms pkbmocuod eteu smstkl mosubesm cepet cmpeseod pece smstkl @YQ uotug uotug
lkbmocuodm smstkl @YQ tkrnecep pkoderun bmodguodeo (Imsiy kt eb. 911;e7 Tmbbmels kt eb.
9110). Jkoms ceo gktkiebeo bepms pkbmocuod cmpmbmn ikrcesergeo pkrsyereteo letkrmeb gflpfsmt
pkriemgeo7 gkteneoeo tkrnecep `egtfr bmodguodeo skpkrtm gkbkieieo7 emr derel7 sunu kgstrml7
epm7 ikieo skoteg7 pkoderun smoer ubtrevmfbkt7 gkteneoeo tkrnecep gfocmsm gnusus cm bepeodeo
pkrusegeo fbkn leousme. Qkbepmseo pkrbmocuodeo cmlegsucgeo uotug lklpkrbeliet prfsks
pkouruoeo sm`et lkgeoms cerm smstkl @YQ. Bepmseo pkbmocuod nerus cm pkrmgse skhere ikrgebe
uotug lkyegmogeo ienwe bepmseo tkrskiut tktep ikr`uodsm k`kgtm`.

Qkbepms pkbmocuod kgstkroeb eteu pkokiebeo bepmseo rksmo cepet lkbmocuodm smstkl @YQ
tkrnecep ikieo skoteg eteu eiresm. Cm cekren ckodeo ikieo skoteg tmoddm eteu cebel
bmodguodeo bebu bmotes cmpkrbugeo pkomodgeteo pkbepms pkrbmocuod. Qbkstkreo sklko QH eteu
pkbepms pfbmlkr skrmod cmduoegeo imbe gkluodgmoeo eceoye ikieo skoteg ceo eiresm rkocen.

=.3 Cksemo sm` et letkrmeb

Cete sm`et letkrmeb cerm prfcusko skpkrtm gkgueteo termg ubtmlmt tmceg lklpkrtmlieodgeo
pkoderun jeodge peojeod egmiet bmodguodeo sknmodde cepet cmduoegeo skiedem sm`et eweb. Neb
mom cmgerkoegeo pkoderun jeodge peojeod bmodguodeo cepet lkouruogeo gkteneoeo termg,
ruotun reodgeg ceo gkbkbeneo. Ckodeo cklmgmeo sm`et letkrmeb yeod cmduoegeo cebel cksemo
nerus cmjeiergeo uotug lklpkrnmtuodgeo pkoderun jeodge peojeod bmodguodeo.

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

80 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

Qkrseleeo (=.3e) cksemo.

cmduoegeo cebel selpem Gkgueteo
(=.3h) lklikrmgeo
termg ubtmlmt ruluseo tkoteod
cebel cksemo sm`et cmtkotugeo
nerus termg yeodckodeo
nerus
lkodduoegeo `egtfr pkodureod yeod cmikrmgeo cebel teikb =.3, sksuem ckodeo jkoms skret
yeod cmpegem.

 ` `u < HK ` `u*   (=.3e)

Ykdeodeo reodgeg ruotun cebel cksemo jude nerus cmturuogeo uotug lklpkrnmtuodgeo
pkoderun bmodguodeo jeodge peojeod
 `u < H K  `u*   (=.3i)

Gerkoe letkrmeb @YQ ikrsm`et bmomkr kbestms selpem ruotun, ombem lfcubus kbestmsmtesoye @YQ
cepet cmtkotugeo ckodeo nugul Nffgk. Qkrseleeo (=.3h) lkojkbesgeo ienwe lfcubus
kbestmsmtes ululoye tmceg tkrpkoderun fbkn gfocmsm bmodguodeo. Qkrseleeo tkrskiut egeo
lkodnesmbgeo lfcubus kbestmsmtes yeod sele ckodeo ombem cerm prfcusko.

 < `  `u/λ `u 
K `  < (=.3h)

[osur-uosur letkrmeb skret ceo rksmo suetu smstkl @YQ lklpkoderunm gkewkteo ceo
gkteneoeo tkrnecep pkoderun bmodguodeo. @egtfr rkcugsm bmodguodeo yeod tkrheotul cebel
Seikb =.3 cmtkotugeo skhere gfoskrvetm` ikrcesergeo gkewkteo rkbetm` lesmod-lesmod skret.

Xkpkrtm tkrhkrlmo cebel Seikb =.3, imbe smstkl @YQ tkrskiut ikrece cebel bmodguodeo yeod
relen, lmseb strugtur yeod tkrcepet cm cebel rueodeo, lege `egtfr rkcugsm lkockgetm ofb.
Xkiebmgoye imbe smstkl @YQ tkrskiut ikrece cebel bmodguodeo edrksm` skpkrtm lmseboye
gkbkieleo tmoddm7 smgbus ikgu-hemr7 emr derel eteu esel, nerus cm elimb `egtfr rkcugsm yeod
 bkimn rkocen. Nesmb pkokbmtmeo lkluojuggeo ienwe `egtfr rkcugsm cepet cmlfcm`mgesm epeimbe
( hfetmod)) yeod cepet lkodureodm pkoderun bmodguodeo ceo
cmduoegeo bepmseo pkbmocuod (hfetmod
cmyegmom cepet ikr`uodsm skulur gfostrugsmoye.
gfostrugsmoye.

Seikb
Seikb =.3
=.3 @egtfr
@egtfr rkcugsm bmodg uodeo uotug smstkl @
@YQ
YQ ceo jkoms pepereooye
pepereooye
(kxpfsurk
kxpfsurk)) 
Gfocms m bmodg uodeo Jkoms skret @egtfr
@egtfr rkcugsm bmodg uodeo (H  K)
Gerifo 1,=;
Bmodguodeo tkrbmocuod, cm
Dkbes 1,4;
cebel rueodeo
 Erelmc 1,>;
Bmodguodeo tmceg tkrbmocuod Gerifo 1,>;
(jklieteo, pmber, eteu deresm Dkbes 1,0;
tkriuge)  Erelmc 1,4;
Bmodguoedo edrksm` (peirmg Gerifo 1,>;
gmlme ceo peirmg pkojkromneo Dkbes 1,;1
bmlien)  Erelmc 1,41

51 Qkrgueteo bkotu r

Qkoklpeteo tubeodeo @YQ ckodeo skret yeod ikrfrmkotesmgeo skpeojeod ieteod pece cekren
termg kbklko bkotur egeo smdom`mgeo lkoelien gkgueteo bkotur. Qkomodgeteo 51% - 501%
tkrhetet (Lkmkr eoc Gemskr 5==57 Ymthnmk kt eb. 5==57 Xnerm` kt eb. 5==3). Jmge lklp
lklpkrnmtuodgeo
krnmtuodgeo
ietes pkrgueteo skpkrtm cmjkbesgeo pece =.97 pklieteseo cegtmbmtes ceo pklieteseo lese
beyeo, pkomodgeteo gkgueteo bkotur skikser 31 pkrsko lkrupegeo eodge yeod wejer.

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

84 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

Qkojkbeseo cebel Qeseb mom tmceg lkohegup smstkl @YQ yeod cmduoegeo uotug lkomodgetgeo
gkgueteo bkotur cm cekren skocm pbestms egmiet ikieo dklpe pece strugtur reodge pkoeneo
lflko cegtmb, mtu egeo cmjkbesgeo cm Qeseb 58.

51
51.5
.5 Gkgueteo oflm oeb

@ebse`en cksemo ikrcesergeo grmtkrme gkgueteo lkoeocesgeo ienwe gkgueteo bkotur skiuen
kbklko nerus lkbkimnm lflko tkr`egtfr ikrcesergeo Qkrs. (51.5). ϛ L  o  eceben lflko
oflmoeb yeod cmgebmgeo ckodeo `egtfr rkcugsm gkgueteo,  L u eceben lflko yeod cmnmtuod cerm
ikieo tkr`egtfr (ε CB L  CB + ε BB L  BB +...)

 L u 
 L o ≫ L  (51.5)

Cebel Qeseb mom,  L u  cmnmtuod ckodeo lkodduoegeo `egtfr pklikieoeo skpkrtm yeod
cmsyeretgeo cebel EHM 85>. @egtfr rkcugsm telieneo uotug @YQ, ώ `  , nerus cmduoegeo neoye
pece gflpfoko gkgueteo bkotur gfotrmiusm @YQ L  o`  skpkrtm
 skpkrtm tkrheotul cebel 51.9.51. @egtfr
rkcugsm telieneo ώ ` cmduoegeo uotug pkomodgeteo gkneocebeo pkokotueo gkgueteo skrte

lklpkrnmtuodgeo
(pkodkbupeseo cermredel pfbe@YQ)
tubeodeo gkneohureo yeod luodgmo tkrjecm pece smstkl pkrgueteo @YQ

Gkgueteo bkotur oflmoeb kbklko ckodeo pkrgueteo @YQ ckodeo tubeodeo ieje buoeg ceo
tubeodeo pretkdeod tkrbkget, cepet cmtkotugeo ikrcesergeo eses gflpetmimbmtes rkdeodeo,
gksktmlieodeo deye cebel ceo pkodetureo pfbe gkruotuneo. [otug kbklko ckodeo
pkoubeodeo pretkdeod tmceg tkrbkget, gflpetmimbmtes rkdeodeo teg cepet cmduoegeo, ceo
gkruotuneo tkocfo tmceg tkrbkget tkrdeotuod cerm pkrmbegu gkruotuneo skburun smstkl strugtur
ckodeo esulsm ienwe skburun pftfodeo pkoelpeod ikrpkrmbegu sele.

51
51.5.5
.5.5 Qfbe gkruo tun eo

Gkgueteo bkotur pkoelpeod tkrdeotuod cerm pfbe gkruotuneooye. Qfbe-pfbe gkruotuneo cm

ikrmgut cepet tkrjecm pece kbklko ckodeo smstkl pkrgueteo @YQ (DeodeYef eoc Pmjey 5==>).
e) Iktfo neohur cm cekren tkgeo lkocenubum bkbknoye tubeodeo termg
 i) Subeodeo termg lkbkbkn cmmgutm
cmmgutm fbkn rfikg/ruotunoye belm
belmoet
oet @YQ
h)
c) Subeodeo termg
Ckbelmoesm lkbkbkn
dkskr/termg
dkskr cmmgutm
/termg cerm fbkn neohuroye
skbmlut iktfo iktfo cm cekren tkgeo
k) Nmbeodoye bkgeteo eotere @YQ ckodeo iktfo (@YQ(@YQ ckifocmod)
ckifocmod)

Gkneohureo iktfo tkgeo cmesulsmgeo tkrjecm jmge rkdeodeo tkgeo iktfo lkohepem eodge
legsmlul (λ h < λ hu < 1,118). Yuotunoye @YQ kgstkroeb cmesulsmgeo tkrjecm jmge rkdeodeo @YQ
lkohepem rkdeodeo ruotun (λ `  < < λ `u) skikbul iktfo lkohepem rkdeodeo legsmlul.

(ckifocmod)   tkrjecm jmge deye yeod tkrjecm

Ckbelmoesm skbmlut eteu tkrbkpesoye bkgeteo @YQ (ckifocmod)
cebel @YQ tmceg cepet cmteneo fbkn iktfo pece cekren bkgeteo @YQ ceo iktfo (Delier
51.5.5e). Qkrmstmwe mom cmgkoeb ckodeo ckifocmod
ckifocmod,, ceo tmceg lklpkrnetmgeo ckeren cmleoe
prfsks gknmbeodeo bkgeteo tkrjecm. Qktuojug uotug lkodnmocerm `koflkoe mom cmjkbesgeo cm
Qeseb 58.

Cekren ujuod pkrgueteo kgstkroeb @YQ lkrupegeo cekren yeod cmpkoderunm fbkn ckifocmod
(Delier 51.5.5e(i)). [otug lkodnmocerm rkteg gerkoe gkdedebeo ckifocmod
ckifocmod,, rkdeodeo k`kgtm`
tubeodeo @YQ nerus cmietesm ckodeo rkdeodeo ckifcmod, λ `c , skpkrtm yeod tkrheotul cm Qkrs.
(51.5.5)

'
 ` h
 `c < 1, 35  1, = `u (XM)   (51.5.5) 
oK ` t ` 

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

8> cerm

XOM >=45:9195

Qkrseleeo (51.5.5) cmlfcm`mgesm cerm ruluseo rkdeodeo ckifocmod yeod cmgklieodgeo fbkn
Skod kt eb. (9118, 9113) cmcesergeo pece cete-cete pkodujmeo iebfg bkotur yeod lkodebelm
ckifocmod @YQ. Yuluseo tkrskiut cmgebmiresm ikrcesergeo ombem rkdeodeo @YQ rete-rete seet
ckifocmod pece pkodujmeo yeod lkouojuggeo rkteg ckifocmod ckodeo lkodduoegeo
gfk`msmko gktkbmtmeo stetmstmg skikser 1,35. Gkneocebeo gfotrmiusm @YQ pece iebfg bkotur cmjelmo
ckodeo `egtfr gfk`mksmko rkcugsm @YQ ώ `   yeod cmduoegeo ikrseleeo ckodeo `egtfr rkcugsm
gkgueteo ϛ, (EHM 85> uotug iktfo struhtureb). Xmstkl eodgur skpkrtm iebuteo [, pkoyeliuod
lkgeoms, eodgur skret ceo eodgur-[ tkriugtm cepet lkodneliet, ceo geceod iengeo
lkohkden ckifocmod cerm @YQ lkleojeod (hfotfn cepet cmbmnet cebel iedeo Delier
51.5.5i) (Geb`et kt eb. 91587 Drkbbk eoc Xokkc 9158). Qkokbmtmeo bemo lkouojuggeo ienwe
smstkl eodgur mom cepet lkomodgetgeo rkdeodeo
rkdeodeo k`kgtm` pece @YQ bkotur iengeo selpem ietes
ruotun termg @YQ (Bkk kt eb. 91517 Frtfo kt eb. 911>).

( oker-sur`ehk-lfuotkc   OXL), ombem λ `u 

[otug smstkl @YQ yeod tkrteoel ckget pkrlugeeo (oker-sur`ehk-lfuotkc
cepet ikrvermesm eotere 1,0 λ `u - 1,=λ `u, tkrdeotuod `egtfr cmlkosm kbklko, resmf tubeodeo ieje
ceo @YQ, ceo gkgesereo pkrlugeeo tubeodeo @YQ. Ikrcesergeo eoebmse ceteiesk yeod ece
(Imeohf kt eb. 9153), ombem λ `c   yeod cmrkgflkocesmgeo eceben 1,4λ `u. [otug lkohepem ombem
rkdeodeo ckifocmod
ckifocmod   tubeodeo @YQ OXL   λ `c , peojeod bkgeteo nerus bkimn cerm pkojeod
pkoyebureo yeod cmjkbesgeo cm Qeseb 58.
@YQ ckifocmod (bmnet (i))

tubeodeo bfodmtucmoeb

ckbelmoesm skbmlut (bmnet (h))

(e) Qkrmbegu ieteod bkotur ckodeo tubeodeo mgeteo pece sf``mt

rkteg rkteg
bkotur  lmrmod

tubeodeo bfodmtucmoe
bfodmtucmoebb

Qrfsks ckifocmod bkwet Qrfsks ckbelmoesm bkwet

letrmgs sklko eteu bepms letrmgs sklko eteu bepms @YQ bkpes
@YQ bkpes
pkrkget pkrkget cerm suistret
cerm suistret
 (i) Ckifocmod yeod cmmomsmesm fbkn (h) Ckbelmoesm yeod cmmomsmesm fbkn
rkteg bkotur eteu dkskr  bkgugeo tubeodeo @YQ

51.5.5e ‘ Qrfsks ckifocmo d ceo ckbelmoesm smst kl @YQ

Delier 51.5.5e @YQ kgstkroeb

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

8= cerm

XOM >=45:9195

Qkodeodgureo Qkodeodgureo @YQ

Qkodeodgureo @YQ
@ YQ bklpkod @YQ
 Eodgur
 Eodgur ikotug
ikotug [

iebfg sf``mt
(e) [-wrep (i) Bklpkodeo @YQ

pkodkoheod lkgeoms
pkbet ieje
eodgur
OXL
kpfgsm
Qkodeodgureo ieteod @YQ iebfg sf``mt
@YQ Qkodeodgureo @YQ Qkodeodgureo @YQ

(h) Eodgur OXL (c) Qkodkoheod lkgeoms

eodgur `mikr 

eodgur `mikr  Qkodeodgureo @YQ

Qkodeodgureo @YQ

iebfg sf``mt (k) Eodgur `mikr

51.5.5i ‘ Xmstkl eodg ur @YQ

Delier 51.5.5i

51
51.9
.9 Gflpfo ko iktfo ikrtubeod

Iedmeo mom lklienes pktuojug lkodkoem gebgubesm k`kg pkrgueteo bkotur fbkn eceoye
pkoelieneo pkrgueteo @YQ eren bfodmtucmoeb cm cekren pkrlugeeo termg cerm gflpfoko
iktfo ikrtubeod. Gfoskp-gfoskp cmmbustresmgeo skhere spksm`mg cm iedmeo mom uotug lkokrepgeo
pkrgueteo iktfo ikrtubeod ofopretkdeod pkoelpeod pkrskdm cm zfoe termg. Cm iedmeo mom
cmpkrfbkn uremeo gfoskp-gfoskp skhere ulul, oeluo jude cmpkrbues gk ikotug-ikotug
pkoelpeod ‘M)
pkoelpeod ofopkrskdm (pkoelpeod-S ceo pkoelpeod ‘ M) pece gflpfoko ckodeo tubeodeo
tkgeo.

51.9.5 Esulsm-esulsm
  Esulsm-esulsm ikrmgut cmiuet cebel reodge gebgubesm gkteneoeo bkotur pece pkoelpeod yeod
cmpkrguet skhere kgstkroeb ckodeo smstkl @YQ:
e) Gebgubesm cksemo eceben ikrcesergeo cmlkosm, susuoeo tubeodeo ieje motkroeb, ceo sm`et-
sm`et letkrmeb cerm gflpfoko kgsmstmod yeod skceod cmpkrguet.
i) Ykdeodeo tubeodeo ieje ceo iktfo eceben ikrieocmod burus ckodeo jeregoye cerm suliu
oktreb. Ertmoye pece pkoelpeod imceod skikbul cmikieom ceo sktkben cmikieom egeo tktep.
h) Smceg ece sbmp eotere pkrgueteo @YQ kgstkroeb ckodeo iktfo.
c) tmpms
Ck`frlesm dkskrvermesm
ceo skcmgmt pece cebel
bepmseogktkiebeooye.
yeod tkrbkget cmeiemgeo skiei bepmseo pkbkgetoye seodet
k) Ykdeodeo tkgeo legsmlul yeod cepet cmduoegeo pece iktfo eceben 1,118.

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

31 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

`) Gkgueteo termg iktfo cmeiemgeo.

cmeiemgeo.
d) @YQ lklpuoyem nuiuodeo tkdeodeo-rkdeodeo kbestmg bmomkr nmodde ruotun.

Xklkotere mtu ikikrepe esulsm cmpkrbugeo uotug lklucengeo pkrnmtuodeo jmge esulsm-
esulsm tkrskiut tmceg eguret cebel lkrkprkskotesmgeo pkrmbegu @YQ skhere `uocelkoteb
cebel pkrgueteo bkotur. Xkiedem hfotfn, tkrjecmoye ck`frlesm dkskr cm cebel bepmseo yeod
tkrbkget, yeod lkoykieigeo sbmp eotere @YQ ceo suistret. Oeluo gktmceg egureteo esulsm
tkrskiut tmceg egeo ikrpkoderun pece gebgubesm gkgueteo bkotur skhere smdom`mgeo pece
gflpfoko yeod cmpkrguet @YQ. Selieneo `egtfr rkcugsm gkgueteo (cmsejmgeo cebel 51.9.51)
skhere gfoskrvetm` egeo lklpkrbmnetgeo
lklpkrbmnetgeo pkrikceeo tkrskiut.

51.9.9
51.9.9 Gkgu eteo dkskr

Gktmge pkrgueteo @YQ tkben cmduoegeo uotug lkomodgetgeo gkgueteo bkotur gflpfoko
strugtur, lege gflpfoko
gflpfoko strugtur tkrskiut nerus
nerus lelpu lkoeneo deye dkskr yeod tkrgemt
tkrgemt
ckodeo pkomodgeteo gkgueteo bkotur. Qece pkoelpeod yeod ikrpftkosm lkodebelm
gkruotuneo dkskr nerus cmpkrnmtuodgeo ckodeo lklieocmodgeo cksemo gkgueteo dkskr
pkoelpeod tkrnecep pkrsyereteo cksemo dkskr. Jmge pkoelieneo pkrgueteo dkskr
cmpkrbugeo, belmoesm @YQ cmpeseod ckodeo frmkotesm eren treosvkrseb tkrnecep suliu
bfodmtucmoeb iebfg eder cepet lkoeneo deye-deye dkskr, skpkrtm cmdeliergeo cebel Qeseb
55.

51.9.8
51.9.8 Ykdeodeo
Ykdeodeo sui stret
st ret kgsms tmo d

Xklue ikieo yeod ikgkrje pece gflpfoko strugtur nerus cmnmbeodgeo skikbul pkleseodeo
pkrgueteo @YQ sknmodde suistret @YQ yeod cmtkrepgeo egeo lkrkdeod, gkhuebm ikret skocmrm
ceo deye-deye pretkdeod. Ykdeodeo-rkdeodeo tkrskiut nerus cmpkrnmtuodgeo skiedem
rkdeodeo eweb gkhuebm rkdeodeo cm cebel @YQ (Ercumom ceo Oeoom 5==47 Oeoom ceo Dfbc
5==>). Ykdeodeo eweb pece suistret yeod tkrbkget, λ im, cepet cmtkotugeo cerm eoebmsms kbestmg
pece gflpfoko kgsmstmod, ckodeo lklpkrnmtuodgeo sklue ikieo yeod ikgkrje pece
gflpfoko skbele pkleseodeo smstkl @YQ. Eoebmsms kbestmg pece gflpfoko kgsmstmod nerus
ikrcesergeo sm`et-sm`et pkoelpeod rkteg.

51.9.3
51.9.3 Qkrgueteo bkotu r pece cekren hkguo d

 Eceoye gkbkodguodeo/gurvetur
gkbkodguodeo/gurvetur cm iedmeo iewen iktfo cepet lkoykieigeo pkodklieodeo
tkdeodeo ofrleb termg tkrnecep bkgeteo pkrlugeeo @YQ yeod tkrbkget. Skdeodeo termg tkrjecm
gktmge ikieo ikgkrje ceo @YQ hkockruod burus gk iewen, ceo cepet lkoykieigeo
gknmbeodeo bkgeteo eweb @YQ eteu gkdedebeo ikrtenep yeod lkodureodm gkk`kgtm`eo
pkrgueteo bkotur @YQ (Emkbbf kt eb. 91157 Ksnwer kt eb. 9118). Jmge peojeod ikodgfgeo bkimn
cerm 5 l ckodeo mogrklkotesm ; ll, pkrlugeeo nerus cmiuet ceter skikbul cmpkrguet.
Xkiedem ebtkroetm`, smstkl eodgur skpkrtm bmbmteo-[, pkoduohm lkgeomg, eodgur skret, eteu
eodgur OXL yeod nerus cmpeseod uotug lkodureodm ckbelmoesm (Ksnwer kt eb. 911;).
 © IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 
35 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

i i

c c
c  eteu c  eteu
 `   ` 
c  c 
 p  p
 Es eteu E p  Es eteu E p

 E `   E ` 

(e) Belmoesm @YQ (i) Subeodeo OXL 

51.9.; ‘ Smoddm k`kgtm` smst kl @YQ

Delier 51.9.; @YQ

51
51.9.;
.9.; Ykdeodeo
Ykdeodeo cm cebel
cebel pkrgu eteo @YQ

 Eceben neb yeod pkotmod uotug lkokotugeo rkdeodeo

rkdeodeo cm cebel pkrgueteo @YQ pece gfocmsm
ietes ubtmlmt. Xkiei
Xki ei letkrmeb @YQ eceben kbestmg bmomkr nmodde ruot
ruotun,
un, rkdeodeo pece @YQ egeo
lkokotugeo tkdeodeo yeod tkrjecm cm @YQ. Ykdeodeo legsmlul cepet cmhepem cm cebel
pkrgueteo @YQ yeod cmtkotugeo fbkn seben setu rkdeodeo yeod ikrgklieod cm cebel @YQ,
yemtu pece tmtmg cmleoe iktfo ruotun, pece seet @YQ ruotun, eteu pece seet @YQ gknmbeodeo
bkgeteo ckodeo suistret. Ykdeodeo k`kgtm` cebel pkrgueteo @YQ pece seet ietes ubtmlmt
cmpkrfbkn ikrcesergeo Qkrs. (51.9.;).

c ∙h
 `k < hu   `   ∙ im   `c    (51.9.;)
 h 
cmleoe λ im  eceben rkdeodeo suistret eweb skpkrtm cmdeliergeo pece 51.9.8, ceo c`   eceben
tmoddm k`kgtm` pkrgueteo @YQ, skpkrtm cmtuojuggeo pece Delier 51.9.;.

51
51.9.0
.9.0 Skdeodeo cm cebel pkrgueteo @YQ
@YQ

Skdeodeo legsmlul cm cebel pkrgueteo @YQ eceben tmodget tkdeodeo legsmlul yeod
ikrgklieod cm cebel pkrgueteo @YQ skikbul lkodebelm gkruotuneo bkotur pece
pkoelpeod. Skdeodeo k`kgtm` mom cepet cmpkrfbkn cerm rkdeodeo cm cebel @YQ, ckodeo esulsm
pkrmbegu kbestmg sklpuroe

 `  `k  < K `k `k   (51.9.0)

51
51.9.4
.9.4 @egtfr rkcug sm gkgueteo

Qkodduoeeo pkrgueteo @YQ tkrbkget skhere kgstkroeb uotug pkrgueteo bkotur egeo
lkodureodm cegtmbmtes gflpfoko strugtur yeod skikoeroye. Cebel ikikrepe gesus,
gknmbeodeo cegtmbmtes cmeiemgeo. Ikikrepe iedmeo egeo lkodebelm gknmbeodeo cegtmbmtes
smdom`mgeo, oeluo nerus cmetesm. [otug lkojede tmodget cegtmbmtes yeod hugup, rkdeodeo cm
cebel ieje pece gfocmsm ietes ubtmlmt nerus cmhkg. [otug gflpfoko iktfo ikrtubeod, cegtmbmtes
yeod lklecem cmhepem jmge rkdeodeo cebel ieje pece seet iktfo neohur eteu ruotun
skgureod-gureodoye eceben 1,11;, tkrlesug @YQ lkodebelm ckbelmoesm eteu gknmbeodeo
gkgueteo, lkourut ck`momsm pkoelpeod tkrgfotrfb termg skpkrtm yeod cmikrmgeo cebel EHM85>
(XOM 9>34).
 © IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 
39 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

Xkiedem pkockgeteo cmelimb `mbfsf`m ikrcesergeo EHM85>/XOM 9>34. 9>34 . @egtfr rkcugsm gkgueteo
yeod cmikrmgeo pece Qkrs. (51.9.4) nerus cmduoegeo, cmleoe λ t  eceben rkdeodeo termg oktf
ieje termg tkrbuer pece seet gkgueteo oflmoeb, skpkrtm cmck`momsmgeo cebel EHM85>/XOM 9>34.

1,=1 uotug
  t   1,11;

 1, 9;(t ∙  sy )
 1, 0; + uotug sy 2  t 2 1,11;   (51.9.4)
1,11; ∙  sy
1,0; uotug
 t  sy

Qkrseleeo mom lkoyetegeo ienwe `egtfr rkcugsm skikser 1,= uotug pkoelpeod cegtmb ceo
1,0; uotug pkoelpeod dktes cmleoe ieje ikbul bkbkn, ceo lkoykcmegeo pkrseleeo treosmsm
bmomkr uotug `egtfr rkcugsm cmeotere gkcme ombem tkrskiut. Qkodduoeeo Qkrs.(51.9.4) cmietesm
uotug ieje yeod lklpuoyem tkdeodeo bkbkn  `  y gureod cerm ;;1 LQe (EHM85>/XOM
( EHM85>/XOM 9>34).

51.9.>
51.9.> Gklelpu eo beyeo

Gklelpueo beyeo gflpfoko strugtur (ck`bkgsm ceo bkier rkteg) tkrnecep ikieo beyeo nerus
cmduoegeo sksuem gktkotueo EHM85>/XOM 9>34. K`kg pkrgueteo kgstkroeb @YQ tkrnecep
gklelpueo beyeo cepet cmombem lkodduoegeo eoebmsms pkoeopeod treos`frlesm.

[otug lkodnmocerm ck`frlesm mokbestmg cerm gflpfoko iktfo ikrtubeod ofopretkdeod yeod
cmpkrguet @YQ skhere kgstkroeb, tubeodeo ieje kgsmstmod nerus cmhkden cerm gkbkbkneooye
tkrnecep tkrnecep tmodgeteo ikieo beyeo, tkrutele uotug gflpfoko yeod cmikrm ikieo smgbmg
(Kb-Sewmb kt eb. 9115). Skdeodeo tubeodeo ieje tkrnecep ikieo beyeo nerus cmietesm nmodde >1
pkrsko cerm gkgueteo bkbknoye, skpkrtm cmtuojuggeo cebel Qkrs. (51.9.>e).
( 51.9.>e). skiedem telieneo,
tkdeodeo tkgeo iktfo tkrnecep ikieo beyeo nerus cmietesm nmodde 01 pkrsko cerm gkgueteo
tkgeooye, skpkrtm cmtuojuggeo pece Qkrs. (51.9.>i).

 ` s ,s   1,>1 ` y   (51.9.>e)

 `h,s   1,01 ` h'   (51.9.>i)

51.9.=
51.9.= Gkruo tun eo reodgeg ceo ieteseo tkdeodeo `etmg

[otug lkodnmocerm gkruotuneo reodgeg pece pkrgueteo @YQ tkrnecep tkdeodeo tktep eteu
gkruotuneo egmiet tkdeodeo smgbmg ceo `etmg pece pkrgueteo @YQ, lege tkdeodeo yeod tkrjecm
pece @YQ egmiet gfocmsm tkdeodeo yeod cmskiut cm etes nerus cm hkg. Gerkoe tkdeodeo
tkrskiut egeo ikrece cebel rkoteod kbestmg cerm gflpfoko strugtur, lege tkdeodeo cepet
cmnmtuod lkbebum eoebmsms kbestmg lkodduoegeo sm`et-sm`et pkoelpeod rkteg yeod sksuem.

Qece iedmeo 3.3, `koflkoe gkruotuneo reodgeg ceo `etmg ceo geregtkrmstmg cerm letkrmeb @YQ
tkben cmuremgeo ceo gkteneoeooye tkrnecep k`kg tmpk skret tkben cmujm. Xkpkrtm tkben cmskiutgeo
cebel 3.3.5, pkokbmtmeo tkben lkouojuggeo ienwe gkgueteo dkbes, erelmc ceo skret gerifo
lesmod-lesmod skgmter 1,87 1,; ceo 1,= gebm gkgueteo ubtmlmtoye, skikbul lkodebelm
gkruotuneo reodgeg (]eleduhnm kt eb. 5==47 Lebver 5==>). [otug lkodnmocerm gkruotuneo
gflpfoko pkrgueteo @YQ egmiet gkruotuneo reodgeg ceo `etmg pece @YQ, ieteseo tkdeodeo
nerus cmgkoegeo pece pkrgueteo @YQ. Skdeodeo pece @YQ cepet cmnmtuod lkodduoegeo
eoebmsms kbestmg ceo ikrcesergeo lflko yeod tkrjecm egmiet ikieo tktep (ikieo letm ceo
ikieo tktep yeod cmgflimoesmgeo ckodeo ikieo nmcup) cmtelien ckodeo lflko legsmlul
yeod cmckgetm lkbebum smgbus pklikieoeo `etmg (Delier 51.9.=). [otug `egtfr gkeleoeo,
tkdeodeo yeod tkrjecm nerus cmietesm sksuem Qkrs. (51.9.=). Eodge-eodge gkeleoeo
cmtelienn tkdeodeo cmikrmgeo pece Seikb 51.9.=. Ombem-ombem tkrskiut ikrcesergeo pkockgeteo

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

38 cerm
 

XOM >=45:9195

pece ietes-ietes tkdeodeo yeod tkben cmuremgeo cbel 3.3.5 ckodeo pklikrmeo `egtfr
gkeleoeo skikser 5/1,0.

 `  `,s < ietes tkde

tkdeodeo
odeo lkokrus
lkokrus ceo smgbmg   (51.9.=)

Lflko mocugsm

   n
  e
   b
  k
   b
  o   e
  k   o
  l  k
  f   r
  e
   L   g
   s
    L
  o
  e
   t
  u
   j
  o
  o   b
  e
  k   k
  l   g
  r
  f   k
   L   i
Tegtu

Delier 51.9.=
51.9.= ‘ Mbustresm jkoms lfl ko yeod ikgkrje
ikgkrje yeod cmduoegeo uotug lklkrmgse
ietes tkdeod eo pece pkrgueteo @YQ

Seikb 51.9.= ‘ Ietes tkdeodeo lkokrus ceo smg bmg tubeodeo @YQ

Jkoms skret
Jkoms tkdeodeo
tkdeodeo
D@YQ E@YQ H@YQ
Ietes tkdeodeo
1,91 `  `u  1,81 `  `u  1,;; `  `u 
smgbmg lkokrus

51
51.9
.9.5
.51
1 Gkgueteo
Gkgueteo ubt mlmt pkoelpeod
pkoelpeod pkrskdm tub eode
eodeo
o tu oddeb

[otug lkodmbustresmgeo gfoskp-gfoskp yeod cmuremgeo cebel iei mom, iedmeo mom lkojkbesgeo
ikikrepe epbmgesm gfoskp uotug iktfo ofopretkdeod pkoelpeod pkrskdm tubeodeo tuoddeb.
Delier 51.9.51 lkoddeliergeo rkdeodeo motkroeb ceo cmstrmiusm tkdeodeo uotug
pkoelpeod pkrskdm tkrnecep bkotur pece gfocmsm ietes ubtmlmt.

Qrfskcur gebgubesm cmduoegeo uotug lkocepetgeo gkgueteo ubtmlmt yeod nerus sksuem ckodeo
gflpetmimbmtes rkdeodeo ceo gkskmlieodeo deye-deye. Ikikrepe prfskcur gebgubesm cepet
cmgkbflpfggeo gk cebel ikikrepe gfocmsm. Qrfskcur pkrnmtuodeo yeod cmuremgeo cmsmom
lkoduremgeo lktfck mtkresm yeod lkohegup pkokotueo derms oktreb , h, pkrnmtuodeo tmep
letkrmeb lkodduoegeo gflpetmimbtes rkdeodeo7 pkrnmtuodeo tkdeodeo yeod sksuem uotug tmep-
tmep letkrmeb7 ceo hkg gkskmlieodeo deye motkroeb. Jmge pkojulbeneo deye-deye motkroeb tmceg
skmlieod, lege gkcebeleo derms oktreb nerus cmrkvmsm ceo prfskcur cmubeodm bedm.

[otug sktmep esulsm gkcebeleo derms oktreb yeod cmelimb, h, rkdeodeo cm cebel pkrgueteo
@YQ cepet cmnmtuod lkbebum Qkrs. (51.9.;). Qkrseleeo mom lklpkrtmlieodgeo pkokotueo
lfcus gkruotuneo pece pkoelpeod. Epeimbe rues gmrm cerm gktmcegsktereeo tkrskiut
lkokotugeo, lege gkneohureo iktfo egeo ikrupe pfbe gkneohureo bkotur. Epeimbe rues
geoeo cerm gktmcegsktereeo tkrskiut lkokotugeo, lege pfbe gkruotuneo bkotur tkrjecm pece
@YQ (ruotun eteu gknmbeode
gknmbeodeo
o bkgeteo).

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

33 cerm

XOM >=45:9195
 '
i i λh  5 ` 
 h

h @ h   5h @ h

c 
 ` 
c  c 
 ` 
c 

 Es  Es
λs @ s eteu @  @ s eteu @ 
 y  y
@ 
 `k @ 
 `k

 E `   E `  λ `k   λim

Gkskmlieodeo Deye Gksktmlieodeo Deye
Qkoelpeod Iktfo Ikrtubeod Cmstrmiusm
Skdeodeo (Cmstrmiusm Skdeodeo (Cmstrmiusm Skdeodeo
Ofobmomkr) Kgumvebko)

51.9.51 ‘ Cmstrm iusm rkdeodeo

Delier 51.9.51 rkdeodeo ceo t kdeodeo
kdeodeo pkoelpeod pkrskdm tkrnecep
bkotur pece gfocmsm i etes
etes ubtml mt

Skdeodeo k`kgtm` cm cebel pkrgueteo @YQ cepet cmtkotugeo lkbebum rkdeodeo yeod tkrjecm cm
@YQ, ckodeo esulsm pkrmbegu kbestmg lkodduoegeo Qkr. (51.9.0). Ikrcesergeo rkdeodeo pece
pkrgueteo @YQ, rkdeodeo tubeodeo ieje pece iktfo ofopretkdeod cepet cmnmtuod lkbebum
Qkrs. (51.9.51e) lkodduoe
lkodduoegeo
geo gflpetmimbmtes
gflpetmimbmtes rkdeodeo
r kdeodeo..

 c ∙h 
s < (  `k + im )     (51.9.51e)
c
  `  ∙ h 

Skdeodeo cm ieje cmtkotugeo ikrcesergeo gfocmsm ieje cebel gkeceeo kbestmg pece gurve
tkdeodeo-rkdeodeo.

 ` s < Ks s  ` y   (51.9.51i)

Skdeodeo cm cebel @YQ ceo tubeodeo ieje cmtkotugeo ikrcesergeo gkskmlieodeo deye-deye
motkroeb yeod cm hkg lkodduoegeo Qkrs. (51.9.51h).

5 `h'5ih < Es ` s + E` ` `k   (51.9.51h)

ε5 ceo ι5  pece Qkrs. (51.9.51h) eceben perelktkr yeod lkokotugeo ibfg tkdeodeo pkrskdm
iktfo kgmvebko pece cmstrmiusm tkdeodeo ofobmomkr. Jmge lfcus gkruotuneo iktfo tkrgfotrfb
(skikbul eteu sktkben ieje bkbkn), ε5  ceo ι5 cmelimb sksuem ckodeo ibfg tkdeodeo Tnmtoky
(EHM85>/XOM 9>34)7 yemtu ε5 <1,>; ceo ι5 <1,>; uotug gkgueteo tkgeo iktfo eotere 54 ceo 9>
LQe, ceo cmrkcugsm skikser 1,1; uotug tmep gkbkimneo 4 LQe cm etes 9> LQe, oeluo tmceg
gureod cerm 1,0;. Jmge @YQ ruotun ceo skbmlut lkodebelm ckbelmoesm, eteu @YQ gknmbeodeo
bkgeteo, lege pkodduoeeo ibfg tkdeodeo Tnmtoky egeo lklikrmgeo nesmb yeod eguret. Ibfg
tkdeodeo egeo bkimn eguret ceo sksuem jmge lkodduoegeo cmstrmiusm tkdeodeo ofobmomkr cm
cebel iktfo ckodeo lkockgetm rkdeodeo cm cebel iktfo pece seet cmduoegeooye gfocmsm
ietes ubtmlmt.

Smoddm derms oktreb,  h, cepet cmtkotugeo ckodeo iemg ceo cmskbksemgeo skhere smlubteo ckodeo
Qkrs. (51.9.;), (51.9.0), (51.9.51e), (51.9.51i), ceo (51.9.51h) skcklmgmeo
skcklmgmeo rupe ikrcesergeo
gkskmlieodeo deye cebel ceo gflpetmimbmtes rkdeodeo. [otug lkoykbksemgeo tmoddm derms
oktreb,  h  , cmduoegeo prfskcur mtkresm. Ombem eweb  h  pkrtele gebm cmesulsmgeo ceo ikseroye
rkdeodeo ceo tkdeodeo cmgebgubesm lkodduoegeo Qkrs. (51.9.;), (51.9.0), (51.9.51e), ceo
(51.9.51i). Ombem tmoddm derms oktreb yeod cmrkvmsm,  h , gklucmeo cmgebgubesm cerm Qkrs. (51.9.51h).
Nesmb gebgubesm ceo esulsm ombem  h  gklucmeo cmieocmodgeo. Jmge ombem  h  sksuem lege ombem  h 

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

3; cerm

XOM >=45:9195

tkrhepem. Jmge ombem h nesmb gebgubesm ceo esulsm tmceg sksuem, cmpmbmn ombem h yeod bemo, ceo prfsks
mtkresm cmubeodm selpem tkrhepem gfovkrdkosm.
 Gkgueteo bkotur oflmoeb pkoelpeod ckodeo pkrgueteo @YQ kgstkroeb cmnmtuod cerm Qkrs.
(51.9.51c). Gfotrmiusm pkrgueteo @YQ tkrnecep gkgueteo bkotur, cmteliengeo `egtfr rkcugsm
uotug @YQ, ώ ` . Ombem ώ `  cmrkgflkocesm
 cmrkgflkocesm skikser 1,>;. @egtfr rkcugsm mom eceben uotug gfotrmiusm
gkgueteo cerm eceoye pkrgueteo @YQ ikrcesergeo eoebmsms gkeocebeo yeod cmcmsgusmgeo pece
=.5, cmleoe gkgueteo bkotur cmeoebmsms stetmstmg yeod cmgebmiresm skhere kgspkrmlkoteb (Fgkmb kt
eb. 9114).

 5h   5h    (51.9.51c)

 L o < Es ` s  c ∙ 9  +  ` E` ` `k  c ` ∙  9 

51
51.9.5
.9.51.5
1.5 Skdeodeo pece i eje tkrnecep i kieo tktep

Skdeodeo cm tubeodeo ieje cepet cmgebgubesm ikrcesergeo eoebmsms pkoelpeod rkteg pece
pkoelpeod iktfo ikrtubeod yeod cmpkrguet @YQ, yeod cmtuojuggeo pece Qkrs. (51.9.51.5).

  c ∙ gc  (c ∙ gc )K 
 L s + im
E`
K `  ` 8  s

 ` s ,s <       (51.9.51.5)

  gc   gc    
 Es Ks  c ∙ 8  (c ∙ gc ) + E` K `  c ` ∙ 8  (c ` ∙ gc 
  )
 

Cmstrmiusm rkdeodeo ceo tkdeodeo cm cebel pkoelpeod iktfo ikrtubeod cmtuojuggeo pece
Delier 51.9.51.5. Xele neboye ckodeo iktfo ikrtubeod gfovkosmfoeb, tmoddm derms oktreb

pece lese beyeo,

pkoelpeod  gc , pkrtele
treos`frlesm. gebm cepet
Bueseo cmnmtuod
pkoelpeod ckodeo lkodelimb
treos`frlesm ombem lflko
@YQ cmelimb ckodeo pece bueseo
lkodebmgeo
bues @YQ ckodeo resmf lfcuber @YQ tkrnecep iktfo. Lksgmpuo lktfck mom lkodeiemgeo
pkrikceeo rkdeodeo eweb pece @YQ, rkdeodeo eweb tkrskiut tmceg ikser pkoderunoye
tkrnecep tmoddm derms oktreb pece gflpfoko yeod lkodebelm rkoteod rkspfo kbestmg.

Skdeodeo pece ieje tkrnecep ikieo beyeo yeod cmnmtuod cerm Qkrs. (51.9.51.5) nerus
cmieocmodgeo ckodeo ieteseo-ieteseo yeod cmuremgeo cebel 51.9.>. Ombem Ls pece Qkrs.
(51.9.51.5) eceben sele ckodeo lflko egmiet ikieo tktep (ikieo letm ceo ikieo nmcup)
cmtelien ckodeo lflko legsmlul yeod cmpkrfbkn cerm pklikieoeo `etmg skhere smgbmg,
skpkrtm cmtuojuggeo pece Delier 51.9.=.

i i λh
gc/8   @ h
gc 

 `  c 
c   `  c 
c 

 Es  Es
λs,s @ s
@ 
 ` 

 E `   E `  λ `,s   λim

51.9.51.5 ‘ Cmstrmi usm rkdeodeo ceo tkdeodeo

Delier 51.9.51.5 tkdeodeo kbestmg

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

30 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

51.9.51.9 Skdeodeo pece @YQ tkrnecep ikieo tktep

Skdeodeo pece pkrgueteo @YQ cepet cmnmtuod lkodduoegeo Qkrs. (51.9.51.9) cmleoe  `  s,s 
cmpkrfbkn cerm Qkrs. (51.9.51.5). Qkrseleeo (51.9.51.9) lklikrmgeo tkdeodeo pece
pkrgueteo @YQ tkrnecep lflko yeod tkrjecm pece gflpfoko ckodeo rkoteod rkspfo kbestmg.

 K `  c `  ∙ gc 
 ` ` ,s < ` s,s   ∙ im K `    (51.9.51.9)
 Ks  c ∙ gc 
 Skdeodeo pece @YQ tkrnecep ikieo beyeo yeod cmnmtuod cerm Qkrs. (51.9.51.9) nerus
cmieocmodgeo ckodeo ieteseo-ieteseo yeod cmuremgeo cebel 51.9.=.

51.8
51.8 Gfl pfo ko iktfo pretkdeod  

Iedmeo mom lkoyejmgeo peocueo tkoteod k`kg pkoelieneo tubeodeo bfodmtucmoeb @YQ gk luge
tkdeodeo termg cerm gflpfoko iktfo pretkdeod pkrskdm peojeod. Gfoskp ulul cmuremgeo cm
smom cepet cmpkrbues uotug pkoelpeod iugeo pkrskdm peojeod (pkoelpeod S ceo M) ceo uotug
gflpfoko ckodeo tubeodeo ieje ofopretkdeod termg, tkgeo, eteu gkcueoye.

51.8.5
51.8.5 Gfl pfo ko ckodeo tub eodeo pretkdeod tkrbkget

51.8.5.5 Esulsm

Xkbemo esulsm ceser uotug pkrmbegu iktfo ceo @YQ cerm pkoelpeod iktfo ikrtubeod yeod
tkrheotul cebel 51.9.5, esulsm ikrmgut cmiuet uotug lkodnmtuod gkgueteo bkotur cerm
pkoelpeod pretkdeod yeod cmpkrguet ckodeo smstkl @YQ kgstkroeb:
e) Gflpetmimbmtes rkdeodeo cepet cmduoegeo uotug lkokotugeo rkdeodeo pece @YQ yeod
cmbmbmt kgstkroeb, rkdeodeo pece tubeodeo ieje ofo pretkdeod, ceo rkdeodeo eteu pkruieneo
rkdeodeo pece ieje pretkdeod.
i) Lfck gkdedebeo bkotur telieneo yeod cmgfotrfb gkruotuneo
gkruotuneo ieje pretkdeod nerus cmhkg.
h) Qece gesus cm leoe ieje pretkdeod p retkdeod cmi
cmiuodgus ( crepkc)) eteu nerpkc
uodgus (crepkc nerpkc,, ikikrepe
pkoelpeod skpeojeod ikoteod gflpfoko nerus cmkvebuesm uotug lklvkrm`mgesm
pkrsyereteo gkgueteo.
c) Skdeodeo eweb suistret iktfo, λ im, nerus cmnmtuod ceo cmgkbuergeo cerm rkdeodeo k`kgtm`
@YQ. Ykdeodeo eweb cepet cmtkotugeo cerm eoebmsms kbestms gflpfoko, ckodeo
lklpkrtmlieodgeo sklue ikieo yeod tkrjecm pece gflpfoko pece seet pkleseodeo
@YQ. Eoebmsms nerus ikrcesergeo gfocmsm egtueb gflpfoko (iedmeo rkteg eteu tmceg rkteg)
uotug lkokotugeo rkdeodeo eweb suistret.

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

34 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

51.8.5.9
51.8.5.9 Ykdeodeo pece tubeod
tu beod eo @YQ

Ykdeodeo legsmlul tubeodeo @YQ cmietesm gerkoe tkrcepet gkluodgmoeo iktfo neohur,
(ckifocmod),
@YQ rfikg, @YQ bkpes bkgeteo (ckifocmod ), eteu tubeodeo pretkdeod bkbkn. Ykdeodeo k`kgtm`
cksemo pkrgueteo @YQ pece gfocmsm ubtmlmt uotug gkruotuneo yeod cmgfotrfb fbkn iktfo neohur
cepet cmnmtuod ckodeo lkodduoegeo Qkrs. (51.9.;)

[otug gkruotuneo yeod cmgfotrfb fbkn bkbknoye ieje pretkdeod, Qkrs. (51.8.5.9e) cepet
cmduoegeo. [otug gewet streoc
streoc   lutu 5>01 ceo 549; LQe, ombem λ pu  yeod cmduoegeo cebel
Qkrs. (51.8.5.9e) eceben 1,18;. 

 c ∙h 
 `k < (  pu +  pm )   `   ∙ im   `c    (51.8.5.9e)
c
  p ∙ h 
 cmleoe

Qk Qk   k 9 
 pm < + 5 + r 9    (51.8.5.9i)
 E p K p Eh K h  
51
51.8.5
.8.5.8
.8 @egtfr rkcug sm gkgueteo

[otug lklpkrteneogeo tmodget cegtmbmtes yeod lklecem, rkdeodeo pece ieje pretkdeod pece
gkgueteo oflmoeb nerus cmpkrmgse. Cegtmbmtes yeod lklecem cmhepem jmge rkdeodeo pece ieje
pretkdeod pece guet oflmoeb pebmod skcmgmt 1,158. Jmge rkdeodeo mom tmceg cepet cmhepem, `egtfr
rkcugsm gkgueteo cmgureodm uotug lklpkrnmtuodgeo gkruotuneo yeod gureod cegtmb. @egtfr
rkcugsm gkgueteo uotug gflpfoko pretkdeod ckodeo ieje pretkdeod 5>01 ceo 549; LQe
cmikrmgeo pece Qkrs. (51.8.5.8), cm leoe λ ps eceben rkdeodeo ieje pretkdeod pece gkgueteo
oflmoeb.

