Disclaimer ‘The author makes no representations ot ‘warranties with respect tothe conten or use of this text, and specifically disclaims any express ‘or implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for any particular purpose. Further, the author reserves the right to revise thi publication and to make changes in its content at any time, without obligation to notify any person or entity of such revisions or changes. Every effort has been made to make the information in this book as accurate as possible. ‘The author shall have neither Liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damages arising from the information contained in this book, ‘Trademarks!Copyrights ‘The author has made every effort to supply ‘wademarkicopyrigh information about texts used, company names, products, and services ‘mentioned in this text. KEEP IT SIMPLE AND STUDY - MAULTON R.7. CAM! (Cll 1 (87) 33-3168 (oy bak) BOLOLVOLOLE LANANANA: MODULE 1. FUNDAMENTALS OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Information Technology... Characteristics of data and information Data, information and knowledge Information Processing Importance of data and information \Ways of representing data and information 0.36, 37 ‘Types of information sources Characteristics of information sources ‘Tools used in Information Technology History of Information Technology ‘Terms related to telecommunications MODULE 2. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SYSTEMS Information Technology System. ‘Components ofan Information Technology System Hardware components Soltware components System Development Life Cyele (SDLC), Took used in te dire sags of the (SDLC).. Network components. Roles of users Features associated with the ‘components of Information Technology Systems... Types of HCL Cae 170) 85-368 fo a Bok) Zs 16 ot 96 16 = 106MODULE 3. INFORMATION AND PROBLEM-SOLVING Problem-solving Problem-solving process Role of information in the solution of real-life problems Data Flow Diagrams (DFD) Concept of an algorithm Properties of ‘well designed’ algorithms Ways of representing algorithms. ‘Concept of programming INDEX, (Call 1 (87435-3168 Gay book) m2 Ds 13 19 133 139 140 142, 174 120 annnnnanna: i VVUVVVVVOVOUEL Preface IMPORTANT EXAMINATION INFORMATION ‘This text contain valuable information for CNC CAPE Information Technology (Unit 1 exams. The CAPE. Information Technology Syllabus is extensively covered in a simple way. HOW TO USE THIS TEXT “This text is designed for use in preparation of CAPE Information Technology (Unit 1) exams and to provide ‘raining for sixth form stidents who will be sitting extemal exams. College and university students may use this text for reference in some Information Technology Courses. “The suggested procedure for studying each module of this text isa follows: 1, Read the module objectives to understand what you should lear when you finish the modi, 2. Study the body of the module, keeping the objectives in mind as you read 3. Review any concepts that you do not completely ‘understand, Continue to the next module,For Students HOW To STUDY CAPE IT [Ensure that four (4) sessions of four (4) hours are allotted for CAPE IT classes/study per week. Use two (2) sessions ro study Fundamentals of Information ‘Technology which is basically Module 1. Students should use the other two (2) sessions to study (Module 3) Information and Problem-Solving, Your class schedule or study timetable should look like this per week: For Term I (Sept/Oct ~ Des) Sessions Hours Area of Study a 2s Fundamentals of lformation Technology 2 2hrs Information and Problem-solving Call: 1 (876) 433-3163 anytime (to order book) CAPE IT- Moulton R. T. Campbell For Term 2 (Jan ~ Mar) Students should use wo (2) sessions for an SBA (IA) slass or to work on SBA (A), Set deadline forthe completion ofthe IA. Ensure that all IA assignments are assessed by a teacher. A CAPE IT teacher should provide some guidance to students before marking of the IA. Class time should be allocated for discussion of. TA between teacher and student, “Remember an 1A isan internal assessment and should be integrated into elass time. ‘Student should use the other two (2) sessions for Information Technology Systems. Study all of module 2 (Information Technology Systems) step by step ensuing that all objectives ofthe syllabus ae covered indetail, + Call: 1 (876) 433-3163 anytime (to order book) CAPE IT-—Maulton R.T. Campbell‘Your class schedule or study timetable should look like this per week For Term 2 (Jan ~ Mar) Sessions Hours Area of Study 2 2hours SBA Class Meet all deadlines set for student to complete the sections) of the JA ‘Teachers should assess the completed section(s) ofthe 1A ‘& ensure that studen(s) make the necessary corection(s) “Met the final deadline for collection/marking of 1A such as the midale of Fe, 2 2hours Information Technology Systems **Study Module 2(Information Technology Systems) step by step ensuring that all areas are covered. Cal: 1 (876) 433-3163 anytime (to order book) CAPE IT- Maulton R, 7. Campbell For Team 3 (Mar-May) Sessions Hours Area of Study 2 2s tnformation Technology Systems 2 2hws Revision *tudents shoul practise answering CAPE IT questions *Stulent should practise writing CAPE IT exams papers Do a lot of CAPE IT Mock exams under examination condition I 1 (876) 433-3163 anytime (lo order book) CAPE IT —Maulton RT, CampbellCAPE IT Unit 1: Module 1 MODULE t: FUNDAMENTALS OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES