ADMINISTRATIVE CHALLENGES FACED BY SANDWICH PROGRAMME

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Sandwich Programme is a course popular among Nigerian Primary and secondary school
teachers. The programmes offers candidates who are not privileged to pursue full time university
education programme the opportunity to do so. The programmes are usually held during school
breaks and long vacations. This helps basic education teacher seeking to obtain Bachelors
Degree, but are only free during school holidays, to participate at that time.
The programme which provides instructional courses leading to Bachelor Degree in Sciences, Arts
and Social Science also helps update practicing teachers’ knowledge on current development in
their disciplines.

In this era of globalization and technological revolution, education is considered as a first step
for every human activity. It plays a vital role in the development of human capital and is linked
with an individual’s well being and opportunities for better living (Battle & Lewis, 2002). It
ensures the acquisition of knowledge and skills that enable individuals to increase their
productivity and improve their quality of life. This increase in productivity also leads towards new
sources of earning which enhances the economic growth of a country (Saxton, 2000).

The history of sandwich programme cannot be separated from the universities in Nigeria. The
programme was established as an outreach unit to provide pre-service in service and continuing
education for professional teachers and educators. As an instrument for furthering these
objectives, Institutes initiated the sandwich programme.
Perspectives on adult learning have changed dramatically over the decades. Adult learning has
been viewed as a process of being freed from the oppression of being illiterate, a means of
gaining knowledge and skills, a way to satisfy learner needs, and a process of critical self-
reflection that can lead to transformation. The phenomenon of adult learning is complex and
difficult to capture in any one definition (Cranton, 1994). Adult learners are those adults who
engage in learning activities that may promote any sustained change in thinking, values, or
behavior (Cranton, 1992).

Adult learners participate in many types of formal and informal education activities that they
hope will help them function effectively in the changing world around them (Taylor, Marienau, &
Fiddler, 2000) or for the purpose of achieving some personal sense of fulfillment, for bringing
about improvement in their lives, or even for the sake of leisure or recreation (Mott, 2000). Some
of the first studies which examined the reasons adult learners participate in educational
activities of any kind were conducted by Houle (1961) and Johnstone and Rivera (1965). Adult
learners have a different approach to learning. The process of helping adults learn is called
andragogy; Learning in adulthood can be distinguished from childhood in terms of the learner,
the context and to some extent, the learning process (Merriam, 2007). Mezirow and his
associates propose that the process of transformation is set in motion by a disorienting dilemma,
such as a job loss, that may stimulate adults to reflect upon and examine their beliefs. This
critical reflection may lead to reflective discourse with others, expanding adult learners’
historical and cultural understandings of their needs, wants, and interests, which may lead to
new self-knowledge and further opening the door for future learning and development.

Understanding of adult learners have frequently focused on individual learners and psychological
approaches to learning and development, but in the past 20 years, expanded understandings of
learning have recognized broader contexts and structural factors that may impact learning
(Caffarella& Merriam, 2000).
These structural factors include the role race, class, gender, ethnicity, ability, power, and
oppression play in adult education programs and access to learning opportunities. Hansman
(2001) explains that context structures learning through the “interactions among learners, the
tools they use within these interaction, the activities itself formal learning activities in the 12
months prior to the survey: English as a second language (ESL) classes; adult basic education
classes; apprenticeship programs; work related or personal interest courses; and college,
university, and vocational/technical degree or certificate programs (Kienzl, 2008). Other
outcomes of the study showed that 72% of adults with at least a bachelor’s degree participated
in formal education programs, while only 26% of adults with neither a high school diploma nor a
GED credential participated in formal education. Adults with lower education levels also
participated less frequently in work related and personal interest courses, and when they did
participate, they took fewer classes, making it less likely for their participation to result in
upward mobility or potential personal gain (Creighton & Hudson, 2001; Kienzl, 2008; NCES,
2007). The cost of participation in educational opportunities may be an essential barrier for
adults with less education and less than full time employment, as adults employed full time may
have employers who pay for at least some of their educational classes. The desire for greater self
esteem and feelings of self worth also factor into adult participation in formal learning
opportunities, particularly in English as second language and basic skills preparation classes
O’Donnell (2006) found that the majority of English as second language participants reported
having taken English as second language classes to either improve the way that they feel about
themselves (95%) or to make it easier to do things on a day to day basis (93%). He also
established that 78% of adults taking basic skills preparation classes reported doing so to
improve the way they felt about themselves, although 55% viewed the classes as a way to gain
employment with a different employer.