1,=1 uotug  ps  1,158


1, 9;( ps ∙ 1, 151)
 1, 0; + uotug 1, 151 2  ps 2 1,158   (51.8.5.8)
 1 , 15
15 8 ∙ 1, 15
15 1
1,0;   uotug  ps  1,151

51.8.5.3
51.8.5.3 Gklel pueo
pu eo beyeo

[otug lkodnmocerm ck`frlesm mokbestms pece ieteod yeod cmpkrguet, tubeodeo pretkdeod tmceg
ifbkn lkbkbkn gktmge lkokrmle ikieo beyeo. Skdeodeo tubeodeo yeod lkokrmle ikieo beyeo
mom nerus cmietesm ckodeo Qkrs. (51.8.5.3e) ceo (51.8.5.3i). Deye tkgeo yeod cmtkrmle iktfo
 jude nerus cmietesm
cmietesm 3; pkrsko
pkrsko cerm gkgueteo tkgeo tfteb.

 `   1,>9 `    (51.8.5.3e)
 ps , s py

 `hs ,s   1,43 ` pu   (51.8.5.3i)

 Epeimbe `etmg cmpkrtmlieodgeo,

cmpkrtmlieodgeo, tkdeodeo
tkdeodeo pece ieje pretkdeod
pretkdeod gerkoe
gerkoe ikieo
ikieo nmcup
nmcup sklkotere
nerus cmietesm nmodde 59; LQe epeimbe recmus ikodgfgeo ieje pretkdeod lkbkimnm = l, eteu
41 LQe epeimbe recmus ikodgfgeo ieje pretkdeod tmceg lkbkimnm 8.0 l. Motkrpfbesm bmomkr nerus
cmduoegeo uotug recmus eotere 8.0 ceo = l (EEXNSF 9113). Ietes-ietes mom tkben cmvkrm`mgesm

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

3> cerm

XOM >=45:9195

skhere kgspkrmlkoteb uotug gflpfoko pretkdeod ckodeo gewet streoc

streoc  nerpkc
nerpkc ceo
 ceo burus yeod
cmpkrguet ckodeo @YQ tkgstkroeb (Yfskoiffl ceo Ymzgebbe 9110).

51.8.5
51.8.5.;
.; Yuotu n reodg eg ceo ietes tkdeodeo `etm g

[otug lkodnmocerm ruotun reodgeg cerm tubeodeo @YQ cm iewen tkdeodeo tktep eteu
gkruotuneo gerkoe tkdeodeo smgbmg ceo `etmg pece tubeodeo @YQ, tkdeodeo pece tubeodeo @YQ
pece gfocmsm tkdeodeo mom tmceg ifbkn lkbkimnm ietes yeod cmtktepgeo pece 51.9.=.

51.8.5
51.8.5.0
.0 Gkgueteo oflm oeb

Qrfskcur pkrnmtuodeo uotug lkodnmtuod guet oflmoeb nerus lklkounm gflpetmimbmtes

rkdeodeo ceo gkskmlieodeo deye, ceo nerus lklpkrtmlieodgeo pfbe gkruotuneo yeod
tkrjecm. Qrfskcur pkrnmtuodeo yeod cmjkbesgeo cm smom lkodduoegeo lktfck mtkresm yeod skrupe

ckodeo yeodgkcebeleo
[otug sktmep cmienes pece
yeod 51.9.
cmesulsmgeo gk suliu oktreb,  h, rkdeodeo ceo tkdeodeo k`kgtm`
pece tubeodeo @YQ cepet cmnmtuod lkodduoegeo Qkrs. (51.9.;) ceo (51.9.0). Qkrseleeo mom
lklpkrtmlieodgeo pfbe gkruotuneo yeod tkrjecm uotug gkcebeleo suliu oktreb yeod
cmesulsmgeo. Jmge sugu gmrm gktmcegseleeeo cebel Qkrs. (51.9.;) cmpkounm, pkhen iktfo egeo
 lkokotugeo gkruotuneo bkotur pkoelpeod. Jmge sugu geoeo cerm gktmcegseleeo yeod
lkokotugeo, gkruotuneo @YQ (putus eteu gkdedebeo bkgeteo) egeo lkokotugeo gkruotuneo
bkotur cerm pkoelpeod.
pkoelpeod.

Ykdeodeo pece ieje pretkdeod cepet cmtkotugeo cerm Qkrs. (51.8.5.0e) ikrcesergeo
gflpetmimbmtes rkdeodeo.

Qk   k9 
 ps <  pk + 5 + 9  +  pokt   1, 18;   (51.8.5.0e)
 Eh Kh  r  

( bffsk),
cmleoe λ pk  eceben rkdeodeo k`kgtm` pece ieje pretkdeod sktkben gkocur (bffsk ), ceo λ pokt 
eceben rkdeodeo termg ikrsmn pece ieje pretkdeod sktkben pkodureodeo tkgeo, pece guet
oflmoeb. Ombem λ pokt tkrdeotuod pece pfbe gkruotuneo, ceo cepet cmnmtuod lkodduoegeo Qkrs.
(51.8.5.0i) ceo (51.8.5.0h)

c ∙h
 pokt  < 1, 1  18   p  uotug ruotun egmiet iktfo neohur   (51.8.5.0i)
 h 

 c ∙h 
 pokt < (  `k + im )   p    uotug pfbe gkruotuneo gkded ebeo bkgeteo  
gkruotun eo @YQ eteu gkdedebeo (51.8.5.0h)
c
  `  ∙ h 

Skdeodeo pece ieje pretkdeod cmnmtuod lkodduoegeo sm`et letkrmeb ieje. [otug gewet streoc
streoc  
(skvko-wmrk bfw-rkbexetmfo),
pretkdeod tujun-gewet rkbegsesm-rkocen (skvko-wmrk bfw-rkbexetmfo), gurve tkdeodeo-
(Qrkstrksskc/Qrkhest Hfohrktk
rkdeodeo cepet cmpkrgmregeo ckodeo pkrseleeo ikrmgut (Qrkstrksskc/Qrkhest
Mostmtutk 9113)

[otug ieje lutu 5.49; LQe

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

3= cerm

XOM >=45:9195


5=0.;11 uotug  ps  1,11
,1140
  ps

 `  ps <  (XM)   (51.8.5.0c)


54 91 ∙ 1,940 uotug  ps  1, 1140
  ps ∙ 1,1103

[otug ieje lutu 5.>01 LQe


5=0.;11 uotug  ps  1, 1 1> 0
  ps

 `  ps <  (XM)   (51.8.5.0k)


5> 01 ∙ 1,940 uotug  ps  1, 11>0

  ps ∙ 1,114
Ckodeo rkdeodeo ceo tkdeodeo @YQ ceo ieje pretkdeod yeod cmtkotugeo ikrceser
gkcebeleo suliu oktreb yeod cmduoegeo, gkskmlieodeo deye motkroeb cepet cmpkrmgse
lkodduoegeo
lkodduoege o Qkrs. (51.8.5.0`)

5 ` h'5ih < Ep ` p + E` ` `k   (51.8.0`)

 [otug pfbe gkruotuneo iktfo neohur, `egtfr kgmvebko ibfg tkdeodeo tkgeo ε5  cepet cmelimb
skiedem 1,>;, ceo ι5  cepet cmkstmlesm ikrcesergeo 51.9.51. Jmge @YQ ruotun, ckbelmoesm
(ckifocmod)) @YQ tkrjecm, pkodduoeeo `egtfr kgmvebko
skbmlut, eteu gkruotuneo bkpes bkgeteo (ckifocmod
ibfg tkdeodeo iktfo pkrskdm peojeod eceben tkpet. Lktfck yeod lklpkrtmlieodgeo cmstrmiusm
tkdeodeo tmceg bmomkr cebel iktfo jude cepet cmduoegeo.

Gkcebeleo suliu oktreb,  h, cmtkotugeo ckodeo here lklkounm Qkrs. (51.9.;), (51.9.0), ceo
(51.8.5.0e) nmodde (51.8.5.0`) skhere smlubteo, sknmodde lklkounm gkskmlieodeo deye
motkroeb ceo gflpetmimbmtes rkdeodeo. [otug lkocepetgeo gkcebeleo suliu oktreb,  h,
prfskcur mtkresm cepet cmduoegeo. Ombem eweb  h  cmtkotugeo, ceo gklucmeo rkdeodeo skrte
tkdeodeo cmnmtuod lkodduoegeo
lkodduoegeo Qkrs. (51.9.;), (51.9.0), ceo (51.8.5.0e) nmodde (51.8.5.0k).
Ombem ieru uotug gkcebeleo suliu oktreb,  h, gklucmeo cmnmtuod cermcerm Qkrs. (51.8.5.0`).
(51.8.5.0`). Ombem h 
nesmb nmtuodeo ceo yeod cmesulsmgeo gklucmeo cmieocmodgeo. Jmge sucen sksuem, lege ombem
 h tkben cmcepet. Jmge ombem nesmb nmtuodeo ceo yeod cmesulsmgeo tmceg sksuem, ombem bemo uotug  h 
cmpmbmn, ceo prfsks cmubeodm nmodde gfovkrdkosm tkrhepem. Gkgueteo bkotur oflmoeb pkoelpeod
yeod cmpkrguet @YQ kgstkroeb cepet cmnmtuod lkodduoegeo Qkrs. (51.8.5.0d). @egtfr rkcugsm
telieneo ώ `  < < 1,>; cmtkrepgeo pece gkgueteo bkotur gfotrmiusm tubeodeo @YQ.

 5h   5h    (51.8.0d)

 L o < Ep ` ps  c p ∙  +  ` E` ` `k  c ` ∙  
 9   9 

51
51.8.5
.8.5.4
.4 Skdeodeo pece ieje pretkdeod seet ikieo
ikieo beyeo

Skdeodeo pece ieje pretkdeod cepet cmnmtuod ikrcesergeo gfocmsm egtueb (pkoelpeod rkteg
eteu tmceg rkteg) cerm pkoelpeod iktfo ikrtubeod yeod cmpkrguet. Ykdeodeo ieje pretkdeod
seet beyeo, λ ps,s, cepet cmnmtuod skpkrtm ikrmgut

  k 9 
Qk
 ps, s <  pk + 5 + r 9  +  pokt ,s   (51.8.5.4e) 
 Eh Kh  

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

;1 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

( oktt))
cm leoe λ pk eceben rkdeodeo pretkdeod k`kgtm`, ceo λ pokt,s eceben rkdeodeo termg ikrsmn (oktt
ieje pretkdeod sktkben pkodureodeo tkgeo pece seet beyeo. Ombem λ pokt,s tkrdeotuod pece sm`et
pkoelpeod k`kgtm` seet beyeo, ceo cepet cmnmtuod lkodduoegeo Qkrs. (51.8.5.4i) ceo
(51.8.5.4h)

 L s k (51.8.5.4i) 
 pokt, s <   uotug pkoelpeod tmceg rkteg  
 Kh M d

 L k
 pokt,s <   sokt  uotug pkoelpeod rkteg   (51.8.5.4h)
 Kh M hr 

cm leoe  L  sokt eceben lflko beyeo ikrsmn sktkben pkodureodeo tkgeo. Gklucmeo, tkdeodeo
ieje pretkdeod seet ikieo beyeo cepet cmnmtuod lkodduoegeo Qkrs. (51.8.5.0c) ceo
(51.8.5.0k), ceo cmieocmodgeo ckodeo ietes yeod cmjkbesgeo cebel 51.8.5.3.

51.8.5.>
51.8.5.> Skdeodeo pece @YQ seet ikieo beyeo
Qkrseleeo (51.8.5.>) lklikrmgeo tkdeodeo pece tubeodeo @YQ cm iewen lflko yeod
ikgkrje cebel rkoteod rkspfo kbestmg gflpfoko. Qrfskcur pkrnmtuodeo uotug rkdeodeo eweb ,
λ im, pece seet mostebesm @YQ egeo tkrdeotuod pece gkeceeo pkoelpeod iktfo pece seet
mostebesm @YQ ceo pece gfocmsm beyeo. Qkoelpeod pretkdeod cepet tmceg rkteg pece seet
mostebesm / tmceg rkteg seet beyeo, tmceg rkteg seet mostebesm / rkteg seet beyeo, eteu rkteg seet
mostebesm / rkteg seet beyeo. Ykdeodeo eweb pece suistret bkgeteo, λ im, cepet cmtkotugeo cerm
eoebmsms kbestms cerm gflpfoko kgsmstmod, ckodeo lklpkrtmlieodgeo sklue ikieo yeod egeo
ece pece gflpfoko tkrskiut skbele pkleseodeo smstkl @YQ. Eoebmsms kbestms cerm
gflpfoko yeod ece nerus ikrcesergeo sm`et pkoelpeod yeod rkteg eteu tmceg rkteg,
tkrdeotuod pece gfocmsm kgsmstmod. Qece gkieoyegeo gesus, rkdeodeo eweb skikbul rkteg
rkbetm` gkhmb, ceo hugup gfoskrvetm` uotug cmeiemgeo.
  K    L y
 ` ` , s <   `     s i ∙ im K `    (51.8.5.>)
 K M 
 s

Skrdeotuod pece gfocmsm egtueb seet beyeo (rkteg eteu tmceg rkteg), lflko mokrsme,  M , cepet
cmelimb skiedem lflko mokrsme cerm pkoelpeod yeod tmceg rkteg yeod cmtreos`frlesm gk iktfo,
 M  tr, eteu lflko mokrsme cerm pkoelpeod yeod rkteg yeod cmtreos`frlesm gk iktfo,  M  hr. Permeikb
 y i eceben jereg cerm tmtmg ikret pkoelpeod irutf, ckodeo lkodeiemgeo tubeodeo, gk skret ujuod
iewen. Skdeodeo nesmb nmtuodeo cebel @YQ seet ikieo beyeo tmceg ifbkn lkbkimnm ietes yeod
cmikrmgeo cebel 51.9.=.

51
51.3
.3 Ykcmst
Ykcmst rmius m lflko

Ykcmstrmiusm lflko uotug iebfg iktfo ikrtubeod lkokrus yeod cmpkrguet ckodeo @YQ yeod
cmbkgetgeo skhere kgstkroeb cepet cmduoegeo uotug lkodureodm lflko tkr`egtfr yeod cmnmtuod
ckodeo tkfrm kbestms pece pkoelpeod ckodeo lflko okdetm` legsmlul eteu pfsmtm`
legsmlul uotug sktmep pkodetureo pklikieoeo yeod cmesulsmgeo tmceg bkimn cerm 5111 λ t , 

pkrsko, nmodde legsmlul 91 pkrsko. Ykcmstrmiusm lflko neoye cmmzmogeo jmge rkdeodeo termg
tubeodeo ieje, λ t, lkbkimnm 1,114; pece pkoelpeod cm leoe lflko cmrkcugsm. Ykcmstrmiusm
lflko tmceg cmmzmogeo jmge cmduoegeo lflko bkotur pkockgeteo.

Ykcugsm lflko nerus cmduoegeo uotug lkodnmtuod rkcmstrmiusm

rkcmstrmi usm lflko cm sklue
pkoelpeod bemo cebel ikoteod. Gkskmlieodeo stetms nerus cmjede sktkben rkcmstrmiusm lflko
uotug sktmep pkodetureo pklikieoeo. Kb-Yk`emk kt eb. (9118) lkouojuggeo ienwe iebfg

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

;5 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

iktfo ikrtubeod lkokrus yeod cmpkrguet ckodeo bkliereo gerifo @YQ cepet lk-rkcmstrmiusm
lflko cerm 0 nmodde 85 pkrsko. Lkrkge jude lkoymlpubgeo ienwe rkcmstrmiusm lflko yeod
bkimn rkocen cmhepem uotug pkoelpeod iebfg yeod cmpkrguet gkliebm ckodeo julben gerifo
@YQ yeod bkimn tmoddm. Xmbve ceo Mikbb (911>) lkouojuggeo ienwe pkoelpeod yeod cepet
lkodklieodgeo gepesmtes cegtmbmtes gurvetur bkimn ikser cerm 9,1 cepet lkodnesmbgeo
rkcmstrmiusm lflko skcmgmtoye 4,; pkrsko cerm lflko cksemo.

55 Qkrgueteo dkskr

Xmstkl skret ikrpfbmlkr (@YQ) tkben tkriugtm lkomodgetgeo gkgueteo dkskr iebfg ceo gfbfl
iktfo kgsmstmod ckodeo bmbmteo eteu bmbmteo persmeb gflpfoko (Lebver kt eb. 5==;7 Hnejks kt eb.
5==;7 Ofrrms kt eb. 5==47 Gehnbegkv ceo LhHurry 9111). Lkodfrmkotesmgeo skret @YQ
treosvkrseb gk suliu gflpfoko eteu tkdeg burus tkrnecep rkteg dkskr pftkosmeb lkrupegeo
here k`kgtm` lkomodgetgeo gkgueteo dkskr (Xetf kt eb. 5==0). Qkomodgeteo gkgueteo dkskr
luodgmo cmpkrbugeo gktmge pkrgueteo bkotur cmmlpbklkotesmgeo uotug lklestmgeo ienwe
gepesmtes bkotur tktep grmtms. Gkruotuneo bkotur skhere rkbetm` bkimn cegtmb cmieocmodgeo ckodeo
gkruotuneo dkskr.

55
55.5
.5 Qkrt
Qkrtmli
mli eodeo ulu l
Qeseb mom lkoyejmgeo peocueo cebel lkodnmtuod pkoelieneo gkgueteo dkskr ckodeo @YQ
pece iebfg eteu gfbfl iktfo ikrtubeod. Qkoelieneo gkgueteo dkskr yeod cmskcmegeo fbkn
@YQ ikrcesergeo ikikrepe `egtfr, tkrlesug dkflktrm iebfg eteu gfbfl, sgkle bmbmteo, ceo
gkgueteo iktfo yeod ece, tepm cmietesm fbkn rkgflkocesm Qeseb =.

Qkrgueteo dkskr ckodeo @YQ kgstkroeb pece bfgesm skocm pbestms eteu tkdeodeo ifbeg-iebmg
ceo uotug pkomodgeteo pkrmbegu bkotur pesge bkbkn cerm ieteod iedmeo cerm reodge pklmgub
lflko pkoeneo ikieo skmslmg cmetur cebel Qeseb 58.

55
55.9
.9 Xgkle bmb mteo

Smde tmpk sgkle bmbmteo uotug lkomodgetgeo gkgueteo dkskr iebfg eteu gfbfl prmsletmg, pkrskdm
peojeod cmtuojuggeo pece Delier 55.9. Xmstkl bmbmteo @YQ bkodgep yeod lkbmodgerm
pkoelpeod cm klpet smsmoye eceben sgkle bmbmteo yeod pebmod k`msmko ceo yeod skrmod cmpegem
pece epbmgesm cm gfbfl cmleoe gk klpet smsmoye lkluodgmogeo. Qece iebfg yeod lkoyetu
 ckodeo sbei sgkle bmbmteo bkodgep submt cmbegugeo, pkomodgeteo gkgueteo dkskr cepet cmbegugeo
neoye ckodeo bmbmteo pece tmde smsm cerm ieteod (bmbmteo [) eteu cmbkgetgeo pece 9 smsm ieteod
yeod ikrbeweoeo.

Lksgmpuo 8 sgkle bmbmteo uotug lkomodgetgeo gkgueteo dkskr uotug ieteod pkrskdm peojeod
tkben cmsejmgeo, bmbmteo bkodgep pece pkoelpeod eceben yeod pebmod k`msmko, cmmgutm ckodeo
bmbmteo [ tmde smsm. Qkbkgeteo 9 smsm pece iebfg lkrupegeo sgkle ckodeo k`msmkosm yeod pebmod
skcmgmt.

[otug pkodueteo dkskr ieteod ikrpkoelpeod bmodgereo, neoye bmbmteo lkbmodger bkodgep cerm
pkoelpeod cmleoe frmkotesm @YQ tkdeg burus tkrnecep suliu bfodmtucmoeb ieteod (yemtu, ε <
=1 ckrejet) yeod cmrkgflkocesmgeo.
cmrkgflkoce smgeo.

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

;9 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

Skriuodgus Skriuodgus 8 Skriuodgus

skpkounoye smsm [-wrep
  9 smsm

Delier 55.9 ‘ Xgkle bmbmteo tm pmgeb uot ug p krgueteo

krgueteo dkskr lkodduoegeo belmoesm @YQ

Cebel sklue sgkle bmbmteo, smstkl @YQ cepet cmpeseod tkrus lkokrus skpeojeod rkoteod
ieteod eteu cmtklpetgeo skiedem cmsgrmt strmp-strmp. Xkpkrtm cmienes cebel =.8.8, k`kg pftkosmeb
cerm tkrpkreodgepoye uep emr cebel suistret seet lkodduoegeo bmbmteo gfotmou nerus
cmpkrtmlieodgeo ckodeo hkrlet. Jmge pkrbu sereoe gnusus yeod lkluodgmogeo treoslmsm uep
emr gkbuer cerm suistret nerus cmduoegeo.

55.8
55.8 Gkgueteo dkskr ofl moeb

Gkgueteo dkskr cksemo gflpfoko iktfo yeod cmpkrguet ckodeo smstkl @YQ nerus lkbkimnm
gkgueteo dkskr yeod cmpkrbugeo (Qkrs. (55.8e)). Gkgueteo dkskr pkrbu cerm gflpfoko iktfo
yeod cmpkrguet @YQ nerus cmnmtuod ckodeo `egtfr ikieo yeod cmsyeretgeo fbkn EHM 85>.
Gkgueteo dkskr cksemo nerus cmnmtuod ckodeo lkodebmgeo gkgueteo dkskr oflmoeb ckodeo
`egtfr rkcugsm gkgueteo ϛ, skiedemleoe cmtkotugeo fbkn EHM 85>.

Po  P u   (55.8e)

Gkgueteo dkskr oflmoeb cerm gflpfoko iktfo yeod cmpkrguet @YQ cepet cmtkotugeo ckodeo
lkoeliengeo gfotrmiusm pkoubeodeo dkskr kgstkroeb @YQ gk gfotrmiusm cerm ieje tubeodeo
(skodgeod, skodgeod mget, eteu spmreb) ceo iktfo (Qkrs. (55.8i)). @egtfr rkcugsm telieneo ,

ώ `  cmtkrepgeo pece gfotrmiusm smstkl @YQ

, .

Po < (Ph + Ps +  ` P ` )    (55.8i)

P  h  ceo P  s  eceben gfotrmiusm iktfo ceo ieje tubeodeo motkroeb uotug gepesmtes dkskr yeod
lesmod-lesmod cmnmtuod lkodduoegeo gktkotueo EHM 85>. [otug gflpfoko pretkdeod, P  h 
eceben tkrgkhmb cerm P  hm ceo P  hw yeod cmtkotugeo fbkn EHM 85>.
   

Ikrcesergeo pece eoebmsms rkbmeimbmtes yeod lkodduoegeo cete cerm Ifusskbnel ceo Hneebbeb
 (9110), Ckomeuc ceo Hnkod (9115, 9118), @uoegewe kt eb. (5==4), Lettnys ceo Srmeote`bbfu
(9115), ceo Qkbbkdrmof ceo Lfckoe (9119), `egtfr rkcugsm, ώ ` , 1,>; cmrkgflkocesmgeo uotug
sgkle bmbmteo @YQ-[ tmde smsm eteu sgkle pkrgueteo cue smsm yeod ikrbeweoeo. Cete
kgspkrmlkoteb yeod tmceg lklecem uotug lkwujucgeo eoebmsms gkeocebeo uotug pkoelpeod
yeod cmbmbmt skpkounoye7 Oeluo cklmgmeo, sgkle pkrgueteo tkrskiut neoye ece skcmgmt
vermeimbmtes, gerkoe gureodoye gktkrdeotuodeo tkrnecep bkgeteo, ceo fbkn gerkoe mtu, `egtfr
rkcugsm, ώ ` , 1,=; cmrkgflkocesmgeo. @egtfr ώ `   cmgebmiresm ikrcesergeo sm`et letkrmeb cksemo.
Ykgflkocesm tkrskiut cmikrmgeo pece Seikb 55.8.

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

;8 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

Seikb 55.8 ‘ @egtfr rkcugsm teliene

telieneo
o yeod cmrkgflkocesmgeo uot ug pkoubeodeo
dkskr @YQ 
ώ ` < 1,=; Gflpfoko-gflpfoko yeod
tkriuodgus skpkounoye
ώ ` < 1,>; Xgkle cue smsm ikrbeweoeo
ceo tmde smsm

55
55.3
.3 Gfo tr miu sm @YQ
@YQ tkrn ecep gkgueteo dkskr
dkskr

Delier 55.3 lkojkbesgeo vermeikb-vermeikb cmlkosm yeod cmduoegeo cebel pkrnmtuodeo

pkrgueteo dkskr uotug belmoesm @YQ. Gfotrmiusm smstkl @YQ tkrnecep gkgueteo dkskr suetu
gflpfoko cmcesergeo pece frmkotesm skret ceo esulsm pfbe rkteg (Gnebm`e kt eb. 5==>).
Gkgueteo dkskr yeod cmskcmegeo fbkn pkoubeodeo @YQ cepet cmtkotugeo ckodeo lkodnmtuod
deye cerm tkdeodeo termg @YQ skpeojeod rkteg yeod cmesulsmgeo. Gfotrmiusm dkskr cerm
pkoubeodeo @YQ cmpkrfbkn ckodeo Qkrs. (55.3e)

c 
n  ` 
c 
ε
iw w ` 
s `  w `    X 
 ` 

(e
(e)) (i) (h)

Delier 55.3 ‘ Qkojkbe
 Qkojkbeseo
seo vermeikb-vermeikb
vermeikb-vermeikb cmlkosm yeod cm pegem cebel pkrnmtuo deo
pkrgueteo-dkskr
pkrgueteo-dkskr uot ug pkriemgeo, rktrf`mt,
rktrf`mt, eteu
 eteu pkrgueteo lkodduoegeo belmoesm @YQ

` smo  + hfs  ) c `v

  `v `k (
 E
P  `  <   (55.3e)
s ` 

[otug pkoelpeod pkrskdm peojeod

 E `v < 9ot ` w`    (55.3i)

[otug pkoelpeod bmodgereo,  c  `v cmelimb skikser 1,> gebm cerm cmelktkr pkoelpeod ceo

 E `v < ( / 9)ot ` w`    (55.3h)

Skdeodeo termg cebel pkrgueteo dkskr @YQ pece guet oflmoeb prfpfrsmfoeb beodsuod ckodeo
rkdeodeo yeod cepet ikrgklieod cebel pkrgueteo dkskr @YQ pece gkgueteo oflmoeb.
  ` `k < K ` . `k   (55.3c)

55
55.3.5
.3.5 Ykdeodeo
Ykdeodeo k`kgtm` cebel
cebel belmo esm @YQ

Ykdeodeo k`kgtm` eceben rkdeodeo legsmlul yeod cepet cmhepem cebel smstkl @YQ pece
gkgueteo oflmoeb ceo cmtkotugeo fbkn pfbe gkdedebeo smstkl @YQ eoc ceo fbkn gflpfoko
iktfo ikrtubeod yeod cmpkrguet. Qkreoheod prf`ksmfoeb yeod ikrbmskosm nerus

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

;3 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

lklpkrtmlieodgeo sklue pfbe gkdedebeo yeod luodgmo tkrjecm ceo lklegem rkdeodeo
k`kgtm` yeod lkwegmbm pfbe gkdedebeo grmtms. Xuiiedmeo ikrmgut lkoykcmegeo pktuojug uotug
lkokotugeo rkdeodeo k`kgtm` uotug ikriedem gfo`mduresm belmoesm @YQ yeod cmpegem uotug
pkrgueteo dkskr pece gflpfoko iktfo ikrtubeod.

55.3.5
55.3.5.5
.5 Gfl pfo ko ckodeo pkliu odg useo pkoun

[otug gfbfl ceo iebfg iktfo ikrtubeod yeod cmiuodgus skpkounoye ckodeo @YQ, gknmbeodeo
gktkrgemteo eoter edrkdet pece iktfo tkben cmeletm ceo tkrjecm pece rkdeodeo-rkdeodeo skret
bkimn gkhmb cerm rkdeodeo skret ubtmlmt. [otug lkohkden pfbe gkdedebeo mom, rkdeodeo
legsmlul yeod cmpegem uotug pkrkoheoeeo nerus cmietesm skikser 1,3 pkrsko uotug
gflpfoko yeod cmiuodgus skpkounoye ckodeo @YQ (Qkrs. (55.3.5.5)).

 `k < 1,11

,1133  1,4; `u   (55.3.5.5)

Ietes rkdeodeo mom ikrcesergeo cerm pkodujmeo (Qrmkstbky kt eb. 5==0) ceo pkodebeleo.
Ykdeodeo-rkdeodeo yeod bkimn tmoddm nerus tmceg cmpegem uotug epbmgesm-epbmgesm pkrgueteo-
dkskr @YQ.

55.3.5
55.3.5.9
.9 Qkliuodg useo-[ tkrkget ceo bepms eo-bepmseo pkrlu geeo tkrkget 
tkrkget  

Nesmb pkodeleteo lkouojuggeo smstkl @YQ yeod tmceg lkliuodgus skburun pkoelpeod
(pkliuodguseo cue ceo tmde smsm) lkodebelm ckbelmoesm cerm iktfo skikbul gknmbeodeo
gktkrmgeteo eoter edrkdet cerm pkoelpeod. [otug ebeseo mom, tkdeodeo-tkdeodeo rkget tkben
cmeoebmsms uotug lkokotugeo k`msmkosm smstkl-smstkl mom ceo rkdeodeo k`kgtm` yeod cepet
cmhepem (Srmeote`mbbfu 5==>). Ykdeodeo k`kgtm` cmnmtuod ckodeo gfk`msmko rkcugsm ceye rkget κ v
yeod cepet cmepbmgesmgeo uotug dkskr.

 `k < v  `u  1,113   (55.3.5.9e)

Gfk`msmko rkcugsm ceye rkget lkrupegeo `uodsm gkgueteo iktfo, tmpk sgkle pkliuodguseo
yeod cmpegem, ceo gkgegueo belmoesm. Gfk`msmko rkcugsm ceye rkget cepet cmnmtuod ckodeo
Qkrs. (55.3.5.9i) selpem (55.3.5.9k) (Gnebm`e kt eb. 5==>).

g5g9 Bk
v <  1,4; (XM)   (55.3.5.9i)
55.=11  `u

Qeojeod bkgeteo egtm`,  Bk, eceben peojeod cmleoe leyfrmtes tkdeodeo bkgeteo cmpkrteneogeo.
Qeojeod bkgeteo mom cmpkrfbkn ckodeo Qkrs. (55.3.5.9h)

98811
 Bk < 1,;>
 (XM)   (55.3.5.9h)
( ot ` K `  )
Gfk`msmko rkcugsm ceye rkget jude tkrdeotuod pece cue `egtfr lfcm`mgesm,  g5  ceo  g 9, yeod
lklpkrnmtuodgeo lesmod-lesmod gkgueteo iktfo ceo tmpk sgkle pkliuodguseo yeod
cmpegem. Gkcue `egtfr lfcm`mgesm mom cepet cmnmtuod ckodeo Qkrs. (55.3.5.9c) ceo (55.3.5.9k).

9/ 8
  ` h' 
 g 5     (XM)   (55.3.5.9c)
 94 

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

;; cerm

XOM >=45:9195

 c `v ∙ Bk
 c    uotug pkliuodguseo tmde smsm
  `v
g 9 <    (55.3.5.9k)
c
  `v ∙ 9 Bk
uotug pkliuodguseo cue smsm
 c  `v


Lktfcfbfdm uotug lkokotugeo κ v  tkben cmvebmcesm uotug gflpfoko cm cekren-cekren ckodeo
deye dkskr tmoddm ceo lflko rkocen, skpkrtm iebfg ckodeo tulpueo skckrneoe yeod
lkokrmle ikieo lfoftfomg. Lksgmpuo lktfcfbfdmoye ikbul cmgfo`mrlesm uotug pkrgueteo
dkskr cm cekren yeod lkodebelm tkdedeo-tkdeodeo bkotur ceo dkskr tmoddm eteu cm cekren-
cekren cmleoe iedmeo ieceo lkodebelm ckseg (cekren-cekren lflko okdetm`), cmsereogeo
ienwe κ v  hugup gfoskrvetm` uotug gesus-gesus tkrskiut. Qrfskcur-prfskcur cmuremgeo cmsmom
tkben cmgklieodgeo cerm gflimoesm nesmb-nesmb eoebmtms ceo klpmrms (Gnebm`e kt eb. 5==>).

Cktembmod pkodeodgureo tkben cmduoegeo uotug lkodklieodgeo rkdeodeo bkimn tmoddm pece
sgkle cebel pkliuodguseo-[ tkrkget yeod cmpegem cebel epbmgesm-epbmgesm pkrgueteo dkskr.
Xmstkl-smstkl
Xmstkl-s mstkl pkodeodgureo tkrlesug ebet seliuod lkgeoms, bejur @YQ, eodgur skret ceo
eodgur yeod cmpeseod ckget pkrlugeeo (OXL)7 hfotfn-hfotfnoye cmtuojuggeo cebel Delier
51.5.5i. (Gnebm`e kt eb. 5===7 Geb`et kt eb. 91587 Drkbbk eoc Xokkc 9158). Qkliuodguseo [
yeod cmeodgur ckodeo ikoer cepet cmreoheod uotug lkodebelm gkdedebeo lkbebum rfikg @YQ
(Ikberim kt eb. 9155). Smceg setu gesuspuo, rkdeodeo k`kgtm` pece pkliuodguseo [ ckodeo
@YQ yeod cmeodgur lkbkimnm ombem yeod tkrgkhmb cerm 1,113 eteu 1,4;λ `u, ceo ώ `   < 1,>; lesmn
sksuem uotug pkliuodguseo [ yeod cmeodgur.

55.3.9 Xpesm

Xpesm bejur-bejur @YQ yeod cmpegem uotug pkrgueteo dkskr nerus cmpkrmgse uotug lkodkvebuesm
gfotrmiusmoye tkrnecep gkgueteo dkskr. Xpesm nerus lkodmgutm ieteseo-ieteseo cerm EHM 85>
uotug pkoubeodeo dkskr ieje motkroeb. Xpesm bejur-bejur @YQ cmck`momsmgeo skiedem jereg eoter
derms tkoden jebur-jebur @YQ tkrskiut.

55
55.3.8
.3.8 Ietes-ietes pkoubeod eo

Gkgueteo dkskr tfteb yeod cmskcmegeo fbkn pkrgueteo nerus cmelimb skiedem julben gfotrmiusm
pkrgueteo dkskr @YQ ceo pkoubeodeo dkskr ieje. Julben cerm gkgueteo-gkgueteo dkskr cerm
pkrgueteo dkskr nerus cmietesm ikrceser grmtkrme uotug ieje seje cebel EHM 85>.

Ps + P `  1, 00 '
`h iwc   (XM)   (55.3.8)

[otug pkoelpeod bmodgereo, ombem  iw c   pece Qkrs. (55.3.8) eceben 1,> C9, cmleoe  C  eceben
cmelktkr gflpfoko.

59 Qkrgueteo gflpf oko yeod

yeod lkokrmle deye
deye egsmeb eteu
eteu gflim oesm deye egsmeb ceo
lflko bkotur

Qkodkgeodeo gfbfl iktfo ikrtubeod ckodeo skbuiuod skret ikrpfbmlkr (@YQ) cepet cmpegem
uotug lkomodgetgeo gkgueteo ceo cegtmbmtes. Qkomodgeteo
Qkomodgeteo gepesmtes eceben nesmb skgktmge ceo
ululoye cmoyetegeo ckodeo pkomodgeteo teneoeo ikieo puoheg. Qkomodgeteo cegtmbmtes,
pece smsm bemo, lklkrbugeo nmtuodeo-nmtuodeo yeod bkimn gflpbkg uotug lkokotugeo
gklelpueo gflpfoko uotug lklpkrteneogeo rftesm ceo smlpeodeo teope gknmbeodeo
gkgueteo cebel julben yeod suisteosmeb. Qeseb mom neoye ikrbegu uotug gflpfoko-gflpfoko
yeod cmgkgeod ckodeo smstkl @YQ.
 © IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 
;0 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

59.5
59.5 Deye tkgeo egsmeb lur om

Xmstkl @YQ cepet cmduoegeo uotug lkomodgetgeo gkgueteo tkgeo egsmeb pece suetu
gflpfoko iktfo ckodeo pkodkgeodeo lkodduoegeo skbuiuod @YQ (Oeoom eoc Irec`frc
5==;7 Sfuteojm 5===). Qkodkgeodeo gflpfoko iktfo cmhepem ckodeo lkleseod skret eren
lkbmoteod tkrnecep suliu lkleojeod gflpfoko. Ckodeo frmkotesm skret skpkrtm mom,
gkgeodeo skret lmrmp ckodeo pkoubeodeo spmreb eteu pkodmget cerm ieje. Xktmep gfotrmiusm cerm
skret eren lkleojeod tkrnecep gkgueteo tkgeo egsmeb gflpfoko iktfo nerus cmeiemgeo.

Xkbuiuod @YQ yeod lklikrmgeo pkodkgeodeo pesm` pece gflpfoko tkgeo tmceg lkokrmle
tkdeodeo selpem tkrjecm pkliksereo ceo rkteg pece gflpfoko tkgeo yeod cmiuodgus @YQ.
Fbkn gerkoe mtu, gfoteg yeod iemg eotere skbuiuod @YQ ceo gflpfoko iktfo seodet pkotmod

Skrdeotuod pece bkvkb pkodkgeodeo, gurve tkdeodeo-rkdeodeo uomegsmeb cerm gfbfl iktfo
ikrtubeod cepet cmoyetegeo fbkn seben setu gurve Delier 59.5e, cmleoe   `  h'  ceo  `  hh'   eceben
gkgueteo tkgeo iktfo puoheg uotug lesmod-lesmod gesus teope gkgeodeo ceo ckodeo
gkgeodeo. Gkgueteo-gkgueteo mom cmnmtuod skiedem ikieo puoheg cmgureodm gfotrmiusm
tubeodeo ieje, sklueoye bebu cmiedm ckodeo bues pkoelpeod iktfo. Ykdeodeo ubtmlmt
gflpfoko tmceg tkrgkgeod yeod sksuem 1,>;   `    h'  (Gurve (e)) eceben λ hu. Ykdeodeo λ huu sksuem
ckodeo: e) 1,>;  `  hh' uotug gesus gflpfoko tkrgkgeod bklen (Gurve (i))7 ceo i) rkdeodeo
ruotun uotug gesus tkrgkgeod iemg pece gfocmsm pkouruoeo tkdeodeo ceo rkdeodeo
(sf`tkomod)   (tkdeodeo ruotun bkimn ikser cerm 1,>;  `  hh' (Gurve (h)) eteu gesus
ikrtelien (sf`tkomod)
( nerckomod) (Gurve
tkrgkgeod iemg pece gfocmsm pkomodgeteo tkdeodeo ceo rkdeodeo (nerckomod)  (Gurve (c)).

ψ

`  hh (λhhu, `  hh)



`  hh

`  hh (λhhu, ψ ? 1,>; `  hh) 


`  h

1,>;`  hh (λhhu, 1,>; `  hh)



1,>;`  h (λhu, 1,>; `  hh)


(e) tmceg tkrgkgeod

(i) tkrgkgeod bklen
(h) tkrgkgeod iemg (pc gurve pesge puoheg)
(c) tkrgkgeod iemg (pc gurve pre puoheg)
Yuotun

59.5e ‘ Qkrmbegu tkdeodeo-rkde
Delier 59.5e tkdeodeo-rkdeodeo
odeo sgkletmg c erm gfbfl iktfo ikrtubeod
tkrg kgeod ceo tm ceg tkrg kgeod (Yfhhe kt eb. 9110)
9110)..

© IXO 9195 ;4 cerm

cer m 5;8 

 
 XOM >=45:9195

`  h


`  hh Iktfo tkrgkgeod
K9
5
`  h Iktfo tmceg
tkrgkgeod
Kh

λ'h λ't   1,118 λhhu λh

Delier 59.5i ‘ Lfckb t kdeodeo-rk

kdeodeo-rkdeodeo
deodeo uotug iktfo t krgkgeod
krgkgeod l kodduoegeo
kodduoegeo @YQ

Ck`momsm λ hhu  pece 1,>;  `  hh'   eteu bkimn gkhmb eceben tmceg ckodeo ceser yeod jkbes, lksgmpuo
gfosmstko ckodeo pkrlfckbeo iktfo gfovkosmfoeb (Nfdokstec 5=;5) ceo skcklmgmeo
sknmodde gurve lkouruo cerm gurve tkdeodeo rkdeodeo pece bkvkb tkdeodeo mtu (1,>;  `  hh'  eteu
bkimn tmoddm) tmceg ikdmtu skosmtm` tkrnecep prfskcur ujm cebel neb gkhkpeteo pklikieoeo ceo
gkgegueo ebet ujm.

Gkgueteo tkgeo egsmeb gflpfoko iktfo tmceg beodsmod, ckodeo ikret ofrleb ceo cmgkgeod
ckodeo skbuiuod @YQ cepet cmnmtuod lklegem gkgueteo iktfo tkrgkgeod lklegem Qkrs.
(59.5e) ceo (59.5i). Deye egsmeb yeod ikgkrje pece gflpfoko iktfo yeod cmpkrguet @YQ
nerus cmnmtuod lklegem `egtfr ikieo lkodmgutm EHM 85>, ceo ikrbegu ombem `egtfr, ϛ, yeod
cmtktepgeo cebel EHM 85> uotug gkcue jkoms pkoubeodeo ieje treosvkrseb (spmreb eteu
pkodmget).
[otug gflpfoko ofopretkdeod ckodeo pkoubeodeo spmreb ieje kgsmstmod.

Qo < 1, >;  1, >; ` h'h ( Ed ∙ Est ) + ` y Est     (59.5e)

[otug gflpfoko ofopretkdeod ckodeo pkoubeodeo pkodmget ieje kgsmstmod.

Qo < 1,> 1,>; `hh ( Ed ∙ Est ) +

,>;
'
` y Est    
 (59.5i)

Ikikrepe lfckb yeod lkosmlubesm pkrmbegu tkdeodeo-rkdeodeo cerm pkoelpeod yeod

cmgkgeod ckodeo @YQ pece zfoe tkgeo tkrcepet cm ikikrepe bmtkretur (Skod kt eb. 91197 Ck
Bfrkozms eoc Skp`krs 91187 Bel eoc Skod 9118e). Lfckb tkdeodeo-rkde
tkdeodeo-rkdeodeo
odeo fbkn Bel ceo
Skod (9118e, i) uotug iktfo yeod cmgkgeod ckodeo @YQ cmmbustresmgeo cm Delier 59.5i ceo
cmnmtuod ckodeo kgsprksm ikrmgut:

   ( Kh ∙ K 9 ) 9
 K h  h ∙ '
  1   h   t '
 ` h     3 ` h   (59.5h)
 '
 ` h + K 9  h  t'   h   h,lex

h,lex  h hu  1,15   (59.5c)

 ` hh' ∙ ` h'
 K 9 <   (59.5k)
hhu

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

;> cerm

XOM >=45:9195
 9 ` h
't  <   (59.5`)
 Kh ∙ K 9

Gkgueteo tkgeo iktfo tkrgkgeod legsmlul,  `  hh'   , ceo tkgeoeo pkodkgeodeo legsmlul  ` ℘ ℘  
cmnmtuod lkodduoegeo Qkrs. (59.5d) ceo (59.5n), ckodeo lkoykrtegeo `egtfr rkcugsm
telieneo, ώ ` , skikser 1,=; (Bel eoc Skod 9118e,i).

 `hh
'
< ` h' +  ` 8, 8e `    (59.5d)

9 K ` ot `  `k
 `  <   (59.5n)
 C

Qece Qkrs. (59.5d),   `  h'  eceben gkgueteo tkgeo smbmockr iktfo yeod tmceg tkrgkgeod, ceo `egtfr
k`msmkosm, κ  e, yeod lklpkrnmtuodgeo dkflktrm pkoelpeod, bmodgereo eteu ofobmodgereo,
skpkrtm yeod cmck`momsmgeo cm 59.5.5 ceo 59.5.9. Qece Qkrs. (59.5n), rkdeodeo k`kgtm` cebel
@YQ seet lkodebelm gkdedebeo,
gkdedebeo, λ `k, eceben

 `k <  `u   (59.5m)

@egtfr k`msmkosm rkdeodeo @YQ κ λ yeod lklpkrnmtuodgeo gkdedebeo prkletur cerm smstkl @YQ
(Qkssmgm kt eb. 9115), ikrnuiuodeo tkrutele ckodeo cekren gfoskotresm tkdeodeo yeod
cmskieigeo fbkn rkteg iktfo seet lkodklieod. Ikrceser gebmiresm kgspkrmlkoteb lklegem
spksmlko iktfo tkrgkgeod tkrutele ckodeo @YQ gerifo (H@YQ), ombem rete-rete κ λ  nesmb
nmtuodeo
9;5 nesmbBel ceo Skod(Nerrmks
kgspkrmlko (9118e) eoc
eceben 1,;>0.
Herky Cklmgmeo
9118) pube, nmtuodeo
lkodnesmbgeo ombem κ cerm iesms cete ikrmsm
λ  < 1,;>, skceodgeo
nesmb-nesmb kgspkrmlko tkrnecep gfbfl ckodeo sgebe lkcmul ceo ikser lkodnesmgeo ombem κ λ 
1,;4 ceo 1,05 (Herky eoc Nerrmks 911;).

Ikrcesergeo nesmb ujm cerm Bel eoc Skod (9118e,i), resmf  ` ℘ /   `    h'  tmceg ifbkn gureod cerm 1,1>.
Mom eceben bkvkb pkodkgeodeo lmomlul yeod cmpkrbugeo uotug lklestmgeo cebel gurve
pkouruoeo gkcue cebel gmokrje tkdeodeo-rkdeodeo tmceg turuo, skpkrtm cmtuojuggeo fbkn Gurve
(c) cm Delier 59.5e. Ieteseo mom gklucmeo cmgfo`mrlesm uotug pkoelpeod bmodgereo fbkn
Xpfkbstre eoc Lfotm (5===) lkodduoegeo lfckb eoebmtms lkrkge. @egtfr k`msmkosm rkdeodeo κ λ 
< 1,;; ceo resmf pkodkgeodeo lmomlul ` ℘ /   `    h'  skikser 1,1> nerus cmduoegeo.

Ykdeodeo tkgeo legsmlul iktfo cm cebel iktfo yeod cmgkgeod ckodeo @YQ, λ hhu, cepet
cmherm lklegem Qkrs. (59.5j)
( 59.5j) (Hfohrktk Xfhmkty 9113). Ykdeodeo iktfo legsmlul, λ h,lex, yeod
cmduoegeo cm Qkrs. (59.5h) nerus cmietesm ombemoye skikser 1,15 uotug lkohkden rkteg
ikrbkimneo ceo lkoykieigeo nmbeodoye motkdrmtes iktfo.

  `     `k  
1,3;

hhu <  5, ;1 + 59i   '  '    

'
(59.5j)
h
  ` h   h  
 
Cebel Qkrs. (59.5j), `egtfr k`msmkosm κ  i  lklpkrnmtuodgeo dkflktrm pkoelpeod cebel
nmtuodeo rkdeodeo egsmeb ubtmlmt, skpkrtm cmck`momsmgeo cm 59.5.5 ceo 59.5.9.

Qkomodgeteo gkgueteo uotug gflpfoko tkgeo ckodeo   `    h'   41 LQe eteu bkimn tmoddm ikbul
cmvkrm`mgesm skhere kgspkrmlkoteb. Qkomodgeteo iktfo ckodeo gkgueteo tkgeo   `  h'  bkimn cerm 41
LQe nerus cmcesergeo ujm kgspkrmlkoteb.

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

;= cerm

XOM >=45:9195

59
59.5.5
.5.5 Qkoelpeod
Qkoelpeod bmo dgereo

Xkbuiuod @YQ pebmod k`kgtm` jmge cmduoegeo uotug lkodkgeod gflpfoko ckodeo pkoelpeod
bmodgereo (Cklkrs eoc Okebk 5===7 Qkssmgm kt eb. 91157 Nerrmks eoc Herky 91187 ]fussk`
91187 Lettnys kt eb. 911;7 Yfhhe kt eb. 9110). Imbe eren skret lkbmoteod tkrnecep suliu
 lkleojeod gflpfoko, smstkl @YQ lkoykcmegeo tkgeoeo pkodkgeodeo lkbmodger yeod
lkrete tkrnecep pkodklieodeo recmeb gflpfoko tkgeo. [otug pkoelpeod bmodgereo, `egtfr
ikotug κ  e ceo κ  i lesmod-lesmod cebel Qkrs. (59.5d) eoc (59.5j), cepet cmelimb skikser 5,1.

59
59.5.9
.5.9 Qkoelpeod
Qkoelpeod ofo bmo dgereo

Qkodujmeo tkben lkouojuggeo ienwe lkodkgeod gflpfoko ckodeo telpeod iujur seodger
ceo pkrskdm peojeod ckodeo skbuiuod @YQ neoye lkomodgetgeo skhere lerdmoeb gkgueteo
tkgeo egsmeb legsmlul,  `  hh' , cerm gflpfoko (Qkssmgm kt eb. 91157 Teod eoc Ykstrkpf 91157
Nerrmks eoc Herky 91187 ]fussk` 91187 Yfhhe kt eb. 911>). Gktkotueo-gktkotueo cebel
pkcfleo mom tmceg cmsereogeo uotug gflpfoko-gflpfoko ckodeo resmf cmlkosm n/i n/i   bkimn
ikser cerm 9,1, eteu cmlkosm luge i  eteu n  lkbkimnm =11 ll, gkhuebm ujm kgspkrmlkoteb
lkouojuggeo k`kgtmvmtesoye.
k`kgtmvmtesoye.

[otug pkoelpeod ofobmodgereo, perelktkr  ` ℘ ℘   pece Qkrs. (59.5n) sksuem ckodeo tkgeoeo
pkodkgeodeo legsmlul cerm pkoelpeod bmodgereo kgumvebko ckodeo cmelktkr C yeod sele
ckodeo peojeod cmedfoeb pkoelpeod pkrskdm peojeod.

 C < i9 + n 9   (59.5.9e)

@egtfr ikotug κ  e  cebel Qkrs. (59.5d) ceo κ  i  cebel Qkrs. (59.5j) tkrdeotuod pece cue
perelktkr: erke pkoelpeod iktfo yeod k`kgtm` tkrgkgeod  Ek, ceo espkg resmf  i/  n
n, skpkrtm
cmtuojuggeo lesmod-lesmod
lesmod-lesmod cebel Qkrs. (59.5.9i) ceo (59.5.9h).

9
 Ek   i 
e <       (59.5.9i)
 Eh  n 

1,;
 Ek   n 
i <       (59.5.9h)
 Eh  i 

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

01 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

Bues k`kgtm`
pkoelpeod

i
 C
 r h

59.5.9 ‘ Bues pkoelpeod b mod gereo kgumv ebko (Bel eoc

Delier 59.5.9 eoc Skod 9118i)
9118i)

Qkockgeteo tkfrmtms yeod ululoye cmtkrmle uotug ck`momsm Ek tkrcmrm cerm klpet pereifbe yeod
iktfo cm cebeloye cmgkgeod skpkounoye, cmiedmeo buer erke tkrskiut gkgeodeo yeod tkrjecm
seodet gkhmb (Delier 59.5.9). Ikotug pereifbe ceo bues gkgeodeo k`kgtm` yeod cmnesmbgeo
i ceo  n), jerm-jerm sucut,  r h, ceo resmf tubeodeo ieje bfodmtucmoeb,
eceben `uodsm cmlkosm gfbfl (  i
υ d, cepet cmoyetegeo skiedem

 i  n 9
 n  (n ∙ 9rh ) +  i  (i ∙ 9rh )  
9

5∙   ∙
d

k d
 E
 Eh
< 8 E
5 ∙ d
  (59.5.9c)

59.5.8
59.5.8 Qkrtmli eoeo-pkrtmli eodeo gklelpu eo beyeo

Xeet ikieo lkockgetm bkvkb ikieo tkr`egtfr, gkrusegeo iktfo cebel ikotug rkteg smdom`mgeo
eren recmeb luodgmo tkrjecm. Xkbuiuod @YQ lkoeneo gkruseggeo ceo lklpkrteneogeo
motkdrmtes strugtur gfbfl. Oeluo pece bkvkb ikieo beyeo, tmpk
t mpk gkruseggeo mom nerus cmnmocerm.
Ckodeo here mom, skbuiuod @YQ neoye egeo ikregsm seet tkrjecm ikieo bkimn yeod sm`etoye
sklkotere.

[otug lklestmgeo eder rkteg recmeb tmceg tkrjecm seet ikieo beyeo, rkdeodeo lkbmoteod cebel
iktfo nerus tktep cm iewen rkdeodeo rkteg pece bkvkb ikieo beyeo. Mom sele ckodeo
lklietesm tkdeodeo tkgeo iktfo skikser 1,0;   `    h' . Xkiedem telieneo, tkdeodeo beyeo cebel
tubeodeo ieje bfodmtucmoeb nerus cm iewen 1,01 `  y  uotug lkohkden ck`frlesm pbestms egmiet
ikieo jeodge peojeod eteu ikieo smgbms. Ckodeo lklpkrneogeo tkdeodeo tkrtkotu cebel
iktfo pece gfocmsm beyeo, tkdeodeo cebel skbuiuod @YQ egeo rkbetm` rkocen. Xkbuiuod neoye
egeo lkodebelm tkdeodeo pece bkvkb smdom`mgeo gktmge iktfo lkodebelm rkdeodeo lkbmoteod
cm etes rkdeodeo rkteg ceo pkodklieodeo lkbmoteod lkojecm ikser. Skdeodeo-tkdeodeo
ikieo beyeo cebel skbuiuod @YQ nerus tmceg pkroen lkbkimnm ietes tkdeodeo ruotunruot un reodgeg.
Xkiedem telieneo, ck`frlesm egsmeb seet ikieo-ikieo beyeo nerus cmpkrmgse uotug
lkodkvebuesm pkoderunoye tkrnecep gmokrje strugtur.

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

05 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

59
59.9
.9 Gflimo esm deye egsmeb ceo bkotur

Qkliuodguseo ckodeo skbuiuod @YQ jude cepet lkomodgetgeo gkgueteo uotug gflpfoko
yeod lkodebelm gflimoesm tkgeo egsmeb ceo bkotur (Ofsnf 5==07 Xeecetleoksn kt eb. 5==07
Hneebbeb eoc Xnenewy 91117 Xnkmgn eoc ]eu 91197 Mehfiuhhm kt eb. 91187 Ifusmes kt eb. 91137
Kboeikbsy eoc Xeethmfdbu 91137 Nerejbm eoc Ytkmb 91137 Xeusk kt eb. 91137 Lklfo eoc Xnkmgn
911;).

[otug lklpregmregeo pkoderun gkgeodeo @YQ tkrnecep pkomodgeteo gkgueteo, Qkrs. (59.5e)
ceo (59.5i) cepet cmduoegeo jmge ombem kgskotrmsmtes yeod tkrjecm pece gflpfoko sele eteu
gureod cerm 1,5 n. Jmge kgskotrmsmtes bkimn cerm 1,5 n, lege lktfcfbfdm ceo pkrseleeo-
pkrseleeo cebel 59.5 cepet cmpegem uotug lkokotugeo sm`et-sm`et letkrmeb iktfo cerm
pkoelpeod gflpfoko tkrnecep tkdeodeo tkgeo. Ikrcesergeo mtu, cmedrel motkregsm lflko-
(Q-L)) uotug gflpfoko yeod cmgkgeod ckodeo @YQ cepet cmikotug lklegem
ikieo egsmeb (Q-L
prfskcur-prfskcur
prfskcur-prfskcur yeod tkben lepeo (Ieog 9110).
 Ieteseo-ieteseo cm iewen mom ikrbegu uotug gflpfoko yeod lkodebelm gflimoesm tkdeodeo
tkgeo ceo bkotur:
e) Ykdeodeo k`kgtm` cebel skbuiuod @YQ nerus cmietesm pece ombem yeod cmikrmgeo cebel Qkrs.
(59.9) uotug lklestmgeo motkdrmtes dkskr pece iktfo tkrgkgeod.

 `k < 1,113   `u   (59.9) 

i) Qkomodgeteo gkgueteo neoye cmpkrtmlieodgeo imbe deye egsmeb ubtmlmt yeod cmepbmgesmgeo
ceo lflko bkotur,  Qu ceo  Lu, lesmod-lesmod, jetun cm etes derms yeod lkodnuiuodgeo
tmtmg eseb ckodeo tmtmg skmlieod cebel cmedrel Q-L   uotug gflpfoko tmceg tkrgkgeod
(Delier 59.9), Ieteseo mom ikrsulikr cerm gkoyeteeo ienwe pkomodgeteo gkgueteo neoye
smdom`mgeo uotug gflpfoko-gflpfoko cmleoe gkdedebeo tkgeo eceben lfce yeod
lkokotugeo (Ieog 9110).

Cmedrel Q-L  cepet
  cepet cmikotug ckodeo lklkounm gflpetmimbmtes rkdeodeo ceo gksktmlieodeo
deye lklegem lfckb pkrmbegu tkdeodeo-rkdeodeo uotug iktfo tkrgkgeod @YQ yeod tkben
cmuremgeo cebel Qkrs. (59.5h) selpem ckodeo (59.5`). [otug pkoykckrneoeeo, iedmeo cmedrel
Q-L   cerm
cerm yeod tmceg cmgkgeod ceo cmgkgeod yeod sksuem ckodeo gkdedebeo yeod cmtkotugeo
fbkn tkgeo cepet cmrkcugsm lkojecm gurve yeod tkrcmrm cerm cue derms burus yeod lkbkwetm tmde
tmtmg (Delir 59.9). [otug ombem-ombem kgskotrmsmtes
kgskotrms mtes bkimn ikser cerm 1,5 n ceo selpem tmtmg pece
ckodeo gfocmsm skmlieod, lktfcfbfdm cebel Belpmreo C cepet cmpegem uotug lkodnmtuod
cmedrel motkregsm yeod cmskckrneoegeo. Ombem-ombem `egtfr ϛ  yeod tkben ece cebel EHM 85>
uotug gkcue jkoms ieje tubeodeo lkbmoteod (spmreb ceo pkodmjget) ikrbegu.

59
59.8
.8 Qkomo
Qkomo dgeteo cegtm bmt es

Qkomodgeteo cegtmbmtes pece suetu pkoelpeod lkodnesmbgeo gklelpueo uotug

lkodklieodgeo rkdeodeo-rkdeodeo tkgeo yeod bkimn ikser cm cebel iktfo skikbul
lkodebelm gkdedebeo tkgeo (Xkmibk kt eb. 5==4). Xkbuiuod @YQ cepet lklpkrbeliet
tkrjecmoye tkgug pece tubeodeo ieje lkleojeod yeod lkodebelm tkgeo ceo lkojkpmt bep
spbems pece tubeodeo ieje lkleojeod.

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

09 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

    Qu,Lu
 E Qo,Lo Ckodeo gkgeodeo
Qo,Lo Seope cmgkgeod
I
 E
    h
     `
                       

 
    d I Derms Iebeohk
     E
     /     o Yuotun H
     Q H
tkgeo
Heteteo: Dre`mg mom tmceg lklpkrnmtuodgeo `egtfr ϛ 
Ceo `egtfr rkcugsm tubeodeo treosvkrseb (1,>1 / 1,>;)

Lo/Edn` h

Delier 59.9 ‘ Cmedre
 Cmedrel
l mot kregsm rkprkskotetm`
rkprkskotetm`

[otug epbmgesm skmslmg, Xkbuiuod @YQ nerus cmreoheod uotug lkodnesmbgeo tkdeodeo
lkodkgeod yeod hugup uotug lkodklieodgeo rkdeodeo-rkdeodeo ckseg iktfo yeod
ikrnuiuodeo ckodeo gkiutuneo pkrpmoceneo yeod cmjkbesgeo cebel Qeseb 58. Deye-deye
dkskr jude nerus cmkvebuesm sksuem ckodeo Qeseb 55 uotug lkohkden gkdedebeo dkskr dktes
sksuem ckodeo EHM 85>.
 59.8.5
59.8.5 Qkoelpeod
Qkoelpeod -pkoelpeod bmo dgereo

Ykdeodeo tkgeo legsmlul uotug

uotu g gflpfoko yeod cmgkgeod ckodeo @YQ ckodeo pkoelpeod
ikrikotug bmodgereo cepet cmherm ckodeo Qkrs. (59.5j) ckodeo  `  hh' cmelimb cerm Qkrs. (59.5d) ceo
lklegem ombem κ  i < 5.1.

59.8.9
59.8.9 Qkoelpeod
Qkoelpeod -pkoelpeod ofo bm odg ereo

Ykdeodeo tkgeo legsmlul uotuguotu g gflpfoko yeod cmgkgeod ckodeo @YQ ckodeo pkoelpeod
ikrikotug iujur seodger eteu pkrskdm peojeod cepet cmherm ckodeo Qkrs. (59.5j) ckodeo  `  hh'  
cerm Qkrs. (59.5d) ceo ombem κ  i cerm Qkrs. (59.5.9h). K`kg gkgeodeo cerm skbuiuod @YQ nerus
cmesulsmgeo tmceg ikrertm uotug pkoelpeod pkrskdm peojeod ckodeo resmf n/i n/i lkbkimnm
 lkbkimnm 9,1,
eteu cmlkosm luge  i eteu  n lkbkimnm =11 ll, gkhuebm nesmb ujm lkouojuggeo k`kgtmvmtes k`kg
gkgeodeo cerm skbuiuod @YQ tkrskiut.

59.3
59.3 Deye termg egsmeb lur om

Xmstkl @YQ cepet cmduoegeo uotug lkoelien gkgueteo termg gflpfoko iktfo. Gerkoe
letkrmeb @YQ lklpuoyem pkrmbegu bmomkr-kbestms, gfotrmiusm termg smstkl @YQ ikrnuiuodeo
beodsuod ckodeo rkdeodeooye ceo cmnmtuod ckodeo nugul Nffgk.

Gepesmtes termg yeod cmikrmgeo fbkn smstkl @YQ cmietesm fbkn gkgueteo termg rkoheoe cerm
smstkl @YQ ceo gklelpueo smstkl @YQ uotug lkotreos`kr tkdeodeo gk pkrlugeeo iktfo
bkwet bkgeteo (Oeoom kt eb. 5==4). Ykdeodeo k`kgtm` cebel @YQ cepet cmtkotugeo ikrcesergeo

grmtkrme pkodueteo
(55.3.5.9i) dkskr 5,1.
cepet cmelimb cm Qkrs. (55.3.5.5)
Qeojeod bkgeteo selpem (55.3.5.9c).
lmomlul, ℘  c`   , skpkrtmOmbem
yeodg9cmnmtuod
cebel cebel
Qkrs.
53.5.8, nerus cmikrmgeo uotug lkodklieodgeo rkdeodeo pece bkvkb mom.

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

08 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

58 Qkrgueteo skmsl mg
Ieoyeg tkgomg pkrgueteo tkben cmgklieodgeo ceo cmduoegeo uotug lklpkriemgm ceo
( @kckreb Klkrdkohy Leoedklkot Edkohy 
lkrkneimbmtesm strugtur yeod ruseg egmiet dklpe (@kckreb Edkohy 
9110). Mckotm`mgesm lktfck rkneimbmtesm yeod k`kgtm` ikrgemteo ckodeo nesmb kvebuesm skmslmg cerm
strugtur ceo cmcesergeo pece pkrtmlieodeo ieoyeg `egtfr, eotere bemo jkoms strugtur, tujueo
rkneimbmtesm,, k`kgtmvmtes sgkle pkrgueteo, gklucene
rkneimbmtesm gkluceneo o gfostrugsm, skrte imeye.

Gbesm`mgesm lktfck rkneimbmtesm skmslmg uotug ieoduoeo cm EXHK / XKM 35 ceo EHM 80=Y
lklikrmgeo pkcfleo skiedem ikrmgut: lfcm`mgesm gflpfoko bfgeb, lkodnmbeodgeo eteu
lkodureodm pkoymlpeodeo ceo cmsgfotmoumtes yeod ece, pkodegueo strugtur dbfieb,
pkrgueteo strugtur dbfieb, pkodureodeo lese, msfbesm skmslmg, skrte cmsmpesm kokrdm telieneo.
Qkrgueteo lkodduoegeo ieneo ceo smstkl @YQ lkluodgmogeo lfcm`mgesm gflpfoko bfgeb
ceo cepet cmmlpbklkotesmgeo uotug lkomodgetgeo gmokrje skmslmg gkskburuneo strugtur.
Gkuotuodeo utele cerm pkrgueteo @YQ cepet cmrmodges skiedem ikrmgut:
e. Qece tmodget gflpfoko, pkrgueteo @YQ cepet cmduoegeo uotug lklmtmdesm lkgeomslk
gkdedebeo yeod dktes skhere k`msmko. Gkdedebeo mom tkrlesug gkdedebeo dkskr seliuodeo
iebfg-gfbfl yeod tmceg cmgkgeod7 gkdedebeo dkskr iebfg, gfbfl, eteu gkcueoye7 ceo
gkdedebeo bep spbems. Qkrgueteo @YQ jude cepet cmduoegeo uotug lkomodgetgeo gepesmtes
bkotur cerm gflpfoko iktfo ikrtubeod, uotug lkoeneo tkgug pece tubeodeo ieje bkotur, ceo
uotug lkomodgetgeo gepesmtes rftesm mokbestmg cerm gflpfoko iktfo ikrtubeod.
i. Qkodduoeeo sgkle pkrgueteo @YQ lkodegmietgeo pkomodgeteo gepesmtes pkrpmoceneo
dbfieb ceo cmsmpesm kokrdm strugtur, sknmodde lkomodgetgeo pkrmbegu gkskburuneo strugtur
iktfo ikrtubeod yeod cmgkoegeo ikieo skmslmg
h. Qkrgueteo
Qkrguete o @YQ dkskr ceo gkgeodeo lklikrmgeo celpeg gkhmb pece gkgegueo eteu lese
strugtur. Cebel gesus skpkrtm mtu, kvebuesm ubeod ikieo skmslmg sktkben pkrgueteo imeseoye
tmceg cmpkrbugeo. Jmge gkgegueo strugtureb pkrbu cmtmodgetgeo, pkrgueteo @YQ uotug
 gflpfoko bfgeb cepet cmdeiuodgeo ckodeo tkgomg trecmsmfoeb pkriemgeo dbfieb bemooye.

Ieoyeg prfdrel pkokbmtmeo tkben lkodkvebuesm gkk`kgtm`eo pkodduoeeo gflpfsmt @YQ yeod
cmbkgetgeo skhere kgstkroeb uotug rkneimbmtesm skmslmg strugtur iktfo (Nerfuo cgg. 911;7
Qeotkbmcks cgg. 91117 Dnfieren ceo Xemc 91197 Dkrdkby cgg. 91117 Eotfofpfubfs ceo
Srmeote`mbbfu 91197 Nelkc ceo Yeimofvmthn 911;7 Qelpeomo cgg. 91147 Cm Bucfvmhf cgg.
911>e). Qrfdrel pkokbmtmeo bemo tkben lkodgfo`mrlesm pftkosm tkgomg pkrgueteo @YQ uotug
lkomodgetgeo gmokrje skmslmg pece kbklko bfgeb skpkrtm gfbfl iktfo ikrtubeod (Ifusmes kt eb.
9113) ceo seliuodeo (Eotfofpfubfs ceo Srmeote`mbbfu 91197 Qrfte kt eb. 9113). Nesmb
pkokbmtmeo uotug pkrgueteo @YQ yeod cmtkrepgeo pece kbklko bfgeb eteu tmodget gkreodge
strugtureb persmeb gklucmeo cmvebmcesm pece strugtur sgebe pkoun (Qeotkbmcks kt eb. 91117 91137
Iebself kt eb. 911;7 Kodmockomz
Kodmockomz kt eb. 911>e, i). Xkbemo mtu, ikikrepe strugtur yeod tkrlesug
kbklko yeod cmpkrguet @YQ tkben lkodebelm gkjecmeo skmslmg/dklpe. Gkdedebeo mom eoddfte
cmbepfrgeo ikbul tkrjecm.

Qeseb mom lkoyejmgeo pkcfleo cksemo uotug pkrgueteo skmslmg kbklko iktfo ikrtubeod
lkodduoegeo gflpfsmt @YQ yeod cmbkgetgeo skhere kgstkroeb. Qkcfleo cksemo yeod
cmjkbesgeo cm smom cmlegsucgeo uotug cmduoegeo ikrsele ckodeo gfoskp ceser, prfskcur
eoebmsms, `mbfsf`m cksemo, tujueo rkneimbmtesm skmslmg, ceo grmtkrme yeod cmtktepgeo cebel
cfgulko skpkrtm EXHK / XKM 35 ceo EHM 80=Y. Qkrgueteo gflpfoko eteu strugtur ieoduoeo
iktfo ikrtubeod ckodeo @YQ nerus lkodmgutm prmosmp pkrbmocuodeo gepesmtes. Cebel cksemo
gepesmtes (Nfbbmods 5=0>7 Qerg ceo Qeubey 5=40), lkgeomslk rkspfos mokbestms yeod
cmmodmogeo cm iewen egsm skmslmg nerus cmpestmgeo ckodeo lkoykcmegeo nmkrergm gkgueteo
(gfbfl guet-iebfg bklen 7 gkgueteo dkskr ? gkgueteo bkotur). Qkokrepeo pkcfleo cksemo
uotug rkneimbmtesm skmslmg strugtur ofo-dkcuod skpkrtm jklieteo, ckrlede, smbf, ceo `esmbmtes
ougbmr lklkrbugeo pkrtmlieodeo telieneo.

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

03 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

Xteocer mom tmceg lkoykcmegeo mo`frlesm yeod cmpkrbugeo uotug lkoykbksemgeo kvebuesm

skmslmg cerm strugtur

gkgureodeo yeod
gepesmtes ece, lkokotugeo
skmslmg epegen cmpkrbugeo
yeod pkrbu cmpkriemgm rktrf`mt,, eteu
rktrf`mt
uotug lkohepem lkodmckotm`mgesm
gmokrje strugtur yeod
cmmodmogeo.
cmmodmoge o. Qkcfleo mom jude tmceg
t mceg cmlegsucgeo uotug lkodetesm gfocmsm peshe-skmslmg eteu
gkgueteo smse strugtur ceo smstkl rktrf`mt rktrf`mt   @YQ. Xktkben gkjecmeo skmslmg, strugtur yeod
cmpkrguet ckodeo @YQ gflpfsmt cepet ikrck`frlesm ikser ceo tkrjecm gkrktegeo yeod
ikrbkimneo, lkodnesmbgeo tkdeodeo smse eteu gkrusegeo pece smstkl @YQ. Cebel gesus
skpkrtm mtu, movkstmdesm steimbmtes, cegtmbmtes, ceo smse gkgueteo strugtur nerus cmbegugeo sktkben
pkrmstmwe skmslmg uotug lkombem gkhugupeo smstkl rktrf`mt rktrf`mt   @YQ yeod ece ceo uotug
lkokotugeo epegen cmpkrbugeo tmocegeo pkriemgeo telieneo.

58.5
58.5 Beter ikbegeod

Xeben setu cfgulko pebmod gflprknkosm` yeod cmgklieodgeo uotug lkombem pkrbuoye
rkneimbmtesm skmslmg pece ieoduoeo iktfo ikrtubeod eceben EXHK / XKM 35. @KLE Q0=;
(@kckreb Klkrdkohy Leoedklkot Edkohy  Edkohy  911=) lklikrmgeo peocueo bkimn beojut cebel
pklmbmneo grmtkrme cksemo yeod tkpet uotug lkohepem gmokrje skmslmg. EHM 80=Y lklpkrgmregeo

gmokrje skmslmg
`frlet ceo yeod
msm cerm cmmodmogeo
EXHK cerm gflpfoko iktfo yeod skiedmeo ikser cmcesergeo pece
/ XKM 35.

(@kckreb Klkrdkohy Leoedklkot Edkohy 911=)

@KLE (@kckreb Edkohy 911=) lkoykcmegeo ce`ter rk`krkosm bkodgep
tkoteod steocer cksemo tkgoms ceo tkgomg eoebmsms yeod tkrskcme uotug pere pkreoheod.
pkreoheod. Xulikr
ceye bemo yeod ikrnuiuodeo ckodeo pkomodgeteo skmslmg cerm strugtur iktfo ikrtubeod yeod
sucen ece cepet cmpkrfbkn cerm Esfsmesm Qkohkdeneo Ikoheoe Ieoduoeo Jkpeod (911;),
Kurfhfck > (911;), @kckresm Motkroesmfoeb uotug Iktfo Xtrugtureb (9118, 9110), Ckweo Ymskt
Oesmfoeb Mtebme (9113) , ceo Xeioms kt eb. (5==0).

Qkodebeleo yeod cerm lklkrmgse gmokrje strugtur iktfo ikrtubeod sktkben pkrmstmwe skmslmg
lkouojuggeo ienwe ieoyeg gktmceghugupeo gkgueteo strugtureb nesmb cerm egmiet gkgeodeo
iktfo yeod tmceg lklecem, tubeodeo lkbmoteod ceo gfotmoumtes iktfo yeod tmceg lklecem
pece seliuodeo ceo gflpfoko strugtureb, tkgug pece tubeodeo bkotur, gkdedebeo bep spbems,
ceo gkdedebeo eodgur (Qrmkstbky kt eb. 5==07 Nerfuo kt eb. 91187 Xkzko kt eb. 91187 Qeotkbmcks
 kt eb. 5===, 9113). Gkgureodeo mom ululoye lkoykieigeo gkdedebeo dktes, gkruotuneo

tmodget
Qrfte ktbklen, ceoQkssmgm
eb. 91137 ck`frlesm
kt eb.rksmcu
5==1).yeod ikser kgspkrmlkoteb
Qkokbmtmeo (Lfknbk kt eb. 91197 Cm Bucfvmhf
jude tkben kt eb. 911>i7
lkouojuggeo ienwe
smstkl @YQ yeod tkrmget skhere kgstkroeb cepet k`kgtm` cebel lkodetesm ieoyeg gkgureodeo
strugtureb yeod cmskiutgeo skikbuloye (Moddrms, kt eb. 911;7 Qeotkbmcks kt eb. 911>7 Xmbve kt eb.
9114).

58.9
58.9 Xm`et @YQ uotug
uot ug cksemo skmsl mg

[otug pkomodgeteo gmokrje skmslmg, `egtfr bmodguodeo letkrmeb yeod cmikrmgeo pece Seikb =.3
nerus cmduoegeo cebel cksemo sfbusm pkrgueteo @YQ. Ietes gkruotuneo reodgeg pece Seikb
51.9.= tmceg pkrbu cmpkrtmlieodgeo uotug epbmgesm pkrgueteo skmslmg gkhuebm rkdeodeo eweb
cmikrbegugeo pece @YQ skiedem iedmeo cerm sgkle rktrf`mt
rktrf`mt.. Imeseoye, jmge cmduoegeo uotug
rktrf`mt skmslmg,
rktrf`mt skmslmg, letkrmeb @YQ tmceg tkrgkoe celpeg ikieo beyeo ikrgkbeojuteo yeod smdom`mgeo
ceo gkdedebeo gkruotuneo reodgeg tmceg lkokotugeo cksemo. Ietes gkruotuneo reodgeg
nerus cmpkrtmlieodgeo cebel gesus cm leoe epbmgesm @YQ cepet lklikrmgeo rkdeodeo eweb
eteu rkdeodeo beyeo yeod cepet lkodegmietgeo tkdeodeo ikrgkbeojuteo pece @YQ. Ikikrepe
hfotfn
eteu eoterebemo
lktfck bemoyeod
epbmgesm ckodeo dreut
lkodnesmbgeo yeod lkodklieod
tkdeodeo kxpeosmvk
(pece ieneodrfut),
ikrgkbeojuteo(kxpeosmvk drfut
@YQ. ), @YQ pretermg,
Jmge Qeseb mom
cmduoegeo ikrsele ckodeo peocueo EXHK / XKM 35, sm`et letkrmeb @YQ nerus cmeoddep
skiedem sm`et letkrmeb ckodeo gkgueteo bkimn rkocen.

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

0; cerm

XOM >=45:9195

58
58.8
.8 Gkgeodeo lkodd uoegeo @YQ

Kbklko strugtureb iktfo yeod cmbmodgupm ckodeo @YQ yeod lklmbmgm skret prmlkr yeod
cmfrkotesmgeo cm skgkbmbmod pkrmlktkr lklikrmgeo gkgeodeo pece skocm pbestmg, lkodureodm
(spbmttmod)) egmiet bep spbems yeod gureod cktemb, skrte lkohkden
rksmgf gkdedebeo termg ikben (spbmttmod
tkgug pece tubeodeo utele.

58
58.8.5
.8.5 Qkrt
Qkrtmli
mli eodeo ulu l

Cebel epbmgesm skmslmg, kbklko strugtureb iktfo yeod cmbmbmt @YQ tmceg cmrkgflkocesmgeo uotug
pkoelpeod pkrskdm peojeod ckodeo resmf  n /  i bkimn ikser cerm 5,;, eteu cmlkosm pkrlugeeo
 i eteu n lkbkimnm =11 ll (Xkmibk kt eb. 5==4), gkhuebm pkodujmeo yeod cmbegugeo lkouojuggeo
k`kgtmvmtes
k`kgtmvmt es @YQ uotug gkgeodeo kbklko mom. [otug kbklko pkrskdm peojeod ckodeo espkg resmf
bkimn ikser cerm 5,;, cepet cmlfcm`mgesm lkojecm lkbmodger eteu fveb uotug lkomodgetgeo
k`kgtmvmtes skbuiuod @YQ (Xkmibk kt eb. 5==4). Eodgur @YQ tkben tkriugtm cepet lkomodgetgeo
k`kgtmvmtes skbuiuod buer ( jehgkt
 jehgkt)) @YQ pece pkoelpeod pkrskdm peojeod ckodeo espkg resmf
bkimn ikser cerm 5,; (Gml kt eb. 9155).

58
58.8.9
.8.9 Gkgeodeo pece cekren skocm pbestms
pbest ms

Kbklko iktfo ikrtubeod yeod cmbmbmt @YQ cepet lkohepem gepesmtes rftesm mokbestmg yeod bkimn
tmoddm uotug skocm pbestmg (Xkmibk kt eb. 5==4). Xkbuiuod @YQ cepet cmduoegeo uotug
lkomodgetgeo gkgueteo tkgeo iktfo jmge sksuem ckodeo gfocmsm pece Iedmeo 59.8. [otug
kbklko iktfo yeod tmceg lklkounm gfocmsm mom, neoye rkdeodeo iktfo ubtmlmt yeod cepet
cmtmodgetgeo ckodeo bmbmteo kgstkroeb @YQ. Qkomodgeteo gkgueteo bkotur gerkoe gkgueteo tkgeo
iktfo yeod tmoddm nerus cmpkrtmlieodgeo uotug lklvkrm`mgesm ienwe skocm pbestms cepet
tkrikotug skikbul lkohepem gepesmtes dkskr pkoelpeod.
pkoelpeod.

Gurvetur cksemo  iktfo ikrtubeod tkrgkgeod pece skocm pbestmg cepet cmnmtuod lkodduoegeo
 C
Qkrs. (58.8.9e).

 p
 C < +  y , `rp  u , `rp   (58.8.9e)
 B p

ckleoc),
cm leoe ξ p eceben rftesm pbestms yeod cmpkrbugeo ((ckleoc ), yeod cepet cmtkotugeo lkodmgutm
prfskcur eoebmtmg yeod cmuremgeo cebel EXHK / XKM 35. Cebel Qkrs. (58.8.9e), gurvetur
 pkoelpeod yeod cmgkgeod @YQ pece seet ieje bkbkn, ɾ y, `rp, ceo pece gepesmtes tkrtmoddm, u,`rp,
cmtkotugeo fbkn Qkrs. (58.8.9i) ceo (58.8.9h), ceo  B p  eceben peojeod skocm pbestmg cmnmtuod
lkodduoegeo
lkodduoege o Qkrs. (58.8.9c).
 y
 y , `rp <   (58.8.9i)
c ∙ h y , `rp

cmleoe λ y  ceo  h y,`rp  eceben rkdeodeo ieje ceo gktmoddmeo suliu oktreb pece seet ieje bkbkn,
ceo  c  eceben jereg cerm skret tkgeo kgstrml gk tubeodeo termg kgstrml

   (58.8.9h)
u , `rp
`rp <
  hhu

hu , `rp
`rp

Cmleoe λ hhu  ceo  hu,`rp  eceben rkdeodeo skret tkgeo gfocmsm kgstrml ceo gktmoddmeo suliu
oktreb pece gfocmsm ubtmlmt.

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

00 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

[otug iebfg, peojeod skocm pbestmg  B p  cepet cmpkrgmregeo lkojecm cue gebm tmoddm iebfg ( 9 n).
Qeojeod skocm pbestmg jude cepet cmtkotugeo lkodduoegeo eoebmsms lkocktemb tktepm tmceg ifbkn
gureod cerm tmoddm iebfg. Cebel gfbfl ikrskbuiuod @YQ, peojeod skocm pbestmg  B p  cepet
cmnmtuod lkodduoegeo Qkrs. (58.8.9c) (Qrmkstbky kt eb. 5==0).

 B p < d + 1, 133 ` y c i   (58.8.9c) 

cm leoe  c i℘ 
i℘  ceo
  ceo  `  eceben
  eceben cmelktkr ceo tkdeodeo bkbkn ieje bkotur, ceo d eceben hkben ikrsmn
eotere skbuiuod @YQ ceo kbklko yeod ikrckgeteo, skpkrtm yeod cmtuojuggeo pece Delier.
58.8.9. Hkben  d tmceg ifbkn bkimn ikser cerm ;1,> ll.

bf  Bp

Gkgeodeo @YQ
pece skocm pbestms d

58.8.9 ‘ Gkge
Delier 58.8.9  Gkgeodeo
odeo skocm pbestms gfbfl

Cm cekren skocm pbestmg, gkgeodeo @YQ nerus cmskcmegeo ckodeo peojeod tmceg gureod cerm
peojeod skocm pbestmg ℘  f, cm leoe ℘  f eceben peojeodoye, cmugur skpeojeod suliu kbklko cerm
pkrlugeeo seliuodeo, cm leoe pkrgueteo lkbmoteod gnusus nerus cmskcmegeo skiedemleoe
cmck`momsmgeo cebel Qeseb 5> cerm EHM 85>-53. Qkrbu cmhetet ienwe skocm pbestmg cepet tkrjecm
(hflpbktk wreppmod)
cm bfgesm skbemo ujuod kbklko. Bmbmteo skhere lkoykburun (hflpbktk wreppmod) cm pkrmlktkr
kbklko nerus cmduoegeo uotug gkgeodeo skocm pbestmg. Cmrkgflkocesmgeo uotug lkoutup
gfotmou
lkokrus(pkoun) pkoelpeod cm skpeojeod
tmceg lkluodgmogeo, strmp @YQskocm pbestmg cmsgrmt
lkbmoteod ckodeocm skbuiuod
skgkbmbmod@YQ. Jmge cepet
kbklko bmbmteo
cmduoegeo.

Xktkben gurvetur cksemo  C tkben cmtkotugeo, rkdeodeo skret tkgeo kgstrkl ubmlmt pece iktfo
gfocmsm ubtmlmt, λ hhu, cepet cmnmtuod lkodduoegeo Qkrs. (58.8.9k).
 λhhu <  Chu ≣ 1,15  (58.8.9k)

cm leoe  hu  eceben gkcebeleo suliu oktreb pece gfocmsm ietes cksemo. [otug kbklko yeod
lkodebelm deye egsmeb ceo bkotur deiuodeo, λ hhu nerus cmietesm legsmlul 1,15.

Xktkben λ hhu tkben cmtkotugeo, gktkiebeo skbuiuod buer @YQ cepet cmtkotugeo ikrceser 59.5 ceo
59.9. [otug lklestmgeo motkdrmtes dkskr cerm iedmeo iktfo tkrgkgeod, lege rkdeodeo cksemo
k`kgtm` λ `k nerus cmietesm lkodmgutm ombem cerm Qkrs. (59.9).

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

04 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

58
58.8.8
.8.8 Qkojkpm
Qkojkpm teo bep spbems

Gepesmtes bep spbems yeod lklmbmgm peojeod pkoyebureo yeod tmceg lklecem, tkrutele yeod
tkrbkteg cm cekren skocm pbestmg, cepet cmtmodgetgeo ckodeo skhere gfotmou lkodkgeod
sktmcegoye pece peojeod seliuodeo ckodeo @YQ yeod cmbkgetgeo skhere kgstkroeb (Xkmibk
kt eb. 5==47 Nerfuo ceo Kbseoeckcy 911;). Gktkiebeo skbuiuod @YQ yeod cmiutungeo cepet
cmnmtuod skiedem ikrmgut:

cm leoe  C cebel ll ceo  K `  cebel

 cebel LQe

iedmeo lkbmodger:  ot `  <

 < 5111 ( C/  K
K ` )
iedmeo pkrskdm peojeod: ot `  <
 < 5;11 (  C C/  K
K ` ) (58.8.8e)

cm leoe o eceben julben bepmseo @YQ7 t `  eceben

 eceben gktkiebeo pkr bepms7 C eceben cmelktkr iedmeo
lkbmodger eteu cmlkosm yeod bkimn ikser cerm iedmeo pkrskdm peojeod ikrcesergeo Qkrs.
(59.5.9e)7 ceo  K `  eceben
  eceben lfcubus termg cerm skbuiuod @YQ.

Tebeupuo pkodkgeodeo kbklko ckodeo @YQ cepet lkodureodm rksmgf pfbe gkdedebeo termg
(spbmttmod),
ikben (spbmttmod (pubb fut)
), gkdedebeo heiut (pubb fut) gklucmeo cepet lkrupegeo pkokotu gepesmtes bep
spbems tkrgkgeod. Fbkn gerkoe mtu, tkrbkpes cerm pkrgueteo @YQ, tkdeodeo pece tubeodeo bkotur,
 `  s, tmceg ifbkn lkbkimnm ietes yeod cmikrmgeo cebel Qkrs. (58.8.8i) (Nerrmks kt eb. 9110).

9,4;  ` h'
 ` s   prfv
  (58.8.8i)
c i  t k s

℘  prfv eceben peojeod seliuodeo yeod cmskcmegeo7  c i℘ 

i℘  eceben
  eceben cmelktkr tubeodeo bkotur7 ceo ώ 
eceben `egtfr yeod cmikrmgeo cebel Iedmeo 9;.3 cerm EHM 85>-53.

58
58.8.3
.8.3 Qkohkdeneo
Qkohkdeneo tkgug pece tub eodeo bkotu r

Xtrmp @YQ gfotmou eteu cmsgrmt yeod lklmbmgm skret prmlkr yeod ikrfrmkotesm cm skgkbmbmod
pkrmlktkr kbklko cepet cmduoegeo uotug lkohkden tkrjecmoye tkgug ieteod ieje bkotur
(Qrmkstbky kt eb.5==0). [otug pkoelpeod ikotug bmodgereo, resmf tubeodeo vfbulktrmg yeod
cmskcmegeo
cmskcmege o fbkn @YQ lkbmoteod, υ `  , eceben:

 `  < 3 C

ot
  `
w `   
s ` 
(58.8.3e)

 o eceben julben bepmseo @YQ7 t `  eceben

 eceben gktkiebeo pkr bepms7 C eceben cmelktkr pkoelpeod7 w `  
eceben bkier strmp @YQ7 ceo s `  eceben
 eceben jereg puset gk puset strmp @YQ. [otug gkgeodeo gfotmou,
w `   // s `   <
< 5. Qece pkoelpeod pkrskdm peojeod, resmf pkrgueteo vfbulktrmg yeod cmskcmegeo fbkn
@YQ, υ ` , eceben (Qrmkstbky kt eb. 5==0).

  i + n  w ` 
 ` < 9ot 
  `   in  s   (58.8.3i)
 
  ` 

cm leoe i ceo  n eceben cmlkosm cerm pkoelpeod pkrskdm peojeod.

Julben resmf tubeodeo lkbmoteod vfbulktrmg nerus sktmcegoye :

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

0> cerm

XOM >=45:9195

1,11;9  C   ` y

 `     (58.8.3h) 
ci ` `k

cm leoe υ℘ eceben resmf tubeodeo bkotur7  C eceben cmelktkr pkoelpeod iuocer eteu peojeod
cmedfoeb cerm pkoelpeod skdm klpet (Qkrs. (59.5.9e))7  c i℘  i℘   ceo  ` 
 y  lesmod-lesmod eceben

cmelktkr ceo gkgueteo bkbkn cerm tubeodeo bkotur7 υ`  eceben

 eceben resmf vfbulktrmg tubeodeo lkbmoteod
yeod cmnmtuod fbkn Qkrs. (58.8.3e) eteu (58.8.3i)7 ceo `  `k eceben tkdeodeo cksemo k`kgtm` cebel
skbuiuod buer @YQ yeod cmnmtuod fbkn Qkrs. (58.8.3c).

 K  `  
 `  `k < λ `k K  (58.8.3c)

cm leoe λ `k  eceben rkdeodeo cksemo k`kgtm` cebel skbuiuod @YQ yeod cmikrmgeo fbkn Qkrs.
(59.9) ceo  K `  eceben
  eceben lfcubus termg skbuiuod @YQ.

Jmge strmp @YQ cmsgrmt cmduoegeo oeluo iugeo skbuiuod lkokrus yeod cmduoegeo, jereg yeod
 jkbes eotere strmp
strmp @YQ tmceg ifbkn lkbkimnm ietes
ietes cebel Qkrs. (58.8.3k).
(58.8.3k).

   `   
s `  8 ∙ 0  u ∙ 5  ci  0c i   (58.8.3k)
   `  y  

cm leoe  ` u,  `  y, ceo  c i℘ 

i℘  eceben
 eceben ikrturut-turut gkgueteo ubtmlmt ceo bkbkn skrte cmelktkr tkrgkhmb
cerm tubeodeo bkotur motkroeb. Xpesm ikrsmn tmceg ifbkn bkimn cerm 5;1 ll. Qkrsyereteo mom
lklestmgeo ienwe jmge skbmlut iktfo tkrgkbupes cm wmbeyen eoter strmp, @YQ cepet lklikrmgeo
teneoeo yeod hugup tkrnecep `koflkoe tkgug tubeodeo. Qkockgeteo mom lkodeiemgeo
gfotrmiusm cerm pkoubeodeo lkbmoteod motkroeb yeod ece gerkoe pkodmget motkroeb luodgmo tmceg
ikrtkpeteo ckodeo rueod tkriuge eotere strmp @YQ, ceo motkregsm eotere bkgeteo motkroeb ceo
strmp @YQ kgstkroeb ikbul cmpkbejerm.

58.3
58.3 Qkrgueteo Bkotu r

58.3.5 [lul

Gepesmtes bkotur iebfg iktfo ikrtubeod ceo gfbfl cm cekren skocm pbestmg yeod cmnerepgeo
cepet cmtmodgetgeo lkodduoegeo @YQ neoye cebel gesus cm leoe pkrgueteo egeo
lkodnmbeodgeo ck`frlesm mokbestmg cm wmbeyen yeod cmpkrguet ceo lkotreos`kr ck`frlesm
mokbestms gk bfgesm bemo cm eoddfte eteu strugtur yeod lelpu lkoeodeom cegtmbmtes ikrmgutoye.
Gkgueteo bkotur yeod cmpkrbugeo nerus cmnmtuod sksuem ckodeo steocer cksemo yeod cmduoegeo
uotug rkneimbmtesm, skpkrtm EXHK / XKM 35 ceo EHM 80=Y. Jmge Qeseb mom cmduoegeo ikrsele
ckodeo EXHK / XKM 35, iedmeo iktfo ikrtubeod yeod cmpkrguet ckodeo @YQ nerus cmeoddep
cmgfotrfb skhere deye gkhuebm jmge tmpk gbesm`mgesm yeod cmgkocebmgeo fbkn ck`frlesm cepet
cmiugtmgeo ikrcesergeo cete kgspkrmlko.
kgspkrmlko.

Gepesmtes bkotur iebfg iktfo ikrtubeod ceo gfbfl cepet cmtmodgetgeo lkodduoegeo
lktfcfbfdm cksemo ]eod cmskcmegeo pece Qeseb 51. Gkgueteo bkotur  L  o  nerus lklkounm
pkrsyereteo Qkrs. (58.3).

 L o ? L u  (58.3)

cm leoe L u eceben lflko ubtmlmt cerm deiuodeo ikieo drevmtesm ceo skmslmg. Gepesmtes bkotur
 cerm gflpfoko iktfo ikrtubeod nerus cmkvebuesm ikrcesergeo ietes rkdeodeo iktfo ceo
© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 
0= cerm

XOM >=45:9195

tubeodeo ieje yeod cmtktepgeo cebel steocer cksemo. EXHK / XKM 35 lkoykcmegeo ce`ter
bkodgep ietes rkdeodeo iktfo ceo ieje tubeodeo. Xkbemo mtu, tkdeodeo pece ieje tubeodeo
nerus cmietesm pece tkdeodeo yeod cepet cmhepem ikrcesergeo peojeod pkoyebureo ceo cktemb
bep-spbmhk   yeod ece. @egtfr rkcugsm gkgueteo nerus sksuem ckodeo steocer cksemo yeod
bep-spbmhk
cmduoegeo uotug rkneimbmtesm. @egtfr rkcugsm gkgueteo telieneo uotug @YQ, ώ ` , nerus
cmepbmgesmgeo pece gfotrmiusm bkotur cerm pkrgueteo @YQ skpkrtm yeod cmjkbesgeo cebel 51.9.51.

58
58.3.9
.3.9 Qkoyebu
Qkoyebu reo ceo eodgu r cerm pkrgu eteo @YQ bkotu r
Qeseb mom lklikrmgeo lktfck gfoskptueb uotug pkodeodgureo pkrgueteo @YQ bkotur pece
ikieo skmslmg. Xktmep lktfck pkodeodgureo nerus cmkvebuesm ckodeo ikoer skikbul cmpmbmn
uotug mlpbklkotesm bepeodeo.

Qece epbmgesm skmslmg ceo tkrbkteg cm cebel cekren skocm pbestmg, pkrgueteo @YQ bkotur nerus
cmietesm lkodduoegeo strmp @YQ yeod ikoer-ikoer lkliuodgus pkrmlktkr kbklko. Xkiedem
ebtkroetm`, pkrgueteo @YQ bkotur cepet cmgkgeod pece skburun peojeodoye uotug lklikrmgeo
teneoeo yeod bkimn tmoddm tkrnecep gkdedebeo bkgeteo pkrgueteo @YQ bkotur. Gerkoe tmceg ece
pkcfleo cksemo pkodeodgureo yeod tkrskcme seet mom, gmokrje smstkl pkodeodgureo epe puo
nerus cmiugtmgeo lkbebum pkodujmeo `msmg yeod rkprkskotetm`.

Cktembmod tkrskiut lklikrmgeo teneoeo yeod bkimn tmoddm tkrnecep gkdedebeo bkgeteo
pkrgueteo @YQ bkotur. Cebel epbmgesm yeod lkbmietgeo smstkl beotem, bmbmteo lkoykburun
(hflpbktk wreppmod)
wreppmod) pece iebfg luodgmo lklkrbugeo pklftfodeo pkbet yeod cmbfgebmsesm
uotug lkbeojutgeo @YQ cm cekren skgmter kbklko.
Qece pfsmsm yeod jeun cerm cekren skocm pbestmg, strmp @YQ Bmbmteo-[
Bmbmteo-[ lkbmoteod
 lkbmoteod nerus cmduoegeo
uotug lkoykcmegeo pkojeodgereo pece pkrgueteo @YQ bkotur. Xmstkl eodgur bemo jude cepet
cmduoegeo skhere mocmvmsueb/skocmrm eteu cebel gflimoesm ckodeo strmp @YQ Bmbmteo-[
Bmbmteo-[..

Xmstkl pkodeodgureo nerus cmvkrm`mgesm skhere kgspkrmlkoteb uotug lkouojuggeo

k`kgtmvmtesoye cebel lkohkden gkdedebeo bkgeteo pkrgueteo @YQ bkotur. Ikikrepe
pkocktembeo uotug pkodeodgureo @YQ cm ujuod-ujuod kbklko yeod cmpkrguet tkben cmienes
cebel Frtfo kt eb. (911=).

@YQ lkbmoteod, E `,eodgur, nerus cmtkotugeo sksuem ckodeo Qkrs. (53.5.9).

 Erke bmbmteo pkrgueteo @YQ
Xkbemo mtu, peojeod cm leoe eodgur bmbmteo @YQ cmskcmegeo, ℘  c,K, tmceg ifbkn gureod cerm ombem
yeod cmikrmgeo fbkn Qkrs. (58.3.9e).

c`  
,K  ≫ ℘ f + ℘ c` 
℘ cc,K  (58.3.9e)

cm leoe ℘  f  cmck`momsmgeo cebel Delier. 58.8.9, ceo ℘  c`   eceben peojeod pkoyebureo yeod
cmpkrbugeo cerm smstkl @YQ yeod cmnmtuod lkodduoegeo
lkodduoegeo Qkrs. (53.5.8).

[otug pkrgueteo @YQ bkotur yeod tkreodgur lklecem, rkdeodeo cksemo yeod k`kgtm` uotug
@YQ nerus cmietesm.

λ `c  ≣ lmo(1,=1λ `u, H  K λ `u) (58.3.9i)

Delier 58.3.9 lkoddeliergeo cktemb gfoskptueb uotug pkrgueteo bkotur iebfg ceo gfbfl
pece seliuodeo ceo cmlegsucgeo uotug lklikrmgeo deliereo kbklko grmtms cerm pkrgueteo
bkotur tkrskiut. Qkrkoheoe nerus lkocktembgeo pkrgueteo @YQ bkotur uotug lkohepem
gfotmoumtes @YQ skpeojeod seliuodeo. Qkoyebureo yeod lklecem cerm pkrgueteo @YQ bkotur
pece gkcue ujuodoye skrte pkrgueteo lkbmoteod yeod lklecem uotug gkgeodeo pkrgueteo
@YQ bkotur nerus cmskcmegeo.