In addition, 45% viewed basic skills classes as the means to gaining a raise or promotion,
28%found the classes helpful for assisting their children with their school work, and 18%engaged
in these classes to qualify for public assistance. These data show that adults recognize education
as a path to advance their economic and personal lives. Barriers that are beyond the individual’s
control are termed external, while barriers that reflect personal attitudes are termed internal
(Merriam, Caffarella, & Baumgartner, 1999)
Challenges are problems or situation that prevent learners from accessing programs, make it
difficult for learners to go to class or make it hard for learners to concentrate and learn. Adult
educators distinguish between perceived barriers and actual barriers to adult learning and form
these into three categories: institutional barriers (practices that exclude or discourage adults),
situational barriers (arising from one’s life situation), and dispositional barriers (attitudes and
perceptions about oneself as learner). If adult learners become motivated, internal barriers to
participation decrease.

Many adults have experienced so much criticism, failure, and discouragement in their youth that
their self confidence and sense of worth are damaged. In a new learning environment, adults
often are anxious, fear failure, and dread rejection by their peer group (Kennedy, 2003). How will
I juggle family, work and school? There are only so many hours in a day. Women, by
characteristic, experience a greater amount of guilt about her student role if she feels it
interrupts her responsibility for maintaining her role within the family. Consequently, if she feels
too much strain during this time, she will ultimately give up school to make things easier (Shields,
1994).

While adult learners who have some academic skills can find learning opportunities to refresh
these skills, those who have very poor literacy skills or who have difficulty communicating in the
language of instruction may not be able to gain easy access to related programs (MacKeracher,
Suart, Potter 2006).

The word Administration has been derived from the Latin words ‘ad’ and ‘ministiare’ which
means to serve. In simple language it means the ‘management of affairs’ or ‘looking after the
people’. In general sense Administration can be defined as the activities of groups co-operating
to accomplish common goals. It is a process of management which is practiced by all kinds of
organisations from the household to the most complex system of the government. According to
L. D. White, Administration was a ‘process common to all group effort, public or private, civil or
military, large scale or small scale’.

Here are some of the challenges adult learners may face:

Time management.
Motivation.
Anxiety
Back to school .
An old dog learning new tricks
Lack of information about the important of learning
Lack of confidence
long years of neglect by the government
Perception of people about adults education, teaching facilitators, funding,the list cannot be
exhausted

Studies have shown that physical activity can increase neural activity in the brain. Exercise
specifically increased executive brain functions such as attention span and working memory.
Adults have a need to be self-directed, deciding for themselves what they want to learn. They
enter into the learning process with a goal in mind and generally take a leadership role in their
learning. The challenge for teachers is to be encouraging to the learner) but also reinforce the
process of learning. The endpoint of learning cannot always occur quickly or on a pre-set
timeline. The reasons most adults enter any learning experience is to create change. This could
encompass a change in
(a) their skill
(b) behavior
(c) knowledge level
(d) even their attitudes about things (Adult Education Centre, 2005). Compared to school-age
children, the major differences in adult learners are in the degree of motivation, the amount of
previous experience, the level of engagement in the learning process, and how the learning is
applied. Each adult brings to the learning experience preconceived thoughts and feelings that
will be influenced by each of these factors. Assessing the level of these traits and the readiness to
learn should be included each time a teaching experience is being planned. Adults have a greater
depth, breadth, and variation in the quality of previous life experiences than younger people
(O’Brien, 2004).

Past educational or work experiences may color or bias the patient’s perceived ideas about how
education will occur. If successfully guided by the health care provider, former experiences can
assist the adult to connect the current learning experience to something learned in the past. This
may also facilitate in making the learning experience more meaningful. However, past
experiences may actually make the task harder if these biases are not recognized as being
present by the teacher. Theory of Educational Productivity by Walberg (1981) determined three
groups of nine factors based on affective, cognitive and behavioral skills for optimization of
learning that is influence by academic performance:
Aptitude (ability, development and motivation);
Instruction (amount and quality); Environment (home, classroom, peers and television) (Roberts,
2007).