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

41 cerm
 

XOM >=45:9195

@YQ Lkleoj
Lkleoj eod
Bmb mteo @YQ
Lkbmoteod Xtrugtur iktfo
ikrtubeod
ikrtubeod kgsmstmod

@YQ Lkleojeo
Lkleojeo d Bmb teo @YQ Lkbmoteod
Lkbmoteod

58.3.9 ‘ Cktemb gfoskp pkrgueteo @YQ (pftfodeo pkoelpeod)

Delier 58.3.9

58.;
58.; Qkrgueteo dkskr

Qkrgueteo @YQ dkskr cepet lkohkden gkdedebeo dktes ceo lklmhu tkrjecmoye skocm pbestmg,
lkodnesmbgeo pkrmbegu skmslmg kbklko iktfo yeod lkomodget. Gkgueteo dkskr cksemo P  o cerm
kbklko iktfo yeod cmpkrguet ckodeo @YQ nerus lklkounm Qkrs. (58.;)

P o ≫ P k  (58.;) 

rkneimbmtes m, ceo P k eceben deye

cm leoe nerus sksuem steocer cksemo yeod cmduoegeo uotug rkneimbmtesm,
dkskr cksemo. Jmge Qeseb mom cmduoegeo ikrsele ckodeo EXHK / XKM 35, dkskr pece kbklko
yeod cmpkrguet nerus cmeoddep tkrgfotrfb fbkn deye gkhuebm jmge tmpk pkrmbegu yeod cmgkocebmgeo
ck`frlesm cepet cmikoergeo ikrcesergeo cete kgspkrmlko.

58.;.5
58.;.5 Deye dkskr cksemo
cksem o P k 

Deye dkskr cksemo nerus cmnmtuod sksuem ckodeo steocer cksemo yeod cmduoegeo uotug
rkneimbmtesm, skpkrtm EXHK / XKM 35 ceo EHM 80=Y. Gepesmtes dkskr nerus sele ckodeo eteu
bkimn ikser cerm dkskr yeod sksuem ckodeo gepesmtes bkotur pkoelpeod. Lmseboye, jmge
rkneimbmtesm ikrcesergeo
ikrcesergeo pece pkretureo EXHK / XKM 35, deye dkskr cksemo cmcesergeo pece
getkdfrm skmslmg ceo gmokrje skmslmg strugtur yeod cmterdktgeo. Jmge cmsyeretgeo fbkn EXHK /
XKM 35 uotug lkokotugeo deye dkskr cksemo, pkrnmtuodeo gkgueteo bkotur yeod luodgmo
nerus cmcesergeo pece tkdeodeo pkrgueteo @YQ yeod cmelimb bkimn gkhmb cerm 5,9 `  `c   ceo  `  `u,
ombem  nerus cmelimb skiedem setu gksetueo, ceo `egtfr rkcugsm gkgueteo @YQ ώ `   nerus 5.1.
Ietes bemo uotug rkdeodeo ceo gkgueteo @YQ yeod cmtkotugeo cebel cfgulko mom jude nerus
cmpkrtmlieodgeo.  

58.;.9
58.;.9 Gkgueteo dkskr ofl moeb P  o 

Gkgueteo dkskr kbklko P  o* yeod ece nerus cmtkotugeo ikrcesergeo prfskcur yeod cmjkbesgeo
cebel steocer cksemo yeod cmduoegeo uotug rkneimbmtesm, skpkrtm EXHK / XKM 35 ceo EHM 80=Y.
Gkgueteo dkskr cerm kbklko iktfo ikrtubeod @YQ cmnmtuod lkodduoegeo Qkrs. (58.;.9).

P o < P o* + ώ ` P 

P `    (58.;.9)

cm leoe ώ `  eceben
  eceben `egtfr rkcugsm yeod cmtkrepgeo pece gfotrmiusm smstkl @YQ sksuem ckodeo
Qeseb 55. Gfotrmiusm @YQ uotug gkgueteo dkskr, P  ` , nerus cmtkotugeo sksuem ckodeo Qeseb 55.

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

45 cerm

XOM >=45:9195
 [otug lklpkrnmtuodgeo k`kg pkliebmgeo tkdeodeo, Qkrgueteo @YQ dkskr nerus cmbkodgepm
ckodeo gfotmoumtes pkoun cm skgkbmbmod pkrmlktkr pkoelpeod.

58
58.0
.0 Xeliu
Xeliu odeo iebfg -gfbf l

Sks kgspkrmlkoteb (Irehhm kt eb. 5==9e7 Qrfte kt eb. 91137 Qelpeomo kt eb. 9114) skrte
pkodeleteo gkrusegeo pesheskmslmg (Lfknbk kt eb. 9119) pece strugtur yeod cmreoheod uotug
teneo neoye tkrnecep ikieo drevmtesm lkouojuggeo ienwe seliuodeo iebfg-gfbfl yeod
tmceg cmgkgeod skrmod lkoykieigeo gkdedebeo dktes ceo lkohkden strugtur lkohepem
ck`frlesm dbfieb yeod tmoddm skikbul lkohepem gkdedebeo. Iugtm kgspkrmlkoteb (Qeotkbmcks
cgg. 911>7 Xmbve cgg. 91147 Qelpeomo cgg. 91147 Irehhm cgg. 5==9i, h) tkben lkouojuggeo
ienwe smstkl @YQ cepet k`kgtm` uotug lkomodgetgeo gepesmtes dkskr ceo cmsmpesm kokrdm pece
seliuodeo yeod tmceg cmgkgeod. Sete bkteg ceo pkocktembeo @YQ egeo tkrdeotuod pece
dkflktrm seliuodeo yeod sucen ece ceo julben kbklko yeod
lklimodgemoye/lkoulpeodmoye. Qkrgueteo @YQ cm gkcue eren imeseoye cmpkrbugeo pece
seliuodeo uotug lkoeneo k`kg pklikieoeo smgbmg cerm pkrmstmwe skmslmg (Kodmockomz kt eb.
911>e). @YQ yeod cmduoegeo uotug lkodkgeod skocm nerus cmeodgur eder cepet ikgkrje
skhere k`kgtm`. Qeotkbmcks kt eb. (911>), Xmbve kt eb. (9114), ceo Kodmockomz kt eb. (911>i)
lklikrmgeo peocueo cebel lkokotugeo epegen @YQ lkrupegeo fpsm yeod beyeg uotug
lkomodgetgeo gmokrje seliuodeo tmceg cmgkgeod. Xkbemo mtu, pkoduet @YQ cepet cmduoegeo
uotug lkoykcmegeo gfotmoumtes skpeojeod seliuodeo ckodeo tubeodeo motkroeb yeod cmsgrmt
(Frtfo kt eb. 911=). 

58
58.4
.4 Qkrgu
Qkrgu eteo cmo cmo d dkskr iktfo ikrtu beod

58
58.4.5
.4.5 Qkrt
Qkrtmli
mli eodeo ulu l

Qeseb mom lkoyejmgeo peocueo uotug pkrgueteo skmslmg uotug gflpfoko cmocmod dkskr iktfo
ikrtubeod.

Qkodduoeeo strmp @YQ nfrmzfoteb cm skpeojeod gktmoddmeo cmocmod cepet lkomodgetgeo

gepesmtes dkskr cmocmod dkskr iktfo ikrtubeod. [otug cmocmod pkockg, ckodeo resmf tmoddm
tkrnecep peojeod gureod cerm 5,;, strmp @YQ vkrtmgeb jude luodgmo cmpkrbugeo (EHM 85>).
Cklmgmeo jude, gepesmtes bkotur cebel imceod cmocmod dkskr iktfo ikrtubeod cepet
cmtmodgetgeo ckodeo lkoklpetgeo strmp @YQ vkrtmgeb cm ujuod-ujuod eteu ietes cmocmod dkskr
(Bflierc kt eb. 91117 Nmftegms kt eb. 9113).

Gkgueteo dkskr cmocmod yeod cmpkrguet ckodeo @YQ uotug gkbkotureo nerus cmkvebuesm ceo
cmieocmodgeo ckodeo gkgueteo dkskr yeod sksuem ckodeo gkgueteo bkotur oflmoeb cerm
strugtur rktrf`mt
rktrf`mt   uotug lklmhu gkdedebeo bkotur cermpece gkdedebeo dkskr dktes. Cklmgmeo
pube, rktrf`mt
rktrf`mt   dkskr nerus lkohepem gepesmtes dkskr yeod bkimn ikser cermpece dkskr yeod
ikrsksuemeo ckodeo gepesmtes bkotur oflmoeb cmocmod. Jmge Qeseb mom cmduoegeo ikrsele
ckodeo EXHK / XKM 35, bkotur ceo dkskr pece iedmeo cmocmod yeod cmpkrguet nerus cmeoddep
skiedem tmocegeo yeod cmgfotrfb fbkn deye gkhuebm jmge pkrmbegu yeod cmgfotrfb ck`frlesm cepet
cmiugtmgeo ikrcesergeo cete kgspkrmlko.
kgspkrmlko.

58
58.4.9
.4.9 Qkrgu
Qkrgu eteo bkotu r

Qkrgueteo @YQ uotug gkgueteo bkotur cmocmod cepet cmikrmgeo pece setu eteu gkcue smsm
cmocmod. Delier 58.4.9 lkouojuggeo cmocmod cmpkrguet ckodeo @YQ yeod cmtklpetgeo cm
ujuod kgstrml cmocmod. Delier mom jude lklikrmgeo cksgrmpsm tkoteod vermeikb utele yeod
cmpkrbugeo uotug cksemo.

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

49 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

Bw
Xkret @YQ Bkotur Esw   w` 
Pkrtmgeb
 Skgeo
Kgstrml
tw

h Bw-h Est   E` 

Esh
c 

Qu
λh 

λy  λ`m  λ`k  λ`c

e<ι5h Bw/9


c  c 

Qu
ε5`'h
Hsh Hh Ssw Sst
S` 

58.4.9 ‘ Qkoubeode
Delier 58.4.9  Qkoubeodeo
o @YQ uotug pkrgueteo bkotur

58.4.9
58.4.9.5
.5 Ietes rkdeodeo iktfo

Ykdeodeo tkgeo iktfo λ h nerus cmietesm fbkn Qkrs. (58.4.9.5e)

 5 
h <  `h    hu   (58.4.9.5e)
 Bw / h ∙ 5 

cm leoe λ `c   sksuem ckodeo rkdeodeo cm leoe gkdedebeo bkgeteo @YQ cepet tkrjecm, sksuem
Qkrs. (51.5.5). Qece cmocmod dkskr iktfo, rkdeodeo tkgeo iktfo pece gfocmsm ubtmlmt, λ hu, nerus
cmietesm sksuem ombem-ombem ikrmgut (Tebbehk 5==;).

λhu ≣ 1,151 uotug iktfo tkrgkgeod

tkrgkgeod pece kbklko ietes
(58.4.9.5i)
λ hu ≣ 1,118 uotug iktfo tmceg tkrgkgeod pece kbklko ietes

Jmge kbklko ietes tkrgkgeod cmpkrbugeo ikrcesergeo Qkrs. (58.4.9.5i), ikrertm cmpkrbugeo
ebtkroetm` bemo skbemo @YQ uotug lklkounm pkrsyereteo rkdeodeo iktfo.
58
58.4
.4.9
.9.9
.9 Eodgur uotu g cmocmod yeod
yeod cmpkrguet tkrnecep
tkrnecep bkotur
bkotur

Cmocmod yeod cmpkrguet tkrnecep bkotur lkliutungeo eodgureo gk `focesm uotug lklkounm
gfotmoumtes jebur ikieo ikgkrje. Cklmgmeo pube, @YQ bkotur nerus gfotmou lkbebum pkbet yeod
ece uotug lklestmgeo gfotmoumtes jebur ikieo ikgkrje. Cue lktfck gfoskptueb uotug
pkodeodgureo cmocmod dkskr yeod cmpkrguet gk `focesm cmskcmegeo pece Delier 58.4.9.9.
Xktmep lktfck pkodeodgureo, tkrlesug yeod cmtuojuggeo pece Delier. 58.4.9.9, nerus
cmkvebuesm ckodeo ikoer skikbul mlpbklkotesm bepeodeo. Qece cmocmod dkskr, pkoduet @YQ
[( Bmbmteo-[)   yeod
bkotur vkrtmgeb tmceg pkrbu cmgkgeod fbkn strmp @YQ lkbmoteod eteu bmbmteo [(Bmbmteo-[)
lklikoteod cm skgkbmbmod pkrmlktkr pkoelpeod.

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

48 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

Cmocmod dkskr iktfo

ikrtubeod kgsmstmod @YQ Bfodmtucmoeb

Qkoutup iktfo
ieru
 Eodgur 

Subeodeo Qegu dkskr 

 Qmo dkskr ceo/
eteu eodgur 

Qkbet beotem
@focesm kgsmstmod kgsmstmod

(e) Qkodeodgureo ckodeo pkoutup iktfo

Cmocmod dkskr
iktfo ikrtubeod @YQ Bfodmtucmoeb
kgsmstmod

Ieje smgu ieru Eodgur

ikrubmr 
Qkbet pkodegu ieru
 Eodgur ikrubmr 
ikrubmr 
 Eodgur
ikrubmr 

Qkbet beotem
@focesm kgsmstmod kgsmstmod

(i) Qkodeodgureo ckodeo ieje smgu

58.4.9.9 ‘ Lktfck Qkodeodgureo
Delier 58.4.9.9 Qkodeodgureo p krgueteo
krgueteo cm ocmod dkskr (Gfoskp)

58
58.4.8
.4.8 Qkrgu
Qkrgu eteo dkskr cmo cmod dkskr iktfo ikrtub eod

Movkstmdesm skhere kgspkrmlkoteb tkben lkouojuggeo k`kgtmvmtes @YQ cebel lkomodgetgeo

gmokrje dkskr cmocmod iktfo ikrtubeod yeod lkodebelm ikieo skmslmg eteu smgbmg (Nerfuo ceo
Lfsebbel 91197 Gnflweo ceo @fstkr 911;). Gkgueteo dkskr cksemo P  o cerm cmocmod dkskr
iktfo ikrtubeod yeod cmpkrguet ckodeo @YQ nerus lklkounm Qkrs. (58.4.9.9e).

P o ≫ P u  (58.4.9.9e)

@egtfr rkcugsm gkgueteo nerus sksuem ckodeo steocer yeod cmduoegeo uotug rkneimbmtesm.
rkneimbmtes m.

[otug cmocmod dkskr ckodeo @YQ tkrmget kgstkroeb, gkgueteo dkskr oflmoeb P  o cepet cmnmtuod
lkodduoegeo
lkodduoege o Qkrs. (58.4.9.9i)

P o < P o* + ώ ` P

P  `    (58.4.9.9i)

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

43 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

cm leoe P  o* eceben gkgueteo dkskr oflmoeb yeod sucen ece, ώ `   eceben `egtfr rkcugsm yeod
cmtkrepgeo pece gfotrmiusm smstkl @YQ sksuem ckodeo Qeseb 55, P  ` , Gfotrmiusm @YQ uotug
gkgueteo dkskr cerm @YQ. Qkomodgeteo gkgueteo dkskr uotug iedmeo cmocmod yeod peojeodoye
 B gk eren deye dkskr yeod cmtkrepgeo, ckodeo gktkiebeo belmoesm uotug cue smsm eteu setu smsm
cmocmod, cepet cmnmtuod lkodduoegeo Qkrs. (58.4.9.9h) (Nerfuo kt eb. 911;).

uotug pkrgueteo 9 smsm : P  `  < 9t  ` λ `k K 

 K  ` c   
c `v
(58.4.9.9h)  
(58.4.9.9h)
uotug pkrgueteo 5 smsm: P  `  < 1,4;t  ` λ `k K 
 K  ` c 
c `v
 

cm leoe c  `v eceben gkcebeleo k`kgtm` cerm cmocmod dkskr, skiedemleoe cmck`momsmgeo fbkn Qeseb
 5> cerm EHM 85>-53, tktepm tmceg lkbkimnm  nw, ceo λ `k  sksuem ckodeo 55.3.5 cerm peocueo mom.
@YQ nerus cmskcmegeo pece cue pkrlugeeo cmocmod jmge resmf tubeodeo ieje lkbmoteod yeod
ece ckodeo bues iktfo geser, υ t, gureod cerm 1,115;. Legsuc syeret mom eceben uotug
lklestmgeo teneoeo dkskr iktfo yeod tkpet cebel neb tkrjecm gkrktegeo yeod peren skbele
pkrmstmwe skmslmg. Gkgueteo dkskr oflmoeb legsmlul skdlko cmocmod tmceg ifbkn lkbkimnm
ombem yeod cmikrmgeo cebel Qkrs. (58.4.9.9c).

Po  51 ` h' Ehw   (58.4.9.9c)

cm leoe  E hw eceben erke iedmeo iktfo cerm cmocmod dkskr vkrtmgeb mocmvmcu.

58.4.8
58.4.8.5
.5 Cktembm
Cktembm od pkrgu
pkrgu eteo @YQ
@YQ dkskr

Qkodeodgureo @YQ dkskr cmeoddep pregtmg bepeodeo yeod iemg tktepm tmceg cmnerusgeo cebel
lkohepem gkgueteo dkskr yeod cmnmtuod ckodeo lkodduoegeo gktkotueo cerm Qeseb mom.
Qkodeodgureo pkrgueteo @YQ dkskr cepet cmhepem ckodeo lkliuodgus bepmseo @YQ cm
skgmter ujuod cmocmod, ckodeo lkodduoegeo pkrebeteo pkoeneo lkgeoms skpkrtm eodgur ieje
ceo pkbet ieje (Qetkrsfo ceo Lmthnkbb 9118), eteu ckodeo lkodduoegeo pkodeodgureo @YQ
(Imomhm ceo Fzhkik 9110).

Jereg ikrsmn legsmlul eotere strmp @YQ dkskr nerus cmietesm nmodde lmomlul cerm skpkrbmle
cerm gkskburuneo peojeod cmocmod, tmde gebm gktkiebeo cmocmod, eteu 3;4 ll.

53 Qkocktembeo `mikr rkmo`frhkc pfbylkr  (@YQ)

 (@YQ)

Qeseb mom lklikrmgeo peocueo uotug cktembmod pkrgueteo @YQ. Cktembmod pece ululoye egeo
ikrdeotuod pece dkflktrm strugtur, tmodget lutu ceo guebmtes letkrmeb, ceo tmodget ikieo yeod
nerus cmtfpeod fbkn bkliereo eteu belmoesm @YQ. Ieoyeg gkdedebeo yeod tkrgemt-bkgeteo
cepet cmnmocerm ckodeo lkodmgutm pkcfleo ulul uotug pkocktembeo pkodduoeeo @YQ
bkliereo eteu belmoesm. 
e) Nmocerm pkodduoeeo pece sucut cebel pkrtklueo iebfg ceo iebfg eoeg eteu pece iedmeo
iewen pkbet
i) Xkcmegeo recmus lmomlul 58 ll epeimbe bkliereo @YQ cmbmbmtgeo sucut buer
h) Ikrmgeo peojeod pkoyebureo yeod lklecem
c) Ikrmgeo tulpeo
tulpeod (fvkrbep)) yeod hugup jmge lkoyeliuod bepmseo @YQ
d tmocmn (fvkrbep

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

4; cerm

XOM >=45:9195

53
53.5
.5 Bkgeteo ceo ckbelmo esm

Cmstrmiusm tkdeodeo egtueb bkgeteo cebel belmoesm @YQ cmpkrulmt fbkn rkteg pece iktfo
suistret. Cmstrmiusm kbestms tkdeodeo dkskr ulul eoter luge ceo tkdeodeo ofrleb skpeojeod
belmoesm @YQ yeod tkrmget pece iktfo yeod tmceg rkteg cmtuojuggeo pece Delier 53.5.

[juod belmoesm @YQ Derms tkoden iebfg

Skdeodeo dkskr eoter luge

Skdeodeo Ofrleb

Jereg skpeojeod @YQ

 Delier 53.5 ‘ Gfos kp cmstrm iusm tkdeodeo
tkdeodeo Dkskr
Dkskr eoter luge ceo ofrleb skpeojeod
belmo esm @YQ tkrbkget (Yfikrts
(Yfikrt s c eo Nejm-Gezklm
Nejm-Gezklm 5=>=7
5=>=7 Lebkg kt eb. 5==>)
5==>)

Iedmeo yeod bklen pece nuiuodeo eoterluge iktfo ceo @YQ eceben iktfo. Lutu ceo
gkgueteo termg suistret iktfo egeo lklietesm k`kgtmvmtes gkskburuneo smstkl @YQ tkrmget.
Qkrsyereteo cksemo uotug lkodureodm rksmgf pfbe gkdedebeo bkgeteo ( ckifocmod
ckifocmod)) @YQ
cmienes cebel 51.5.5.

53.5.5 Gkdedeb eo bkgeteo

53.5.5 bkget eo (ckifocmod
ckifocmod)) @YQ
Kbklko iktfo ikrtubeod yeod lklmbmgm ikoteod dkskr yeod rkbetm` peojeod eteu cm leoe iedmeo
ujuod yeod tkrgkbupes (bmnet 53.5.9) tkben cmlmtmdesm skhere k`kgtm`, gkdedebeo bkgeteo cepet
lubem tkrjecm pece rkteg bkotur, rkteg bkotur / dkskr, eteu gkcueoye cm ckget cekren lflko
legsmlul. Egmiet pklikieoeo, rkteg mom egeo lkodmocugsm tkdeodeo dkskr eoterluge bfgeb
yeod tmoddm yeod lklmhu gkdedebeo bkgeteo @YQ yeod lkreliet skpeojeod ikoteod dkskr
gk eren pkouruoeo lflko. Imeseoye, gkdedebeo mom tmceg lkbmietgeo edrkdet cebel iktfo,
ceo lkojeber lkbebum bepmseo lfrter tmpms yeod tkrcmrm cerm pkrlugeeo suistret iktfo. Qfbe
gkdedebeo mom legmo peren pece cekren yeod lklmbmgm resmf lflko dkskr tmoddm.

Xmstkl pkodeodgureo, skpkrtm Bmbmteo-[

Bmbmteo-[,, pkodkoheod lkgeoms, eodgur skret, ceo eodgur oker-
sur`ehk-lfuotkc (OXL), tkben tkriugtm ikrnesmb lkouoce, ceo tkrgeceod lkohkden,
gkdedebeo bkgeteo @YQ bfodmtucmoeb (Geb`et kt eb. 91587 Drkbbk ceo Xokkc 9158). Xtucm oulkrmg
ceo kgspkrmlkoteb tkben lkouojuggeo ienwe smstkl mom cepet lkomodgetgeo rkdeodeo k`kgtm`
pkrgueteo @YQ bkotur nmodde lkohepem ombem gkdedebeo termg (Bkk kt eb. 91517 Frtfo kt eb.

911>). Ikikrepe
smstkl eodgur pkokbmtmeo
tkrtkotu (Gml tkben lkodusubgeo
ceo Xlmtn lfckbcklmgmeo,
9151)7 oeluo eoebmtmg uotug
tmceg lklprkcmgsm
ece pkcfleopkrmbegu
cksemo
eodgur yeod cmpuibmgesmgeo yeod tkrskcme. Fbkn gerkoe mtu, gmokrje cerm sktmep smstkl
pkbeiuneo
pkbeiune o nerus cmiugtmgeo lkbebum pkodujmeo `msmg rkprkskotetm`.

53.5.9
53.5.9 Qkodkbu peseo ujuo
uj uod
d @YQ (@YQ koc pkkbmod)
pkkbmod )

Qkodkbupeseo ujuod @YQ (jude cmskiut skiedem ckbelmoesm skbmlut iktfo) cepet cmskieigeo
tkdeodeo ofrleb yeod tkrjecm pece ujuod pkrgueteo @YQ yeod tkrbkget skhere kgstkroeb. Qece

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

40 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

ckbelmoesm jkoms mom, ieje tubeodeo kgsmstmod lkomliubgeo imceod nfrmzfoteb bklen skpeojeod
leoe skbmlut iktfo tkrbkpes cerm ieceo iebfg, skpkrtm yeod cmtuojuggeo pece Delier 53.5.9e.

@YQ   H
B

53.5.9e ‘ Ck
Delier 53.5.9e  Ckbelmoesm
belmoesm yeod cmskieigeo fbkn gkruotuneo termg skbmlut iktfo.

Qfbe gkdedebeo
tkrlmoesm termg ikben
@YQ. Qece skbmlutrmsmgf
ululoye, iktfo termggkdedebeo
pfbe cmtkotugeo,
kocskiedmeo,
pkkbmod fbkn
pkkbmod  cepettkdeodeo
cmrkcugsmpece tmtmg
ckodeo
lkodduoegeo eodgur (Bmbmteo-[(Bmbmteo-[,, pkodkoheod lkgeomg, eodgur skret, eteu eodgur OXL),
ckodeo lklmomlebmsesm tkdeodeo pece ietes pkrgueteo @YQ ckodeo lkoklpetgeo ietes
pkrgueteo @YQ skckget luodgmo ckodeo bfgesm lflko 1 eteu gkcueoye. Jmge deye dkskr
tkr`egtfr pece tmtmg tkrlmoesm bkimn ikser cerm cue pkrtmde cerm gkgueteo dkskr iktfo ( P u ? 1,04
P  h), belmoesm @YQ nerus cmeodgurgeo pece tubeodeo lkbmoteod uotug lkohkden bepmseo
(spbmttmod).
skbmlut iktfo tmceg tkrikben (spbmttmod ). Erke pkojkpmt lkbmoteod @YQ Bmbmteo-[
Bmbmteo-[   pkrgueteo,
 E `,eohnfr, cepet cmtkotugeo sksuem ckodeo Qkrs. (53.5.9) (Ykkc kt eb. 911;).
 ( E `  )
 ` `k bfodmtucmoeb
 E `eohnfr  <   (53.5.9)
( K    )
 ` v `u eohnfr 

cm leoe κ v cmnmtuod lkodduoegeo Qkrs. (55.3.5.9i). Qktuojug ulul ikrmgut cepet cmduoegeo
cebel pkokotueo bfgesm tmtmg pklftfodeo (hutf``  ( hutf`` ) belmoesm @YQ uotug lkodnmocerm pfbe
gkdedebeo koc pkkbmod:
pkkbmod:
e) [otug iebfg tkrtulpu skckrneoe, belmoesm @YQ bepms tuoddeb nerus cmnkotmgeo sktmcegoye
pece jereg yeod sele ckodeo ℘  c`   lkbkwetm tmtmg cm skpeojeod ikoteod cm leoe teneoeo
lflko yeod tkrjecm bkimn gkhmb cerm lflko rkteg  L  hr. [otug belmoesm ikrbepms-bepms,
ikrbepms-bepms, tmtmg-tmtmg
pkodnkotmeo eoter bepmseo nerus cmiuet ikrbepms lkruohmod (tepkrkc( tepkrkc).
). Bepmseo tkrbuer nerus
cmegnmrm tmceg gureod cerm ℘  c`   lkbkwetm tmtmg cm skpeojeod ikoteod cm leoe seet lflko
tkrteneo tkrjecm cm iewen lflko rkteg. Xktmep bepmseo ikrturut-turut nerus cmnkotmgeo tmceg
gureod cerm telieneo 5;1 ll cm buer bepms skikbuloye (Delier 53.5.9i)
i) [otug iebfg gfotmou, belmoesm @YQ bepms tuoddeb nerus cmnkotmgeo sktmcegoye pece jereg c //9 9
eteu 5;1 ll cm buer tmtmg ikbfg (tmtmg
(t mtmg lflko ofb yeod cmnesmbgeo cerm ikieo tkr`egtfr). [otug
belmoesm ikrbepms-bepms, tmtmg egnmr bepmseo nerus cmruohmodgeo. Bepmseo tkrbuer nerus cmegnmrm
tmceg gureod cerm 5;1 ll cm buer tmtmg ikbfg. Xktmep bepms yeod ikrturut-turut nerus cmegnmrm
tmceg gureod cerm 5;1 ll cm buer bepmseo skikbuloye. Epeimbe jmge cmpkrbugeo belmoesm tmde
bepms, bepmseo yeod lkodebelm gfoteg beodsuod ckodeo iktfo nerus cmegnmrm sktmcegoye 3;1
ll lkbkwetm tmtmg ikbfg (Delier 53.5.9i). Qkcfleo mom ikrbegu uotug wmbeyen lflko
pfsmtm` ceo okdetm`.

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

44 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

Smtmg Mo`bkgsm

 L < 1

 L < L hr 

 L < L u  L < L u

0 0 0
    c`  0 0 0    c` 

(e) Iebfg tulpueo

(i) Iebfg lkokrus
skckrneoe

53.5.9i ‘ Yk
Delier 53.5.9i  Ykprkskotesm
prkskotesm dre`ms pkcfleo tmtmg t krlmoesm yeod cmmjmo geo cerm
belmoesm @YQ tmde bepms.

53
53.5.8
.5.8 Qeojeod
Qeojeod pkoyebur eo

Gepesmtes bkgeteo @YQ cmieoduo pece peojeod grmtms ℘  c` . [otug lklieoduo tkdeodeo @YQ
k`kgtm` pece suetu pkoelpeod, peojeod eodgur @YQ yeod tkrskcme nerus lkbkimnm ombem yeod
cmikrmgeo fbkn Qkrs. (53.5.8) (Skod kt eb. 9118).
 oK ` t ` 
c`  <   (53.5.8)
'
 ` 
h

53
53.9
.9 Cktembm
Cktembm od bep spb ems

Xeliuodeo @YQ belmoesm nerus cmskcmegeo neoye jmge cmmzmogeo pece delier, spksm`mgesm,
eteu skiedemleoe cmmzmogeo fbkn pkrkoheoe ikrbmskosm skpkrtm yeod cmrkgflkocesmgeo fbkn
prfcusko.

Xkret smstkl @YQ nerus gfotmou ceo ikrfrmkotesm pece eren deye termg tkrikser tkrjecm.
Gfotmoumtes skret cepet cmpkrteneogeo ckodeo bep spbems. [otug smstkl @YQ, seliuodeo
nerus cmiuet fvkrbep
fvkrbep skret
 skret skpeojeod eren peojeodoye. Fvkrbep
Fvkrbep yeod
 yeod cmpkrbugeo, eteu peojeod
bep spbems ikrdeotuod pece gkgueteo termg, gktkiebeo smstkl ieneo @YQ skrte gkgueteo
bkgeteo eotere bepmseo yeod ikrckgeteo cerm belmoesm @YQ. Fvkrbep
Fvkrbep   yeod lklecem nerus
cmskcmegeo uotug lklmhu gkdedebeo belmoesm @YQ skikbul tkrjecmoye gkdedebeo bkgeteo
pece belmoesm @YQ yeod fvkrbep
fvkrbep.. Xyeret/gktkotueo fvkrbep
Xyeret/gktkotueo fvkrbep yeod
 yeod cmpkrbugeo uotug smstkl @YQ
nerus cmskcmegeo fbkn peirmgeo letkrmeb ceo cmiugtmgeo lkbebum pkodujmeo yeod mockpkocko
cerm peirmgeo.
Xmstkl @YQ tmpk skbuiuod yeod cmduoegeo uotug kbklko gfbfl nerus lkoykcmegeo peojeod
pkoyebureo yeod sksuem pece tmtmg seliuodeo, seliuodeo eoter kbklko, ceo tmtmg tkrlmoesm
uotug lklestmgeo gkdedebeo tkrjecm pece gktkiebeo skbuiuod @YQ ceo iugeo gkdedebeo
pece iedmeo yeod cmseliuod.

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

4> cerm

 
 

XOM >=45:9195

[otug belmoesm @YQ skeren, bep spbems neoye cmpkrbugeo gk eren skret. Bep spbems tmceg
cmpkrbugeo cebel eren lkbmoteod skret. Belmoesm @YQ yeod tkrcmrm cerm ikikrepe bklier
skeren yeod cmfrmkotesmgeo pece bkimn cerm setu eren eteu ieoyeg eren lkliutungeo bep
spbems cm bkimn cerm setu eren uotug lkojede gfotmoumtes skret ceo gkgueteo gkskburuneo
belmoesm @YQ.

53.8
53.8 Bkgeteo sms tkl oker-sur`ehk-lfuotkc  (OXL)

[otug smstkl oker-sur`ehk-lfuotkc

oker-sur`ehk-lfuotkc (OXL),
 (OXL), cmlkosm lmomlul ebur nerus cmelimb sktmcegoye
5,; gebm cmelktkr ieteod @YQ (Ck Bfrkozms ceo Oeoom 91157 Nesseo ceo Ymzgebbe 9118). Jmge
tubeodeo pkrskdm peojeod ckodeo espkg resmf ikser cmduoegeo, ietes tkrskiut luodgmo
lkojecm tmceg pkotmod egmiet gfostrugsm. Cebel gesus cklmgmeo, ugureo ebur lmomlul 8,1 e i x
5,; i i, skpkrtm yeod cmdeliergeo pece Delier 53.8e, bkimn cmsereogeo, cm leoe  e i  eceben
cmlkosm ieteod tkrgkhmb.
tkrgk hmb. Jereg ebur ikrsmn lmomlul uotug tubeode
tubeodeoo @YQ OXL nerus bkimn ikser
cerm cue gebm gkcebeleo ebur OXL uotug lkodnmocerm fvkrbep fvkrbep tkdeodeo
 tkdeodeo termg cm skgmter ieteod
OXL. Xkbemo mtu, jereg ikrsmn tkpm skikser klpet gebm gkcebeleo ebur OXL nerus cmskcmegeo
uotug lklmomlebgeo k`kg tkpm (kcdk ( kcdk k``kht)
k``kht) yeod cepet lklpkrhkpet gkdedebeo bkgeteo
(Nesseo ceo Ymzgebbe 9118).

 5,;c 
5,;c i ii  5,;i
5,;ii
ei

 5,;c 
5,;c i  8,1e
8,1ei

53.8e ‘ Cmlk
Delier 53.8e  Cmlkosm
osm lmom lul ebur

Xm`et bkgeteo tubeodeo @YQ OXL ikrdeotuod pece ieoyeg `egtfr skpkrtm ikotug ceo cmlkosm
pkoelpeod skrte sm`et pkrlugeeo cerm tubeodeo @YQ (Nesseo ceo Ymzgebbe 91187 Ck Bfrkozms
kt eb. 9113). Delier 53.8i lkouojuggeo gfocmsm gkskmlieodeo tubeodeo
tubeodeo @YQ OXL ckodeo
peojeod tkrteoel yeod sele ckodeo peojeod pkoyebureo ℘  ci yeod lklmbmgm gkgueteo bkgeteo
σ lex
 . Lkodduoegeo
skiedem σ i  < 1,;σ lexcmstrmiusm
cmstrmiusm tkdeodeo
. Gkgueteo bkgeteoskdmtmde,
rete-retegkgueteo
σ i  uotug rete rete bkgeteo
tubeodeo @YQ OXLcepet cmoyetegeo
ikrece pece
gmsereo 8,; - 91,4 LQe (Nesseo ceo Ymzgebbe 91187 Ck Bfrkozms kt eb. 9113)7 fbkn gerkoe mtu,
ombem σ i < 0,= LQe cmrkgflkocesmgeo uotug lkodnmtuod peojeod pkoyebureo ieteod. Ckodeo
lkodduoegeo gkskmlieodeo deye, pkrseleeo uotug lkodnmtuodeo peojeod pkoyebureo
cepet cmturuogeo.
cmturuogeo.
c i
ci <  ` `c   uotug tubeodeo iuocer   (53.8e)
3i

ei ii
<  ` ` c uotug tubeodeo pkrskdm   (53.8i)
ci
(
9 ei + ii ) ( i )  

σ lex
lex
1,;σ lex
lex
σ i

bci

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

4= cerm

XOM >=45:9195

Delier 53.8i ‘ Sreo`kr deye pece ieteod @YQ OXL

5; Delier,
Delier, spksm`mg esm ceo cfgulko

5;
5;.5
.5 Qkrsy
Qkrsy ereteo tkgom s

Tebeupuo gfck/pkretureo `kckreb, okdere iedmeo, ceo bfgeb uotug cksemo smstkl pfbmlkr yeod
cmpkrguet skret kgstkroeb (@YQ) tmceg ece, pkrsyereteo pkretureo bemo yeod ikrbegu cepet
lklkoderunm pklmbmneo, cksemo, skrte pkleseodeo smstkl @YQ. Lmsebgeo, pkrsyereteo gfck
yeod tkrgemt ckodeo epm eteu emr yeod cmduoegeo skiedem emr lmoul cepet lklkoderunm
pklmbmneo bepmseo yeod egeo cmduoegeo cebel smstkl @YQ. Xklue pkgkrjeeo cksemo nerus
cmbegugeo cm iewen imlimodeo skfreod pkrkoheoe prf`ksmfoeb ikrbmskosm yeod `elmbmer ckodeo
sm`et ceo epbmgesm cerm smstkl pkrgueteo @YQ.  

5;
5;.9
.9 Delier ceo spksm `m gesm

Kodmokkr   prf`kssmfoeb ikrbmskosm nerus lkocfgulkotesmgeo pkrnmtuodeo yeod lkreodgul

esulsm ceo perelktkr yeod cmduoegeo cebel lkreoheod smstkl pkrgueteo @YQ ceo nerus
lkoymepgeo delier cksemo skrte spksm`mgesm prfykg. Delier ceo spksm`mgesm nerus
lkouojuggeo, lmomlul, mo`frlesm ikrmgut gnususoye smstkl @YQ yeod cmtkrepgeo skhere
kgstkroeb: 
e) Xmstkl @YQ yeod egeo cmduoegeo
i) Bfgesm smstkl @YQ rkbetm` tkrnecep strugtur yeod ece
bepms, belmoesm, eteu tubeodeo oker-sur`ehk-lfuotkc
h) Cmlkosm ceo frmkotesm sktmep bepms, oker-sur`ehk-lfuotkc (OXL)
 (OXL)
c) Julben bepmseo ceo ieteod skrte uruteo pkleseodeo
k) Bfgesm seliuodeo ceo peojeod pkoyebureo
`) Heteteo ulul yeod lkluet ikieo cksemo ceo rkdeodeo yeod cmmzmogeo cebel belmoesm
@YQ
d) Xm`et letkrmeb cerm belmoesm @YQ ceo geocuodeo
geocuodeo gmlme iktfo.
n) Qkrsyereteo prfsks pkrsmepeo pkrlugeeo iktfo, tkrlesug pkrsmepeo sucut, cmlkosm ebur
uotug ieteod OXL, ceo ietes gktmcegikretureo legsmlul
m) Qrfskcur pkleseodeo,
pkleseodeo, tkrlesug sunu pk pkrlugeeo
rlugeeo ceo ieteseo
ieteseo gkbkliepeo,
gkbkliepeo, skrte ietes
wegtu epbmgesm eotere bepmseo yeod ikruruteo
 j) Qrfskcur pkreweteo
pkreweteo uotug smstkl
smstkl @YQ
g) Bepmseo pkbmocuod ceo pkoykdkb, jmge cmpkrbugeo
b) Qeocueo pkodmrmleo, pkoymlpeoeo, pkoeodeoeo, ceo ulur smlpeo
l) Gfotrfb guebmtes ceo prfskcur mospkgsm, tkrlesug grmtkrme pkokrmleeo
pkokrmleeo
o) Qkodujmeo ikieo-cm-tklpet uotug smstkl @YQ yeod cmmosteb, jmge pkrbugeo

5;.8 Cfgulko
 Xpksm`mgesm lkodnerusgeo peirmgeo smstkl @YQ, gfotregtfr pkleseodeo, ceo edko
pklkrmgse (jmge cmpkrbugeo) uotug lkoykrengeo mo`frlesm prfcug ceo iugtm guebm`mgesm ceo
pkodebeleo lkrkge gkpece kodmokkr  ikrbmskosm
  ikrbmskosm uotug cmtmojeu.

5;
5;.8.5
.8.5 Qrfcus ko sm stkl @YQ

Qkodejueo cerm prfcusko smstkl @YQ nerus lkohegup:  

e) Mocmgetfr gkpetuneo tkrnecep spksm`mgesm yeod ece (skpkrtm EHM 331.>)
i) Cete prfcug yeod lkouojuggeo geregtkrmstmg `msmg, lkgeomg, ceo gmlme smstkl @YQ ceo
sklue ieneo pkoyusuooye
h) Xm`et termg smstkl @YQ, tkrlesug lktfck bepfreo lkod
lkodkoem
koem sm`et (skret ikrsmn eteu belmoesm
gftfr), lktfck ujm yeod cmduoegeo, ceo iesms stetmstmg yeod cmduoegeo uotug lkokotugeo
sm`et (3.8)

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

>1 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

c) Mostrugsm pkleseodeo, mostrugsm pkreweteo, skrte rkgflkocesm ulul lkodkoem sktmep

ieneo yeod cmduoegeo7 prfskcur pkleseodeo nerus lkohegup pkrsyereteo pkrsmepeo
pkrlugeeo
k) Bklier Cete Gkskbeleteo (XCX) Qrfcusko uotug sklue ieneo yeod cmduoegeo

`)
d) Qrfskcur gfotrfb
gfotrf
Cete ujm ceye b guebmtes
teneo uotuguotug
smstkl lkbeheg ieneo
ienetmpk
@YQ cebel o @YQ ceo skrtm`mgesm
skrtm`mgesm
bmodguodeo cmne ieneotkrjecm
cmnerepgeo
repgeo
n) Bepfreo ujm strugtureb tkrgem
tkrgemtt ckodeo epbmgesm yeod cmusubgeo
m) Yk`krkosm Qrfykg

5;.8.9
5;.8.9 Gfo tregt fr pkleseodeo sms tkl @YQ
@YQ

Qkrsyereteo yeod cmpkrbugeo cerm gfotregtfr mostebesm smstkl @YQ nerus lkohegup: 
e) Cfgulkotesm/skrtm`mg
Cfgulkotes m/skrtm`mgesm
esm cerm prfcusko smstkl @YQ skiedem iugtm tkben tkrb
tkrbetmn
etmn uotug
lkodmosteb smstkl @YQ yeod tkrgemt
i) Yk`krkosm prfykg, tkrlesug mostebesm yeod skrupe ckodeo mostebesm yeod egeo cmpeseod
(lmsebgeo, uotug epbmgesm cm etes teoen, gfotregtfr nerus lkoykrengeo ce`ter mostebesm
skikbuloye yeod lkbmietgeo mostebesm smstkl @YQ yeod cmusubgeo cebel epbmgesm cm etes
teoen)
h) Iugtm gflpktkosm cebel
cebel tkgomg pkrsmepeo
pkrsmepeo pkrlugeeo
c) Qrfskcur pkodujmeo gfotrfb guebmtes tkrlesug eotere bemo rfodde ceo ckbelmoesm, bkgeteo
@YQ ckodeo iktfo, skrte sm`et termg @YQ
k) Heteteo nermeo eteu `frlubmr mospkgsm yeod cmduoegeo fbkn gfotregtfr

5;.8.8
5;.8.8 Edko pklkrmg se sms tkl @YQ

Jmge edko mospkgsm mockpkocko cmduoegeo, pkrsyereteo cfgulko yeod cmpkrbugeo cerm edko
tkrskiut: 
e) Ce`ter mospkgtur yeod egeo cmduoe
cmduoegeo
geo pece prfykg ceo guebm`mgesm lkrkg
lkrkge
e
i) Hfotfn `frlubm
`frlubmrr pklkrmgseeo
h) Ce`ter prfykg skikbuloye
skikbuloye yeod cmpkrmgse fbkn mospkgtur

50 Hfotf n cksemo

50.5
50.5 Qkrnmtu odeo sm` et termg sms tkl @YQ

Hfotfn pkrnmtuodeo yeod cmtuojuggeo pece Seikb 50.5i lkojkbesgeo pkouruoeo sm`et letkrmeb
ikrcesergeo bues skret ikrsmn vkrsus sm`et ikrcesergeo bues gftfr-belmoesm. Xkpkrtm cmjkbesgeo
cebel 3.8.5, gkcue lktfck uotug lkokotugeo sm`et letkrmeb eceben vebmc. Qkotmod cmpkrnetmgeo
ienwe pkrnmtuodeo cksemo nerus skhere gfosmstko lkodduoegeo sm`et letkrmeb ikrcesergeo
neoye setu cerm cue lktfck (lmseboye, jmge gktkiebeo gftfr belmoesm cmduoegeo cebel
pkrnmtuodeo, gkgueteo ikrcesergeo erke belmoesm nerus cmduoegeo cebel pkrnmtuodeooye
 jude). Xm`et
Xm`et cksemo
cksemo yeod cmbepfrgeo
cmbepfrgeo nerus cmcesergeo pece pfpubesm 91 selpkb
selpkb eteu
eteu bkimn
bkimn yeod
cmujm sksuem ckodeo EXSL C818= / C818=L. Xm`et yeod cmbepfrgeo nerus cmsksuemgeo skhere
stetmstmg ckodeo lkodureodm tkdeodeo termg rete-rete ceo rkdeodeo ckodeo tmde steocer
 ckvmesm , skpkrtm yeod cmienes cebel 3.8.5. 

Qeokb ujm cmiuet cerm cue bepmseo smstkl skret gerifo / rksmo skeren yeod cmpkrguet skret @YQ
lkodduoegeo tkgomg pkodnelpereo iesen. Ikrcesergeo geocuodeo skret yeod cmgktenum
cerm smstkl @YQ mom, erke skret ikrsmn eceben 1,50; ll9 / ll bkier pkr bepms. Xktkben smstkl
tkben lkodebelm `esk pkreweteo, bmle selpkb ujm ckodeo bkier ;1,> ll cmpftfod cerm peokb.
Xelpkb tks cmujm termg nmodde dedeb sksuem ckodeo EXSL C818= / C818=L. Seiubesm pece
Seikb 50.5e eceben nesmb cerm tks termg.
t ermg.

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

>5 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

50.5e ‘ Ne
Seikb 50.5e  Nesmb
smb uj m termg smst kl @YQ
@YQ
Bkier Gktkiebeo spksmlko Ikieo putus
Gfck Xpksmlko tkrugur Skrugur
Xelpkb ll ll gO

S-5 ;1,> 5,31 4=,9

S-9 ;1,> 5,;> 49,=
S-8 ;1,> 5,4; 43,8
S-3 ;1,> 5,8; 43,8
S-; ;1,> 5,;; 44,3
Yete-rete ;1,> 5,;9 4;,0

Seikb 50.5i ‘ Xmstkl @YQ

@YQ skret
skret ikrsmn ceo pkrnmtuodeo sm` et gftfr belmoesm
Qkrnmtuodeo
Qkrnmtuod eo sm`et bues skret ikrsmn Qkrnmtuodeo sm`et erke gftfr-belmoesm
gftfr-belmo esm

Nmtuod E `  
Qkrnmtuodeo E `    E `  <
 < (9)(1,50;
lkodduoegeo
lkodduoegeo bues ll9/ll)  E `  <
 < (5,;9 ll)(;1,>
gktkiebeo belmoesm
ikrsmn erke cmgktenum: (;1,> ll) ll) < 44,3 ll9 
rete-rete yeod cmugur:
 E `   <
< ot` w `   < 50,> ll9 
 E `   <
< t  ` w `  

Nmtuod rete-rete
Nmtuod rete-rete
gkgueteo termg smstkl
gkgueteo termg smstkl
@YQ ikrcesergeo erke
@YQ ikrcesergeo bues  `    <
4;,09 gO
< 3,; gO/ll  
 `u
50,>ll 9
gftfr belmoesm:  `  `u  <
4;,09 gO
< 3,; gO/ll  
skret ikrsmn: 44,3 ll 9

 `  `u <
 ikieo neohur termg rete-rete  
 E `   `  `u <
 ikieo neohur termg rete-rete  
 E ` 

Qkrnmtuodeo sm`et bues skret ikrsmn  Qkrnmtuodeo sm`et erke gftfr-belmoesm

gftfr-belmoesm

Nmtuod rete-rete Nmtuod rete-rete

gkgueteo termg smstkl 9 9
(3,; gO/ll )(50,> ll )
gkgueteo termg smstkl
@YQ pkr setueo bkier  p   <
;1,> ll
 `u
  @YQ pkr setueo bkier (1
(1,= gO/ll9 )(
,=>> gO/ll )(44
44,3 ll 9 )
,3 ll
ikrcesergeo bues skret- ikrcesergeo erke  p `u <
ikrsmn: < 5,3= gO/ll
belmoesm: ;1,> ll  
< 5,3= gO/ll
  ` E     `u `     ` E     `u `  
 p   `u <  p   `u <

w  `   w  `  

50
50.9
.9 Qkrieocmo deo sm` et termg smst kl @YQ

Cue smstkl @YQ skceod cmpkrtmlieod

cmpkrtmlieodgeo
geo uotug lklpkrguet kbklko iktfo. Xm`et lkgeoms cerm
cue smstkl @YQ cerm lesmod-lesmod prfcusko tkrskcme. Xmstkl E tkrcmrm cerm bkliereo 5-eren
skret gerifo gkrmod ceo cmpeseod ckodeo rksmo pkrkget lkodduoegeo tkgomg belmoesm iesen.
Xmstkl I tkrcmrm cerm skret gerifo pre-rewet
pre-rewe t yeod cm belmoesm rksmo yeod tkrmget pece pkrlugeeo
iktfo ckodeo rksmo pkrkget. Belpmreo cerm bklier cete yeod cmskcmegeo fbkn prfcusko smstkl
@YQ cmikrmgeo pece Seikb 50.9e. Xktkben lkomojeu bklier cete letkrmeb yeod cmgmrml fbkn
 prfcusko smstkl @YQ, kodmokkr  prf`kssmfoeb
 prf`kssmfoeb lklieocmodgeo gkgueteo termg gkcue smstkl.

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

>9 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

Cmgerkoegeo bklier cete yeod tkrskcme cerm gkcue smstkl lkbepfrgeo cete yeod ikrsm`et
ikriesms stetmstmg, cmluodgmogeo uotug skhere beodsuod lklieocmodgeo gkgueteo termg ceo
lfcubus gkcue smstkl, skpkrtm yeod cmtuojuggeo pece Seikb 50.9i.
Seikbb 50
Seik 50.9e
.9e Xm`et letkrmeb ceo cksgr mps m cue jkoms smst kl @YQ
Xmstkl E Xmstkl I
Jkoms smstkl: gkrmod, bklier skeren
Jkoms skret: gerifo gkgueteo tmoddm Jkoms smstkl:
Jkoms skret:prerewet, skeren belmoesm
gerifo gkgueteo tmoddm
Yksmo pfbmlkr: kpfgsm
Yksmo pfbmlkr: kpfgsm
Xmstkl E cmpeseod lkodduoegeo prfskcur
Belmoesm pre-rewet Xmstkl I tkrmget pece
belmoesm iesen cm leoe bkliereo skret
letkrmeb iktfo lkodduoegeo pkrkget peste
gerifo gkrmod cmlesuggeo ceo cmtklpkbgeo
kpfgsm Xmstkl I.
ckodeo rksmo kpfgsm cm tklpet.
Xm`et lkgeomg *†‡  Xm`et lkgeomg *† 
t  `  <
 < 1,88 ll t  `  < 5,94 ll
* *
 `  `u  < 84=9 O/ll9   `  `u  < 9091 O/ll9 
λ `u* < 5,0% λ `u* < 5,;%
 < 994;94 O/ll 9 
 K  `  <  < 5;5493 O/ll9 
 K  `  <
*Xm`et yeod cmbepfrgeo ikrcesergeo pfpubesm 91 selpkb eteu bkimn yeod cmujm sksuem ckodeo EXSL
C818= / C818=L.
†Xm`et yeod cmbepfrgeo tkben cmsksuemgeo skhere stetmstmg ckodeo lkodureodm tmde steocer ckvmesm cerm
tkdeodeo termg rete-rete ceo rkdeodeo.
‡  Gktkiebeo cmcesergeo pece erke skret-ikrsmn uotug setu bepms smstkl @YQ. Yksmo tmceg tkrlesug.
Gktkiebeo egtueb @YQ tkrewet ( hurkc) yeod cmpeseod eceben 5,1 - 5,> ll pkr bepms.

Seikb 50.9i ‘ Qrfskcur l klieocmodgeo cue jkoms sm stkl @YQ

Qrfskcur Qkrnmtuodeo cebel setueo XM
Beodgen 5E – Nmtuod gkgueteo termg pkr uomt
bkier Xmstkl E Q `u* < (8,4= gO/ll9)(1,88 ll) < 5,9; gO/ll
Q `u*< `  `u*t  `  
Beodgen 5I – Nmtuod gkgueteo termg pkr uomt
bkier Xmstkl I Q `u* < (9,09 gO/ll9)(5,94 ll) < 8,88 gO/ll
Q `u*< `  `u*t  `  
Beodgen 9E – Nmtuod lfcubus termg pkr
setueo bkier Xmstkl E  < (994,; gO/ll9)(1,88 ll) < 4;,5 gO/ll
g  `  <
g  `  < t `   
 < K  ` t 

9I – Nmtuod
Beodgen setueo lfcubus
bkier Xmstkl I termg pkr  < (5;5,4 gO/ll9)(5,94 ll) < 5=9,4 gO/ll
g  `  <
g  `  <
 < K  ` t 
t `   
*
 p `u (Xmstkl I)   8,88 gO/l
gO/ll
l
Beodgen 8 – Ieocmodgeo gkcue smstkl *
< < 9,00  
 p `u (X
(Xmstk
mstkl
l E) 5,9;
5,9; gO
gO/l
/ll
l
Ieocmodgeo
Ieocmodge
*
o gkgueteo termg:
Q `u  (Xmstkl E)
Q `u* (Xmstkl I)
∳ tmde bepmseo Xmstkl E cmpkrbugeo
cmpkrbugeo uotug
sktmep bepms Xmstkl I eder gkgueteo termg
sktere
g  `  (Xmstkl I)   5=9,4 gO/ll
Ieocmodgeo gkgegueo < < 9,;0  
g  `  (X
(Xms
mstk
tkl
l E) 4;,
4;,5
5 gO
gO/l
/ll
l
g  `  (Xmstkl
  (Xmstkl E)
g  `  (Xmstkl
  (Xmstkl I) ∳  tmde bepmseo Xmstkl E cmpkrbugeo
cmpkrbugeo uotug
sktmep bepms Xmstkl I eder gkgegueo sktere

Gerkoe sklue prfskcur cksemo yeod cmjeiergeo cebel cfgulko mom lklietesm rkdeodeo
pece ieneo @YQ, gkgueteo pkoun oflmoeb letkrmeb tmceg cmduoegeo ceo tmceg ifbkn lkojecm
 © IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 
>8 cerm

 
 

XOM >=45:9195

ceser pkrieocmodeo eotere cue smstkl letkrmeb. Jmge lklpkrtmlieodgeo ikriedem smstkl
ieneo @YQ uotug epbmgesm tkrtkotu, smstkl @YQ nerus cmieocmodgeo neoye ikrcesergeo pece
ombem gkgegueo sktere. Xkbemo mtu, sktmep smstkl @YQ yeod cmpkrtmlieodgeo nerus lklmbmgm
gklelpueo uotug lkluodgmogeo tkrjecm rkdeodeo yeod tkrgemt ckodeo rkdeodeo k`kgtm` yeod
cmpkrbugeo teope putus/dedeb , λ `u ? λ `k.

Cebel ieoyeg gesus, cmluodgmogeo uotug lklvermesmgeo bkier strmp @YQ skiedem eotmtksms
cerm julben bepmseo (lkodduoegeo bkier yeod bkimn ikser uotug smstkl ckodeo gktkiebeo bkimn
rkocen ceo skiebmgoye). Cebel gesus skpkrtm mtu, pkrnmtuodeo gkgegueo kgumvebko ululoye
tmceg egeo lkodnesmbgeo gfotrmiusm gkgueteo yeod kgumvebko pece kbklko. Xkhere ulul,
smstkl @YQ yeod bkimn tmpms (ombem o t`  yeod
 yeod bkimn rkocen) ceo bkimn bues (ombem w`  yeod
 yeod bkimn tmoddm)
egeo lklikrmgeo tmodget gkgueteo yeod bkimn tmoddm gkpece kbklko gerkoe tkdeodeo bkgeteo
yeod bkimn rkocen. Oeluo, kgumvebkosm yeod tkpet neoye cepet cmtkotugeo ckodeo lkbegugeo
pkrnmtuodeo bkodgep (sksuem ckodeo prfskcur yeod cmjkbesgeo cebel Qeseb 51, 55, ceo 59
peocueo mom) uotug sktmep smstkl.

50
50.8
.8 Qkrgueteo
Qkrgueteo bkotur iebfg iktfo i krtubeod motkrmfr ckodeo belmoesm @YQ
@YQ

Iebfg iktfo ikrtubeod tkrtulpu skckrneoe ckodeo tmde pkliksmeo Of. = (Delier 50.8)
tkrbkteg pece duceod yeod tmceg cmnuom ceo lkliutungeo pkomodgeteo ;1 pkrsko cerm
pkrsyereteo ikieo nmcup. Eoebmsms iebfg yeod ece lkouojuggeo ienwe iebfg lesmn lklmbmgm
gkgueteo dkskr yeod hugup uotug lkoeneo gkgueteo dkskr telieneo yeod cmiutungeo ceo
lklkounm pkrsyereteo gklelpueo beyeo skrte gfotrfb rktegeo. Oeluo gkgueteo bkoturoye
tmceg lklecem uotug lkoeneo ikieo nmcup yeod lkomodget.

Skreodgul cebel Seikb 50.8e eceben lflko tkoden ikoteod egmiet ikieo yeod ece ceo
ikieo telieneo uotug iebfg. Iebfg iktfo ikrtubeod yeod ece nerus cmpkrguet ckodeo smstkl
@YQ yeod cmuremgeo cebel Seikb 50.8i, gnususoye, cue @YQ skbkier 81; ll x 4 l yeod
( sf``mt)) iebfg lkodduoegeo tkgomg belmoesm iesen.
cmbkgetgeo pece smsm iewen (sf``mt

81; ll
4,89 l
wCB, wBB
'  9
 ` 
  h <83,; O/ll ;30 ll

8-tubeodeo #= 01=,0 ll
 `  y<353 O/ll9
9-81; ll x 4,19 l bkliereo @YQ
ϛ L o<805 gO-l
(teope @YQ)

SEL QE G XELQMOD QKOEL QE OD

Qeojeod iebfg ℘   4,89 l

Bkier iebfg w  81; ll
c ;30 ll
n 01=,0 ll
 `   
h
'
83,; O/ll9 

 ` 
 y  353 O/ll9 
 Lo teope @YQ 805 gO-l
Subeodeo
Subeodeo #=  < 9>,0 ll

Delier 50.8 ‘ Xgkle iebfg mckeb yeod tkrtul pu s kckrneoe

kckrneoe ckode
ckodeo
o pkrg ueteo
kgstkro eb @YQ

© IXO 9195 >3 cerm

cer m 5;8 

 
 XOM >=45:9195

Seikb 50.8e ‘ Ikieo ceo lflko tkrgemt

Ikieo/lflkot Ikieo yeod ece Ikieo cmpkrgmr egeo

Ikieo letm w CB  53,0 O/ll 53,0 O/ll

Ikieo nmcup w BB  54,; O/ll 90,8 O/ll
Ikieo tmceg tkr`egtfr ( w CB + w BB) 89,5 O/ll 31,= O/ll
Ietes ikieo tmceg cmpkrguet (5.5w CB + 1.4;w BB)  OE  8;,> O/ll
Ikieo tkr`egtfr (5.9w CB + 5.0w BB) 3;,; O/ll ;=,0 O/ll
Lflko ikieo letm L  CB  => gO-l  => gO-l
Lflko ikieo nmcup  L  BB  554 gO-l 540 gO-l
Lflko gfocmsm beyeo  L s  953 gO-l 943 gO-l
Ietes lflko tmceg cmpkrguet (5.5 L  CB + 1.4; L  BB) OE 931 gO-l
Lflko tkr`egtfr L u  813 gO-l 8== gO-l

Seikb 50.8i ‘ Xm`et smst kl @YQ

@YQ yeod cmbepfrgeo fb kn peirmgeo
Gktkiebeo pkr bepms t  `   5,19 ll
Gkgueteo termg legsmlul  `  `u*  095 O/ll9
Ykdeodeo putus λ `u*  1,15; ll/ll
Lfcubus kbestmsmtes belmoesm @YQ  K  `   84.111 O/ll9

Seikb 50.8h ‘ Qrfskcur uotug pkrgueteo bkotur iebfg iktfo ikrtubeod motkrmfr ckodeo
belmo esm @YQ

Qrfskcur Qk
Qkrnmtu
rnmtu odeo cebel setueo XM
Beodgen 5 – Nmtuod sm`et letkrmeb cksemo smstkl
@YQ
Iebfg lkrupegeo iebfg motkrmfr ceo @YQ gerifo
(H@YQ) egeo cmduoegeo. Fbkn gerkoe mtu, pkr Seikb
=.3, `egtfr rkcugsm bmodguodeo skikser 1,=;
cmsereogeo uotug cmduoegeo.

 `  `u < H  K  `  `u*
 `  `u < (1,=;)(095 O/ll9) < ;=1 O/ll9 
λ `u < H  K λ `u* 
λ `u < (1,=;)(1,15; ll/ll) < 1,1539 ll/ll
Beodgen 9 – Qkrnmtuodeo eweb
Xm`et iktfo:
5 < 5, 1; ∙ 1, 1; ( ` h' / 5111 ) < 1, >1  
 ι5 cerm EHM 85>L-53, Xkhtmfo 99.9.9.3.8

 Kh < 3411 `h '   Kh < 3411 83

83,;
,; < 94.011 O / ll  

Xm`et ieje tubeodeo yeod ece:

 Es < 8(03; ll9) <5=8; ll9 
Xm`et cerm pkrgueteo @YQ yeod cmbkgetgeo skhere
kgstkroeb:
 E `  <
 < ot  ` w `    E `  < (9 bepms)(5,19 ll/bepms)(81; ll) < 05= ll 9 
Beodgen 8 – Lk
 Lkokotugeo
okotugeo gfo cmsm r kdeodeo
kdeodeo yeod
ece pece
pece smsm i ewen iebfg
Gkeceeo rkdeodeo yeod ece cmnmtuod ckodeo esulsm
iebfg rkteg ceo setu-setuoye ikieo yeod ikgkrje
pece iebfg pece seet mostebesm @YQ eceben ikieo
letm. Eoebmsms iedmeo rkteg cerm iebfg yeod ece
 < 9345 Ô 51 0 ll3
 < 1,883 ceo  M hhr r  <
lklikrmgeo g  <

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

>; cerm

XOM >=45:9195
 Seikb 50.8h ‘ Qrfskcur uotug pkrgueteo bkotur iebfg iktfo ikrtubeod motkrmfr ckodeo
belmoesm @YQ (beojuteo)
Qrfskcur   Qkrnmtuo deo cebel setueo XM 
Qkrnmtuo
( =4,0 gO - ll ) 01=,0  ll ∙ ( 1,88
1=,0 3 ) ( ;30
,883 ,5 ll ) 
30,5
( ) 
  CB c `  ∙ gc 
 L im <  
im <   ( 934551
51 ll ) ( 94, 0 gO - l l)
0 3

 M hr K h
< 1,11105
Beodgen 3 –  Skotugeo jkoms cksemo
smstkl @YQ
Ykdeodeo cksemo @YQ lklpkrnmtuodgeo 9
pfbe gkdedebeo bkgeteo λ `c   cmnmtuod  `c  < 1,35 83
83,;
,; O ll
lkodduoegeo Qkrs. (51.5.5) (
9 841
84111
11 O lll
8
l 5,19 ll )( )  

Gerkoe rkdeodeo cksemo bkimn gkhmb cerm ,11=  1,= ( 1,15

< 1,11= 39 ) < 1,15
,153 ,159
9>
rkdeodeo neohur (rupturk), pfbe
gkdedebeo bkgeteo lkodfotrfb cksemo
smstkl @YQ.
Beodgen ; –  Lklpkrgmregeo  h,
gkcebeleo
gkcebe leo gk suliu oktreb
Qkrgmreeo eweb yeod lesug egeb cerm h 
eceben 1,91c . Ombem h  cmsksuemgeo sktkben
pkodkhkgeo gkskmlieodeo.
h < 1,91c   h < (1,91)(;30,5 ll) < 51= ll  
Beodgen 0 –  Skotugeo tmodget
rkdeodeo k`kgtm` cebel p krgueteo @YQ @YQ
Bkvkb rkdeodeo k`kgtm` cebel @YQ
cmtkotugeo cerm Qkrs. (51.9.;).

 (c ∙ h) 
 `k < 1,118   `   < im   `c     01=,0
01=,0 l l ∙ 51=,9
ll 51=,9 ll
ll
 h    
 `k
< 1, 118   ∙ 1, 11105  1, 11=  
 51=,9 ll 
Qkrbu cmpkrnetmgeo ienwe uotug
gkcebeleo suliu oktreb yeod cmpmbmn,
gkdedebeo bkgeteo @YQ lkrupegeo pfbe
gkdedebeooye gerkoe pkrseleeo gkcue
yeod lkokotugeo. Jmge pkrseleeo
pkrtele yeod lkokotugeo, lege
gkneohureo (hrusnmod) iktfo lkrupegeo  `k < 1,1585 ? 1,11= 
pfbe gkdedebeooye.
Gerkoe @YQ lkokotugeo gkdedebeo  `k <  `c  < 1,11= 
pkoelpeod, rkdeodeo iktfo pece
gkdedebeo
λh  luodgmo gureod cerm 1,118 ceo cepet
cmnmtuod lkodduoegeo skdmtmde
skieoduo :    51= 51=,, 9 ll 
h < ( 1, 11= + 1, 11105)   < 1, 1195  
 h  01=,, 0 ll ∙ 51=,9
 01= 51=,9 ll 
h < (  `k + im )    
 c `  ∙ h 
Beodgen 4 –  Nmtuod rkdeodeo pece
ieje tubeodeo yeod ece
Ykdeodeo pece ieje tubeodeo cepet
cmnmtuod lkodduoegeo skdmtmde skrupe
lkourut Qkrs. (51.9.0).
 h 
h < (  `k + im )      ;30,5l
30,5ll 1=,9 ll 
l ∙ 51=,9
c ∙ h  h < ( 1, 1= + 1, 11105)   < 1, 11>3  
  `    01=, 0 ll ∙ 51=, 9 ll 

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

>0 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

Seikb 50.8h ‘ Qrfskcur uotug pkrgueteo bkotur iebfg iktfo ikrtubeod motkrmfr ckodeo
belmoesm @YQ (beojuteo)
Qrfskcur Qk
Qkrnmtu
rnmtu odeo cebel setueo XM 
Beodgen > – Nmtuod t kdeodeo pece ieje
ieje
tubeodeo c eo @YQ
 Skdeodeo cmnmtuod lkodduoegeo Qkrs.
(51.9.51i) ceo Nugul Nffgk.

 ` s < K sλs ≣ `  y   ` s < (911 gO/ll9)(1,11>3) ≣ 1,353 gO/ll 9 

 ` s < 5,0> gO/ll9 ≣ 1,353 gO/ll 9 
Xknmodde,  ` s < 1,353 gO/ll9 

 `  `k < K  ` λ `k   `  `k < (84 gO/ll9)(1,11=) < 1,88 gO/ll 9 

Beodgen = –  Nmtuod rksubteo deye

motkroeb ceo hkg gkskmlieodeo
@egtfr ibfg tkdeodeo iktfo cepet cmnmtuod
ckodeo lkodduoegeo EHM 85>. @egtfr-
`egtfr ibfg strks yeod cmpkrgmregeo jude
cepet cmnmtuod ikrcesergeo nuiuodeo
tkdeodeo-rkdeodeo pereifbe uotug iktfo
skiedem ikrmgut:
3h∙ h 3(1,1195)-1,1195
5 <   5 < <1,43=  
0h ∙ 9h 0(1,1195)-9(1,1195)

8'h h ∙ 9h  
5 < 8(1,1195)(1,1195)-(1,1195) 9
 
8 '9
h 5 <   9
<1,>>0  
8(1,43=)(1,1195)
cmleoe λh‹ eceben rkdeodeod tkrgemt ckodeo
` h‹ yeod cmnmtuod : 
'
  5, 4
   ` h
 h' <  
 K h
5,4 (;111)
h' < < 1,1195  
3,1851
0
Gkskmlieodeo deye cmvkrm`mgesm ckodeo 3,18
lklkrmgse kstmlesm eweb h ckodeo Qkrs.
(51.8.5.0d).

 Es ` s + E` ` `k
h <  
5  ` h'5i 9 9
(5=8;,3> ll )(353 O/ll )+(05= ll )(881 O/ll )
9 9

h< 9
(1,>>0)(83,; O/ll
O/ll )(1,43=)(813,> l
ll)
l)  
h < 53= ll  51= ll o.d.
rkvmsm kstmlesm ombem h ceo ubeodm Beodgen 0 - = nmodde
gkskmlieodeo tkrhepem
Beodgen 51 –  Mtkresm  h  selpem
gkskmlieodeo deye tkrpkounm
tkrpkounm
Beodgen 0 - = cmmtkresm ikikrepe gebm ckodeo
ombem h  yeod ikrikce nmodde tkrhepem
gkskmlieodeo.
Nesmb mtkresm egnmr eceben
(5
(5=8
=8;,3> ll9 )(
;,3> )(35
3533 O/ll9 )+(0
O/ll 5= ll9 )(
)+(05= )(88
8811 O/ll9 )
O/ll
h < 585 ll.7 λs < 1,11>87 ` s < `  y < 353 O/ll  7 9 h<
(1,=9>)(83,;
(1,=9>)( O/ll9 )(1,4>0)(813,>
83,; O/ll )(1,4>0)(813,> ll)  
 ι 5 < 1,4>07 ε5 < 1,=9>7 ceo  `  `c  < 881 O/ll9 
h < 585 ll
∳  ombem h yeod cmpmbmn uotug mtkresm egnmr eceben
ikoer.

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

>4 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

Seikb 50.8h ‘ Qrfskcur uotug pkrgueteo bkotur iebfg iktfo ikrtubeod motkrmfr ckodeo
belmoesm @YQ (beojuteo)
Qrfskcur Qk
Qkrnmtu
rnmtu odeo cebel setueo XM 
Beodgen 55 –  Nmtuod gflpfoko gkgueteo
bkotur
Gkgueteo bkotur cksemo cmnmtuod lkodduoegeo
Qkrs. (51.9.51c). @egtfr rkcugsm telieneo, ώ `  <
 <
1,>;, cmtkrepgeo pece gfotrmiusm smstkl @YQ.

Gfotrmiusm ieje uotug bkotur:

9 9  1,4>0(585 ll) 
  5h   L os (5=8;.; ll )(353 O/ll
O/ll )  ;30,5 ll
ll  
 L os < Es ` s  c  ∙    9 
 9 
 L os < 5,531  51> O-ll < 8=0,8 gO-l

Gfotrmiusm @YQ uotug bkotur: 9 9  1,4>0(585 ll) 

 L o`  <(05= ll )(881 O/ll )  01= ll -  
 5h   9 
 L o` < E` ` `k  c `  ∙  
 9   L o`  < 5,53
5,531
1  51> O-ll
O-ll < 8=0
8=0,8
,8 gO-l
gO-l

Beodgen 59 –  Nmtuod gkgueteo bkotur

cksemo pkoelpeod
Gkgueteo bkotur cksemo cmnmtuod lkodduoegeo
Qkrs. (51.5) ceo (51.9.51c). Gerkoe λs  <
1,11>8? 1,11;, `egtfr rkcugsm gkgueteo ϛ < 1,=1
sksuem pkr Qkrs. (51.9.4).
ϛ L o < 1,=W8=0,8 gO-l + 1,>;(553 gO-l)\
ϛ L o < ϛW L 
 L ooss + ώ `  L o` 
o` \
ϛ L o < 338 gOl ≫  L u < 8== gOl

∳  iedmeo yeod cmpkrguet lelpu lkoeneo

gkgueteo lflko ieru yeod cmpkrbugeo
Beodgen 58 – Qkrmgse tkdeodeo beyeo p ece
tubeodeo ieje ceo @YQ.
Nmtuod gkcebeleo kbestms ssssssgk suliu
oktreb rkteg. Qkoykckrneoeeo uotug iebfg
pkrskdm peojeod teope tubeodeo tkgeo skiedem
ikrmgut:
*
9
  K s   K  `  g  < 1,838
 s +  `  
  Kh K h 
g  < gc  < (1,838)(;30,5 ll) < 5>4 ll
  K   K  c    §
+9  s s +  `   `  `     
  Kh Kh  c   

  K   K  
∙  s s +  `   `  
  Kh K h 

Nmtuod tkdeodeo
lkodduoegeo pece ieje
Qkrs. (51.9.51.5) tubeodeo
ceo vkrm`mgesm
ienwe tkdeodeo gureod cerm ietes yeod
cmsereogeo pkr Qkrs. (51.9.>e).
 ` ss,s,s < 94= O/ll9 ≣ (1,>1)(351 O/ll9) < 881
  gc    O/ll9 
 L s + im E` K `  c ` ∙ 8  ( c ∙ gc ) K s
 ` s , s < 
 ∙ gc  ∙
 Es Ks  c `
 8 



gc   
 ( c gc ) + E` K `  c ` ∙ 8  ( c ` ∙ gc 

  )
 
∳  tkdeodeo pece ieje tubeodeo ikrece cebel
ietes yeod cmsereogeo.

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

>> cerm

XOM >=45:9195

Seikb 50.8h ‘ Qrfskcur uotug pkrgueteo bkotur iebfg iktfo ikrtubeod motkrmfr ckodeo
belmoesm @YQ (beojuteo)
Qrfskcur Qkrnmtu odeo cebel setueo XM 
Qkrnmtu
Beodgen 53 – Qkrmgse ietes
ietes gkruotu neo
reodgeg pece gfocmsm b eyeo uotug @YQ
Nmtuod tkdeodeo cebel @YQ lkodduoegeo
Qkrs. (51.9.51.9) ceo vkrm`mgesm ienwe mtu
gureod cerm ietes tkdeodeo gkruotuneo
reodgeg yeod cmikrmgeo pece Seikb 51.9.=.
 Esulsmgeo ienwe ikieo beyeo pkoun
cmpkrteneogeo.

 K `   c `  ∙ gc 
 ` ` , s < ` s.s    ∙ im K `   
  Ks   c ∙ gc   9  84 g O ll9   01=,0 ll ∙ 5>4 ll 
gO
 `  ` , s < 1,94> gO
  ll  9  
 911 gO ll   ;30 ll ∙5>4 ll 
 
 [otug smstkl @YQ gerifo, ietes tkdeodeo  
∙ ( 1,11 5) ( 8> O ll )
9
1,1110
105
ikrgkbeojuteo pbus smgbmg cmpkrfbkn cerm Seikb
51.9.=:  `  ` , s ;; ) ( ;=1 O ll9 ) < 893 O ll9
< 8> O ll9  ( 1, ;;

Ietes tkdeodeo ikrgkbeojuteo cmtelien

smgbmg < 1,;; `  `u 
∳  tkdeodeo @YQ ikrece cebel ietes strks smgbmg
ikrgkbeojuteo yeod cmrkgflkocesmgeo.

9
‡   911   84     911   84   01=,0 ll     911   84    
g  < 1, 1550   + 1, 11849    + 9 1, 1550   + 1, 11849      ∙ 1, 1550   + 1, 11849  

  94, 0   94, 0     94, 0   94, 0  ;30 ll     94, 0   94, 0  
   5> 4 l l    

  948, =59 ggOO - ll + ( 1, 11105) ( 05= llll 9 ) ( 84 gO lll l 9 )   01=, 0 ll
ll ∙     ( ; 3 0 l
ll l ∙ 5 > 4 l
lll ) ( 9 1 1 g O l
lll 9 
)
    
§  `     8       
s ,s <
  5> 4 l l     5 >4 l l  
 (5=8; l
ll l 9 ) ( 911 g O ll
l l 9 )   ;30 l
lll-  ( ;30 l
lll - 5> 4 l
ll l )  +  ( 05 = l
lll 9 ) ( 8 4 gO l ll l 9 )  014 lll l-  ( 014ll -5>4ll )  
   8     8   


Cebel pkocktembeo pkrgueteo @YQ, @YQ nerus cmegnmrm lmomleb skjeun ℘ cc`  ,`   cmnmtuod pkr Qkrs.
(53.5.8), lkbkwetm tmtmg pece cmedrel lflko yeod lkrkprkskotesmgeo rkteg. Deye dkskr
ikr`egtfr pece tmtmg tkrlmoesm jude nerus cmpkrmgse tkrnecep deye dkskr yeod lkoykieigeo
@YQ ujuodoye tkrgkbupes, cmpkrgmregeo cue pkrtmde cerm gkgueteo dkskr iktfo. Jmge deye dkskr
bkimn ikser cerm cue pkrtmde cerm gkgueteo dkskr iktfo, strmp @YQ nerus cmpkrpeojeod bkimn
 jeun gk eren tulpueo. Bmbmteo [ ([ bmbmteo) jude cepet cmduoegeo uotug lklpkrguet tkrnecep
ckbelmoesm skbmlut iktfo.

50
50.3
.3 Qkrgueteo
Qkrgueteo bkotur
bkotur iebfg iktfo
iktfo ikrtubeod motkrmfr ckodeo tubeodeo @
@YQ
YQ oker-
sur`ehk-lfuotkc  
sur`ehk-lfuotkc

Iebfg iktfo ikrtubeod yeod ece (Delier 50.3) nerus cmpkrguet ckodeo lkodduoegeo ikieo
yeod cmikrmgeo pece Seikb 50.8e ceo smstkl @YQ oker-sur`ehk-lfuotkc
oker-sur`ehk-lfuotkc   (OXL) yeod
cmjkbesgeo cebel Seikb 50.3e. Xkhere gnusus, tmde tubeodeo @YQ gerifo (H@YQ) Of. 8 nerus
cmduoegeo pece jereg 019,5 ll cerm skret kgstrkl etes iebfg.
Smodget pkrgueteo cmombem lesug egeb gerkoe lklkounm grmtkrme ietes pkrgueteo yeod
cmoyetegeo cebel Qkrs. (51.5). ]emtu, gkgueteo bkotur yeod ece teope @YQ, ( ϛ Lo) w/f < 805
gO-l, bkimn ikser cerm ietes lflko ieru yeod tmceg cmpkrguet, (5.5LCB + 1.4;LBB) < 931
gO-l. Qkrnmtuodeo cksemo yeod cmduoegeo uotug lklvkrm`mgesm gfo`mduresm mom mgutm Seikb
50.3i.

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

>= cerm

XOM >=45:9195

81; ll

4,89 l
wCB, wBB '  9
 `  h <83,; O/ll
;30 ll
8-tubeodeo #= 01=,0 ll
9
 y<353 O/ll
 ` 

 tubeodeo H@YQ 8#8

ϛ L o<805 gO-l
(teope @YQ)
tubeodeo OXL @YQ

KBKPEXM QKOELQEOD

Delier 50.3 ‘ Xgkle iebfg mckeb yeod tkrtulpu skckrneoe ckodeo tubeodeo @YQ
kgstkroeb

Seikb 50.3e ‘ Xm`et smstkl OXL @YQ yeod cmbepfrgeo peirmgeo

Bues erke pkr tubeodeo Of. 8 03,; ll9 
Gkgueteo termg legsmlul  `  `u*  5.49; O/ll9 
Ykdeodeo putus λ `u*  1,158 ll/ll
Lfcubus kbestmsmtes belmoesm @YQ  K  `   589.411 O/ll9 
 Qeojeod iebfg ℘   >,>3 l
Bkier iey b9 =,53 l
Bkier iebfg w  051 ll
c  p  ;45 ll
n 08; ll
Bkier seyep k`kgtm` i `   9951 ll
Gktkiebeo seyep n `   519 ll
 ` h‹  94,0 O/ll9
Cmelktkr nkbem 59,4 ll
 `  pk  5.58> O/ll9 
9
 `  py  5.;>0 O/ll9 
 `  pu  5.>01 O/ll  
 K  p  5,=0 Ô 51; O/ll9 
ϛ L o teope @YQ 3;; gO-l

Seikb 50.3i ‘ Qrfskcur uotug pkrgueteo bkotur iebfg iktfo ikrtubeod motkrmfr ckodeo
ieteod
ieteo d @YQ OXL

Qrfskcur Qk
Qkrnmtu
rnmtu odeo cebel setueo XM
Beodgen 5 – Nmtuod sm`et letkrmeb cksemo
smstkl @YQ
Iebfg lkrupegeo iebfg motkrmfr ceo @YQ
gerifo (H@YQ) egeo cmduoegeo. Fbkn gerkoe
mtu, pkr Seikb =.3, `egtfr rkcugsm bmodguodeo
skikser 1,=; cmsereogeo.

 `  `u < H  K  `  `u* O/ll9) < 508= O/ll 9 

 `  `u < (1,=;)(549; O/ll9

λ `u < H  K λ `u* λ `u < (1,=;)(1,158 ll/ll) < 1,1598 ll/ll  

Beodgen 9 – Qkrnmtuodeo eweb

Xm`et iktfo:

ι5 `rfl EHM 85>L-53, Xkhtmfo 99.9.9.3.8

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

=1 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

Seikb 50.3i ‘ Qrfskcur uotug pkrgueteo bkotur iebfg iktfo ikrtubeod motkrmfr ckodeo
ieteod @YQ OXL
OXL (beojuteo)
Qrfskcur   Qkrnmtu odeo cebel setueo XM  
Qkrnmtu

 <3411   ‹ 
  5 <  5, 1;
  ` h' 
1; ∙ 1, 1; 
0,=
0,
  =
 < 1, >;  

 <3411 83,83,;   <94.011    

 Es < 8(03; ll9) <5=8; ll 9

 < (8 ieteod)(03,; ll9/ier) < 5=3 ll 9 

 E `  <

Beodgen 8 –  Lkokotugeo gfocmsm

rkdeodeo yeod ece pece smsm i ewen iebfg

Gkeceeo rkdeodeo yeod ece cmnmtuod ckodeo

esulsm iebfg rkteg ceo setu-setuoye ikieo
yeod ikgkrje pece iebfg pece seet mostebesm
@YQ eceben ikieo letm. Eoebmsms iedmeo rkteg
cerm iebfg yeod ece lklikrmgeo g   <  1,883
 < ;=84 mo3 < 9345 Ô 51 0 ll3 
ceo M hhr r  <

 L (
c `  ∙ gc  ) ( =4,0 gO - ll 1=,0  ll ∙ ( 1,88
) 01=,0 3 ) (;30 ll )
,883
  CB
im < 
im <    
 M hr K h ( 934551 ll ) ( 94,0 ggO
0 3
O ll ) 9

< 1,11105
 Beodgen 3 –  Skotugeo gfk`msmko bkgeteo
smstkl @YQ
Ikrcesergeo rkgflkocesm peirmgeo, gfk`msmko κ l < 1,4
bkgeteo-teg-ikrcmlkosm uotug bkotur κl
eceben 1,4
Beodgen ; – Lklpkrgmregeo h, gkcebeleo
gkcebeleo
gk suliu oktreb
Qkrgmreeo eweb yeod lesug egeb cerm h eceben
1,91c . Ombem h cmsksuemgeo sktkben pkodkhkgeo
gkskmlieodeo.

h < 1,91c h < (1,91)(;30,5 ll) < 51= ll

Beodgen 0 –  Skotugeo tmodget rkdeodeo

k`kgtm` cebel p krgueteo @YQ

Bkvkb rkdeodeo k`kgtm` cebel @YQ cmtkotugeo

cerm Qkrs. (51.9.;).

 c ∙h 
 `k <   `   ∙ ( im  l `c  )    `k < 1, 118 
019ll -51=ll 
 ∙ 1, 11105 < 1, 159=  
 h   51=ll 

Qkrbu
suliucmpkrnetmgeo ienwe gkdedebeo
oktreb yeod cmpmbmn, uotug gkcebeleo
bkgeteo κ l λ `c  < 1,4(1,1598) < 1,11>0; 
@YQ lkrupegeo pfbe gkdedebeooye gerkoe
pkrseleeo gkcue yeod lkokotugeo. Jmge Xknmodde λ `k < 1,11>0;
pkrseleeo pkrtele yeod lkokotugeo, lege (Lfce gkdedebeo eceben gkdedebeo bkgeteo @YQ)
gkneohureo (hrusnmod) iktfo lkrupegeo pfbe
gkdedebeooye.

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

=5 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

Seikb 50.3i ‘ Qrfskcur uotug pkrgueteo bkotur iebfg iktfo ikrtubeod motkrmfr ckodeo

ieteod @YQ OXL

OXL (beojuteo)
Qrfskcur   Qkrnmtu odeo cebel setueo XM  
Qkrnmtu
Gerkoe @YQ lkokotugeo gkdedebeo
pkoelpeod, rkdeodeo iktfo pece
gkdedebeo
λh luodgmo gureod cerm 1,118 ceo cepet
cmnmtuod lkodduoegeo skdmtmde skieoduo:
 h     51= 
 h < ( `c + im )     h < ( 1, 11>0; + 1, 11105)   < 1, 1191  
 c  `  ∙ h  019 ∙ 51=
 019 51= 

Beodgen 4 –  Nmtuod rkdeodeo pece ieje

tubeodeo tkrpeseod

Ykdeodeo pece ieje tubeodeo cepet cmnmtuod

lkodduoegeo skdmtmde skrupe lkourut Qkrs.
(51.9.51e).

 c ∙h   s < ( 1, 11>0; + 1, 11105)   ;

;30
30 ∙ 51=
51=  1, 11>9  
<
 s < (  `k + im )     019 ∙ 51=
 019 51= 
 c `  ∙ h 
Beodgen > –  Nmtuod tkdeodeo pece ieje
tubeodeo c eo @YQ

Skdeodeo cmnmtuod lkodduoegeo Qkrs.

(51.9.51i) ceo Nugul Nffgk.
 ` s < (911 gO/ll9)(1,11>9) ≣ 1,353 gO/ll 9  ` 
` s < 5,03
 ` s < K sλs ≣ `  y  gO/ll9 ≣ 1,353 gO/ll 9 
sknmodde, ` s < 1,353 gO/ll9 

 `  `k < K` λ `k   `  `k < (589.411 O/ll9)(1,11>0;) < 5534 O/ll 9 

Beodgen = – Nmtuod rksubteo deye motkroeb

 ceo hkg gkskmlieodeo

@egtfr ibfg tkdeodeo iktfo cepet cmnmtuod

ckodeo lkodduoegeo EHM 85>. @egtfr-`egtfr
ibfg strks yeod cmpkrgmregeo jude cepet
cmnmtuod ikrcesergeo nuiuodeo tkdeodeo-
rkdeodeo pereifbe uotug iktfo skiedem
ikrmgut:

3 'h ∙  h 1195) ∙ 1, 11119

3 ( 1, 11
5 <   5 < < 1,438  
  0 ( 1, 1195) ∙ 9 ( 1, 119 )
0 '
h ∙ 9 h
9
8h' h
∙ h9 8 ( 1,1195) ( 1,11
,119 9 ) ∙ ( 1,11
,119 9)
,119
5 < 5 < < 1,>41  
  8 ( 1,
 
8) ( 1, 1195)
9
85h' 9 1, 43
438 1195

cmleoe λh‹ eceben rkdeodeo tkrgemt ckodeo  ` h‹ 

yeod cmnmtuod :

' 'h  < 5, 4 ( 83,;

83,; )
< 1,1195  
5, 4 `  94010
'h < h
 
 K h

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

=9 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

Seikb 50.3i ‘ Qrfskcur uotug pkrgueteo bkotur iebfg iktfo ikrtubeod motkrmfr ckodeo
ieteod @YQ OXL
OXL (beojuteo)

Qrfskcur   Qk
Qkrnmtu
rnmtu odeo cebel setueo XM  
Gkskmlieodeo deye cmvkrm`mgesm ckodeo (5=8;ll ) ( 353O/ ll ) + (5=3ll ) (5534O/ ll )
9 9 9 9

lklkrmgse kstmlesm eweb h  ckodeo Qkrs. h<

(51.8.5.0d). ( 1,>4) (83,;O / ll ) ( 1,438)(
,438) (81;ll ) 9

 h < 5;1 ll  51= ll o.d.

 Es ` s + E` ` `k
h<   rkvmsm kstmlesm ombem h ceo ubeodm Beodgen 0 - = nmodde
5 `h'5i gkskmlieodeo tkrhepem.

Beodgen 51 –  Mtkresm h   selpem

gkskmlieodeo deye tkrpkounm
tkrpkounm

Beodgen 0 - = cmmtkresm ikikrepe gebm ckodeo

ombem h  yeod ikrikce nmodde tkrhepem
gkskmlieodeo.
Nesmb mtkresm egnmr eceben
h<
(5=8;ll ) ( 353 O / llll ) + (5=8ll ) (5534 O / llll )  
9 9 9 9

9 9
h <1,11>0;7
< 588ll7λλ < s < 1,11>97 ` s < ` 
 y < 353 O/ll 7 λ `k 
1,11947  ι 5 < 1,4>07
1,11947 ι  ε5 < 1,=9>7 ( 1, =9> ) ( 83, ; O / ll ) ( 1, 4>0 )(
) ( 8 1 ; ll )
h
ceo `  `k < 5534 O/ll 9  h < 588 ll  583 ll

∳  ombem h yeod cmpmbmn uotug mtkresm egnmr eceben

ikoer.
Beodgen 55 –  Nmtuod gflpfoko
gkgueteo bk
bkotur
otur

Gkgueteo bkotur cksemo cmnmtuod

lkodduoegeo Qkrs. (51.9.51c). @egtfr
rkcugsm telieneo, ώ `   < 1,>;, cmtkrepgeo
pece gfotrmiusm smstkl @YQ.

Gfotrmiusm ieje uotug bkotur:  L os < (5=8;

5=8; ll9 )(353 O ll 9 )
h  588 ll)   
< Es ` s  c ∙ 5   
1,4>0(
1, 4>0(588
 L os  ;30 ll ∙ 
 9   9 
 L ooss <8=3 gO-l
Gfotrmiusm @YQ uotug bkotur:  L o`  < (5=3 ll9 )(5534 O ll9 )
)(5534
h
 L o` < Es ` `k  c `  ∙ 5     1,
1,4>0( 588 ll)   
4>0(588
  9   019,5 ll ∙ 
 9 
 L oo` `  <599
 <599 gO-l

Beodgen 59 –  Nmtuod gkgueteo bkotur

cksemo pkoelpeod

Gkgueteo bkotur cksemo cmnmtuod

lkodduoegeo Qkrs. (51.5) ceo (51.9.51c).
Gerkoe λs < 1,11>8 ? 1,11;, `egtfr rkcugsm
gkgueteo ϛ < 1,=1 sksuem pkr Qkrs. (51.9.4).

ϛ L o < ϛW L ooss + ώ `  L o` 

o` \ ϛ L o < 1,=W8=3 gO-l + 1,>;(599 gO-l)\
ϛ L o < 33> gO-l
gO-l ≫ L u < 8=> gO-l

 iedmeo yeod cmpkrguet lelpu lkoeneo

∳ Gkgueteo lflko ieru yeod cmpkrbugeo

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

=8 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

Seikb 50.3i ‘ Qrfskcur uotug pkrgueteo bkotur iebfg iktfo ikrtubeod motkrmfr ckodeo
ieteod @YQ OXL
OXL (beojuteo)
Qrfskcur Qk
Qkrnmtu
rnmtu odeo cebel setueo XM 

Beodgen
tubeodeo 58 –ceo
ieje  Qkrmgse
@YQ.tkdeodeo b eyeo pece

Nmtuod gkcebeleo kbestms gk suliu oktreb

rkteg. Qkoykckrneoeeo uotug iebfg pkrskdm
peojeod teope tubeodeo tkgeo skiedem ikrmgut:
9
  K s  K  `  
  s  K +  `  K  
g  <
 h h 
‡ 
  K   K  c    g < 1,83;
+9   s s +  `   `  `     
  Kh Kh  c   
gc < (1,83;)(;30 ll) < 5>> ll
  K   K  
∙   s s +  `   `  
  Kh K h 

Nmtuod tkdeodeo pece ieje tubeodeo

lkodduoegeo
ienwe tkdeodeo Qkrs.gureod (51.9.51.5) cerm ceo vkrm`mgesm
ietes yeod
cmsereogeo pkr Qkrs. (51.9.>e).
  gc 
 L s + im E` K `  c ` ∙ 8  (c ∙ gc )K s
 ` s , s <
    

 Es Ks  c ∙
gc   gc   
 c ∙ gc + E` K `  c ` ∙ 8  c ` ∙ gc 
( ) (  
)
 8   
 ` s,s
s,s ≣ 1,>1 ` 
   y 
§ 9 9
s,s < 94> O/ll  ≣ (1,>1)(351 O/ll9) < 881 O/ll  
 ` s,s

∳  tkdeodeo pece ieje tubeodeo ikrece cebel

ietes yeod cmsereogeo.
Beodgen 53 –  Qkrmgse ietes gkruotuneo
reodgeg pece gfocmsm b eyeo uotug @YQ

Nmtuod tkdeodeo cebel @YQ lkodduoegeo

Qkrs. (51.9.51.9) ceo vkrm`mgesm ienwe mtu

gureod cerm
reodgeg yeod ietes tkdeodeo
cmikrmgeo gkruotuneo
pece Seikb 51.9.=.
 Esulsmgeo ienwe ikieo beyeo pkoun
cmpkrteneogeo.

 K `   c `  ∙ gc
g c  
< 1,94>g 9  58
5888gO / ll9 
 ` ` , s < ` s , s    ∙ im K `     `  ` , s ,94>gO
O  / ll  91 
K c ∙ g c    911g O / ll9 
1gO
 s   
  019l
019ll
l -5>>l
-5>>lll
 ;30ll ∙ 5>>ll  ∙ ( 1, 11
1 1105) (588gO / ll 9 )
 
[otug smstkl @YQ gerifo, ietes tkdeodeo  `  `.s < 583 O/ll9 ≣ (11,;;)(;=1 O/ll9) < 893,; O/ll 9
ikrgkbeojuteo pbus smgbmg cmpkrfbkn cerm Seikb
51.9.=: ∳  tkdeodeo @YQ ikrece cebel ietes strks
str ks smgbmg
ikrgkbeojuteo yeod cmrkgflkocesmgeo.
Ietes tkdeodeo ikrgkbeojuteo cmtelien smgbmg <
1,;; `  `u 
9

‡ g < 1, 1550  911  + 1, 1159  588  + 9 1, 1550  911  + 1, 1159  588   019ll  ∙ 1, 1550  911  + 1, 1159  588   
  94, 0   94, 0    94, 0   94, 0   ;30ll    94, 0   94, 0 

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

=3 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

   5>>ll     
 
ll + ( 1, 11105) (5=3ll )  (589, 4gO / ll )   019ll ∙      ( ;30ll ∙ 5>>ll) ( 911gO / ll ) 
9 9 9
948, = =5
59gO - ll 11 4g  
   8   
 ` s ,s <
  5>>ll     5>>ll  
 (5=8;ll )( )( 911gO / l l )   ;30ll - 8  ( ;30ll - 55>>4ll)  +  (5=3ll ) (589, 44ggO / l l )   019ll - 8  ( 019ll -5>>ll)  
9 9 9 9

§          

Cebel
peojeodcktembmod pkrgueteo
pkoyebureo @YQ, tubeodeo
yeod lkbkwetm @YQcmedrel
tmtmg pece nerus cmnkotmgeo pecetkrjecm
lflko yeod jereg yeod sele ckodeo
gkrktegeo.

50
50.;
.; Qkrgueteo
Qkrgueteo bkotur iebfg
iebfg iktfo pretkdeod
pretkdeod motkrmfr ckodeo
ckodeo belmoesm @YQ
@YQ

Xkjulben iebfg iktfo pretkdeod gfotmou ckodeo bmle skret ikrmget ikrcmelktkr 59,4 ll
(Delier 50.;) tkrbkteg cm deresm pergmr yeod skceod cmgfovkrsm lkojecm rueod geotfr. Xklue
skret pretkdeod eceben uotemeo tujun gewet ckodeo tmodget rkbegsesm rkocen Dreck 5>01 O /
ll9. Iebfg lkliutungeo pkomodgeteo gepesmtes pkodeodguteo ikieo nmcup cerm 933
lkojecm 800 gd / l9. Iebfg jude cmpkrbugeo uotug lkoeneo ikieo letm telieneo skikser 3=
gd/l9. Eoebmsms lkouojuggeo ienwe sktmep iebfg yeod ece lklmbmgm gepesmtes bkotur yeod
hugup uotug lkliewe ikieo ieru cm cekren lflko okdetm` pece pkoyeodde tktepm
gkgureodeo bkotur cm tkoden ceo cm dkskr pece tulpueo. Iebfg lklkounm pkrsyereteo
gklelpueo beyeo ceo gfotrfb rktegeo. Iebfg yeod cmhfr cm tklpet lkofpeod pkbet 511 ll.
[otug bkotur cm iedmeo tkoden ikoteod, iebfg nerus cmpkrbegugeo skiedem iebfg-S. Ymodgeseo
cebel Seikb 50.;e eceben ikieo yeod ece ceo ieru ceo skrte lflko tkoden ikoteod uotug
iebfg. Xm`et smstkl @YQ cmtuojuggeo pece Seikb 50.8i.
01=,0 ll
>,>3 l
wCB,wBB
  `  h' < 94, ;> LQe ;45,; ll
08; ll
;-ϛ 59,4 ll tkocfo
 pu < 5>01 LQe
 ` 
 bkier belmoesm H@YQ 5 bepms 051 ll 

 o < 3;; gOl

 L   bkier belmoesm H@YQ 5 bepms 051 ll 
(teope @YQ)

KBKPEXM QKOELQEOD
Delier 50.; ‘ Xgkle iebfg gfotmou pretkdeod mckeb ckodeo pkrgueteo @YQ kgstkroeb 
kgstkroeb  

Seikb 50.;e ‘ Ikieo ceo lflko tkrgemt

Ikieo/lflkot Ikieo yeod ece Ikieo yeod cmpkrgmregeo
Ikieo letm w CB  31,3 O/ll 3;,5 O/ll
Ikieo nmcup w BB  98,8 O/ll 8; O/ll
Ikieo tmceg tkr`egtfr ( w CB + w BB) 08,> O/ll >1,9 O/ll
Ietes Ikieo tmceg cmpkrguet (5,5  w CB + 1,4; w BB) OE 4;,= O/ll
Ikieo tkr`egtfr (5,9 w CB + 5,0wBB) >;,= O/ll 551,9 O/ll
Lflkot ikieo letm  L  CB  5== gO-l 991,9 gO-l
Lflkot ikieo nmcup L  BB   55; gO-l 545,5 gO-l
Lflkot ikieo beyeo  L s  853 gO-l 8=5,8 gO-l
 Ietes Lflko tmceg cmpkrguet (5,5  L  CB + 1,4; L  BB) OE 845 gO-l
Lflkot tkr`egtfr  L u  398 gO-l ;8> gO-l

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

=; cerm

XOM >=45:9195

Seikb 50.;i ‘ Qrfskcur uotu g pkrgueteo bkotur iebfg iktfo pretkdeod motkrmfr ckodeo
belmoesm @YQ

Qrfskcur Qk
Qkrnmtu
rnmtu odeo cebel setueo XM
Beodgen 5 – Nmtuod sm` et letkrmeb
cksemo smst kl @YQ

Iebfg lkrupegeo iebfg motkrmfr ceo @YQ

gerifo (H@YQ) egeo cmduoegeo. Fbkn
gerkoe mtu, pkr Seikb =.3, `egtfr rkcugsm
bmodguodeo skikser 1,=; cmsereogeo.