It is generally assumed that the learners who showed better or higher performance in the
starting classes of their studies also performed better in future academic years at degree level.
From the last two decades it has been noticed significantly that there is great addition in
research literature and review material relating to indicators of academic achievement with
much emphasis on this dialogue, whether traditional achievement measures of academic
performance are best determinants of future academic gain at university or higher level or
innovative measures. The daily routine of university life brings new sleeping and eating habits,
increased workload, and new responsibilities. They must adjust to being away from home,
perhaps for the first time, and maintain a balance between high level of academic success and a
new social environment. The amount of stress experienced may be influenced by the individual’s
ability to effectively cope with stressful events or situations (Zurilla and Sheedy, 1991).

Keeping in view all these discussions, researchers conducted this study to examine the
administrative challenges facing the sandwich programme.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

An Adult learner has different motives of enrolling into Sandwich Programme. Some enroll in
order for them to continue their study and at the same time working, some enroll in order for
them to be able to take care of their family. These adults are married, unmarried, employed,
unemployed and self employed. They are engage in diverse things that occupy their time, and
many of these learners find it hard to concentrate and learn due to their responsibilities which
must be balanced against the demand of learning, else, adult may have challenges against
participating in learning. Some of these challenges include adult learner lack of motivation,
Anxiety, time management and the problem of going back to school after a long time , lack of
confidence, lack of information about opportunities to learn. In the study ,there is a reduction
especially in Adult Education Departments in universities, the researcher sought to find out the
challenges facing this learner and the reasons for their reduction. This research work therefore
like to look at how learning the challenges of adult learner.

1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The main purpose of this study is to assess learning challenges facing the adults, in specific terms
this study sought to;

1. Determine the effect of time management on adult learners;

2. Establish the effect of lack of motivation on adult learners.

3. Identify the effect of lack of confidence on adult learners.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

i. What are the effects of time management on adult learners?

ii. What are the effect of lack of motivation on adult learners?

iii. What are the effect of lack of confidence on adult learners?

1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

In other to achieve the objectives of this research, the researcher makes the following
hypothesis.

H01: There is no significant difference between Time Management and administrative

challenges of adult learners.
H02: There is no significant difference between lack of motivation and administrative challenges
of adult learners.

H03: There is no significant difference between lack of confidence and administrative challenges
of adult learners.

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study will be helpful to both the adult and the facilitator. It will help the facilitator to
understand the adult and their problems and how to help them design and implement policies
and strategies to improve their challenges and the quality of education by changing the attitudes
of adult towards learning, and improving the teaching procedures.

The facilitator can use the outcome of the study to solve the adult problems; it may also create
awareness among adults about their rights and responsibilities to achieve quality education. The
report will also be a source of reference for other researchers intending to study administrative
challenges facing sandwich students in Nigeria universities.

1.7 SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The study focusing on the administrative challenges facing the sandwich programme , discussing
how the time management affect academic performance of adult learner, how lack of
motivation affect academic performance, and how lack of confidence affect academic
performance.

1.8.DEFINITION OF THE TERMS

Adult: In this research work, an adult is a grown up person who is continuing his or her
education. An adult in this research maybe a married person or an adult that is not married who
is an undergraduate of an institution. Also this adult can be self employed, employed by an
organization or unemployed.

Adult learner: In this research work, adult learners are those adults who engage in learning
activities that may promote any sustained change in thinking, values, or behavior. This adult
learner engaged into learning with different motives
Time Management
Lack of motivation
Lack of confidence
Administrative:
Challenges:
Sandwich programme:
Programme
Learning: In this research work, learning is the permanent change in behavior through
experience. Adult have experience that they apply while learning in other for them to understand
what they are learning; this bring about change in adult learners and when there is a problem in
learning ,we will say that learning barrier has affected learning.

Performance: In this research work, performance is an achievement and accomplishment

representation by action, the performance of a duty. Performance in this research work is simply
how best the learner is able to study to have a good grade in school without been affected by
barriers surrounding such learners.

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW
Nature And Scope of Administrative challenges

Public Administration is a newly emerged discipline compare to other Social Science’s discipline.
Public Administration has gained immense importance since the emergence of Administrative
state. In Ancient Greek, Roman and Indian political system gave more importance to the concept
of Administration. Kautilys’s “Arthasathra” contributed large scale in the administrative system;
it deals every aspect of the state and its relation to subjects. In simple sense Public
Administration is state mechanism. In every Political System administration have significant role.

Meaning of Public Administration

The word Administration has been derived from the Latin words ‘ad’ and ‘ministiare’ which
means to serve. In simple language it means the ‘management of affairs’ or ‘looking after the
people’. In general sense Administration can be defined as the activities of groups co-operating
to accomplish common goals. It is a process of management which is practiced by all kinds of
organisations from the household to the most complex system of the government. According to
L. D. White, Administration was a ‘process common to all group effort, public or private, civil or
military, large scale or small scale’.