 `  `u < H  K  `  `u*  `  `u < (1,=;)(095 O/ll 9) < ;=1 O/ll9 

λ `u < H  K λ `u* λ `u < (1,=;)(1,15; ll/ll) < 1,1539 ll/ll  

Beodgen 9 – Qkrnmtuodeo eweb

Xm`et iktfo:
'
 ` h
ι5 `rfl EHM 85>L-53, Xkhtmfo 99.9.9.3.8 5 <  5, 1;
1; ∙ 1, 1;
1; < 1, >;  
0,=

 K h  < 3411 94, 0

9
‹  0OO / ll

Xm`et ieje tubeodeo yeod ece:

 <3411
<3411      < 93411 O / ll 9

 E ps < ;(== ll9) < 3=; ll 9 

 

Xm`et cerm pkrgueteo @YQ yeod cmbkgetgeo

skhere kgstkroeb:
 E `  < (5 bir)(5,1 ll/bir)(051 ll) < 051 ll 9 
 E `  <
 < ot  ` w `

Bues pkoelpeod gftfr:  Ehd < (9951 ll)(519 ll) + (051 ll)(059 ll  ‘  519
 519 ll)
9
 Ehd < i ` n `  + iw(n ‘  n ` ) < ;,; Ô 51; ll  

Jereg cerm skret etes gk iedmeo

hkotrfmc: 519ll9
9951ll  + 051ll  ;88  80>
n ` 9    ( n ∙ n `  )   yt  < 9
i ` + iw ( n ∙ n ` )  n`  +  ;, ;  51;
9  9 
 yt  <
  
< 98>ll
 Ehd
  1ll519
9951ll
995 519ll
ll
8
9
 M d < + 9951ll 519l
9951ll l ( 98
519ll > ∙ ;5)
98>
Mokrsme pkoelpeod gftfr: 59
ll ;88
8
8 051ll
051 ;88 9
i ` n
8
`  n`  
9
(
iw n ∙ n`  ) + + 051ll  ;8
051ll 8( 9
;88 900, 4 )
8> ∙ 900
98>  
 M d < + i ` n`  yt ∙    + 59
59  9  59
  < 5,055151 ll3
9
 n ∙ n `  
+iw ( n ∙ n` )  yt  ∙ 
 9 
 5, 00555151
r < < 545 ll  
Jerm-jerm dmresm : ;, ;  51;
 M d
r <  
 Ehd
558>
 pk < < 1,11;4=  
Ykdeodeo pretkdeod k`kgtm`: 5,=0  51;
 © IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 
=0 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

Seikb 50.;i ‘ Qrfskcur uotu g pkrgueteo bkotur iebfg iktfo pretkdeod motkrmfr ckodeo
belmoesm @YQ (beojuteo)
Qrfskcur   Qk
Qkrnmtu
rnmtu odeo cebel setueo XM  
 `  pk
 pk <  
 K  p

Deye pretkdeod k`kgtm`:

Qk < E ps  ` 
`  pk  Qk < 3=; Ô 558> < ;08,851 O

Kgskotrmsmtes deye pretkdeod:

‘   yyt  
k < c  p  ‘  ;45 ‘  98>
k < ;45 ‘ 
 98> < 888 ll

Beodgen 8 – Lk
 Lkokotugeo
okotugeo gfocm sm
rkdeodeo yeod ece pece smsm iewen
iebfg

Gkeceeo rkdeodeo yeod ece cmnmtuod

ckodeo esulsm iebfg tmceg rkteg ceo
setu-setuoye ikieo yeod ikgkrje pece
iebfg pece seet mostebesm @YQ eceben
ikieo letm. Jereg cerm skret iewen
kgstrml gk iedmeo tmtmg puset lese 08; ‘  98>
 yi < 08; ‘ 
 98> < 8=4 ll
(hkotrfmc):
 yi < n ‘   yyt ∙;08, 851  888  8=4  5== 51
0
 8=4
im < 5+ +  
93411  ;, ; 51;  5459  055151
93411  5, 05
Ykdeodeo eweb pece smsm iewen iebfg:
ɗim < -9,>> x 51-; 
∙k    kyi  L CB yi
im < 5 + r 9  + K M   
 Kh Ehd   h d

Beodgen 3 – Skotugeo rkdeodeo

cksemo smst kl @YQ
94,0 O / ll9
ll
Ykdeodeo cksemo @YQ lklpkrnmtuodgeo  `c  < 1,139
pfbe gkdedebeo bkgeteo λ `c  cmnmtuod
 cmnmtuod (
5 84111O / ll9
84111O ) (5, 15
150ll)  
0ll
lkodduoegeo Qkrs. (51.9.5.5) ,1558  1,= ( 1,15
< 1,1558 39 ) < 1,15
,153 ,159>
9>

Gerkoe rkdeodeo cksemo bkimn gkhmb cerm

rkdeodeo neohur, pfbe gkdedebeo bkgeteo
lkodfotrfb cksemo smstkl @YQ.
Beodgen ; – Lklpkrgmregeo  h,

gkcebeleo
gkcebeleo gk suliu oktreb
Qkrgmreeo eweb yeod lesug egeb cerm  h 
eceben 1,51c . Ombem h cmsksuemgeo sktkben
pkodkhkgeo gkskmlieodeo.
h < 1,51c   h < (1,5)(08; ll) < 08,; ll
Beodgen 0 – Sk  Skotugeo
otugeo tm odget
rkdeodeo k`kgtm` c ebel pkrgueteo @YQ

Bkvkb rkdeodeo k`kgtm` cebel @YQ

cmtkotugeo cerm Qkrs. (51.8.5.0h).
 08; ∙ 08
08; ,; 
08,;
 c ∙h   `k < 1, 118   ∙ 1, 11118 < 1, 194  
 `k < 1,118    `   ∙ im   `c     08,; 
 h    `c  < 1,1558

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

=4 cerm
 

XOM >=45:9195

Seikb 50.;i ‘ Qrfskcur uotu g pkrgueteo bkotur iebfg iktfo pretkdeod motkrmfr ckodeo
belmoesm @YQ (beojuteo)
Qrfskcur   Qk
Qkrnmtu
rnmtu odeo cebel setueo XM  
Qkrbu cmpkrnetmgeo ienwe uotug Gkdedebeo cmetur fbkn gkdedebeo bkgeteo (ckifocmod)
gkcebeleo suliu oktreb yeod cmpmbmn, @YQ
gkdedebeo bkgeteo @YQ lkrupegeo pfbe
gkdedebeooye gerkoe pkrseleeo gkcue λ `k < λ `c  < 1,1558 
yeod lkokotugeo. Jmge pkrseleeo
pkrtele (yeod lklietesm) yeod
lkokotugeo, lege gkruotuneo ( rupturk)
@YQ lkrupegeo pfbe gkdedebeooye.  
Beodgen 4 – Nmtuod r kdeodeo pece
ieje pretkdeod tkrpeseod

Ykdeodeo pece ieje pretkdeod cepet

cmnmtuod lkodduoegeo Qkrs. (51.8.5.0e).
ceo Qkrs. (51.8.5.0h)

 c ∙h    ;45
;45 ∙ 08 ,; 
08,;
 pokt < ( `k ++ im )    p     pokt  < ( 1,1558 + 1,1111
1,1558 1,11 1188)   
08;; ∙ 08
 08 ,; 
08,;
 c `  ∙ h 
 pokt  < 1,15  
  k9 
Qk ;08851  8889 
 ps <  pk + 5 + 9  +  pokt   1, 18;    ps < 1, 11;>= + 5 +  + 1, 15
 Ehd Kh  r   ;, ; 51;  934  11  5459 
 ps < 1,150  1,18;  
1,150
Beodgen > – Nmtuod t kdeodeo pece
ieje pretkdeod ceo @YQ

Skdeodeo cmnmtuod lkodduoegeo Qkrs.

(51.8.5.0k) ceo Nugul Nffgk.

9>;11 ps `f `fr  ps  1, 1111>0

1,940
 `  ps <  1,13    `  ps  < 5>01 ∙
1,150 ∙ 1,114
< 5>85O / ll9  
 941 ∙  `fr  ps  1, 11>0
  ps ∙ 1,114

 `  `k < K` λ `k   `  `k < (84,111 O/ll 9)(1,1558) < 35> O/ll 9 

Beodgen = – Nmtuod p erelktkr
erelktkr
tkdeodeo tkgeo
tkgeo ibf g iktfo kgumvebko ε5 
ceo ι5.

Ykdeodeo seet iktfo dedeb cepet

cmnmtuod cerm gflpetmimbmtes rkdeodeo
  08,; 
h < ( 1, 1558 + 1, 11118) 
skiedem ikrmgut:
∙  < 1, 1158  
 h   08
08;
; 08
08,;
,; 
h < (  `k + im )    
c
  `  ∙ h 
(
  5,4 94,0
h' <
94,0 ) < 1,115=  
 ikrsksuemeo ckodeo  `h‹  cmnmtuod
Xtremo λh‹  ikrsksuemeo  cmnmtuod
93411
skiedem

5, 4 ` h'
 <'
h  
 K h
@egtfr ibfg tkdeodeo iktfo cepet
cmpkrgmregeo lkodduoegeo EHM 85>.

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

=> cerm

XOM >=45:9195
 Seikb 50.;i ‘ Qrfskcur uotu g pkrgueteo bkotur iebfg iktfo pretkdeod motkrmfr ckodeo
belmoesm @YQ (beojuteo)
Qrfskcur   Qk
Qkrnmtuo
rnmtuo deo cebel setueo XM 
@egtfr ibfg tkdeodeo yeod cmpkrgmregeo
cepet cmnmtuod cerm nuiuodeo tkdeodeo-
rkdeodeo pereifbe uotug iktfo ceo
cmoyetegeo skiedem ikrmgut:
115= ) ∙ 1, 11
3 ( 1, 11 1158
3 'h ∙  h 5 < < 1,450  
5 <     0 ( 1, 115= ) ∙ 9 ( 1, 11
1158)
0 '
h ∙ 9 h
9
8 ( 1,115
,115= ) ( 1,115
,1158) ∙ ( 1,115
,1158)
  ∙ h
'
5 < < 1,48>  
< h h
 
 
8 ( 1,450
1,450) ( 1,115=
1,115=)
9

 '
Beodgen 51 – Nmtuod rksubt eo deye
motkroeb ceo hkg gkskmlieodeo

Gkskmlieodeo deye cmvkrm`mgesm ckodeo

lklkrmgse kstmlesm eweb  h ckodeo Qkrs. h < 80 ll ≡ 08,; ll o.d.
(51.9.51h).
∳ rkvmsm kstmlesm ombem  hh ceo ubeodm Beodgen 0 - 51
nmodde gkskmlieodeo tkrhepem
Beodgen 55 – Mtkre
 Mtkresm
sm h nm odde
gkskmlieodeo deye tkrpkounm

Beodgen 0 - 51 cmmtkresm ikikrepe gebm

ckodeo ombem h yeod ikrikce nmodde
tkrhepem gkskmlieodeo.
nesmb mtkresm egnmr eceben
h < 34 ll.7 λ ps < 1,1507 `  ps < `  y < 5.>85,9; h < 34 ll < 34 ll
LQe7
λ `k < 1,15587 `  `k < 354,>9 LQe7
ε5 < 1,;447 ceo ι5 < 1,0=>. 
LQe7 λh < 1,111=57  ∳  ombem h yeod cmpmbmn uotug mtkresm egnmr eceben ikoer.

Beodgen 59 – Nmtuod gflpfoko

gkgueteo bkotur
bkotur

Gkgueteo bkotur cksemo cmnmtuod

lkodduoegeo Qkrs. (51.8.5.0d). @egtfr
rkcugsm telieneo, ώ `  <
 < 1,>;, cmtkrepgeo
pece gfotrmiusm smstkl @YQ.

Gfotrmiusm ieje uotug bkotur:  L oopp < ;15,0 Ô 51 0 O-ll

< ;15,0 gO-l
Gfotrmiusm @YQ uotug bkotur:  L oo` `  < 501,5 Ô 51 0 O-ll
< 501,5 gO-l 
Beodgen 58 – Nmtuod gkgueteo bkotur
cksemo pkoelpeod

Gkgueteo bkotur cksemo cmnmtuod

lkodduoegeo Qkrs. (51.5) ceo
(51.8.5.0d). Gerkoe λs < 1,150 ? 1,15;,
cmduoegeo `egtfr rkcugsm gkgueteo ϛ <
1,>;
ϛ L o < ϛW L ooss + ώ `  L o` 
o` \ ϛ L o < 1,=W;10,5 gO-l + 1,>;(501,5 gO-l)\
ϛ L o < ;48 gO-l
gO-l ≫ L u < ;8> gO-l
∳  iedmeo yeod cmpkrguet lelpu lkoeneo
Gkgueteo lflko ieru yeod cmpkrbugeo

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

== cerm

 
XOM >=45:9195

Seikb 50.;i ‘ Qrfskcur uotu g pkrgueteo bkotur iebfg iktfo pretkdeod motkrmfr ckodeo
belmoesm @YQ (beojuteo)
 Qrfskcur Qkrnmtu odeo cebel setueo XM 
Qkrnmtu
Beodgen 53 – Qkrmgse tkdeodeo beyeo
pece pkoelpeod

Nmtuod lflko rkteg ceo ieocmodgeo

ckodeo lflko gfocmsm beyeo: 9
 ` r   < 1,0 94,0 < 8,5
,5;; O/ ll  

hr  < 355,0;3,158 O-ll < 359 gO-ll  

 L hr 
? L s < 8=5,8 gO-l 

∳  tkdeodeo pece ieje tubeodeo ikrece cebel ietes

yeod cmsereogeo.
Beodgen 5; – Qkrmgse tkdeodeo pece
ieje pretkdeod
pretkdeod pece gfoc msm beyeoeo

Nmtuod lflko rkteg ceo ieocmodgeo

ckodeo lflko gfocmsm beyeo:

Qk  k9  L s k
 ps, s <  pk +   5 + 9  + K M    λ ps,s < 1,1108 ≣ 1,11>0 
1,11>0 
 E h
Kh  r   h d

Nmtuod tkdeodeo ieje lkodduoegeo Qkrs.

(51.8.5.0c):

9>;  11 ps,s uotug  ps ,s  1, 11

11>0
 `  ps,s  1,13    `  ps,s < 5,=0 Ô 51;(1,1108) < 598> O/ll 9 
 941 ∙ uo tug  ps ,s
 1, 11>0
  ps,s ∙ 1,14

Qkrmgse ietes strks beyeoeo Qkrs.

(51.8.5.3e) ceo (51.8.5.3i):

 `  ps,s ≣ 1,>9 `  py  `  ps,s < 598> O/ll9 2 1,>9(5;>0) < 5811 O/ll9 FG

 `  ps,s ≣ 1,43 `  pu   `  ps,s < 598> O/ll9 2 1,43(5>01) < 5840 O/ll 9  FG  
Beodgen 50 – Qkrmgse tkdeodeo iktfo
cebel gfocmsm beyeo

Nmtuod lflko rkteg ceo ieocmodgeo

ckodeo lflko beyeo:
∙;08, 851  8889  8=5, 8 510  9 98
8>  
∙ Qk  k9  L s yt 
  hs < ; 5 + 9 
∙ 51

 h, s
<  Eh K  h 
5 + r 9  ∙ Kh M d ;, ; 51  93411  5=4  93411  9
9,,58 51

9 9
 ` h,s
h,s < 93.411 O/ll  (1,11150) < 8,=; O/ll  
 `h,s < Khλh,s

1, 3; ` h ' < 1, 3; ( 94, 0) < 59, 39 O ll9  

'
 ` h,s   1,3; ` h    ` hh,s,s < 8,=; O/ll 9 2 1,3; ` h‹ < 59,39 O/ll 9 FG  

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

511 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

Seikb 50.;i ‘ Qrfskcur uotu g pkrgueteo bkotur iebfg iktfo pretkdeod motkrmfr ckodeo
belmoesm @YQ (beojuteo)
Qrfskcur Qkrnmtuo deo cebel setueo XM 
Qkrnmtuo
Beodgen 54 – Qkrmgse tkdeodeo
gfocm sm beyeo pece pkrgueteo @YQ
   84411O ll 9  8= 5, 8  51 0 O ll  8=4 ll
Skdeodeo @YQ pece gfocmsm beyeoeo  `  ` , s <  
cepet cmnmtuod lkodduoegeo Qkrs.  9 34 1 1 O ll9 
ll 9,58  5151 ll 3
 (51.8.5.>): ∙1, 11
11118  84411 O ll 9
 ` ` , s  < =, 4O / ll  
9

Gerkoe pkoelpeod tmceg rkteg pece

gfocmsm beyeo, lflko mokrsme gftfr
pkoelpeod nerus cmduoegeo. 1,;; `  `u < 1,;;(;>0) < 899 O/ll9 

Skdeodeo yeod cmnmtuod cebel @YQ  `  `,s < =,4 O/ll9 2 1,;; `  `u < 899 O/ll9 FG  
nerus cmpkrmgse tkrnecep ietes-ietes
pece Seikb 51.9.=. [otug @YQ gerifo:
 `  `,s ≣ 1,;; `  `u 

Cebel pkocktembeo pkrgueteo @YQ, @YQ nerus cmegnmrm lmomleb skjeun ℘ cc` ` , cmnmtuod pkr Qkrs.
(53.5.8), lkbkwetm tmtmg pece cmedrel lflko yeod lkrkprkskotesmgeo rkteg. Deye dkskr
ikr`egtfr pece tmtmg tkrlmoesm jude nerus cmpkrmgse tkrnecep deye dkskr yeod lkoykieigeo
@YQ ujuodoye tkrgkbupes, cmpkrgmregeo cue pkrtmde cerm gkgueteo dkskr iktfo. Jmge deye dkskr
bkimn ikser cerm cue pkrtmde cerm gkgueteo dkskr iktfo, strmp @YQ nerus cmpkrpZ^^Q7F[]
4Zxeojeod bkimn jeun gk eren tulpueo. Bmbmteo [ jude cepet cmduoegeo uotug lklpkrguet
tkrnecep ckbelmoesm skbmlut iktfo.

50
50.0
.0 Qkrgueteo
Qkrgueteo dkskr
dkskr uotug iebfg-S motkrmfr bkotur iebfg iktfo
iktfo pretkde
pretkdeod
od motkrmfr
ckodeo belmoesm @YQ

Iebfg S iktfo ikrtubeod ( ` h‹   < 91,4 O/ll9) yeod tkrbkteg cm cebel dkcuod pkrgeotfreo
lkodebelm pkomodgeteo pkrsyereteo uotug ikieo nmcup. Eoebmsms iebfg yeod ece
lkouojuggeo ienwe iebfg lesmn guet uotug lkoeneo bkotur7 Oeluo, gkgueteo dkskroye
tmceg lklecem uotug lkoeneo ikieo nmcup yeod lkomodget. Ikrcesergeo eoebmsms, gkgueteo
dkskr oflmoeb yeod cmskcmegeo fbkn iktfo eceben Ph < 5=0,0 gO, ceo gkgueteo dkskr oflmoeb
yeod cmskcmegeo fbkn tubeodeo dkskr ieje eceben Ps < >4,9 gO. Ckodeo cklmgmeo, gkgueteo
dkskr cksemo iebfg yeod ece eceben ϛPo, ece < 1,4; (5=0,0 + >4,9) < 958 gO. @egtfr gkgueteo
dkskr yeod cmpkrbugeo, tkrlesug pkomodgeteo ikieo nmcup, pece jereg c  jeun
  jeun cerm cuguodeo
eceben Pu  < 9;8,; gO. Delier 50.0e lkouojuggeo cmedrel dkskr ckodeo bfgesm cm leoe
pkrgueteo dkskr cmpkrbugeo skpeojeod iebfg.

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

515 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

Gepesmtes telieneo yeod

cmpkrbugeo cerm tubeodeo
Xmlktrms
9;;,80 gO dkskr @YQ
ϛPo tkrnecep derms
tkoden iebfg
953,84 gO

Pu
04,9 gO

 c 
544> ll
 50.0e ‘ Cmedrel dkskr lkouojuggeo gkiut uneo vkrsus gkgueteo
Delier 50.0e gkgueteo y eod ece.
Qkrgueteo
Qkrgueteo @YQ nerus lklpkriemgm gkgureodeo yeod cmtuoj uggeo dre`mg y eod cmersmr

  l   l
  l   l
   =    0
   ;    1
   ;    3
  <   <
   `
   c    c

w `  < 9;3 ll  s `  < 813,> ll

544> ll

Delier 50.0i ‘ Gfo`mduresm pkrgueteo @YQ dkskr telieneo

Qkrgueteo @YQ dkskr telieneo cmreoheod skpkrtm yeod cmtuojuggeo pece Delier. 50.0i ceo
cmreodgul cebel Seikb 50.0e. Xktmep strmp @YQ tkrcmrm cerm setu bepms (o < 5) bkliereo gerifo
`bkgsmikb yeod cmpeseod ckodeo tkgomg belmoesm iesen. sm`et letkrmeb @YQ yeod cmbepfrgeo
leou`egtur cmtuojuggeo pece Seikb 50.0i. Qkrnmtuodeo cksemo yeod cmduoegeo uotug
gfo`mduresm mom mgutm Seikb 50.0h.

Seikb 50.0e ‘ Gfo`mduresm pkrgueteo @YQ dkskr telieneo

c ;;= ll
c  `v 310 ll
Bkier tmep bkliereo w `   9;3 ll

Ikoteod eotere bkliereo s `   81; ll

Gkgueteo strmp @YQ 544> ll

Seikb 50.0i ‘ Xm`et smst kl @YQ

@YQ yeod cmbepfrgeo peirmg eo
Gktkiebeo tmep bepms t  `   1,50; ll
Gkgueteo termg ubtmlmt  `  `u* 84=1 O/ll9
Ykdeodeo putus λ `u* 1,154 ll/ll

Lfcubus kbestmsmtes  K  `   994,;81 O/ll9

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

519 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

Seikb 50.0h ‘ Qrfskcur uot ug pkrgueteo dkskr iebfg-S motkrmfr

Qrfskcur Qk
Qkrnmtu
rnmtu odeo cebel setueo XM
Beodgen 5 –  Nmtuod sm`et letkrmeb
cksemo smst kl @YQ

Iebfg lkrupegeo iebfg motkrmfr ceo

@YQ gerifo (H@YQ) egeo cmduoegeo.
Fbkn gerkoe mtu, pkr Seikb =.3, `egtfr
rkcugsm bmodguodeo skikser 1,=;
cmsereogeo.
 `  `u < (1,=;)(8,4= gO/ll9) < 8,01 gO/ll9
 `  `u < H  K  `  `u*
λ `u < (1,=;)(1,154) < 1,150 
λ `u < H  K λ `u* 
Beodgen 9 –  Nmtuod tmodget
rkdeodeo k`kgtm` pkrgueteo @YQ
dkskr

Ykdeodeo k`kgtm` cebel @YQ Bmbmteo-[ 

 nerus cmtkotugeo ckodeo
lkodduoegeo gfk`msmko pkodureodeo
bkgeteo κ v. Gfk`msmko mom cepet cmnmtuod
lkodduoegeo Qkrs. (55.3.5.9i) nmodde
(55.3.9.5k).
350
 Bk  < 1,;>
< ;1, > ll  
9;11 (5) ( 1,50;5 ll ) ( 994, ;  518
 Bk < 1,;>
  g O ll 9
)
( ot
 ` K `  )
9/ 8
 91, 4 g O ll 9 
9/ 8 g 5 <   < 1,>9;  
  ` h'   9;3 
g 5 <    
 3111 
g 9 <  310
310 ll - ;1,>
;1,> ll  < 1,>4;  

c ∙B   310 ll 
g 9 <   `v k   
 c  `v 
( 1, >9) ( 1, >4; ) (;1, > ll )
v < < 1,5=8  1, 4;
4;  
g5g9 Bk 55 ,=511 ( 1,150)
55,=5
v <  1,4;  
30> `u

Ykdeodeo k`kgtm` gklucmeo cepet

cmnmtuod lkodduoegeo Qkrs.
(55.3.5.9e) skiedem ikrmgut: λ `k < 1,5=8(1,150) < 1,1185 ≣ 1,113  

λ `k < κ vλ `u ≣ 1,113 

1,113 
Beodgen 8 –  Nmtuod gfotrmiusm
pkrgueteo @YQ tkrnecep gkgueteo
dkskr iebfg

Bues pkrgueteo @YQ dkskr cepet

cmnmtuod skiedem:

 E `v < 9ot  ` w `    E `v < 9(5)(1,50;5 ll)(9;3 ll) < >8,>4 ll 9

Skdeodeo k`kgtm` cebel @YQ cepet

cmnmtuod cerm nugul Nffgk.

 `  `k < λ `k K 
 K  `    `  `k < (1,1185)(994,0 gO/ll9) < 1,418 gO/ll 9 

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

518 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

Seikb 50.0h ‘ Qrfskcur uot ug pkrgueteo dkskr iebfg-S motkrmfr (beojuteo)

(beojuteo)
Qrfskcur Qk
Qkrnmtuo
rnmtuo deo cebel setueo XM

Gfotrmiusm @YQ dkskr cepet

gklucmeo cmnmtuod cerm Qkrs. (55.3e) :
(>8,>4 ll9 )(1,418 gO ll9 )(5)(310 ll
(>8,>4 ll))
P  `   <  
P  `  <
(
 E `v ` `k smo  + hfs  c `v )  
(813,> ll)
s ` 
P  `  < 4>,; gO 
Beodgen 3 – Nmtuod g kgueteo dkskr
dkskr
pkoelpeod

Gkgueteo dkskr cksemo cepet cmnmtuod

cerm Qkrs. (55.8i) ckodeo ώ` < 1,>;
uotug Bmbmteo-[.

ϛP o < ϛ(P h + P s + ώ ` P

P  `  ) ϛP o < 1,4;W5=0,0 + >4,9 + (1,>;)(4>,;)\ ϛP o < 908 gO ? P u <
9;8,8 gO

∳  pkoelpeod yeod cmpkrguet lelpu lkoeneo

gkiutuneo gkgueteo dkskr

50
50.4
.4 Qkrgu
Qkrgu eteo dkskr gfb fl kgstkrm fr

Gfbfl pkrskdm 051 x 051 ll lklkrbugeo telieneo gkgueteo dkskr skikser 904 gO (∀P
(∀ Pu <
 904 gO). Gfbfl mom tkrbkteg cm deresm pergmr tkrtutup ceo lkodebelm vermesm sunu ceo mgbml yeod
bues. Lktfck pkrgueteo gfbfl lkodduoegeo @YQ cmpmbmn.

Bmbmteo @YQ (@YQ bmbmteo) ikriesms dkbes cmpmbmn uotug lklpkriemgm gfbfl. Xm`et-sm`et smstkl @YQ,
skpkrtm yeod cmbepfrgeo fbkn peirmgeo, cmtuojuggeo pece Seikb 50.4. Qkrnmtuodeo cksemo uotug
selpem pece julben tfteb bmbmteo yeod cmiutungeo tkrbelpmr

Seikb 50.4e ‘ Xm`et sms tkl @YQ yeod cmbepfrg eo fbkn peirmg*

Gktkiebeo pkr bepms t  `   5,8 ll
Gkgueteo termg ubtmlmt yeod cmjelmo  `  `u*  ;;9 O/ll9
Ykdeodeo putus yeod cmjelmo λ `u*  1,191 ll/ll
Lfcubus kbestmsmtes  K  `   94.011 O/ll9
* Xm`et yeod cmbepfrgeo eceben sm`et belmoesm.  

Seikb 50.4i ‘ Qrfskcur uotug pkrgueteo dkskr gfbfl kgstkrmfr

Qrfskcur Qkrnmtu
Qkrnmtu odeo cebel setueo XM
Beodgen 5 –  Nmtuod sm`et letkrmeb
cksemo smst kl @YQ

Gfbfl tkrbkteg cebel rueod motkrmfr ceo

@YQ dkbes (D@YQ) egeo cmduoegeo. Fbkn
gerkoe mtu, pkr Seikb =.3, `egtfr rkcugsm
bmodguodeo skikser 1,0; cmsereogeo.

 `  `u < H  K  `  `u*  `  `u < (1,0;)(;;9 O/ll9) < 8;>,; O/ll9  

λ `u < H  K λ `u*  λ `u < (1,0;)(1,191) < 1,158 

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

513 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

Seikb 50.4i ‘ Qrfskcur uotug pkrgueteo dk

dkskr
skr gfbfl kgst krmfr (beojuteo)
Qrfskcur Qk
Qkrnmtu
rnmtu odeo cebel setueo XM 
Beodgen 9 –  Nmtuod tmodget rkdeodeo
k`kgtm` pkrgu eteo @YQ dkskr
dkskr

Ykdeodeo k`kgtm` gklucmeo cepet cmnmtuod

lkodduoegeo Qkrs. (55.3.5.5) skiedem
ikrmgut:

λ `k < 1,113 ≣ 1,4;λ `u  λ `k < 1,113 ≣ 1,4;(1,158) < 1,151  

∳  Duoegeo rkdeodeo k`kgtm` λ `k < 1,113.

Beodgen 8 – Skotugeo bues pkrgueteo

@YQ
@YQ yeod cmiutun geo

Gfotrmiusm dkskr yeod cmpkrbugeo cerm

pkoduet @YQ cepet cmnmtuod ikrcesergeo
pkomodgeteo gkgueteo yeod cmiutungeo,
`egtfr rkcugsm gkgueteo uotug dkskr, skrte
`egtfr rkcugsm persmeb ώ `   < 1,=; uotug
pkoelpeod yeod skpkounoye cmiuodgus.

  P u
P  ` , rkqc  <   900,= gO
 (   `  )   <
P  ` ,rkqc  < 881,; gO  
1,>;(1,=;)
Bues @YQ yeod cmiutungeo cepet
cmtkotugeo ckodeo lkodetur gkliebm
Qkrs. (55.3e). Bues yeod cmpkrbugeo cebel
setueo jereg.
 P ` , rkqc s `  (881
881,; gO)
gO) s ` 
 E `v ,rkqc  <    E `v ,rkqc < < 3,=5s `   
 `k K ` (smo  + hfs )c `  (1,113 (94,0 gO ll 9 )(5)(051 ll)
,113)(94,0
Beodgen 3 – Skotugeo julben bepmseo,
ceo bkier strmp ceo jereg.

Julben bepmseo cepet cmtkotugeo cebel

setueo bkier strmp ceo jereg skiedem
ikrmgut:
3,=5s ` s ` 
o< < 5,=1  
 E ` , rkqc  9(5
9(5,8 ll)
ll) w ` w` 
o<  
9t ` w ` 
∳  duoegeo cue bepmseo (o < 9) lkokrus cm skpeojeod
< w ` ))..
gktmoddmeo gfbfl (s `   <

50
50.>
.> Qkrgueteo
Qkrgueteo gfbfl iktfo iugeo bmodg ereo
ereo uotug pkomodgeteo ikieo egsmeb

Xkiuen gfbfl pkrskdm 051 x 051 ll lkliutungeo telieneo 91 pkrsko gepesmtes teneoeo
ikieo egsmeb. Xm`et letkrmeb pkoduet iktfo ceo ieje skrte cktemb pkoelpeod gfbfl cmtuojuggeo

pece SeikbLktfck
cmduoegeo. 50.>e. pkrgueteo
Gfbfl momgfbfl
tkrbkteg cm bmodguodeo motkrmfr, ceo letkrmeb H@YQ egeo
cmpkrbugeo.

(hflpbktk wrep)
Lktfck bmbmteo pkoun (hflpbktk wrep) @YQ ikriesms gerifo cmpmbmn uotug lklpkriemgm gfbfl.
Xm`et-sm`et smstkl @YQ, skpkrtm yeod cmikrmgeo fbkn peirmgeo, cmtuojuggeo pece Seikb 50.>i.
Gebgubesm cksemo uotug lkohepem julben bmbmteo pkoun yeod cmpkrbugeo tkrbelpmr.

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

51; cerm

XOM >=45:9195

Seikb 50.>e ‘ Ckte
 Cktemb
mb p koe
koelpeod
lpeod gfb fl c eo sm`et letkrmeb
 `h‹   3; LQe
 `  y 311 LQe
r h 9; ll
051 ll Subeodeo 59
5989
 Ed 8450 hl9
9
Es5 < 3 x >5=,8; ll
 Est => hl9
9
Es9 < 9 x >5=,8; ll υd, % 9,0;
;;=
051 ll ϛQo teope @YQ =9>5 gO
ll 9
Es8 < 9 x >5=,8; ll
ϛQo(rkq)  55,58> gO
9
Es3 < 3 x >5=,8; ll Heteteo : Gfbfl mom lklmbmgm
skodgeod mget ieje uotug tubeodeo
lkbmoteod.

Seikb 50.>i ‘ Xm`et smstkl @YQ yeod

yeod cmb epfrgeo prfcus ko
Gktkiebeo pkr bepms t  `   1,88 ll
Gkgueteo termg ubtmlmt yeod cmjelmo  `  `u*  84=9 LQe
Ykdeodeo putus yeod cmjelmo λ `u*  1,1504 ll/ll
Lfcubus kbestmsmtes  K  `   994.;94 LQe

Seikb 50.>h ‘ Qrfskcur uotug pkrgueteo gfbfl iktfo iug eo bmodgereo uotug

pkomodgeteo ikieo egsmeb

Qrfskcur Qk
Qkrnmtu
rnmtu odeo cebel setueo XM
Beodgen 5 – Nmtuod sm `et letkrmeb cksemo
cksemo
smstkl @YQ
 Gfbfl tkrbkteg cebel rueod motkrmfr ceo
@YQ dkbes (D@YQ) egeo cmduoegeo. Fbkn
gerkoe mtu, pkr Seikb =.3, `egtfr rkcugsm
bmodguodeo skikser 1,0; cmsereogeo.
 `  `u < (1,=;)(84=9 LQe) < 8018 LQe  
 `  `u < H  K  `  `u*
λ `u < (1,=;)(1,1504) < 1,15;= ll/ll  
λ `u < H  K λ `u* 
Beodgen 9 –  Skotugeo gkgueteo tkgeo
legsmlul yeod cmpkrbugeo iktfo  `  h‹  h 
tkrgkgeod
 ` h‹ h  cepet cmpkrfbkn ckodeo lkoyusuo
gkliebm Qkrs. (59.5i):
  5  Qo,rkq   5
 ` h'h <  ∙ ` y Est   ` hh'  <
∙ Est  )  1, >1 1, >;  (845, 05
059 ll 9 ∙ =>89 ll 9 )
 
1, >;( Ed 
 
  55
55,5
,58>
8> gO ∙ 535 L Qe  =>89 ll 9 
>1  1, 0;
 1, >1 0; 
 ` hh  < ;0,3 LQe 
'

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

510 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

Seikb 50.>h ‘ Qrfskcur uotug pkrgueteo gfbfl iktfo iugeo bmodgereo uotug

pkomodgeteo ikieo egsmeb (beojuteo)
Qrfskcur Qkrnmtu odeo cebel setueo XM 
Qkrnmtu
Beodgen 8 –  Skotugeo tkdeodeo
pkodkgeod gerkoe skbuiuod @YQ
@YQ  `℘  

 ` ℘℘  cepet
   cepet cmpkrfbkn ckodeo lkoyusuo ubeod
Qkrs. (59.5d):

  ` ' ∙ ` ' ;0,3 LQe - 33,> LQe

 `  < hh h    `   < < >,4 LQe  
8,8  e 1,=;  8,8  1,3
1,39;
9;
Cmleoe

9 e < 1,39;(5) < 1,39;

1,39;
9
1,39;  
e <   k  
 E   i
 
 Eh  n 

 i  i 9 9  (5)(05

)(051 ll)) 9 
1 ll ∙ 9  9; ll
 n  (n ∙ 9rh ) +  n  (i ∙ 9rh )  
9
5∙ ∙ 1, 190;
   Ek 8  845
845, 059
059 l
lll9
 Ek 5∙ 8 Ed ∙ d  Eh < 5 ∙ 1,19
,190;
0;
<  
 Eh 5 ∙ d  Ek
< 1,39;  
 Eh

Beodgen 3 – Skotugeo julben b epmseo, o    >,4  051  + 051 

Julben bepmseo cepet ckodeo lkoyusuo
ubeod Qkrs. (59.5n)
< 9994.94.;;9494 1,8888 >,> Ô 51∙ 
  

 ` + n9 i
9

o<  
9 K ` t `  `k

 `k <  k `u  
o < ;,4 ≎ 0 bepmseo 

Lkodkhkg resmf lmomlul gkgeodeo: λ `k < 1,;; Ô 1,15;= ll/ll < >,> Ô 51 ‘8 ll/ll

 `  >,4 LQe

'
< < 1,5=  1, 1>
1> FG   
 ` h
33,> LQe
Beodgen ; – Pkrm`mgesm rkdeodeo egsmeb
ubtmlmt iktfo λ  ≣ 1,15 
 hhu

λhhu  cepet cmpkrfbkn ckodeo lkodduoegeo

hh < (1,  119 ll / ll)
Qkrs. (59.5j):
 ∙8
>,8  >, > x51 ll / ll 
1,3;
 
 x 5,; + 59x1, 39  ; x
1, 39;   
 33, >  1, 1
11
19 ll / ll  
 
hh < 1, 11
  104 ll / ll 2 1,15 FG
1

Cmleoe
κ i < 1,39;(5)1,; < 1,39;

Jmge λhhu  bkimn ikser cerm 1,15, lege  ` hh'   

nerus cmnmtuod ubeod cerm lfckb tkdeodeo-
rkdeodeo lkodduoegeo Qkrs. (59.5h).

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

514 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

50
50.=
.= Qkrgueteo
Qkrgueteo iktfo pkoelpeod
pkoelpeod iugeo bmodgereo uotug pkomodgeteo deye egsmeb ceo
bkotur

Gfbfl yeod cmjkbesgeo pece 50.> lkodebelm ikieo tkgeo egsmeb ubtmlmt Qu  < >3;5 gO ceo

lflko bkotur 81
ikieo nmodde ubtmlmt  L u  <pece
pkrsko gO-l ( k  < 1,5
;5; kgskotrmsmtes n). Cmmodmogeo
gfosteo uotug lkomodgetgeo
( Qu  < 51=>0,8 gepesmtes
gO,  L u  < 00=,; gO-l).
Qkrnmtuodeo uotug lkokotugeo motkregsm egsmeb lflko uotug gfbfl tkrgkgeod @YQ lkodmgutm
Seikb 50.=.

Seikb 50.= ‘ Qrfskcur uotug pkrgueteo gfbfl iktfo pkoelpeod iugeo bmodgereo

uotug pkomodgeteo deye egsmeb ceo bkotur

Qrfskcur Qk
Qkrnmtu
rnmtu odeo lkodduoegeo setueo XM
Beodgen 5  ‘  Lkokotugeo gurve yeod
cmskckrneoegeo uotug gfbf l teope pkrgueteo
(o < 1 bepms)  
Smtmg E, I, ceo H cepet cmpkrfbkn lkodduoegeo
prfskcur yeod sucen cmgktenum skhere ulul,
ceo jude lkodduoegeo Qkrs. (C-5) selpem (C-;)
ckodeo lklpkrtmlieodgeo
 , ceo  
< 5, ,ή  ‹ < ‹
 < 1  <  <1,118. Qo(E) < =9>8 gO7 Lo(E) < 1 gO-l
Qo(I) < >90; gO7 Lo(I) < >48 gO-l
Qo(H) < 359> gO7 Lo(H) < 55== gO-l
Beodgen 9  ‘  Lkokotugeo gurve yeod
cmskckrneoegeo uotug gfbfl yeod cmpkrguet
Xmstkl skbuiuod yeod tkrcmrm cerm koel bepmseo
egeo lkojecm tmtmg eweb uotug lkliuet gurve
imbmoker E-I-H ceo gklucmeo cmieocmodgeo
ckodeo pfsmsm Qu ceo L u yeod cmgknkocegm.
Smtmg E, I, ceo H pece gurve cmnmtuod Smtmg E:
lkodduoegeo Qkrs. (59-5), (C-5), (C-9):
Gepesmtes Oflmoeb Egsmeb:
Qo( E) <  1, >(1, >; ` ( Ed ∙ Estst ) + ` y Est )   
'
hh
Qo(E) < 1,0;  1,>(1,>;   ;0,=0 LQe  (845,059 ll9 ‘ 
 ‘  
=>89 ll9) + (353 LQe  =989 ll9))
Qo(E) < 55,998 gO

cm leoe
hh”  <
 ` hh  < 33,> LQe + 8,8(1,39;)(>,4 LQe)
hh”  <
 ` hh  < ;0,=0 LQe

 1,=
1,=;;  9  994,; 1,88 ll  
11 LQe  0  1,88
994,;11
 
  1,;;  1,15
1,15;=
;=
ll 
 
 ll 

 `  <   
9 9
 ( 051 ll) + ( 051 ll)
 < >,04 LQe 
 ` ℘ ℘  <

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

51> cerm

XOM >=45:9195

Seikb 50.= ‘ Qrfskcur uotug pkrgueteo gfbfl iktfo pkoelpeod iugeo bmodgereo

uotug pkomodgeteo deye egsmeb
egsmeb ceo b kotur (beojuteo)
Qrfskcur   Qk
Qkrnmtuo
rnmtuo deo lkodduoegeo setueo XM 
Smtmg I:

Gepesmtes oflmoeb egsmeb:

8 9
Qo(I,H) <  W( E( yt )  + I( yt )  + H ( yt ) + C) +  Esm ` smsm\ 0,118  51 ‘ ; gO/ll8 (8>= ll)8 + 41,53  
Qo(I) < 1,0;W ‘ 0,118
 L o(I,H)  yt )3 + @ (  yyt )8 + D( yt )9 + N (  yyt ) + M ) +
o(I,H) <  W( K ( y 51 ‘ 8 gO/ll9(8>= ll)9 ‘  94,89
 94,89 gO/ll(8>= ll) +
 Esm ` smsmc m\
50,95; gO\ + 8944 ll9(353 LQe) + 508= ll9(353 LQe)
+ 508= ll9(9;4 LQe)

Qo(I) < =>=9 gO

Gfk`msmko E, I, H, C, K, @, D, N, ceo M cerm cm leoe

pkroyeteeo skikbuloye ikreseb cerm Qkrs. (C-8):

∙i( Kh ∙ K 9 )9  hhu 9

 E <    h   ∙05
0511 ll(8
ll(85,
5,0> LQe ∙ 58
0>;; LQe 585; LQe)9
5; LQe)
59 ` h'    E <
5 9  33, > L Q e
9

  1,1
1,113
1399 ll
ll ll   
;;= ll 
< ∙ 0 , 1 1 8  5 1 ∙; g O ll 8
i( Kh ∙ K 9 )  hhu 
 I <      0111 ll(8
01 ll(85,
5,0> LQe ∙ 585;
0>;; LQe 585; LQe)
LQe)
9  h   I <
9

 
1,113
1,1 ll ll 
1399 ll
  
 ;;= ll 
< 4 1 ,5 3  5 1 ∙ 8 g O ll 9

< 41,53  51 ‘ 8 gO/ll9 

H < i`h'   
 < ‘ 051
H  < ‘ 051 ll  33,>3 LQe < ‘ 
< ‘ 94,89
94,89 gO/ll

 C < i`h' + ihK 9 ( hhu )    C < 05

051
05
051
ll  ;;
1 ll ;;=
= l
ll  ;;
1 ll ;;=
lll  33
33,>
ll 58
= ll
,> LQe
585;
LQe
5; LQ
LQee
9 +  
9
(1,113
(1,1139 ll) < 50
9 ll ll) 50,, 95;
95; gO
9
∙i( Kh ∙ K 9 )  hhu 
9

 K  <    h   
50 ` h'  
9
n  ( Kh ∙ K9 )   hhu  ( K ∙ K  )   
9

@ < ih ∙  + i h 9  hhu   
   
 9  59  `h'  h  8  h 
i  n  ( Kh ∙ K 9 )  hhu 
D < ∙ ` h' + i  h ∙     h   
9  9 9   
  n
 N < i`h'  h ∙   
 9

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

51= cerm

XOM >=45:9195

Seikb 50.= ‘ Qrfskcur uotug pkrgueteo gfbfl iktfo pkoelpeod iugeo bmodgereo

uotug pkomodgeteo deye egsmeb
egsmeb ceo bkotur (beojuteo)
(beojuteo)
Qrfskcur   Qk
Qkrnmtu
rnmtu odeo lkodduo egeo setueo XM 
9 9
ih  n ih K 9
 M < `h' ∙ ih`
ih`h'  h ∙ + (hhu )
9  9 8
 
ihK 9    n
∙ 9  h ∙ 9  (hhu )
Qerelktkr motm cerm lfckb tkdeodeo-rkdeodeo: [otug pkrnmtuodeo gfk`msmko-gfk`msmko, pkrbu lkodnmtuod
   
'
perelktkr motm cerm lfckb tkdeodeo-rkdeodeo:
 yt  <h t 

hhu 1,118 ll l
ll
l
 yt   < ;;= ll  < 8>= ll  
c  uotug Smtmg I 1,1139
1,1139 ll l
ll
l

h <    hhu  
c  +  uotug Smtmg H h < ;;= ll
 sy hhu
9 ` h'    9  33
33,>
,> LQe
t ' <   t ' < < 1,118 ll ll
ll  
 Kh ∙ K 9 85,
85, 0>; LQe -585; LQe
'
 ` hh ∙  '
` h ;1,
;1, 3 LQ
LQe
e - 33,>
33,> LQe
 K 9 <    K 9  < < 585; LQe  
hhu 1,1139
1,1139 ll l
ll
l


'
 ` hh < `h
'

 `    
+ 8,8e ` 5  
1,3;

 `' hh <33,> LQe + 8,8      
8,8 1,39; 8,=4 LQe < ;1,3
;1,3 LQe 
LQe     
hhu < 'h 5,; + 59i     '  `k'   
  `     < (1
(1,, 119 ll ll)
ll)
hhu
 h
 h  
 <lmo(1,113,)   
 5,; + 59  1,39;


,39; 
33
33,>
 
LQe  1,113
8,=4 LQe
,> LQe

1,113 ll ll 
LQe  1,119
1,119 ll ll 
1,3;

 
 


9
hhu < 1,1139 ll/ll
 Ek   i 
e <       e < i < 1,39;
 Eh  n 
1,;
 Ek   n 
i <      
 Eh  i 
 ` K ` ot `  `k 1, =;  9  994, ;94 LQe  0  1, 88 ll  ( 1, 113 ll ll )
 `  <  
  (051 ll) 9 + (051 ll)9
i 9
+n 9

Heteteo: Qkrkoheoe nerus lkodmodet ienwe, Hkg resmf pkodkgeodeo lmomlul:

  h”   <
 ` ℘℘  /`  < 8,=4 LQe/33,> LQe < 1,1= ≫ 1,1>  FG  
uotug gesus tkgeo lurom, rkdeodeo k`kgtm` pece
@YQ,  `k, cmietesm fbkn  `u  ceo pece gesus
gflimoesm egsmeb ceo bkotur, fbkn  `k  < Ykdeodeo pece sktmep bepms ieje cmcepet cerm
gkskieoduoeo skdmtmde pece cmstrmiusm rkdeodeo.
lmo(1,113,  `u)
Skdeodeo yeod ece cmpkrfbkn cerm:
 ` s5 < ks5 K s < 1,118> ll/ll  911.111 LQe ↙ 353 LQe
 ` s9 < ks9 K s < 1,1190 ll/ll  911.111 LQe ↙ 353 LQe
 ` s8 < ks8 K s < 1,1158 ll/ll  911.111 LQe < 9;4 LQe
 ` s3 < ks3 K s < 1 ll/ll  911.111 LQe < 1 LQe

Lflko bkotur oflmoeb:

 L oo(I) 3,;19  51 ‘ ; gO/ll8(8>= ll)3 + 09,15  51 ‘ 8 
(I) < 1,0;W ‘ 3,;19
gO/ll8(8>= ll)8 ‘  85,3>  85,3> gO/ll(8>= ll)9 + 0=8= gO(8>=
ll) + ;11,509 gO-ll\ + 8944 ll 9(353 LQe)(9;3 ll)
+508= ll9(353 LQe)(>; ll) ‘   508= ll9(9;4 LQe)(>; ll)
ll) ‘  508=
 L oo(I)
(I) < =93 gO-l
 © IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 
551 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

Seikb 50.= ‘ Qrfskcur uotug pkrgueteo gfbfl iktfo pkoelpeod iugeo bmodgereo

uotug pkomodgeteo deye egsmeb
egsmeb ceo b kotur (beojuteo)
Qrfskcur   Qk
Qkrnmtuo
rnmtuo deo lkodduoegeo setueo XM 
cm leoe
∙051 ll ((885, 00>>; LQe ∙ 585; LQe )9
 K  <
5 0  3 3, > L Q e
9
 
 1, 111139 ll ll  ∙; 8

  ; ;= l l  < ∙1, 3;9  51 gO ll

@  < 051 ll(;
ll(;;=
;= ll ∙ 81; ll)
ll ll)
9
(85 LQe ∙ 58
(85,0>; LQe 585;
5; LQe)
9
 1,113
1,1139 ll ll 
9 ll
  
59  33, > LQe   ;;= ll 
 
051 ll(8
ll(85 0>; LQe ∙585;
5, 0>; 585; LQe)
+
8
 1,113
1,1139 ll 
9 ll ll ∙8
  < 09,155511 gO ll
9

 ;;= ll 
D < 33
33,> LQe  81
,> LQe 81; ll + 05
; ll 051
1 ll(
ll(;;
;;= ll ∙ 81
= ll 81;
; ll)
ll)
(8
(85 LQe ∙ 58
5,0>; LQe 585;
5; LQ
LQe)
e)  1,1139 ll ll 
,1139
    
9  ;;= ll 
< ∙85,3> gO ll

 N  <
 < 33,> LQe  051 ll(;;= ll ‘ 
ll  ‘  81;
 81; ll) < 0=8= gO

 M  < ll(W;;= ll\9\/9)

 < 33,> LQe  051 ll  ‘  33,>
\/9) ‘  ll  ‘  
 33,> LQe (;;= ll ‘ 
81; ll)  (;;= ll)(051 ll) + 585; LQe  051 ll  (W;;=
ll\9\/8)(1,1139 ll/ll) ‘ 
ll/ll) ‘  585;
 585; LQe  051 ll  (;;=
ll  ‘  81;
ll/8) (;;= ll ‘  81; ll) (1,1139 ll/ll)
< ;11,509 gO-ll
Jereg cerm sktmep bepmseo tubeodeo ieje gk derms oktreb
dkflktrms cerm pkoelpeod eceben:
c 5 < 9;3 ll
c 9 < c 8 < >; ll
Smtmg H:
Gepesmtes Oflmoeb Egsmeb
5,88  51 ‘ 3 gO/ll8 (909 ll)8 + 513,35  51 ‘ 8 
Qo(H) < 1,0;W ‘ 5,88
gO/ll9 (909 ll)9 ‘  94,89
 94,89 gO/ll(909 ll) + 51.>=9 gO\ +
8944 ll (353 LQe) + 585; ll 9(8;1 LQe) + 585; ll 9(-85,>
9

LQe) + 8944 ll9 (-353 LQe)

Qo(H) < ;>41 gO
cm leoe
∙051 ll(85
ll(85, 0>5 LQe ∙ 585; LQe)
9

 E <
59  33
33,>
,> L
LQe
Qe
9
 
 1,113
1,1139
9 ll l l
ll
  < 5,88 51∙3 gO ll9
,88
 84; ll 
∙051 ll(85
ll(85, 0>5 LQe ∙ 585
LQe 585;
; LQe)
 I <
9
 
 1,1139 ll l l
ll
 513,3551∙8 gO ll9
 < ∙513
 84; ll 
< ‘ 051
051 ll  33,>3 LQe < ‘ 
H   < ‘  < ‘ 94,89
94,89 gO/ll

© IXO 9195 555 cerm

cer m 5;8 

 
 XOM >=45:9195

Seikb 50.= ‘ Qrfskcur uotug pkrgueteo gfbfl iktfo pkoelpeod iugeo bmodgereo

uotug pkomodgeteo deye egsmeb
egsmeb ceo bkotur (beojuteo)
(beojuteo)
Qrfskcur   Qkrnmtu
Qkrnmtu odeo lkoddu oegeo setueo XM 
 C < 05
051 ll  84;
1 ll ll  33,>
84; ll 33,> LQe
LQe
05
051 ll  84;
1 ll ll 58
84; ll 585;
5; LQe
LQe
+  
9
(1
(1,, 11
1139 ll) < 51
39 ll ll) 51,>=9
,>=9 gO
gO
[otug pkrnmtuodeo gfk`msmko-gfk`msmko, pkrbu lkodnmtuod
perelktkr utele cerm lfckb tkdeodeo-rkdeodeo:

 1,1139 ll l
ll
l 
h < ;01 ll   
 1,119
1,1195
5 ll ll + 1,1139
1,1139 ll ll   
< 848 ll
1,1
,1118 mo. mo
mo..
 yt  < 848 ll < 900 ll  
1,11
,11339 mo
mo.. mo
mo..