Public administration is "centrally concerned with the organization of government policies and
programmes as well as the behavior of officials (usually non-elected) formally responsible for
their conduct. Generally Public Administration has been used in two senses. In the wider sense it
includes all the activities of the government whether falling in the sphere of legislature, executive
or judicial branch of the government, in the narrow sense Public Administration is concerned
with the activities of the executive branch only.
Definitions of Public administration

L D White observes, “Public Administration consist of all those operations having for their
purpose the fulfilment or enforcement of public policy”.
 Pliffner defines It would seem that “Public Administration consists of getting the work of
government done by co-ordinating the efforts of the people so that they can work together to
accomplish their set tasks”.
Prof: Woodrow Wilson defined Public Administration as detailed and systematic execution of
public law; every particular application of general law is an act of administration.
Luther Gullick ‘Public Administration is that part of the science of administration which has to do
with Government and thus concerns itself primarily with the executive branch where the work of
the government is done.
Dwight Waldo, defines Public Administration as ‘the art and science of management as applied
to the affairs of state’.

Nature of Public Administration:

There are two divergent views regarding the nature of the Public administration. These views are
following·
Integral View. According to this view, Public administration is a sum total of all the activities
undertaken in pursuit of and in fulfillment of public policy. These activities include not only
managerial and technical but also manual and clerical. Thus the activities of all persons from top
to bottom constitute administration although they are of varying significance to the running of
administrative machinery. Prof: L D White adopts this view of Public administration. According to
him, Public Administration ‘consists of all those operations having for their purpose the
fulfilment or enforcement of public policy’. This definition covers a multitude of particular
operations, many in fields. Another scholar Marshal E Dimock also shares the same view. He
holds that administration is concerned with the ‘what’ and ‘how’ of government. The ‘what’ is
the subject matter, the technical knowledge of a field which enables the administrator to
perform his tasks. The ‘how’ is the technique of management, the principles according to which
cooperative programmes are carried to success.

Managerial view. According to this view, the works of only those persons who are engaged in the
performance of managerial functions in an organisation constitute administration. In this
managerial view the administration has the functions of planning, programming and organise all
the activities in an organisation so as to achieve the desired ends. Luther Gullick and Herbert
Simon subscribe this view. Gullick says ‘Administration has to do with getting things done; with
the accomplishment of defined objectives’.

These two views are deals the nature of public administration. In simply the nature of Public
Administration deals the execution.

Scope Of Public Administration

In the modern time Public administration have a pivotal role. There are many discussions about
the scope of Public Administration, some scholars are argued that in the Neo-liberal time the
scope of Public administration is very less and Private administration have growing importance.
Some argues that the neo-liberal time the term Public administration has significant one because
the neo liberal state has faced many problems like environmental and technological issues. The
scope of Public administration deals in many ways Public Administration and People. Public
Administration is an organisational effort it needed a close relation to people. In every
Administrative system they have good relation between people and administrative agencies. It
influenced the day to day life of the common people.

Public Administration and Democracy o In a Democratic political system scope of public

administration is related in many ways. It have close link to people and at the same time they are
the watch -dog of the political system. The Modern democratic state gave more important to the
welfarism, In a welfare democracy the effective administration is essential.

There are many other reasons also contribute the scope of Public Administration.
Development of Communication and Technology
The Development of Neo-Liberal State
The concept of Participatory Development
Good Governance. E-
Governance
Environmental concerns
Human rights approach
New Social Movements and State

Evolution And Growth Of Public Administration

The growth of public administration has many facets. As a discipline the term Public
Administration has emerged in the late 19th and beginning of 20th century. American President
Woodrow Wilson contributed very much to the subject of Public Administration, he also known
as the father of Public Administration. As a discipline Public Administration is not very old it is
emerged during the 19th century last. During these years Public Administration has passed
through several phases of development. We can broadly divide the growth of Public
Administration into the following five stages.
Period I 1887 – 1926
Period II 1927 - 1937
Period III 1938 - 1947
Period IV 1948 - 1970
Period V 1971 - continuing

Period I (1887 – 1926) Public Administration Dichotomy: The discipline of Public Administration
was born in the USA. The credit for initiating as an academic study of Public Administration goes
to Woodrow Wilson. He is regarded as the father of the discipline of Public Administration. In his
article entitled “The Study of Administration”, published in 1887, he emphasized the need for
studying Public Administration as a discipline apart from politics. This is known as Principle of
politic administration dichotomy, i.e., a separation of Politics and Administration. Wilson argued
that, “Administration lies outside the proper sphere of politics. According to Frank J.Goodnow,
politics “has to do with the expression of the state will” while administration “has to do with the
execution of these policies.” In short, Goodnow posited the politics-administration dichotomy
and he developed the Wilsonian theme further and greater courage and conviction.