Ykdeodeo pece sktmep bepms ieje cmcepet cerm

gkskieoduoeo skdmtmde pece cmstrmiusm rkdeodeo.
Skdeodeo yeod ece gklucmeo cmpkrfbkn cerm:
 ` s5 < ks5 K s < 1,1184 ll/ll  911.111 LQe ↙ 353 LQe
 ` s9 < ks9 K s < 1,115> ll/ll  911.111 LQe < 8;1 LQe
 ` s8 < ks8 K s < -5,;=  51-3 ll/ll  911.111 LQe < -85,> LQe
 ` s3 < ks3 K s < 1,1195 ll/ll  911.111 LQe < - 353 LQe
Lflko bkotur oflmoeb:
 L oo(H)
(H) <  ‘ 
1,0;W = ,=>  51 ‘ ; gO/ll8(909 ll)3 + 4=  51 ‘ 8 
=,=>
gO/ll9(909 ll)8 ‘  95,18 95,18 gO/ll(909 ll)9 + 5=9> gO(909
ll) + 5.85;.3;8 gO-ll\ + 8944 ll 9(353 LQe)(9;3 ll)
+508= ll9
 8944 ll 9(-353 LQe)(9;3 ll)
ll) ‘  8944
(-85,> LQe)(>; ll) ‘ 
 L o(H)
o(H) < 583; gO-l
cm leoe
9
∙051 ll e ∙ 585 Qe)  1,1139 ll ll 
9
ll(85
(85, 0>5 LQ
LQe 585;
; L
LQe)
 K <    
50  33, > LQe    84; ll   
< ∙=,=>51∙; gO ll8
@  < 051 ll(8
ll(84;
4; ll ∙ 81; ll)
ll ll)
9
(85 LQe ∙ 58
(85,0>5 LQe 585;
5; LQe) 9
LQe)  1,113
,1139
9 l
lll ll 
  
59  33, > LQe
   84; ll 
ll(85, 0>5 LQe ∙ 585
051 ll(85 585;
; LQe)  
+
8
 1,1139 ll llll  ∙8
  < 4= 51 gO ll
9

 84; ll 
D < ∙33
33,> LQe  81
,> LQe 81;
; ll + 05
ll 0511 ll(
ll(8484; ll ∙ 81
; ll 81;
; ll)
ll)
(85
(85, 0>
0>5
5 LQe ∙ 58
LQe 585;
5; LQ
LQe)
e)  1, 11
1139
39 l
lll ll 
    
9  84; ll 
< ∙95,18 gO ll

N < 33,> LQe  051 ll(84; ll ‘ 

ll  ‘  81;
 81; ll) < 5=9> gO

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

559 cerm

XOM >=45:9195
 Seikb 50.= ‘ Qrfskcur uotug pkrgueteo gfbfl iktfo pkoelpeod iugeo bmodgereo
uotug pkomodgeteo deye egsmeb
egsmeb ceo b kotur (beojuteo)
Qrfskcur Qkrnmtu
Qkrnmtu odeo lkodduo egeo setueo XM 
ll(W84;\9/9) ‘ 
M < 33,> LQe  051 ll /9) ‘  33,> ll  ‘  81;
 33,> LQe (84; ll ‘  81;
ll)  (84; ll)(051 ll) + 585; LQe  051 ll  (W84;
ll\9/8)(1,1139 ll/ll) ‘ 
ll/ll) ‘  585;
 585; LQe  051 ll  (84; ll/9)
ll ‘  81;
(84; ll ‘  81; ll) (1,1139 ll/ll)
<5.85;.3;8 gO-ll 
Beodgen 8  ‘  Qkrieocmodeo cmedrel Seikb ikrmgut lkreodgul gepesmtes oflmoeb egsmeb ceo
motkregsm persmeb yeod cmskckrneoegeo bkotur (tmceg cmpkrguet ceo cmpkrguet) uotug Qfmo E, I, ceo
ckodeo  Qu ceo  L u yeod cmgknkocegm.   H. Qfmo-pfmo mom cmpbft pece delier ikrmgut.
o < 1 bklier
(gflpfoko tmceg o < 0 bklier
Smtmg cmpkrguet)
Qo,  L o, Qo,  L o,
gO gO-l gO gO-l
 E =9>8 1 55.998 1
I >903 >48 =>9= =93
H 359> 55== ;>41 583;
5;111 E

59111
E I
   )
   O =111 Lu,Qu
   g
   (
     o
o<1
      Q
H
       ϛ
0111 Derms skmlieod o<0

8111

1
1 811 011 =11 5911 5;11
ϛLo (gO´l)

50
50.5
.51
1 Qkodkgeode
Qkodkgeodeo
o cm cekren
cekren skocm pbestms uotug pkrgueteo skmslmg
skmslmg

Hfotfn mom lkoduremgeo cksemo rktrf`mt @YQ uotug lkomodgetgeo gepesmtes rftesm pbestmg pece
gfbfl iktfo ikrtubeod ofo cegtmb. Cebel hfotfn mom, gfbfl tmceg cepet lkoeneo ikieo skmslmg
skhere k`msmko gerkoe cue ebeseo: (5) spesm skodgeod tmceg sksuem ckodeo steocer cksemo
skmslmg seet mom7 ceo (9) skodgeod tmceg lkbmocuodm motm iktfo tkrnecep ikieo skmslmg cm seet
skbmlut iktfo lubem tkrbkpes. Gkgureodeo yeod cmskiutgeo cm etes lkouojuggeo ienwe
gkgueteo dkskr gfbfl yeod tmceg lklecem, gureodoye/bklenoye pkodkgeodeo cm cekren
skocm pbestms, ceo bklenoye mgeteo pece peojeod pkoyebureo. Xkbemo mtu, pkrkoheoe nerus
lklestmgeo eceoye teneoeo yeod lklecem pece bfodmtucmoeb utele tkrnecep tkgug. Cebel
hfotfn mom, bklenoye gepesmtes rftesm pbestms, cepet cmtmodgetgeo ckodeo pkodkgeodeo cm
cekren skocm pbestms ckodeo lkodduoegeo @YQ. Eoebmsms skmslmg lkodesulsmgeo ienwe
gfbfl lklpuoyem gklelpueo cebel lkoeneo lflko-lflko skmslmg yeod cmpkrbugeo.
Fbkn skiei mtu, tmceg cmpkrbugeo pkomodgeteo gepesmtes bkotur cerm pkoelpeod. Hfotfn mom
cmietesm cebel rueod bmodgup pkrsyereteo cksemo @YQ ceo tmceg lkohegup eoebmsms skmslmg.
 EXHK/XKM 35 cmduoegeo
cmduoegeo skiedem iesms steocer uotug
uotug hfotfn mom.
mom.

Gfbfl, yeod lkrupegeo iedmeo cerm smstkl pkoeneo ikieo betkreb, cmmbustresmgeo pece
Delier 50.51e. Xm`et letkrmeb ceo mo`frlesm bemo yeod rkbkveo cmtuojuggeo pece Seikb 50.51e.
Cerm eoebmsms skmslmg, gfbfl lklpuoyem gklelpueo uotug lkodklieodgeo rftesm pbestms
ξ p<1,19; recmeo. Ikieo egsmeb pece gfbfl, tkrlesug ikieo drevmtesm cmtelien ikieo skmslmg,

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

558 cerm

XOM >=45:9195
 

Qu<883 gO. Gkiutuneo rftesm pbestms yeod lkbkimnm ombem ietes skikser 1,15; cmtkotugeo cebel
grmtkrme pkokrmleeo ikrcesergeo EXHK/XKM 35 uotug gfbfl iktfo ikrtubeod yeod tmceg sksuem
ckodeo steocer cksemo skmslmg tkrgmom. Ieteseo rkdeodeo iktfo ceo tubeodeo ieje
ikrcesergeo EXHK/XKM 35 tmceg ifbkn lkbkimnm ombem yeod cmpkrbmnetgeo pece Seikb 50.51i.
> C5=
 310,3 ll
Gfbfl pkrskdm
9;,3 ll

[juod iugeeo C58

Mgeteo pece 813,> ll

Delier 50
50.51
.51e
e Ck
Cktemb
temb pkoub eodeo gfb fl

Gfbfl yeod cmpkrguet ckodeo belmoesm @YQ lklpuoyem sm`et-sm`et gflpfsmt skpkrtm tkrbmnet
pece Seikb 50.51h ceo tkgomg pkodnelpereo iesen cmpegem uotug lkbkgetgeo lkbkgetg eo belmoesm @YQ
cm skgkbmbmod gfbfl. Egeo tktepm, @YQ dkbes (D@YQ) cepet jude cmduoegeo jmge cmmodmogeo.
Qrfsks cksemo cmewebm ckodeo smstkl bmbmteo
bmbmt eo yeod tkrcmrm cerm tmde bepmseo. Xktkben cue gebm mtkresm
mtkres m
cmbegugeo pece smstkl tkroyete bmbmteo yeod cmiutungeo bmle bepmseo. Gebgubesm cmduoegeo neoye
uotug lklvkrm`mgesm gfo`mduresm bmbmteo egnmr. Gebgubesm mom cmtuojuggeo cebel Seikb 50.51c.

Delier 50.51i lkouojuggeo eoebmsms lflko gurvetur delier pkoelpeod pkrskdm tkrpeseod
yeod cmrktrf`mt. Nesmb-nesmb eoebmsms lflko gurvetur lkouojuggeo ienwe gepesmtes ubtmlmt
tkrpeseod eceben bkimn rkocen skhere smdom`mgeo cmieocmodgeo ckodeo gkiutuneo gurvetur
yeod cmsyeretgeo.

Bkodguodeo
Bkodguodeo (5/l)
1 1 ,1 9 1 ,1 3 1, 10 1 ,1 >
5;1
5>1
59; ϛu,@YQ < 1,1== /l
   )
   t ϛu,es iumbt  < 1,150 /l 5;1    )
   `
  - 511   l
  -
  s
  p
   m    O
591    g
   g
   (    (
   t 4;    t
  o   o
  k =1   k
  l Qkrlmoteeo:    l
  f ;1   f
   L ϛuC< 1,1>= /l 01    L

9; Qkoelpeod rktrf`mt
81
Qkoelpeod tkrieoduo

1 1
1 1,111; 1,115 1,115; 1,119 1,119;
Bkodguodeo (5/mo.)

Delier
Delier 50.5
50.51i
1i Eoebmsms lflko-gurvetur

Seikbb 50
Seik 50.51
.51e
e Xm`et-sm` et letkrmeb gfb fl  
Gkgueteo tkgeo iktfo  `” h  94,0 LQe
Lfcubus kbestmsmtes iktfo 9; DQe
   
 K h < 3411  `'h
 `'h (LQe)
Skdeodeo bkbkn tubeodeo bfodmtucmoeb  `  y  818 LQe
Lfcubus kbestmsmtes ieje  K s  911 DQe
Ykdeodeo bkbkn tubeodeo bfodmtucmoeb λ y  1,115;
Smoddm gfbfl cmeotere skocm pbestms  B  8,1; l
Jereg tkrnecep ieje termg tkrbuer c   845 ll
© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 
553 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

Seikbb 50.5
Seik 50.51i
1i Smodg et rkdeodeo legsmlu l yeod cepet cmduoegeo (EXHK
(EXHK/XK
/XKMM 35)
Ietes rkdeodeo
Qkoelpeod teg Qkoelpeod
tkrgkgeod tkrgkgeod (58.8.5)
Skgeo (iktfo) 1,118 λhhu
Sermg (ieje) 1,11; 1,1;
Skgeo (ieje) Cmietesm fbkn iktfo 1,19

Seikbb 50
Seik 50.51
.51h
h Xm`et-sm` et gfl pfs mt cerm peirmg eo 
 Skieb pkr bepms t  `   1,;>3 ll
Gkgueteo termg ubtmlmt  `  `u* 5149 LQe
Ykdeodeo ruotun λ `u* 1,15;
Lfcubus kbestmsmtes,  K  `   03,8 DQe

Seikb 50
50.51
.51c
c Senepeo
Senepeo cksemo pkodkgeod skocm pbestms skiedem pkrgueteo skmsl mg  
Qrfskcur Qkrnmt
Qkrnmt uodeo cebel
cebel setueo XM
Beodgen 5  ‘  Xm`et cksemo letkrmeb
sms tkl @YQ
  `u < H K   `u*    
 `u    1,=;  1,15
,15;; < 1,15
,1533  
H  K  <
 < 1,=;
Gfbfl tkrbkteg cm cekren motkrmfr.
Xknmodde, sksuem ckodeo Seikb =.3, ombem
`egtfr rkcugsm bmodguodeo skikser 1,=;   
k   < 1,;;  
cmduoegeo.
 `k < 1,11
,113  11,;
,;;;  1,15
,153 < 11,1
,1114>   `k < 1,13
,13  
 `u < 1,113     `u  
 

Beodgen 9  ‘ Qeoje
 Qeojeod
od skocm pb estms  B p  < ;1 + 1,133 Ô 818 Ô 5= < 818 ll 
ll  

(@YQ jehgktkc
[otug gfbfl bmbmteo @YQ (@YQ
Heteteo: Duoegeo jereg legsmlul eotere
hfbulo),
hfbulo ), peojeod skocm pbestms eceben:
@YQ ceo ceser gfbfl skikser ;1 ll
 B p < d + 1,1
,11133 ` y c i ( LQe ceo ll )  
Beodgen 8  ‘ Qkrnmtuodeo
pkocenubueo  
pkocenubueo

i < n < 310 ll

Cerm Qeseb 59.5.9:

 C < 310, 3 + 310, 39 < ;4; ll  
9

 C < n + i9  
9

 Ek  E   < 1,09  

h
9

<    k  
 E   i
 e        < 1,09  
 Eh  n  e

310,3
 Ek   n  i  < 1, 09 < 1, 09  
 i  <   310,3
 Eh i

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

55; cerm

XOM >=45:9195

Seikbb 50
Seik 50.51
.51c
c Senepeo
Senepeo cksemo pkodkgeod skocm
skocm pbestms skiedem pkrgueteo skmslmg
(beojuteo) 
Qrfskcur   Qkrnmtuodeo cebel setueo XM 
XM 
Eh cmnmtuod lkojecm: 
cm leoe  Ek/  E
'h < 1,119  
 i  9 n 9 
  n  ( n ∙ 9rh ) +  i  ( i ∙ 9rh )   n/i < 5,11
5∙   ∙ d Heteteo: [otug kbklko pkoelpeod pkrskdm
 8 Ed  peojeod, pkodkgeod skocm pbestms ckodeo
 Ek  
<   here bmbmteo tmceg cmrkgflkocesmgeo pece
 Eh 5 ∙ d kbklko yeod lkouojuggeo espkg resmf
selpmod, n/i, bkimn ikser cerm 5,;, eteu
cmlkosm smsm pkoelpeod, i  eteu n, lkbkimnm
=11 ll, gkhuebm pkodujmeo lkouojugeo
gkk`kgtm`eo nesmboye (peseb 58.8.5).
 Beodgen 3   Lkodnmtuod vermeikb
vermeikb
lfckb gkgeodeo iktfo
Ckodeo lkodduoegeo cksemo pkrhfieeo
cerm bmle bepmseo, perelktkr lfckb iktfo
tkrgkgeod cmtuojuggeo skiedem ikrmgut:
9 K ` t ` o `  `k
'   9  03.81
.811  1,;>
,;>3  ;  1,11
,113
3
 `  <    `  < < 9,05 LQe  
 C
;4;
 `  < 1,=;  uotug pkoelpeod
pkoelpeod tkrbmbmt
sklpuroe
'
 `hh < `h
'
+  ` 8,8 e ` 5  
 ` hh  < 94,0 + 1,=; 8,8  1,09  9,05 < 89,00 LQe  
'

  `     `k  
1,3;

 <  5, ;1 + 59

' 
  1,3;

hhu h
 i
  h  h    
 `  '  ' 
hhu < 1,119
,119

5,;1
5,;1 + 
59 1,09    
9
94
,05 1,113
,113
,01  1,119
94,01
   
1,119 
 
  < 1,
1,11 3=  1,15
113= 1,15
λ hhhu
hu  tmceg bkimn cerm 1,15 uotug lkohkden
gkrktegeo yeod ikrbkimn ceo gknmbeodeo
motkdrmtes iktfo
Heteteo: Qkroyeteeo yeod tkrtubms skikbul mom cmduoegeo skjebeo ckodeo prfdrel
eoebmsms lflko-gurvetur (L (L-ϛ) uotug lklpkrfbkn ombem gurve bkbkn ceo gurvetur ubtmlmt.
Gurvetur tkrskiut cmjkbesgeo cebel beodgen ; ceo 0.
Beodgen ;  ‘  Buereo cerm prfdrel Xuliu oktreb:
eoebmsms  L-ϛ  lkodnesmbgeo suliu H  y,`rp < 580 ll 
ll 
oktreb pece gkbkbkneo tubeodeo
bfodmtucmoeb,  h y,`rp  Heteteo: rkdeodeo bkbkn pece tubeodeo
bfodmtucmoeb: λ y < 1,113=
Xtkp 0  ‘  Buereo cerm prfdrel Xuliu oktreb:
eoebmsms  L -ϛ lkodnesmbgeo suliu hu,`rp < ;1 ll
oktreb ubtmlmt,  hu,`rp  Heteteo: Ykdeodeo tkgeo ubtmlmt iktfo
cmnmtuod sksuem beodgen 3: λ hhu < 1,113=
5. Ykdeodeo tkgeo iktfo:
λhhu < 1,113=

 s < 1, 113=  ∙ 5 < 1, 189  1, 1;  

9. Ykdeodeo termg ieje: 845
 c    580 
s < hhu  ∙ 5  
 hu 
© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 
550 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

Seikb 50
50.51
.51c
c Senepeo
Senepeo cksemo pkodkgeod skocm pbestms skiedem pkrgueteo skmsl mg
(beojuteo) 

Qrfskcur Qk
Qkrnmt
rnmt uodeo cebel
cebel setueo XM XM  
Beodgen 4  ‘ Lkodnmtuod gurvetur Cerm eoebmsms L -ϛ, ombem gurvetur bkbkn
bkbkn eceben :
 y  y, `rp <
1,115;
< 1,11
 y , `rp <   845 ∙ 580
03 / l  
,110
c ∙ h y , `rp 845 580

Beodgen >  ‘ Lkodnmtuod g epesmtes

epesmtes Cerm eoebmse  L -ϛ, ombem gurvetur ubtmlmt
gurvetur ubtmlmt: eceben :
hhu
u , `rp <   1,113=
hu ,@YQ   <
 u, `rp < 1,1=
,1== / l  
;1

Beodgen =  ‘ Lk
 Lkodnmtu
odnmtu od gkiutuneo
gurvetur ubtmlmt
1,19;
 p  C < + 1,1
1,1103 < 1,1>3
103 1,1>3 l  
 C < + y , `rp   1,81;
 B p
Beodgen 51 ‘ Lkodkhkg ubeod
 pkrnmtuod eo cksemo:
cksemo:
 C  u, `rp    C < 1, 11>>3 / l  1, 1=
1== / l ↙ FG  

Beodgen 55 ‘  Qeojeod cekren  310,3 ll

tkrgkgeod, b  f  
 81;1 9 < 9;3 ll
f    
Qkrgueteo lkbmoteod skpkrtm yeod  0
cmtuojuggeo pece Qeseb 5>.4 cerm EHM 85>-  3;4 ll
53, nerus cmskcmegeo skpeojeod bf 
bf  Bp < 3;4 ll  
Yeodgul eo cksemo: Bmbmtm pkoelpeod skhere lkoykburun ckodeo bmle bepmseo
Yeodgul
lkbmoteod.
Xkbuiuod   pkodkgeod nerus cmtkrusgeo sktmcegoye 3;4 ll cm buer eoterluge
Xkbuiuod
seliuodeo.

50
50.5
.55
5 Qkojkpmteo
Qkojkpmteo bep spbems uotug pkrgue
pkrgueteo
teo skmslmg  

Hfotfn ikrmgut lkojkbesgeo cksemo pkrgueteo @YQ ckodeo legsuc uotug lkomodgetgeo
gmokrje skmslmg gfbfl iktfo ikrtubeod yeod lklmbmgm bep spbems cm wmbeyen skocm pbestms. Xm`et
letkrmeb, rmohmeo ceo mo`frlesm tkrgemt bemooye cmsejmgeo pece Seikb 50.55e ceo Delier 50.55.
Gfbfl cmpkrguet ckodeo belmoesm H@YQ yeod lklmbmgm sm`et gflpfsmt yeod tkrheotul pece
Seikb 50.55i ceo cmmget cm skgkbmbmod gfbfl lkodduoegeo tkgomg pkodnelpereo iesen.
(Dbess @YQ)
Lksgmpuo cklmgmeo, @YQ Dkbes (Dbess @YQ) cepet jude cmduoegeo epeimbe cmpkrbugeo.

Xmstkl bmbmteo egnmr cmgktenum lklkrbugeo bmle bepmseo. Oeluo cklmgmeo, vkrm`mgesm gfo`mduresm
egnmr neoye lkbebum pkrnmtuodeo seje. Qkrnmtuodeo ikrmgut mom cepet cmbmnet pece Seikb. 50.55h.

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

554 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

59 C9;
[juod iugeeo C=
Mgeteo pece 813,>ll
051ll
9;,3 ll Gfbfl pkrskdm

Cekren skocm
pbestms

;1>ll
81;ll
cmelktkr
ieteod 91
5;9ll

Gflpfoko
ietes

Delier 50
50.55
.55 Cktemb
Cktemb bep spb ems pece cekren skocm pbestm s

50.55e–Xm`et letkrmeb
Seikb 50.55e letkrmeb gfbf l
Gkgueteo tkgeo iktfo,  ` h‹  94,0 LQe
Lfcubus kbestms iktfo,

 Kh < 3411 '

` h  (Lpe)
9; DQe
bfodmtucmoeb: Guet bkbkn,  `  y 
Subeodeo bfodmtucmoeb: 818 LQe
Lfcubus kbestmsmtes ieje,  K   911 DQe
 s

Subeodeo Bfodmtucmoeb: rkdeodeo 1,115;

bkbkn, λ y 
Smoddm gfbfl cm eotere skocm 8,1; l
pbestms, B 

Jereg tkrnecep
kgstrml, c   tubeodeo termg 845 ll

Seikb 50.55i –Xm`et gflpfsmt yeod cmnesmbgeo fbkn prfcusko

Gktkiebeo tmep bmpeteo, t  `   9 ll
Gkgueteo termg ubtmlmt =>0 LQe
(rupturk stremo)
Ykdeodeo pkhen (rupturk stremo) 1,151
Lfcubus kbestmsmtes,  K  `   =;,> DQe

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

55> cerm

 
 

XOM >=45:9195

50.55h – Sene
Seikb 50.55h  Senepeo
peo cksemo pkojkpmt b ep spbems s kiedem
kiedem pkrgueteo skmslmg
Qrfskcur Nmtuodeo cebel setueo XM
XM  
Beodgen 5–Lkodnmtuod tkdeodeo termg s < 81; ll
yeod lelpu cmnesmbgeo seliuodeo o  < 5
kgsmstmod: (EHM 85>-53 Qeseb 9;.3) Subeodeo bfodmtucmoeb pece imceod ikrpftkosm
(spbmttmod)  
tkrjecm pklikbeneo (spbmttmod)
 hi G tr  
8,88    ` h'  
c
 c i      31 5 45
 ` s < ll ceo LQe G tr  < < =,8 ll  
8c i t k s 81; 5

hi + G tr   (9;
(9;,3 + =,;
,;88 + 59,4) + =,8
31 Etr  < < 9,93  9,;
,;11 
G tr  <   c i 9;,3
so
Xksuem Qkrs. (9;.3.9.8e) cerm EHM 85>-3, ombem cerm
t < k < s < 5,11  
hi + G tr  tmceg ifbkn lkbkimnm 9,;
η<5,11 (iktfo ckodeo ikret ofrleb)
c i

 ` s < 8  ,88 ;1> 5,1   9944,0  9,93

8  9;,3 5,1 5,1 5,1  
< 90
901 LQe  81
1 LQe 818
8 LQe
LQe
Heteteo: Skdeodeo yeod cmnmtuod ` s tmceg lkohepem
 `  y, guet bkbkn tubeodeo bfodmtucmoeb, sknmodde bep
spbems sklehel mtu nerus cmjkpmt.
Beodgen 9–Skdeodeo yeod ikrsksuemeo
 prfv < 91c i < 91  99;;, 3 < ;1> ll  
ckodeo gepesmtes
gepesmtes h eiut seliuodeo

(pubbfut)) seliuodeo:
Gepesmtes heiut (pubbfut
9,4;   `  '
9  , 4;
4;  ;;11>  94, 0
 ` s < c h
(ll ceo LQe)    ` s < < 9>= LQe  
c i  t  k  s 9;,3  5,1  5,1 5,1
9;,3
Beodgen 8–Lk
Lkodnmt
odnmt uod gktkie
gktkiebeo
beo  C < 051 ll (cmlkosm legsmlul pece kbklko
 cmpkrbug eo, t j 
bmbmt eo yeod cmpkrbug pkrskdm peojeod)

 K  `  < =;>11 LQe 

 C
ot  `  < 5;11    LQe ceo ll
K  `  051
051
t  j  < 5;11  < =, 0 ll  
=;.>11
Beodgen 3–LkLkodnmt
odnmt uod julb en bepmseo
bepmseo
yeod cmpkrbug eo, o  t  `  <
 < 9 ll

o < t  j / t  `   o < =,01/9 < bmle bepms

Yeodgul eo cksemo:
Yeodgul
Bepmsm pkoelpeod skhere lkoykburun ckodeo bmle bepmseo lkbmoteod.
Bmbmteo pkodkgeod nerus cmtkrusgeo sktmcegoye sktmoddm bep spbems, eteu sktere ;1> ll.
Lkodduoegeo bmle bepmseo @YQ yeod cmtkotugeo egeo lkodnesmbgeo gepesmtes seliuodeo
skikser 9>= LQe, yeod cmgfotrfb fbkn gepesmtes heiut legsmlul yeod cmnmtuod lkodduoegeo
beodgen gk cue.

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

55= cerm

XOM >=45:9195

50
50.59
.59 Qkrgu
Qkrgu eteo dkskr skmsl mg

Hfotfn ikrmgut mom lkoddeliergeo beodgen utele cebel pkrnmtuodeo julben @YQ yeod
cmpkrbugeo skiedem pkrgueteo dkskr pece gflpfoko iktfo ikrtubeod. Gflpfoko yeod
cmduoegeo pece hfotfn mom cmjkbesgeo cebel Delier 50.59. Xm`et letkrmeb gfbfl cmtuojuggeo
pece Seikb 50.59e, gfo`mduresm pkrgueteo @YQ dkskr cmtuojuggeo cebel Seikb 50.59i, ceo
sm`et letkrmeb belmoesm H@YQ tkrheotul pece Seikb 50.59h. Qkretureo EXHK/XKM 35 cmduoegeo
skiedem steocer pece hfotfn mom. Oeluo, @YQ Dkbes (D@YQ) cepet jude cmduoegeo epeimbe
cmpkrbugeo. Qkrnmtuodeo uotug lkokotugeo @YQ yeod cmpkrbugeo cmtuojuggeo pece Seikb

C5=

310,3 ll
Gfbfl pkrskdm
9;,3 ll

[juod
Mgeteo iugeeo C58ll
pece 813,>
50.59c ikrmgut.
Delier 50
50.59
.59 Cktemb
Cktemb gfb fl yeod tkrskcm e (es-iumbt hfbulo)
hfbulo )
50.59e–Xm`et letkrmeb
Seikb 50.59e letkrmeb gfbf l
Gkgueteo tkgeo iktfo,  ` 
` h‹  94,0 LQe
Lfcubus kbestms iktfo
 Kh < 3411 '
` h  (LQe)  9; DQe

Ieje tubeodeo bfodtucmoeb: guet bkbkn,  `  y  818 LQe

Lfcubus kbestmsmtes ieje,  K s  911 DQe
Ieje tubeodeo bfodmtucmoeb: rkdeodeo bkbkn, λ y  1,115;
Smoddm gfbfl cm eotere skocm pbestms,  B  8,1; l

Jereg tkrnecep tubeodeo termg kgstrml, c   845 ll

Ikieo egsmeb ubtmlmt, Qu  888,09 gO
 Seikb 50.59i –Gfo`mduresm pkrgueteo @YQ dkskr telieneo
Cmlkosm pkoelpeod lmomlul 310 ll
c  `y (cmetur lkbebum cmlkosm pkoelpeod lmomlul) 310 ll
Bkier, w `   918 ll
Jereg spesm, s `  (hegupeo pkoun) 918 ll

Seikb 50.59h –Xm`et gflpfsmt yeod cmnesmbg eo fbkn prfcusko

Gktkiebeo tmep bepmseo, t  `   1,;>3 ll
Gkgueteo termg ubtmlmt,  `  `u* 5149 LQe
Ykdeodeo pkhen, λ `u* 1,15;
Lfcubus kbestms,  K  `   03,8 DQe

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

591 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

Seikb 50.59c –Senepeo pkodueteo dkskr skmslmg

Qrfskcur Nmtuo deo cebel setueo XM
Beodgen < 5–Lkodnmtuod Cerm nesmb eoebmsms L-
L-ϛϛ, ombem gepesmtes lflko
gepesmtes lflko yeod
yeod luodgm o yeod luodgmo tkrjecm eceben  L  pr  < 834 gO-l
tkrjecm cerm kbklko,  L  pr  Heteteo:
5. Cebel pkodduoeeo epbmgesm skmslmg, prfsks
Xksuem Qeseb 58.;.57 cebel cksemo dkskr cmlubem ckodeo pkrnmtuodeo
lkodnmtuod lflko prfieibk
prfieibk,, ombem ϛ < gepesmtes lflko yeod luodgmo tkrjecm tkrjecm cerm
5 ceo ώ `  < 5 cmduoegeo. 
cmduoegeo.  pkoelpeod tkrskiut.
9. Lflko  L  pr  cmnmtuod
 cmnmtuod pece ujuod etes ceo
iewen cerm kbklko.
Beodgen 9–Lklpkrfbkn ombem Gurvetur bkbkn:
gurvetur bkbkn ceo ubtmlmt cerm nesmb  y, `rp < 1,11
,11003 / l  
eoebmsms  L -ϛ 
Gurvetur ubtmlmt:
u, `rp < 1,14
,143 / l  
Beodgen 8–Lkodnmtuod
cegtmbmt es pkrpmoceneo ceo
ceo
`egtfr rkcugsm,  g
g 

Qece gfbfl ckodeo skbuiuod @YQ, Qeojeod skocm pbestms:

peojeod skocm pbestms eceben (Qkrs.
(5)):  B p  < ;1,> + 1,13
,1333  818,3
18,3 5= < 81;
81; ll  

 B p < d + 1,133 ` y c i   Heteteo: Duoegeo hkben legsmlul eotere @YQ
 `  y cebel LQe ceo c i cebel ll ceo ceser gfbfl skikser ;1,> ll.

Qece hfotfn mom:

 B
 Bk``   < < 5;39 ll   Ck`bkgsm bkbkn:
9
;  5;93
1,110;
1,110 5;939
Ck`bkgsm bkbkn ∀y,`rp:  y < < ;,5 ll  
8  51
5111
11
 y , `rp B
9
k`` 
 y , `rp
 < 8   Ck`bkgsm pbestms:
(1, 143 ∙ 1, 110 3)  81; 
Ck`bkgsm pbestms ∀p,`rp:  p , `rp < 81;  5;93 ∙  < 9>, 0 ll  
5111  9 
  B 
 p, `rp < (u ∙  y ) Bp  Bk``  ∙  p   
 9  Cegtmbmtes pkrpmoceneo:
pkrpmoceneo:
 9>,0
Cegtmbmtes pkrpmoceneo β∀:  < 5 + < 0, 4  
;,5
p
 < 5 +     @egtfr rkcugsm:
 y
g  <
 < 1,41
@egtfr rkcugsm dkskr sksuem EXHK/XKM
35

50.59c –Senepeo pkodueteo dkskr skmslmg (beojuteo)

Seikb 50.59c

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

595 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

Qrfskcur   Nmtuodeo cebel setueo XM 

XM 
  97 g < 5, 1
 1x(0-  )
 1,8
,81
9    07 g < 1, 4 +  
3
  07 g < 1, 4

Beodgen 3– Lkodnmtuod d eye Qece hfotfn mom, ckodeo pkodkhuebmeo

dkskr cksemo, P u  tkrnecep deye dklpe, tmceg ece ikieo lkrete
yeod cmikrmgeo pece gflpfoko, sknmodde:

T u < 1,11

Cerm Beodgen 5, gepesmtes lflko yeod

luodgmo tkrjecm eceben :
 L  pr,tfp < L  pr,ift  <
 < 384 gO-l
Gkgueteo dkskr cksemo:

Xksuem EHM 85>-53 Qeseb 5>.4.0:   4 + 384

38
384
P u <  1 < 9>0 gO  
8,1;
 L pr ,tfp + L pr,ift   wu B
P u <    
 B 9
Beodgen ;– Lkodn
 Lkodnmtuod
mtuod gfot rmiusm
eje, P  s 
iktfo, P  h, ceo gfotrm iusm i eje,

Gfotrmiusm iktfo, P h: Gfotrmiusm iktfo tkrnecep gepesmtes dkskr :

Xksuem EHM 85>-53 peseb 5>.4.0.9.5,

ceo gerkoe :
 L  pr , r + L pr  ,b     w  u o  5  
 9
o  9 

P h  < 1    
P h < 1 

Gfotrmiusm ieje P s  Gfotrmiusm ieje tkrnecep gepesmtes dkskr :

P  s < E  `  y c  

 E sn `  845, 34;
845,
 s P s  < 9 59=  818, 3  <=;, 9 gO  
=;
81
81;;
Gfotrmiusm cerm gflimoesm iktfo ceo ieje :

Beodgen 0–Lkodnmtuod deye @YQ

g ( 
(PP    ) 
  h   +P  
s   < 1,41 1+=;,
1+=;,9  < 00,0 gO
(   )   

yeod cmpkrbug eo, P  `   Deye @YQ yeod cmpkrbugeo:

 P u 
 ∙ g (Ph + P s )   9>0 ∙ 00,0 

P  ` , Y <   5,11 
  `  P  ` , Y < < 91
9155,8 gO  
 1,=;
Xksuem EXHK/XKM 35, ombem ϛ < 5,11
Seikb 50.59c –Senepeo pkodueteo dkskr skmslmg (beojuteo)
Qrfskcur   Nmtuodeo cebel setueo XM 
XM 
[otug kbklko yeod tkrbepmsm
skpkounoye, Seikb 55.8
lkrkgflkocesmgeo ombem ώ `  < 1,=; 
1,=; 

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

599 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

Beodgen 4– Lkodnmtuod tkdeodeo

tkdeodeo
k`kgtm`,  `  `k.

[otug kbklko yeod tkrbepmsm

skpkounoye, rkdeodeo k`kgtm` cmnmtuod
lkodduoegeo Qkrs. (55.3.5.5):
Ykdeodeo k`kgtm`:
λ `k  < 1,4;
1,4;H  *
H  K λ `u  ≣  1,113                
λ `k < 1,4;
1,4; Ô 1,=;
1,=; Ô 1,15;
1,15; < 1,55
1,55 ≣ 1,113 
1,113 

  
H  K  < 1,=; 
1,=; 

Gfbfl tkrbkteg cm cekren motkrmfr. Fbkn

gerkoe mtu, sksuem Seikb =.3, cmduoegeo
`egtfr rkcugsm bmodguodeo skikser 1,=;.

Skdeodeo k`kgtm` @YQ cepet cmnmtuod

lkbebum nugul Nffgk:
Skdeodeo k`kgtm`:
   `  
 `  `k  < λ `k K          
 `  `k < 1,113
1,113 Ô 03811 9;4 LQe 
03811 < 9;4
Beodgen >–Lkodnmtuod julben
bepmseo, o `  
Bueseo tmep bepms:
Bues cerm setu bepms uotug kbklko yeod
tkrbepmsm skpkounoye (Qkrs. (55.3e))
984  ll9 
 E `v  < 9Ô1,;>3Ô918 < 984    
eceben:
Deye tmep bepms:
 E `v  < 9t  `  K  `  
(5)310
Gfotrmiusm @YQ dkskr cepet cmnmtuod cerm P  `   < 984  9;4 < 599 gO  
91
918
8
Qkrs. (55-8).
(smo  + hfs  ) c  `v Julben bepms:
P ` < E`v ` `k  
s `  P  ` , Y 915,8
o `v < < < 9 (lmo
(lmoml
mlul
ul))  
P  `  599
Yeodgul eo cksemo: Bmbmtm pkoelpeod kbklko iktfo skpkounoye ckodeo cue bepmseo
Yeodgul
lkbmoteod.
 © IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 
598 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

50
50.58
.58 Qkrgueteo skmsl mg dkskr ceo bkotu r pece cmo cmo d dkskr

Hfotfn mom lkoddeliergeo pkodduoeeo pkrgueteo @YQ uotug lkomodgetgeo gkgueteo dkskr
ceo bkotur cmocmod iktfo geotmbkvkr kgsmstmod. Qkrgueteo dkskr cmpkrfbkn ckodeo lkleseod
@YQ ckodeo eren nfrmzfoteb pece setu smsm cmocmod. Qkrgueteo bkotur cmhepem ckodeo
lkleseod ikikrepe bepmseo @YQ ckodeo eren vkrtmgeb pece gkcue smsm cmocmod yeod ckget
ckodeo ujuod cmocmod. Cktemb pkodeodgureo cerm @YQ ckodeo pfocesm tmceg cmienes pece
iedmeo mom. @YQ Gerifo (H@YQ) cmduoegeo cebel hfotfn mom, skceodgeo @YQ Dkbes (D@YQ)
 jude cepet cmduoegeo
cmduoegeo epeimbe
epeimbe cmiutungeo.
cmiutungeo.

Hfotfn ikrmgut lkoddeiuodgeo

lkoddeiuodgeo cue tenepeo utele ikrmgut mom:
5. Lkokotugeo kgsmstmod  
Lkokotug eo gepesmtes dkskr ceo bkotur cmocmod kgsmstmod 
cmiutungeo  
9. Lkocksemo @YQ uotug lkohepem gkgueteo yeod cmiutungeo 
Cktemb cmocmod iktfo ceo mo`frlesm bemo yeod rkbkveo tkrsejm pece Delier 50.58e ceo Seikb
50.58e. Cmocmod cmesulsmgeo skiedem cmocmod dkskr imese. Cmocmod cmpkrguet ckodeo @YQ
yeod lklmbmgm sm`et gflpfsmt yeod tkrheotul cebel Seikb 50.58i. Ikieo egsmeb ikr`egtfr, Qu,
cmesulsmgeo skikser ;8 gO skiedem telieneo cerm deye betkreb. Qkreutreo EXHK / XKM 35
cmduoegeo skiedem steocer yeod cmduoegeo skiedem ceser rkneimbmtesm.

Hfotfn ikrmgut lkodduoegeo pkockgeteo pkrnmtuodeo leoueb uotug cksemo pkrgueteo @YQ
cmocmod dkskr. Eoebmsms lflko gurvetur pece cmocmod kgsmstmod ceo cmocmod yeod tkben
cmpkriemgm, cmtuojuggeo pece Delier 50.58i, yeod egeo cmduoegeo uotug lkombem gkegureteo
pkockgeteo leoueb. Nesmb vebmcesm nmtuodeo leoueb ckodeo eoebmse lflko gurvetur
lkouojuggeo nesmb yeod hugup iemg. Qkrnmtuodeo cksemo cmtuojuggeo pece Seikb 50.58h.
Bw < 5;11 ll
P u

5;1 ll SKI EB
CMOCMOD IKSFO

@YQ DKXKY
 EYEN XKYES

@YQ @BK^[YEB
 EYEN XKYES

5;11 ll
9;,3 ll
 8111 ll
80>,8 ll 59 59
NFYX PKYS 9;,3
S]Q
ll

@YQ DKXKY
@YQ @BK^[YEB
XSYMQX

QKOELQEOD CMOCMOD KBKPEXM CMOCMOD

Delier 50
50.58
.58e
e Ck
Cktemb
temb cmo cmo d iktfo

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

593 cerm
 

XOM >=45:9195

Gurvetur (5/l)
1   1,119 1,113 1,110

5>1
Gepesmtes Qkoelpeod Yktrfvmt
Lu,@YQ < 393 gO.l
5;1    )
  l
  -
   O
591    g
Gepesmtes Qkoelpeod K gsms
gsms    (
Lu,es iumbt < 50> gO.l   o
=1   k
  l
  f
01    L
Qkoelpeod Cmocmod
YH Y ktrfvmt
ktrfvmt 81
Qkoelpeod Cmocmod
YH Kgsms
1

Delier
Delier 50.5
50.58i
8i Eoebmse lflko gurvetur pece
pece hfotf n cmocmod dkskr 
dkskr  

50.58e– Xm`et ceo gkiutuneo cmocmod dkskr yeod tkben cmieoduo

Seikb 50.58e
Gkgueteo tkgeo iktfo 54,98 LQe
Guet bkbkn tubeodeo bfodmtucmoeb 94;,> LQe
Lfcubus kbestmsmtes ieje 911 DQe
Ykdeodeo bkbkn tubeodeo bfodmtucmoeb 1,1153 ll/ll
Smoddm cmocmod dkskr, n  8111 ll

Qeojeod cmocmod dkskr 5;11 ll

Gktkiebeo cmocmod dkskr 5;1 ll
Qkoubeodeo kgsmstmod cerm cmocmod tkrskiut
t krskiut
Nfrmsfoteb: Subeodeo Of. 8 sktmep 81; ll pece
iedmeo tkoden <?  υt  <
 < 1.115; – 
Pkrtmgeb: Subeodeo Of. 3 sktmep 81; ll pece iedmeo
tkoden <?  υb <  υi < 1.1194
Ikieo ikr`egtfr egsmeb, Qu  ;8,3 gO
Gkiutuneo dkskr ubtmlmt, P u  989 gO
Gkiutuneo lflko ubtmlmt pece ceser cmocmod, L u  83> gO-l
 Esw < bues ieje cerm ieceo <? bues klpet 9
;11 ll  
ieteod tubeodeo Oflfr 3 (setu ieteod
cebel zfoe tkgeo cmeiemgeo)

50.58i – Xm`e
Seikb 50.58i  Xm`ett gflpf smt yeod cmnesmbgeo fbkn prfcusko
Gktkiebeo tmep bepmseo, t  `   1,;4; ll
Skdeodeo termg ubtmlmt,  `  `u  =0;,8 LQe
Ykdeodeo pkhen, λ `u  1,159 ll/ll
Lfcubus kbestmsmtes,  K  `   00,9 DQe 

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

59; cerm

  XOM >=45:9195
 Seikb 50.58h –Se
Senepe
nepeo
o pkrgueteo skmslmg dkskr ceo bkotur p ece cmocmod d kskr
kskr
Qrfskcur Nmtuodeo cebel
cebel setueo XM
Beodgen 5–LkLkodnmtu
odnmtu od gepesmtes
cmocmod kgsmstmod

Gepesmtes dkskr:
Gepesmtes dkskr sksuem EHM 85>:
(1,504  1, >  5;11) 54, 9988
Ph < 9 ` h' t w c `v   P h <
5111  
P h < 593,> gO
1,504iw c ` h'
P h  <  
5111 5;11
45 94;
94;,>  1,> 
 Ev `v c `v P sw < 81;
P sw <    
5111
s
P sw < 44,1 gO

P o  < P h  + P  sw  

P o  < 593.>  gO  + 44.1
593.> gO   gO  
44.1 gO 
P o  < 915.>
915.> gO 
 gO  

Cmduoegeo ombem ϛ < 5,1 uotug dkskr

  
ϛP o < 915,> Pu    < 989
915,> gO 2 P        
989 gO 
gO 
(sksuem EXHK/XKM 35) :

Gepesmtes bkotur:
Lktfck hkpet uotug lkombem gepesmtes
bkotur cmtuojuggeo skiedem ikrmgut.
 Esulsmgeo ienwe sklue iedmeo
ieceo ieje cm cmocmod lkodebelm bkbkn.
Skrlesug sklue tubeodeo bfodmtucmoeb,
gkhuebm uotug setu ieteod yeod  ;11 ll  94
;11
9
94; LQe 
;,> LQe
  + ;8,3 gO
ikrckgeteo ckodeo pkrlugeeo tkgeo,  5111 
yemtu klpet ieteod Of. 3 cepet
e< < >4,5 ll  
 1,>; 54
1,>; LQe 5;
54,, 98 LQe 5;1 ll 
1 ll
cmeoddep bkbkn.  5111

 
 Esw ` y + Qu
e<
1,>; ` h't w
        
c < 4;1
4;1 ll 
ll 
58;,5 gO-l 
 L o < 58;,5

 L o <(E sw `  y +Q u )(c- e 9 ) 

Cm leoe c   <
< Bw /9 
⁃ ϛ L o < 58;,5 gO-l  
gO-l 2 L u < 83> gO-l 

Cmduoegeo ombem ϛ < 5,1 

Cepet cmbmnet ienwe cmocmod tmceg

  
lklmbmgm gepesmtes yeod hugup.
Beodgen 9–Xm`et l etkrmeb @YQ
cksemo
(motkrmfr kxpfsurk)
[otug pepereo motkrmfr (motkrmfr kxpfsurk) cerm
@egtfr rkcugsm bmodguodeo cmelimb cerm @YQ gerifo H@YQ eceben H  K  <
 < 1,=;
Seikb =.3.
Xksuem Qeseb =.3:

*
 `  `u  < H  K  `  `u 

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

590 cerm

XOM >=45:9195
 

Seikb 50.58h –Se

Senepeo
nepeo pkrgueteo
pkrgueteo skmslmg dkskr
dkskr ceo b kotur pece cmocmo d dkskr
(beojuteo)
 Qrfskcur   Nmtuodeo cebel setueo XM XM 
*  `  `u  < =54 LQe 

Beodgen 8–Qk
Qkrgueteo
λ `u  < H  K λ `u

rgueteo b kotur
 
  , 1553 ll/ll 
λ `u < 1 1553

Beodgen 8e–Lk
Lkodnmtuo
odnmtuo d ietes
rkdeodeo dedeb rkgeteo, λ `c  

Neb mom lkrupegeo ietes uotug

rkdeodeo k`kgtm` pece @YQ.