Period II (1927 - 1937) Principles of Administration: The central belief of this period was that
there are certain ‘principles’ of administration and which is the task of the scholars to discover
and applied to increase the efficiency and economy of Public Administration. Scientific
management handled the business of administration becomes a slogan. Administrative
practitioners and business school join hands to mechanistic aspect of management. They claim
that Public Administration is a science. The great depression in the America contributed a lot to
the development. These periods were the golden years of ‘principles’ in the history of Public
Administration. This was also a period when Public Administration commanded a high degree or
respectability and its product were in great demand both in government and business.

Period III (1938 – 1947) Era of challenge: The main theme during this period was the advocacy of
‘Human Relationship Behavioural Approach’ to the study of Public Administration. The idea of
administrative dichotomy was rejected. It was argued that Administration cannot be separated
from politics because its political nature and role, Administration is not only concern with policy
decision but it deals with the policy formulation. Similarly, the principle of Administration was
challenge

Period IV (1947-1970): The mid-1940s theorists challenged Wilson and Gulick. The politics-
administration dichotomy remained the center of criticism. In the 1960s and 1970s, government
itself came under fire as ineffective, inefficient, and largely a wasted effort. There was a call by
citizens for efficient administration to replace ineffective, wasteful bureaucracy. Public
administration would have to distance itself from politics to answer this call and remain
effective. Concurrently, after World War II, the whole concept of public administration expanded
to include policy-making and analysis, thus the study of ‘administrative policy making and
analyses was introduced and enhanced into the government decision-making bodies. Later on,
the human factor became a predominant concern and emphasis in the study of Public
Administration. This period witnessed the development and inclusion of other social sciences
knowledge, predominantly, psychology, anthropology, and sociology, into the study of public
administration. Fritz Morstein Marx with his book ‘The Elements of Public Administration’ (1946),
Paul H. Appleby ‘Policy and Administration’ (1952), Frank Marini ‘Towards a New Public
Administration’ (1971), and others that have contributed positively in these endeavors.

Period V (1971) Continuing:- After the 1970s the evolution of Public Administration has gained
new ways. The emergence of Development Administration, Comparative Public administration
and New Public Administration etc were contributed to the evolution of Public Administration.
The emergence of globalization further contributed to this growth.

Development of Public Administration:-

The term Development administration first coined by(Caffarella& Merriam, 2000), however the
term popularised by F W Riggs, Joseph La Palambara etc. The emergence of welfare state and
the end of colonial era are the two significant factors contributed to the concept. The third world
countries were moved to underdevelopment to development, these countries face many
problems in this time. Development administration is focussed to their administrative problems.

Development administration is process of guiding an organization toward the achievement of

progressive political, economic and social objectives that are authoritatively determined one
manner the other. Development administration is concerned with following matters
1. The formulation and implementation of plans, policies, programmes and projects for national
development.
2. A focussed to the national development; it is ‘action oriented’ and ‘goal oriented’
administrative system.
3. Socio-economic change
4. Time Frame work
5. Client Orientation
6. Goal Orientation and innovation

Significance of Public Administration

In a modern democratic welfare State, the Government has to provide many services for the
welfare of students. It includes the provision of schooling, medical facilities and social security
measures. With the breakdown of joint families, the problem of looking after the old and infants,
orphans and widows comes up. With the slowing of economic activity, the problem of
unemployed youth crops up. The development process brings up many new problems like those
of urban slums and juvenile delinquents. The welfare State has to identify these problems and
devise solutions for them. The formulation of these schemes and their implementation is another
significant function of public administration. The public administration is thus not only a
protector of citizens from external dangers or internal disorders, but has become the greatest
provider of various services. The welfare of the sandwich units depends very much on the way
the public administration functions. No wonder today’s state has been called an “Administrate
State”. Prof. V.V. Donham has rightly said, “if our civilization fails, it will be mainly because of
administration”.