Xksuem Qkrs. (51.9.5.5):

'
 ` h [otug setu bepms λ `c  < 1,11>> 
1,11>> 
 `c < 1, 35  1, = `u (XM)  
oK ` t `  [otug cue bepms λ `c < 1,1109 
1,1109 
bepms λ `c < 1,11;5 
[otug tmde bepms 

Cksemo bkotur lkodduoegeo mtkresm Duoegeo mo`frlesm yeod tkrskcme ikrmgut uotug
uotug lkohepem gkskmlieodeo cm lklieotu lkodesulsmgeo tmoddm suliu oktreb,
skburun iedmeo pkoelpeod. Imeseoye, h 
beodgen pkrtele eceben
lkodesulsmgeo
lkodesulsmg eo tmoddm suliu oktreb h. w `   < 911 ll 
ll 
 
 Esulsmgeo ienwe pkrgueteo bkotur
lkliutungeo tmde bepms strmp ckodeo
       < 8
t  `  < 1,;4; ll 
ll 
0=1 ll9  
 E `  < 0=1
bkier 911ll pece tmep smsm pece ujuod
cmocmod. Esulsmgeo ienwe rkdeodeo
k`kgtm` tkrbkteg pece tmtmg puset bueseo
@YQ. Ckodeo lkodktenum rkdeodeo
k`kgtm` legsmlul pece @YQ, deye @YQ
cepet cmnmtuod 1,>;(0=1)(1,11;5
1,>;(0=1)(1,11;5)(00,911
)(00,911 LQe)
S  `   < < 5=>,1 gO  
5111
S  `  <H  K  E
 E ` λ `c  K 
   `  

(hflprkssmfo ibfhg)
Smoddm ibfg tkgeo (hflprkssmfo ibfhg)
yeod ikrsksuemeo:
ikrsksuemeo:
 Esw ` y + Qu + S `
   e < 544,9
544,9 ll 
ll 
e<
 

1,>; `h't w  

Lkodnmtuod pkrgmreeo tmoddm suliu

oktreb, h:
      
<
e
1,>;
91>,; ll 
< 91>,;

Qkrmgse rkdeodeo skikoeroye pece tmtmg

puset bueseo @YQ ceo gkgueteo yeod
ikrsksuemeo ckodeo @YQ tkrskiut:

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

594 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

Seikb 50.58h –Se

Senepe
nepeo
o pkrgueteo skmslmg dkskr ceo bkotur pece cmocmo d dkskr
(beojuteo)

Qrfskcu r Nmtuo deo cebel setueo XM

Skrbmnet ienwe deye pece @YQ tmceg sksuem

ckodeo esulsm cm eweb. Lksgm cklmgmeo,
 beodgen cm etes lklikrmgeo tmtmg eweb yeod
iemg tkrnecep esulsm ombem h.

Lkodnmtuod rkdeodeo iktfo pece

pkrlugeeo tkgeo kgstrml sksuem Qkrs.
(58.4.9.5e):

   T  `  9 
 h <  `c 
5  `kHD <  `c  5 +  < 1, 1130=  
   hu  
h) ∙ 5   h + 9;,3 ∙ Bw 
 ( Bw
Lkodnmtuod rkdeodeo tubeodeo pece zfoe
tkgeo:
Deye yeod tkrjecm pece @YQ,
S  `  < H  K  E ,
K  `  < 5>9 5 gO 
 E ` λ `cHD  K 

sh <    h  (h ∙ c ')   esulsmgeo h < 911 ll
h

Lkodnmtuod rkdeodeo tubeodeo pece

zfoe termg:

Lkodnmtuod rkdeodeo pece tmtmg puset λh < 1,111>

1,111>  
bueseo @YQ: λh 2λhu  < 1,118 FG  
Lkodnmtuod ubeod gflpfoko deye termg   
tfteb pece tmodget rkdeodeo yeod tkben
cmtkotugeo cm etes:  
λsh < 1,114 

  
cmleoe c”  <  < 9; ll 
λ sh 2 λ y < 1,1153 
Lkodnmtuod ubeod tmoddm ibfg tkgeo ceo
gkcebeleo tkrnecep suliu oktreb:

 st 5 <  h  (809, ; + 9; ∙ 911)  
Begugeo mtkresm selpem lkohepem h
gfovkrdkosm:   
λ st5  < 1,114; 2 λ y  

Ckodeo here yeod sele,

λ st9 < 1,11992
1,11992λλ y 

  
λ st8  < 1,11842λ
1,11842λ y  
λ st3  < 1,11;52λ
1,11;52λ y  
λ `kHD < 1,1134 
1,1134 

S  `  < 5>9,; gO 

gO 

.   
S  sw  < 59;Ô1,1114;Ô911 111+8Ô59;Ô94;,>
111+8Ô59;Ô94;,>
599,9 gO 
< 599,54; gO < 599,9

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

59> cerm

XOM >=45:9195

Seikb 50.58h –Se

Senepeo
nepeo pkrgueteo
pkrgueteo skmslmg dkskr ceo bkotur pece cmocmo d dkskr
(beojuteo)

Qrfskcur Nmtuodeo cebel

cebel setueo XM
Beodgen 8i – Lkodnmtuod rkdeodeo
rkdeodeo c eo e < 508 ll 
gfl pfo ko deye pece iktfo
iktfo , @YQ,
@YQ, ceo h < 5=5,> ll 
ieje tubeodeo

Ombem egnmr cerm gkcebeleo suliu oktreb

Deye pece tubeodeo cebel zfoe tkgeo :
cmpkrfbkn sktkben cmbegugeo mtkresm.
h < 5=5 ll 
e < 509,3 ll 
 λh < 1,11140 2 λhu 
Ykdeodeo ceo deye pece tubeodeo cebel
zfoe termg :         
λ sh < 1,11100
1,11100 2 λ y 

  
H  sh < 59;
59; Ô 1,11100 Ô 911 < 50,;   
50,; gO 
gO 

λ st5  < 1,114> 2 λ y  

Ykdeodeo ceo deye pece @YQ: λ st9  < 1,1199 2 λ y  
λ st8 < 1,1184 2 λ y 
λ st3 < 1,11;5 2 λ y 

Cerm nesmb gksktmlieodeo, deye tkgeo pece

 
S  s5  < 5=,; gO gO 
S  s9  < S  s8  < S  s3 < 83,3> gO 
iktfo:  ΨS  s  < 599,=3 gO gO 

Beodgen 8h – Lkodnmtuod gepesmtes λ `kHD  < 1,1134 

lflko pkoelpeod
pkoelpeod S  `  < 5>9,; gO 

(bkvkr erl)
Lkodnmtuod bkodeo deye (bkvkr
gflpfoko deye yeod ikrikce:
erl) uotug (
H h  <   ΨS  )
Q u  + H  sh  < 839,3 gO 
 ΨS  s  + S  `   +  Q 

Subeodeo tkgeo:
c 5  < h - 9; < 500 ll 

Iktfo tkgeo:
 
e
h-  < 51=,> ll 
9

Subeodeo pkrtele tkrtermg:

9; ll +
ll + 809,; ll - h <5=0,; ll 


Subeodeo gkcue tkrtermg: ;;= ll
Subeodeo gktmde tkrtermg: =95,; ll

Subeodeo gk-klpet tkrtermg: 59>3 ll

⁃ @YQ:
 
 `  9-9; ll < 55>3 ll 
 Bw -h-T 

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

59= cerm

XOM >=45:9195

Seikb 50.58h –Se

Senepe
nepeo
o pkrgueteo skmslmg dkskr ceo bkotur pece cmocmo d dkskr
(beojuteo)

Qrfskcur Nmtuodeo cebel setueo XM 

XM 
Gepesmtes lflko oflmoeb, L o:

Xksuem ckodeo Qeseb 51.9.51, cmduoegeo

⁃
Qu:
 Bw 9-h < ;;= ll 

1,>;  
`egtfr rkcugsm uotug gfotrmiusm @YQ, ώ < 1,>;  L o < 8;8 gO.l 
gO.l 

 L u  < 83> gOl 

ϛ L o < 8;8 gOl ? L    
 L u ∳  FG  
ϛ L o  ? L 
Beodgen gk 3–Qkrgueteo dkskr

Xksuem Qeseb 58.4.8 pece Qkrs. (58.4.9.9i) : Cerm beodgen 5, P *o < 5,1 (915,>+>5,; gO) 

P  `  eceben
 eceben gfotrmiusm @YQ dkskr yeod cmnmtuod
sksuem ckodeo Qeseb 55
  
 Beodgen 3e–Lkodnmtuod P  `  

Gerkoe @YQ neoye tkrcepet pece setu smsm [otug @YQ setu smsm seje
cmocmod, sksuem Qkrs. (58.4.9.9h):  Bk < ;1,; ll
g 5 <1,485
g 9 < 1,=5
Gerkoe @YQ tkrkget gk cmocmod, lege κ v < 1,9
rkdeodeo @YQ k`kgtm` eceben:
λ `k < κ vλ `u ≣ 1,113 
    λ `k < 1,9 Ô 1,153 < 1,119> 
 `  `k < 1,119>
1,119> 
1,119> Ô 00,9 < 1,5>; DQe 
DQe 

Duoegeo Qkrs.
(55.3.5.9c), ceo(55.3.5.9i4), (55.3.5.9h),
(55.3.9.5k) uotug
lkodnmtuod κ v.

Skdeodeo termg ikrsksuemeo ckodeo @YQ:

sksuem EHM 85>-53, Qeseb 55.;.3.9, c  `v  cepet
cmelimb skikser 1,> Bw.
Lkodnmtuod gepesmtes dkskr pece cmocmod
yeod cmpkrguet @YQ ckodeo lkodduoegeo ϛ  @egtfr rkcugsm uotug gfotrmiusm @YQ dkskr,
< 5,1:
Cmesulsmgeo @YQ cmpeseod sktmoddm pkoun
cmocmod ceo tmceg ikrupe strmp cmsgrmt.
c  `v  < 1,> Bw < 5911 ll 
P  `  < 1,4;Ô1,;4;Ô1,119>Ô00,9Ô5911
1,4;Ô1,;4;Ô1,119>Ô00,9Ô5911 < =;,= gO 
gO 
ώ `   < 1,>; 
P `   < >5,; gO 
ώ `  P 

Gepesmtes dkskr pece pkrgueteo cmocmod:

ϛP o < 5,1 918,5 + >5; gO 

        
? P u  < 989 gO 
ϛP o < 9>8,8 gO ? P 
ϛP o ? P u ∳  FG  
 L o  < 8;8 gOꞆl 
Beodgen 3i – Lkodnmtuod dkskr yeod Skdeodeo dkskr yeod ikrsksuemeo ckodeo
sksuem ckodeo gkgueteo
gkgueteo bkotur oflmoeb.
Bmn et i edmeo 58.4.5.
58.4.5.
tkdeodeo bkotur oflmoeb:
⁃
P l ofl  < 8;8 gO Ꞇl 8l<5
8l<554 ,5 gO 
54,5

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

581 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

Seikb 50.58h –Se

Senepeo
nepeo pkrgueteo
pkrgueteo skmslmg dkskr
dkskr ceo b kotur pece cmocm od d kskr
kskr
(beojuteo)

Qrfskcur Nmtuodeo cebel setueo XM  XM 

Heteteo: @YQ skiedem pkoduet dkskr cepet Skdeodeo dkskr cmocmod eceben:
P o  < 9>3,0 gO 
cmfptmlebgeo lkodduoegeo strmp nfrmzfoteb
cerm pece pkoutup pkoun. [otug pkoeneo
58.0.8.5. 
dkskr @YQ, bmnet iedmeo 58.0.8.5. 
 
P o  ≫ P l ofl ∳  FG  

54 Yk`krkosm

Cfgulko gflmtk cmurutgeo ikrcesergeo oflfr ceo tenuo puibmgesm cfgulko cmmgutm ckodeo
pkoubms yeod cmurutgeo sksuem eijec.

 Elkrmheo Hfohrktk
Hfohrktk Mostmtutk (EHM)

 EHM 950.5-53
950.5-53––Hfck Ykqumrklkots `fr Cktkrlmomod @mrk Yksmsteohk f` Hfohrktk eoc Lesfory
Hfostruhtmfo Essklibmks
993.5Y-14–Heusks, Kvebuetmfo, eoc Ykpemr f` Hrehgs mo Hfohrktk Xtruhturks
 EHM 993.5Y-14–
85>-53–Iumbcmod Hfck Ykqumrklkots `fr Xtruhtureb Hfohrktk eoc Hfllkotery
 EHM 85>-53–
803.5Y-14–Dumck `fr Kvebuetmfo f` Hfohrktk Xtruhturks ik`frk Ykneimbmtetmfo
 EHM 803.5Y-14–
80=Y-55–Dumck `fr Xkmslmh Ykneimbmtetmfo f` Kxmstmod Hfohrktk @relk Iumbcmods eoc
 EHM 80=Y-55–
 Hfllkotery
384Y-18–Xtrkodtn Kvebuetmfo f` Kxmstmod Hfohrktk Iumbcmods
 EHM 384Y-18–
331Y-14–Ykpfrt fo @mikr-Ykmo`frhkc Qfbylkr (@YQ) Ykmo`frhklkot `fr Hfohrktk
 EHM 331Y-14–
Xtruhturks
 EHM 331.8Y-59
331.8Y-59––Dumck Skst Lktnfcs `fr @mikr-Ykmo`frhkc
@mikr-Ykmo`frhkc Qfbylkrs (@YQs) `fr Ykmo`frhmod
Ykmo`frhmod fr
Xtrkodtnkomod Hfohrktk Xtruhturks

 EHM 331.4Y-51
Qfbylkr –Dumck
331.4Y-51–
Xystkls `fr tnk Cksmdo
`fr Xtrkodtnkomod
Xtrkodtnkom eoc Hfostruhtmfo
od [orkmo`frhkc f` Kxtkroebby
Lesfory XtruhturksIfockc @mikr-Ykmo`frhkc
@mikr-Ykmo`frhkc
331.>-58–Xpkhm`mhetmf
 EHM 331.>-58– Xpkhm`mhetmfo
o `fr Herifo eoc Dbess @mikr-Ykmo`frhk
@mikr-Ykmo`frhkc
c Qfbylkr (@YQ) Letkrmebs
Leck iy Tkt Beyup `fr Kxtkroeb Xtrkodtnkomod f` Hfohrktk eoc Lesfory Xtruhturks
 EHM ;18.3-=9–
;18.3-=9–Xteocerc Xpkhm`mhetmfo `fr Ykpemrmod
Hfohrktk wmtn Kpfxy Lfrters (Ykepprfvkc iy 9118)
;30Y-53–Dumck tf Hfohrktk Ykpemr
 EHM ;30Y-53–
;09-58–Hfck Ykqumrklkots `fr Kvebuetmfo, Ykpemr, eoc Ykneimbmtetmfo f` Hfohrktk
 EHM ;09-58–
Iumbcmods eoc Hfllkotery

 Elkrmheo Oetmfoeb
Oetmfoeb Xteocercs Mostmtutk (EOXM)

 EOXM Z311.5/Z59=.5-9151
Z311.5/Z59=.5-9151–Nezercfus Tfrgpbehk Hnklmhebs - Nezerc Kvebuetmfo eoc
Xe`kty Cete Xnkkt eoc Qrkheutmfoery Beikbmod Qrkperetmfo

 Elkrmheo Xfhmkty
Xfhmkty f` Hmvmb Kodmo
Kodmokkrs
kkrs (EXHK)
4-51–Lmomlul Cksmdo Bfecs `fr Iumbcmods eoc Ftnkr Xtruhturks
 EXHK 4-51–
35-58–Xkmslmh Ykneimbmtetmfo
 EXHK/XKM 35-58– Ykneimbmtetmfo eoc Yktrf`mt f` Kxmstmod Iumbcmods

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

585 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

 EXSL Motkroetmfoeb
Motkroetmfoeb

 EXSL H5;>8/H5;>8L-58
H5;>8/H5;>8L-58– –Xteocerc Skst Lktnfc `fr Skosmbk Xtrkodtn f` Hfohrktk Xur`ehks
eoc tnk Ifoc Xtrkodtn fr Skosmbk Xtrkodtn f` Hfohrktk Ykpemr eoc Fvkrbey Letkrmeb
Letkrmebs
s iy Cmrkht
Skosmfo (Qubb-f`` Lktnfc)
C03>-50–Skst Lktnfc `fr Ck`bkhtmfo Sklpkreturk f` Qbestmhs [ockr @bkxureb Bfec mo
 EXSL C03>-50–
tnk Kcdkwmsk Qfsmtmfo
 EXSL C0=0-50–
C0=0-50–Xteocerc Skst Lktnfc `fr Hfk``mhmkot f` Bmoker Snkrleb Kxpeosmfo f`
Qbestmhs Iktwkko ‘
Iktwkko ‘81±H
81±H eoc 81±H wmtn e Pmtrkfus Xmbmhe Cmbetflktkr
 EXSL C4=1-5;–
C4=1-5;–Xteocerc Skst Lktnfcs `fr @bkxureb Qrfpkrtmks f` [orkmo`frhkc eoc
Ykmo`frhkc Qbestmhs eoc Kbkhtrmheb Mosubetmod Letkrmebs
C9931-5;–Xteocerc Skst Lktnfc `fr Yuiikr Qrfpkrty–
 EXSL C9931-5;– Qrfpkrty–Curflktkr Nercokss
 EXSL C9;8>-19(9151)
C9;8>-19(9151)––Xteocerc Qrehtmhk `fr @usmfo f` Qfby(Pmoyb Hnbfrmck) (QPH)
Hflpfuocs [smod e Sfrquk Ynkflktkr
C9;>3-55–Xteocerc Skst Lktnfc `fr Mdomtmfo Bfss f` Hurkc Ykmo`frhkc Yksmos
 EXSL C9;>3-55–
C9==1-1=–Xteocerc Skst Lktnfcs `fr Skosmbk, Hflprkssmvk, eoc @bkxureb Hrkkp eoc
 EXSL C9==1-1=–
Hrkkp-Yupturk
Hrkkp-Yupturk f` Qbestmhs
 EXSL C818=/C818=L-53–Xteocerc Skst Lktnfc `fr Skosmbk Qrfpkrtmks f` Qfbylkr Letrmx
C818=/C818=L-53–
Hflpfsmtk Letkrmebs
C8545-5;–Xteocerc Skst Lktnfcs `fr Hfostmtukot Hfotkot f` Hflpfsmtk Letkrmebs
 EXSL C8545-5;–
C835>-5;–Xteocerc Skst Lktnfc `fr Sreosmtmfo Sklpkreturks eoc Kotnebpmks f`
 EXSL C835>-5;–
@usmfo eoc Hrystebbmzetmfo f` Qfbylkrs iy Cm``krkotmeb Xheoomod Hebfrmlktr
 EXSL C834=/C834=L-59
C834=/C834=L-59– –Xteocerc Skst Lktnfc `fr Skosmfo-Skosmfo @etmduk f` Qfbylkr
Letrmx Hflpfsmtk Letkrmebs
 EXSL C3340/C3340L-53
C3340/C3340L-53––Xteocerc Skst Lktnfc `fr @bkxureb Qrfpkrtmks f` @mikr Ykmo`frhkc
Qubtruckc Qbestmh Yfcs
 C491;/C491;L-10(9155))–Xteocerc Skst Lktnfc `fr Skosmbk Qrfpkrtmks f` @mikr
 EXSL C491;/C491;L-10(9155
Ykmo`frhkc Qfbylkr Letrmx Hflpfsmtk Iers
 EXSL C4884/C4884L-59
C4884/C4884L-59– –Xteocerc Skst Lktnfc `fr Skosmbk Hrkkp Yupturk f` @mikr
Ykmo`frhkc Qfbylkr Letrmx Hflpfsmtk Iers
 EXSL C4;99/C4;99L-5; –Xteocerc Skst Lktnfc `fr Qubb-F`` Xtrkodtn `fr @YQ Ifockc tf
C4;99/C4;99L-5;–
Hfohrktk Xuistretk
 EXSL C4;0;/C4;0;L-51(9154)
C4;0;/C4;0;L-51(9154)– –Xteocerc Skst Lktnfc `fr Cktkrlmomod Skosmbk Qrfpkrtmks
f` @mikr Ykmo`frhkc Qfbylkr Letrmx Hflpfsmtks [skc `fr Xtrkodtnkomod f` Hmvmb Xtruhturks
C4050/C4050L-55–Xteocerc Skst Lktnfc `fr Cktkrlmomod Epperkot Fvkrbep Xpbmhk
 EXSL C4050/C4050L-55–
Xnker Xtrkodtn Qrfp-krtmks f` Tkt Bey-[p @mikr-Ykmo`frhkc
@mikr-Ykmo`frhkc Qfbylkr Letrmx Hflpfsmtks [skc
`fr Xtrkodtnkomod Hmvmb Xtruhturks
 EXSL C4054/C4054L-55
C4054/C4054L-55– –Xteocerc Skst Lktnfc `fr Sreosvkrsk Xnker Xtrkodtn f` @mikr-
Ykmo`frhkc Qfbylkr Letrmx Hflpfsmtk Iers
K>3-50–Xteocerc Skst Lktnfc `fr Xur`ehk Iuromod Hnerehtkrmstmhs f` Iumbcmod
 EXSL K>3-50–
Letkrmebs
K89>-58–Xteocerc Skst Lktnfcs `fr Xtrkss Ykbexetmfo Sksts `fr Letkrmebs eoc
 EXSL K89>-58–
Xtruhturks
K>85-53–Xteocerc Skst Lktnfc `fr Bmoker Snkrleb Kxpeosmfo f` Xfbmc Letkrmebs iy
 EXSL K>85-53–
Snkrlflkhneomheb
Snkrlflkhneomheb Eoebysms
 EXSL K58;0-1>(9153)
K58;0-1>(9153)– –Xteocerc Skst Lktnfc `fr Essmdolkot f` tnk Dbess Sreosmtmfo
Sklpkreturks iy Cm``krkotmeb Xheoomod Hebfrmlktry

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

589 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

 EXSL K5031-58 –Xteocerc Skst Lktnfc `fr Essmdolkot f` tnk Dbess Sreosmtmfo Sklpkreturk
K5031-58–
iy Cyoelmh Lkhneomheb Eoebysms
K91=9-58–Skst Lktnfc `fr Cmstfrtmfo Sklpkreturk mo Snrkk-Qfmot Ikocmod iy
 EXSL K91=9-58–
Snkrlflkhneomheb Eoebysms

Hfck f` @kckreb Ykdubetmfos (H@Y)

5;11-915;–Nezercfus Xuisteohks eoc Ertmhbks7 Eclmomstretmfo eoc

H@Y 50 Qert 5;11-915;–
Ko`frhklkot Ykdubetmfos
3=-915;–Sreospfrtetmfo
H@Y 3=-915;–

Motkroetmfoeb Hfck Hfuohmb (MHH)

EH59;(9158)– Ehhkpteohk Hrmtkrme `fr Hfohrktk eoc Ykmo`frhkc eoc [orkmo`frhkc

MHH EH59;(9158)–
Lesfory Xtrkodtnkomod [smod Kxtkroebby Ifockc @mikr-Ykmo`frhkc Qfbylkr (@YQ) Hflpfsmtk
Xystkls

Motkroetmfoeb Hfohrktk Ykpemr Mostmtutk (MHYM)

951.8Y-911=–Dumck `fr [smod Mo-Xmtu Skosmbk Qubb-F`` Sksts tf Kvebuetk Ifoc f`

MHYM 951.8Y-911=–
Hfohrktk Xur`ehk Letkrmebs
851.9Y-9158–Xkbkhtmod eoc Xpkhm`ymod Hfohrktk Xur`ehk Qrkperetmfo `fr Xkebkrs,
MHYM 851.9Y-9158–
Hfetmods, Qfbylkr Fvkrbeys, eoc Hfohrktk Ykpemr

 Eu tn fr kc c fh ulkot
ul kot s

 EEXNSF, 9113, ‒BY@C Irmcdk Cksmdo Xpkhm`mhetmfos,“ tnmrc kcmtmfo, Elkrmheo Essfhmetmfo f`
Xtetk Nmdnwey eoc Sreospfrtetmfo
Sreospfrtetmfo F``mhmebs Tesnmodtfo, CH.
 Emkbbf, L. E.7 Debetm,
Debetm, O.7 eoc Skdfbe
Skdfbe,, B. E., 9115, ‒Ifoc Eoebysms f` Hurvkc Xtruhtureb Hfohrk
Hfohrktk
tk
Kbklkots Xtrkodtnkokc usmod @YQ Letkrmebs,“ @m`tn Motkroetmfoeb Xylpfsmul fo Ofo -Lktebbmh
(@YQ) Ykmo`frhklkot `fr Hfohrktk Xtruhturks (@YQYHX-;), Helirmcdk-Snfles Skb`frc,
Bfocfo, pp. 0>1-0>>.
 Eotfofpfubfs,
 Eotfofpfubfs, H. Q., eoc Srmeote`mbbfu, S. H., 9119, ‒Eoebysms f` @YQ -Xtrkodtnkokc
-Xtrkodtnkokc YH Ikel-
 Hfbulo Jfmots, Jfuroeb f` Hflpfsmtks `fr Hfostruhtmfo, P. 0, Of. 5, pp. 35 ;5. cfm:
51.5105/(EXHK)51=1-190>(9119)0:5(35)
51.5105/(EXHK)51=1-190>(9119)0:5(35)
 Epmhkbbe, @., eoc Mlirfdof, L., 5===, ‒@mrk Qkr`frleohk f` H@YQ -Hflpfsmtks
-Hflpfsmtks [skc `fr
Ykpemrmod eoc Xtrkodtnkomod Hfohrktk,“ Qrfhkkcmods f` tnk ;tn EXHK Letkrmebs Kodm -okkrmod
Kodm -okkrmod
Hfodrkss, Hmohmooetm, FN, pp. 901-900.
 Ercumom, L., eo
eoc
c Oeoom, E., 5==4, ‒Iknevmfr f` Qrk-Hrehgkc
Qrk -Hrehgkc YH Ikels Xtrkodtnkokc wmtn
Herifo @YQ Xnkkts,“ Jfuroeb f` Hflpfsmtks `fr Hfostruhtmfo, P. 5, Of. 9, pp. 08-41.
08 -41. cfm:
51.5105/(EXHK)51=1-190>(5=
51.5105/(EXHK )51=1-190>(5==4)5:9(08)
=4)5:9(08)
Iebself, E.7 Leo`rkcm, D.7 Lfbe, K.7 Okdrf, Q.7 eoc Qrfte, E., 911;, ‒Xkmslmh Ykneimbmtetmfo f`
e @ubb-Xhebk
@ubb-Xhebk YH Xtruhturk usmod D@YQ Belmoetks,“ 4tn Motkroetmfoeb Xylpfsmul fo @mikr - @mikr -
Ykmo`frhkc (@YQ) Qfbylkr Ykmo`frhklkot
Ykmo`frhklkot `fr Hfohrktk Xtruhturks, XQ-981, H. G. Xnmkbc, J. Q.
Iuskb, X. B. Tebgup, eoc C. C. Drklkb, kcs., Elkrmheo Hfohrktk Mostmtutk, @erlmodtfo Nmbbs,
LM, pp. 589;-5833.
589;-5833.
Ieog, B. H., 9110, Hflpfsmtks `fr Hfostruhtmfo: Xtruhtureb Cksmdo wmtn @YQ Letkrmebs, Jfno
Tmbky & Xfos, Nfifgko, OJ, ;01 pp.
Ikberim, E.7 Iek, X.7 Eyfu, E.7 Guhnle, C.7 Lmrlmreo, E.7 eoc Fgkmb, E., 9155, ‒Cksmdo f` @YQ
Xystkls `fr Xtrkodtnkomod Hfohrktk Dmrckrs mo Xnker,“ OHNYQ Ykpfrt 04>, Oetmfoeb
Hffpkretmvk Nmdnwey Ykskerhn Qrfdrel, 581 pp.

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

588 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

Imeohf, P.7 Lfotm, D.7 eoc Ierrfs, J. E. F., 9153, ‒Cksmdo @frlube tf Kvebuetk tnk OXL @YQ
Xtrmps Xnker Xtrkodtn Hfotrmiutmfo tf e YH Ikel,“ Hflpfsmtks. Qert I, Kod mokkrmod,
mokkrmod, P. ;0,
pp.
 =01-=45. cfm: 
cfm:  51.5150/j. hflpfsmtksi.9158.1=.115

Imomhm, I., eoc Fzhkik, D., 9110, ‒Xkmslmh Kvebuetmfo

Kvebuetmfo f` Mo`mbbkc Ykmo`frhkc Hfohrktk @relks
Xtrkodtnkokc wmtn @YQX,“ Qrfhkkcmods f` tnk >tn [.X. Oetmfoeb Hfo`krkohk fo Kertnquegk
Kodmokkrmod,
Kodmokkrmo d, Kertnquegk Kodmokkrmod Ykskerhn Hkotkr, Xeo @reohmshf, HE, 51 pp.
Imsiy, B. E.7 Drkko, L. @.7 eoc Gfcur, P. G. Y., 911;e, ‒@mrk Kocureohk f` @mikr -Ykmo`frhkc
-Ykmo`frhkc
Qfbylkr-Hfo`mokc
Qfbylkr- Hfo`mokc Hfohrktk Hfbulos,“ EHM Xtruhtureb Jfuroeb, P. 519, Of.
519,  Of. 0, Ofv.-Ckh., pp.
>>8->=5.
Imsiy, B. E.7 Drkko, L. @.7 eoc Gfcur, P. G. Y., 911;i, ‒Ykspfosk tf @mrk f` Hfohrktk
Xtruhturks tnet Mohfrpfretk
Mohfrpfretk @YQ,“ Qrfdrkss mo Xtruhtureb Kodmokkrmod eoc Letkrmebs, P. 4, Of.
8, pp. 580-53=. cfm: 
cfm: 51.5119/psk.5=
51.5119/psk.5=>
>
Ifusmes, X.7 Srmeote`mbbfu, S.7 @ercms, L.7 Xpetnms, B.7 eoc F”Ykdeo, I., 9113, ‒@mikr -Ykmo`frhkc
-Ykmo`frhkc
Qfbylkr Yktrf`mttmod f` Ykhteoduber Ykmo`frhkc Hfohrktk Hfbulos wmtn fr wmtnfut Hfrrfsmfo,“
 EHM Xtruhtureb Jfuroeb,
Jfuroeb, P. 515, Of. 3, Juby-Eud.,
Juby-Eud., pp. ;59-;91.
;59-;91.
Ifusskbnel, E., eoc Hneebbeb, F., 9110, ‒Iknevmfr f` Ykmo`frhkc Hfohrktk S -Ikels
S -Ikels
Xtrkodtnkokc mo Xnker wmtn Herifo @mikr-Ykmo`frhkc Qfbylkr –Eo
–Eo Kxpkrmlkoteb Xtucy,“ EHM
Xtruhtureb Jfuroeb, P. 518, Of. 8, Ley-Juok, pp. 88=-834.
Irehhm, J. L.7 Leockr, J. I.7 eoc Ykmonfro, E. L., 5==9e, ‒Xkmslmh Yksmsteohk f` Ykmo`frhkc
Hfohrktk @relk Xtruhturks Cksmdokc foby `fr Drevmty Bfecs: Qert M - Cksmdo eoc Qrfpkrtmks f`
e Fok-Snmrc
Fok-Snmrc Xhebk Lfckb Xtruhturk,“ Skhnomheb Ykpfrt OHKKY -=9-1194,
-=9-1194, Oetmfoeb Hkotkr `fr
Kertnquegk Kodmokkrmod
Kodmokkrmod Ykskerhn, Xtetk [omvkrsmty f` Okw ]frg, X[O], Iu``ebf, Okw ]frg,
5>0 pp.
Irehhm, J. L.7 Leockr, J. I.7 eoc Ykmonfro, E. L., 5==9i, ‒Xkmslmh Yksmsteohk f` Ykmo`frhkc
Hfohrktk @relk Xtruhturks Cksmdokc foby `fr Drevmty Bfecs: Qert MM  ‘  ‘   Kxpkrmlkoteb
Qkr`frleohk eoc Eoebytmheb Xtucy f` Yktrf`mttkc Xtruhtureb Lfckb,“ Skhnomheb Ykpfrt OHKKY -
=9-1185, Oetmfoeb Hkotkr `fr Kertnquegk Kodmokkrmod Ykskerhn, Xtetk [omvkrsmty f` Okw ]frg,
X[O], Iu``ebf, Okw ]frg, 500 pp.
Irehhm, J. L.7 Leockr, J. I.7 eoc Ykmonfro, E. L., 5==9h, ‒Xkmslmh Yksmsteohk f` Ykmo`frhkc
Hfohrktk @relk Xtruhturks Cksmdokc foby `fr Drevmty Bfecs: Qert MMM - Kxpkrmlkoteb
Qkr`frleohk eoc Eoebytmheb Xtucy f` Xtucy f` Xtruhtureb Lfckb,“ Skhnomheb Ykpfrt OHKKY -=9-
-=9-
119=, Oetmfoeb Hkotkr `fr Kertnquegk Kodmokkrmod Ykskerhn, Xtetk [omvkrsmty f` Okw ]frg,
X[O], Iu``ebf, Okw ]frg, 50> pp.
Herky, X. E., eoc Nerrmks, G. E., 911;, ‒Exmeb Iknevmfr eoc Lfckbmod f` Xlebb -,
Xlebb -, Lkcmul-, eoc
Berdk-Xhebk
Berdk- Xhebk Hmrhuber Xkhtmfos Hfo`mokc wmtn H@YQ Jehgkts,“ EHM Xtruhtureb Jfuroeb, P. 519, 
519,  
 Of. 3, Juby-Eud., pp. ;=0-013.
Hneebbeb, F.,
F., eoc Xnenewy, L., 9111, ‒Qkr`frleohk f` @mikr -Ykmo`frhkc
-Ykmo`frhkc Qfbylkr-Treppkc
Ykmo`frhkc Hfohrktk Hfbulo uockr Hflimokc Exmeb-@bkxureb
Exmeb- @bkxureb Bfecmod,“ EHM Xtruhtureb Jfuroeb,
P. =4, Of. 3, Juby-Eud., pp. 0;=-00>.
Hnejks, L.7 Jeousge, S.7 Lkrtz, C.7 Snflsfo, S.7 eoc @mohn, T., 5==;, ‒Xnker Xtrkodtnkomod
f` Ykmo`frhkc Hfohrktk Ikels [smod Kxtkroebby Eppbmkc Hflpfsmtk @eirmhs,“ EHM Xtruhtureb
Jfuroeb, P. =9, Of. 8, Ley-Juok, pp. 9=;-818.
Hnrmstkosko, J. I.7 Dmbstrep, J. L.7 eoc Cfbeo, H. T., 5==0, ‒Hflpfsmtk Letkrmebs
Ykmo`frhklkot f` Kxmsmtmod Lesfory Xtruhturks,“ Jfuroeb f` Erhnmtkhtureb Kodmokkrmod, P. 9, Of.
9, pp. 08-41. cfm: 
cfm:   51.5105/(EXHK)5140-1385(5==0)9:9(08)
Hfohrktk Xfhmkty, 9113, ‒Cksmdo Dumceohk `fr Xtrkodtnkomod Hfohrktk Xtruhturks [smod @mirk
Hflpfsmtk Letkrmebs,“
Letkrmebs,“ Skhnomheb Ykpfrt Of. ;; (SY;;), skhfoc kcmtmfo, Xurrky, [G, 59> pp.
pp.  

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

583 cerm

XOM >=45:9195

Hrflwkbb, J. Y.7 Nerrmks, G. E.7 eoc Xnenrffz, I. L., 9155, ‒Kovmrfolkoteb Cureimbmty f`
Kxtkroebby Ifockc @YQ Letkrmebs Motkockc `fr Ykpemr f` Hfohrktk Xtruhturks,“ Jfuroeb f`
Hfostruhtmfo eoc Iumbcmod Letkrmebs, P. 9;, Of. ;, pp. 9;9>-9;8=. cfm:
51.5150/j.hfoiumbclet.9151.55.1=0

Hurtms, Q. S., 5=>=, ‒@etmduk Iknevmfr f` @mirfus Hflpfsmtk Letkrmebs,“ Jfuroeb f` Xtremo
 Eoebysms, P. 93, Of. 3,
3, pp. 98;-933. cfm
cfm::  51.5938/181=8934P93398;
Ces, X., 9155, ‒Bm`k Hyhbk Essksslkot f` Herifo @mikr-
@mikr-Ykmo`frhkc
Ykmo`frhkc Qfbylkr Hflpfsmtks,“ Snk
Motkroetmfoeb Jfuroeb f` Bm`k Hyhbk Essksslkot, P. 50, Of. 8, pp. 90>-9>9. cfm:
51.5114/s55804-155-1903-z
Ck Bfrkozms, B., eoc Oeoom, E., 9115, ‒Hnerehtkrmze
‒Hnerehtkrmzetmfo
tmfo f` @YQ Yfcs es Oker Xur`ehk Lfuotkc
Ykmo`frhklkot,“ Jfuroeb f` Hflpfsmtks `fr Hfostruhtmfo, P. ;, Of. 9, pp. 553 -595. cfm:
51.5105/(EXHK)51=1-190>(91
51.5105/(EXHK )51=1-190>(9115);:9(553
15);:9(553))
Ck Bfrkozms, B., eoc Skp`krs, Y., 9118, ‒Hflperetmvk Xtucy f` Lfckbs fo Hfo`moklkot f`
Hfohrktk Hybmockrs wmtn @mikr-Ykmo`frhkc
@mikr-Ykmo`frhkc Qfbylkr Hflpfsmtks,“ Jfuroeb f` Hflpfsmtks `fr
Hfostruhtmfo, P. 4, Of. 8, pp. 95=-984. cfm: 
cfm: 51.5105/(EXHK)51=1-190>(9
51.5105/(EXHK)51=1-190>(9118)4:8(95=
118)4:8(95=))
Ck Bfrkozms, B.7 Buocdrko, G.7 eoc Ymzzf, E., 9113, ‒Eohnfredk Bkodtn f` Oker -Xur`ehk-
-Xur`ehk-
Lfuotkc @YQ Iers `fr Hfohrktk Xtrkodtnkomod–
Xtrkodtnkomod–Kxpkrmlkoteb Movkstmdetmfo eoc Oulkrmheb
Lfckbmod,“ EHM Xtruhtureb Jfuroeb, P. 515, Of. 9, Ler.-Epr., pp. 90=-94>.
Cklkrs, L., eoc Okebk, G., 5===, ‒Hfo`moklkot f` Ykmo`frhkc Hfohrktk Hfbulos wmtn @mirk
Ykmo`frhkc Hflpfsmtks Xnkkts–Eo
Xnkkts–Eo Kxpkrmlkoteb Xtucy,“ Heoecmeo Jfuroeb f` Hmvmb
Kodmokkrmod, P. 90, Of. 9, pp. 990-935. cfm: 
cfm: 51.558=/b=>-104
51.558=/b=>-104
Ckomeuc, H., eoc Hnkod, J. J. Y., 9115, ‒Xnker Iknevmfr f` Ykmo`frhkc Hfohrktk S -Ikels
-Ikels wmtn
Kxtkroebby Ifockc @mikr-Ykmo`frhkc
@mikr-Ykmo`frhkc Qfbylkr Xnkkts,“ EHM Xtruhtureb Jfuroeb,P. => , Of. 8,
Ley-Juok, pp. 8>0-8=3.
Ckomeuc, H., eoc Hnkod, J. J. Y., 9118, ‒Ykmo`frhkc Hfohrktk S -Ikels
-Ikels Xtrkodtnkokc mo Xnker
wmtn @mikr Ykmo`frhkc Qfbylkr Xnkkts,“ Jfuroeb f` Hflpfsmtks `fr Hfostruhtmfo, P. 4, Of. 3,
pp. 819-851. cfm: 
cfm: 51.5105/ (EXHK)51=1-190>(9118)4:3(819)
(EXHK)51=1-190>(9118)4:3(819)
Cm Bucfvmhf, L.7 Iebself, E.7 Qrfte, E.7 eoc Leo`rkcm, D., 911>e, ‒Hflperetmvk Essksslkot
f` Xkmslmh Ykneimbmtetmfo Skhnomquks fo e @ubb Xhebk 8-Xtfry
8- Xtfry YH Lflkot @relk Xtruhturk,“
Jfuroeb f` Xtruhtureb Kodmokkrmod eoc Lkhneomhs, P. 9>, Of. 0, pp. 494-434. cfm: 
cfm:   51.59=>=/
skl.911>.9>.0.494
Cm Bucfvmhf, L.7 Leo`rkcm, D.7 Lfbe, K.7 Okdrf, Q.7 eoc Qrfte, E., 911>i, ‒Xkmslmh Iknevmfr f`
e @ubb-Xhebk
@ubb-Xhebk YH Xtruhturk Yktrf`mttkc [smod D@YQ Belmoetks,“ Jfuroeb f` Xtruhtureb
Kodmokkrmod, P. 583, Of. ;, pp. >51->95. cfm: 
cfm:  51.5105/(EXHK)1488-=33;(911>)583:;(>51)
Cfbeo, H. T.7 Seookr, J.7 Lugem, C.7 Nelmbtfo, N. Y.7 eoc Cfudbes, K., 911>, ‒Cksmdo
Dumckbmoks `fr Cureimbmty f` Ifockc H@YQ Ykpemr/Xtrkodtnkomod f` Hfohrktk Ikels,“ OHNYQ
Tki-Foby Cfhulkot 5;;, nttp://fobmokpuis.tri.frd/ fobmokpuis/ohnrp/ohnrpVw5;;.pc`
(ehhksskc Eud. 54, 915;).
Knseom, L. Y., 5==8, ‒Dbess-
‒Dbess-@mikr Ykmo`frhmod Iers,“ Ebtkroetmvk Letkrmebs `fr tnk
Ykmo`frhklkot eoc Qrkstrkssmod f` Hfohrktk, J. B. Hbergk, Ibehgmk Ehecklmh & Qrf`kssmfoeb,
 Bfocfo, pp. 8;-;3.
Kb-Leeccewy, S.7 Hnenrfur, E.7 eoc Xfucgm, G. E., 9110, ‒K``kht f` @mikr -Ykmo`frhkc
Kb-Leeccewy, @mikr -Ykmo`frhkc Qfbylkr
Treps fo Hfrrfsmfo Ehtmvmty eoc Hfohrktk Hrehgmod mo Hnbfrmck-Hfotelmoetkc Hfohrktk
Hybmockrs,“ Jfuroeb f` Hflpfsmtks `fr Hfostruhtmfo, P. 51, Of. 9, pp. 58= -534. cfm: 
cfm:  51.5105/
(EXHK)51=1-190>(9110)51:9(58=)
Kboeikbsy, D., eoc Xeethmfdbu, L., 9113, ‒Xkmslmh Yktrf`mt f` Hmrhuber eoc Xquerk Irmcdk
Hfbulos wmtn H@YQ Jehgkts,“ Ecveohkc Hflpfsmtk Letkrmebs mo Irmcdks eoc Xtruhturks,
Hebdery, EI, Heoece, > pp. (HC-YFL)

© IXO 9195 cer m 5;8 

58; cerm

XOM >=45:9195

Kb-Yk`emk, X. E.7 Esnfur, E. @.7 eoc Derrmty, X. T., 9118, ‒Xeddmod eoc Nfddmod Xtrkodtnkom
Kb-Yk`emk, Xtrkodtnkomod
od
f` Hfotmoufus Ykmo`frhkc Hfohrktk Ikels usmod H@YQ snkkts,“ EHM Xtruhtureb Jfuroeb, P.
511, Of. 3, Juby-Eud., pp. 330-3;8.
Kb-Sewmb, X.7 Fduoh, H.7 Fgkmb, E. L.7 eoc Xnenewy, L., 9115, ‒Xtetmh eoc @etmduk Eoebysks f`
YH Ikels Xtrkodtnkokc wmtn H@YQ Belmoetks,“ Jfuroeb f` Hflpfsmtks `fr Hfostruhtmfo, P.
;, Of. 3, pp. 9;>-904. cfm: 
cfm:  51.5105/ (EXHK)51=1-190>(9115);:3(9;>)
Kodmockomz, L.7 Geno, B. @.7 eoc Zurkmhg, E. N., 911;, ‒Ykpemr eoc Xtrkodtnkomod f` Ykmo`frhkc
Ikel-Hfbulo Jfmots: Xtetk f` tnk Ert,“ EHM Xtruhtureb Jfuroeb, P. 519, Of. 9, Ler.-
Hfohrktk Ikel-Hfbulo
 Epr., pp. 5>4-5=4.
5>4-5=4.
Kodmockomz, L.7 Geno, B. @.7 eoc Zurkmhg, E. N., 911>e, ‒Qrk-5=41
‒Qrk -5=41 YH Hfrokr-Ikel Hfbulo-
Xbei Jfmots: Xkmslmh Eckquehy eoc [pdreceimbmty wmtn H@YQ Hflpfsmtks,“ Qrfhkkcmods f` tnk
@furtkkotn Tfrbc Hfo`krkohk fo Kertnquegk Kodmokkrmod, Ikmjmod, Hnmoe, Fht.
Kodmockomz, L.7 Geno, B. @.7
Kodmockomz, @ .7 eoc Zurkmhg, E. N., 911>i, ‒Qkr`frleohk f` eo YH Hfrokr -Ikel
-Ikel
Hfbulo Jfmot Xkvkrkby Celedkc uockr Imcmrkhtmfoeb Bfecmod eoc Ykneimbmtetkc wmtn @YQ
Hflpfsmtks,“
Hflp fsmtks,“ XQ -9;>,
-9;>, Xkmslmh Xtrkodtnkomod f` Hfohrktk Iumbcmods [smod @YQ Hflpfsmtks,
@erlmodtfo Nmbbs, LM, pp. 5=-80.
Ksnwer, O.7 Mikbb, S. J.7 eoc Oeoom, E., 9118, ‒H@YQ Xtrkodtnkomod f` Hfohrktk Irmcdks wmtn
Hurvkc Xf``mts,“ Motkroetmfoeb Hfo`krkohk Xtruh tureb
tureb @eubts + Ykpemr 9118, L. H. @frck, kc.,
Hfllfowkebtn
Hfllfowke btn Mostmtutk, Bfocfo, 51 pp. (HC-YFL)
( HC-YFL)

Ksnwer, O.7 Oeoom, E.7 eoc Mikbb, S. J., 911;, ‒K``khtmvkokss f` H@YQ Xtrkodtnkomod Fo Hurvkc
Xf``mt YH Ikels,“ Ecveohks mo Xtruhtureb Kodmokkrmod, P. >, Of. 5, pp. ;;-0>. cfm:
51.5901/580=3881;843=014
Kurfhfck >, 911;, ‒Cksmdo f` Xtruhturks `fr Kertnquegk Yksmsteohk, Qert 8: Xtrkodtnkomod
Xtrkodtnkomod eoc
Ykpemr f` Iumbcmods,“ Kurfpkeo Xteocerc KO 5==> -8, -8, Kurfpkeo Hfllmttkk `fr
Xteocercmzetmfo,
Xteocercmzetmfo, Irusskbs, Ikbdmul, >= pp.
@ercms, L. O., eoc Gnebmbm, N., 5=>5, ‒Hfohrktk Koheskc mo @mikrdbess Ykmo`frhkc Qbestmh,“ EHM
Jfuroeb Qrfhkkcmods,
Qrfhkkcmods, P. 4>, Of. 0, Ofv.-Ckh., pp. 331-330.
@kckreb Klkrdkohy Leoedklkot Edkohy, 9110, ‒Skhnomquks
‒Sk hnomquks `fr tnk Xkmslmh Ykneimbmtetmfo
f` Kxmstmod Iumbcmods,“ @KLE-;34,
@KLE-;34, Iumbcmod Xkmslmh Xe`kty Hfuohmb `fr tnk @kckreb Klkrdkohy
Leoedklkot Edkohy, Tesnmodtfo, CH, ;45 pp.
@kckreb Klkrdkohy Leoedklkot Edkohy, 911=, ‒Uueotm`mhetmfo f` Iumbcmod Xkmslmh
Qkr`frleohk @ehtfrs,“ @KLE-Q0=;,
@KLE-Q0=;, Eppbmkc Skhnofbfdy Hfuohmb @KLE Q0=;, Tesnmodtfo,
CH, 395 pp.

@mrlf, J. Q.7 Hfrrkme, J. Y.7 eoc @reoäe, Q., 9159, ‒@mrk Iknevmfur f` Ykmo`frhkc Hfohrktk
Ikels Xtrkodtnkokc wmtn H@YQ Belmoetks: Qrftkhtmfo Xystkls wmtn Mosubetmfo f` tnk
 Eohnfredk Zfoks,“ Hflpfsmtks.
Hflpfsmtks. Qert I, Kodm -okkrmod,
-okkrmod, P. 38, Of. 8, pp. 5;3;-5;;0. cfm:
51.5150/j. hflpfsmtksi.9155.1=.119
hflpfsmtksi.9155.1=.119
@bklmod, H. J., eoc Gmod, D. K. L., 5=04, ‒Snk Ckvkbfp
Ckvkbfplkot
lkot f` Xtruhtureb Ecnksmvks `fr Snrkk
Frmdmoeb [sks mo Xfutn E`rmhe,“ YMBKL Motkroetmfoeb Xylpfsmul, Xyotnktmh Yksmos mo Iumbcmod
Hfostruhtmfo, Qerms, pp. 4;-=9.
@uoegewe, M.7 Xnmlfof, G.7 Teteoeik, S.7 Esece, X.7 eoc [snmjmle, X., 5==4, ‒Kxpkrmlkoteb
Xtucy fo Xnker Xtrkodtnkomod wmtn Hfotmoufus @mikr Ykmo`frhklkot Xnkkt eoc Lktnyb
Lktnehrybetk Yksmfo,“ Snmrc Motkroetmfoeb Xylpfsmul fo Ofo-Lktebbmh
Ofo-Lktebbmh (@YQ) Ykmo`frhklkot
`fr Hfohrktk Xtruhturks (@YQYHX-8), P. 5, Jepeo Hfohrktk Mostmtutk, Sfgyf, Jepeo, pp. 34;-
3>9.