Having known what is public administration and the meaning of sandwich programme,here are
the challenges faced by the sandwich unit:

Adult learning is a hugely beneficial and productive process‚ but it can be very challenging. Part
of the process is to be able to overcome these obstacles and realise that for every challenge we
may face as adults‚ we have an advantage in some other respect.

Here are some of the challenges adult learners may face:

Time management: Adult learners tend to have more responsibilities and existing commitments
such as family‚ friends‚ work and travel times to contend with‚ so the restriction of a class–room
based‚ set lesson time structure is not ideal. It can be difficult to make room for learning and is
absolutely crucial to prioritise. We need efficiency and flexibility. That’s why a college that offers
flexible schedules is a great option for adult learners. Distance learning can give us a quick and
efficient way to help develop the skills we need with support from tutors that understand the
fact that personal obligations might obstruct the learning process.

Lack of Motivation: Adult learners often struggle where the motivation for learning is necessity
rather than interest. It can also be hard when attention is divided between different
responsibilities. It is important to find a course with content that inspires and can be immediately
applicable to our professional needs. The advantage is that as adult learners we feel the need to
take responsibility for our lives and decisions and so have more intrinsic motivation to learn. We
have a rationale for why we need to know how to do certain things.

Anxiety: Many adults return to learning in order to stay ahead in the job market or boost their
career‚ so adult learners are under a lot of pressure‚ from themselves and those dependent on
their expertise. Returning to study can be a big investment in terms of time and money and
because adults are more acutely tuned to learning outcomes and the results they want to
achieve‚ there is more pressure on them to do so. On the other hand‚ adult learners come to the
educational setting with more relevant experience and while the pressure can be greater as a
result‚ having focused goals is often the key to success.

The problem of going back to school: Going back to learning when we’ve had a break can be
hard. Adult learners often feel outside their comfort zones when a number of years have passed‚
or if they didn’t have the best experience before‚ but returning to study doesn’t have to mean
returning to school. For those of us that struggle with classroom learning‚ there are alternatives.
Although balancing study with other commitments can mean slower learning‚ the balance can
lead to more integrative knowledge. Distance learning is a popular method for adult
learners‚ with a vast range of online courses available for gaining additional qualifications.

An old dog learning new tricks: Adult learners tend to be more established in their ways and
more resistant to change. Maturity and profound life experiences influence learning and can lead
to reluctance to accept new ideas‚ which is the enemy of learning. The reality is that aging does
affect learning – adults tend to learn less rapidly with age. However‚ depth of learning increases
and the ability to navigate knowledge and skills to extraordinary personal levels. Adult learners
recognise the direct relevance of learning to their life and are better at learning content that is
oriented towards solving problems; practical knowledge that will improve skills‚ facilitate work
and boost confidence. Moreover‚ learning itself improves the mind‚ so speed of learning does
increase with practice.

Education in any nation and to individuals within it is very important because education remains
a valuable tool for fighting ignorance, disease, squalor and poverty. It is a means to raising
enlightened citizenry who will help in bringing about a prosperous nation. Adult education is
therefore not to be neglected as it had been in the past as its focus is to get adult (who had never
been to school before or those who could not further their education because of one challenge or
the other) to learn and through learning, change their attitudes and behaviours with the hope
that this process of change will affect not only individuals positively but also the nation.
Making frantic efforts to provide well equipped adult education centres, well trained facilitators,
funding the programmes of adult education adequately and adult learner’s willingness to
participate in programmes that would develop them and the communities in which they live will
definitely bring progress to adult education.
Keywords:
Education,
Development,
Self-reliance,
Change,
Participate.

Reference:Website: http://www.legalserviceindia.com

The Elements of Public Administration’ (1946), Paul H. Appleby ‘Policy and Administration’
(1952), Frank Marini ‘Towards a New Public Administration’ (1971),
Caffarella& Merriam, 2000,
Cranton, 1992 ,Mott 2000,Houle 1961,
Saxton, 2000, The theory of Educational productively by Welberg 1981,O' Brien 2004, Robert
2007,Cranton 1994,Mackeracher,Suart,Potter 2006, International journal for learning and
development, https://googleweblight.com/i?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.avadolearning.com
%2Fblog%2Ftop-5- challenges-in-adult-education&geid=NSTNR,

https://www.projecttopics.org/influence-of-learning-barriers-on-academic-performance-of-
sandwich-undergraduate-students.html/amp