Students should be able to: Explain the concept of Information Technology; Describe the relationship between Information Technology and other disciplines in Computing; Explain the characterises of data and information; Distinguish among dats, information and knowledg: Explain information processing; Discuss the importance of data ad informaton; Identify ways of representing dats and information; Discuss varios types of information sources; entity characteristics of information sources; Identify tools used in the entry, retival, processing, storage, presentation, transmission and dissemination of information. Call: 1 (876) 433-3163 anytime (10 onder book) CAPE IT Maulton R. T. Campbell ‘Module 1 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES 15 Justify the tools used in Information Technology; Outline the history of Information Technology: Explain the meaning of terms related to telecommunication Call: 1 (876) 433-3163 anytime (to onder book) CAPE IT Maulton R. T- Campbell16 ModaleL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ‘The concept of Information Technology Information Technology (IT) Information Technology (IT) i the tem used to describe the hardware and sofware that enables a person. to access, retrieve, convert, store, organize, manipulate and present data and information Information Technology also deals with how computers (other devices) and software are used to manage and produce information, Application of 1T Tools for informational purposes IT tools are designed to carryout a variety of functions vital 10 day to day operation in offices, businesses, ‘educational institutions, home, entertainment and you ‘The Information Technology tools are used for informational purposes in the following: ~ IT tools provide for very efficient entering and, ‘editing of information = Most devices such as cell phones, laptops ete are used to acess, retrieve, store or manipulate information, = Networks such asthe Intemet serve informational purposes. IT tools have changed the ways people socialize, cary out researches, entertain and so on Computers ae used in almost all areas of life for informational purposes. IT tools are used in various activities in school, home, business and so Call: | (876) 433-3163 anytime (order book) ‘CAPE IT Mavlton R.'T. Campbell OOQOOINCININCEC EHTS b ‘Module 1 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 17 ‘The relationship hetween Information Technology and other disciplines in Computing ipline ‘Commonalties | Differences Taormation ‘Both deal with | Computing Technology(IT) | the processing | refers to the and Computing| and manipulation | process of of data and using the IT information tools to ‘compute or do some sort of | processing Taformation Both use ‘Com. Sci Technology (IT). | information or | Deals withthe and Computer | required designing and Science (Com. | information building of Sei) B software and ‘development of effective waysto solve computing problems. Whereas 17 deals withthe processing and) ‘manipulation of data and. information Call | (876) 433-5163 anytime (o order book) CAPE IT ~ Maulton R, T. CampbellModule 1 DATA AND INFORMATION 19 18 Module 1 COMPUTING DISCIPLINES Data and information ‘Commonalities Information | Both require Data are unprocessed, unorganised fats such as figures that do not have any meaning and does not Technology(IT) | information rake sense, An example of datum is 52%, 84%, po Batty 42% is relatively useless by itsll It conveys Engineering(SE) ‘with developing information when used in conjunction with another and maintaining data ters, software system and IT does not Information is facts and knowledge that have been Information ~~] Both require [ Computer collected and processed into a meaningfl fon, Technology (IT) | information Engineering (CE) [Example of information is there are 120 people in and Computer ‘als withthe ‘the local football club based on a survey. Engineering(CE) design and development of digital hardware and devices that contain computers Tafommation | Both deal with | Information TTechnology(IT) | information _| system is and Information cconcered with the Systems(IS) information that ‘computer systems and other devices ‘can provide to help ‘a person or an ‘organisation in defining and achieving its goals al; | (876) 433-3163 anytime (to order book) Call: 1 (876) 433-3163 anytime (o order book) BT ica Teese ‘CAPE IT- Maolton RT. Carupbell20. CHARACTERISTICS OF DATA AND IN (Characteristics of Data and Information Data Taformation Unprocessed Data is usally raw facts and figures which are ‘meaningless. Distortion information should be clear-cut and ‘unambiguous. The presentation of information can induce a particular interpretation So aperson has to be carelul not to distort the ‘meaning of information, Unorganised — Data is unrelated piece of| ‘cts and figures ‘which are incomplete Disguise—Information should not be ambiguous and confusing. Information may also be disguised in order to discourage certain interpretations, Diserete- data is usually in separate, vrelated chunks of facts andior figures ‘Completeness information should be complete and not unrelated chunks of separate facts. IF information is not ‘complete, bad decision ‘ean be made Dain aro useless as independent items, Reliability information should be eredible and trustworthy as information is used to make critical decisions. Call: 1 (876) 433-3163 anytime (to order book) CAPE IT- Maulton R. T. Campbell (CHARACTERISTICS OF DATA AND INFORMATION Data Taformation Qualitative (opinion based, subjective)- deseribes data that are deseriptive in nature (cat is, it describes something). For ‘example, Great fan partying Photographs, videos, sound recordings and s0 on, can be considered aualitative data. The opinions of 4333163 people bout an election promise would be qualitative. Quantitative (easurement-based, objective) describes dlata that are ‘numerical in nature (umbers). For ‘example, 4.876 or 433163 people Rainfall urements would Dye quantitative Inconsistency Information should be ‘consistent since the same piece of information can ‘be sed at different level cof an organisation i used to make decision. Ifthe source of information changes or contradicts ftsolf there might be inconsistency. Itis also a sign thatthe information is untrustworthy Information should be consistency since the same piece of information can be used at different level of an ‘organisation. Information Incomprehensibility- information has o be lear and not difficult or impossible to understand or comprehend, Otherwise information will be useless. all: | (876) 433-8163 anytime (to order book) CAPE IT ~ Maalton R. T. Campbell22, CHARACTERISTICS OF DATA AND INFORMATION Data Tnformation ‘Quantitative data can | Subject to also be Diserete or interpretation Continuous: information should Discrete data can only take certain values (like whole numbers) eg. 4 books, 4333163 people Continuous data can take any value (within range) eg. 25.5 ke bbe able to stand up to interpretation Value the information should be important to its covsner. It should be worth something 10 its owner. Information is useful to facilitate problem- solving and decision ‘making and to enable organisations to gain advantage over its competitors. Detailed data inclade | Relevance facts about every information should ‘occurrence of ‘be appropriate and something, ‘meaningful and relevant, and formatted to suit the user's needs Call: 1 (876) 433-3163 anytime (to order book) CAPE IT- Maulton R. T, Campbell Toformation use typical rtsto represent the whole, ‘Confidentialty-Taformation should be trated confidentiality sine it's useful and valuable. Proper security has to be in place to sccure the confidentiality of information. Information has to be accessed by all authorised users ‘and security mechanism has to be inplace to prevent any ‘unauthorised access 9 information, The security of information determines its availabilty to users for problem solving and decision-making. The information must be secured to censure ils confidentiality, “Timeliness: Information necds to be available when itis needed, not some time afterwards. Information needs to be up-to-date, Some information can be valuable one day, and useless the next. canaaannnnnnnnnnnsnennneen ‘Seeurity- Security deals wih the protection of information and security mechanism regulates ‘who has accessed to information. Information must not be viewed by anyone for whom itis nt intended and it should be available to authorised users. Call: | (876) 433-3163 anytime (0 order book) CAPE IT — Maulton R. T. Campbell24 CHARACTERISTICS OF DATA AND INFORMA) Data Taformation ‘Shareability- information should bbe shared easily with other who are in need of such information and should be accessible. Information is needed at different levels ofan organisation “Availability Information should be easily acess by person who which to aeeess the information. information is hard to get, its value suffers and it becomes useless, Lifespan refers to the existence of information for a specific period. There are several factors to bear in mind when considering the lifespan of information, Is the information current or outdated? How frequent is information updated? Cal: 1 (876) 433-3163 anytime (to order book) (CAPE IT- Maulton R.T. Campbell ‘IIARACTERISTICS OF DATA AND INFORMATION 25, Taformation Taformation as ‘commodity information has value thus itis saleable commodity: People sll information and other persons will pay to get information ‘because of ts usefulness and value Format and medium- information may be presented on different media (for example, thumb drive, CD, tape, book, newsletter, email) and ina variety of formas (for example, table, raph, chart, text, Video, audio). Call | (876) 433-3163 anytime (0 order book) CAPE IT ~ Maulton R. T, Campbell >216. Mode 1 NATURE OF INFORMATION Nature of information ‘Types of information system level ofan organisation Exceutive support systems (ESS) Decision Support System (DSS) ‘Management Information System (MIS) Expert Systems (ES) Decision Support Systems (DSS) ‘Tactical Knowledge Work Systems (KWS) rational Office Automation System (OAS) a ‘Transsetion Processing System (TPS) Levels of am organisation ‘Strategie This i the highest level of management. This level determines and reveals the organisational purpose of an organisation in terms of long-term objectives, action plans, and resource allocation priorities. At the strategic level, managers select the businesses the organisation isin, ‘or isto bein; planning forthe long term. Information is ‘generated at this level about the long-term objectives of an ‘organisation ‘The information required will be overall reports such asthe profitability ofthe organisation or of specific segments or regions, future marketing prospects, human resource requirement and curret levels. The information is then summarised Call: | (876) 433-3163 anytime (order book) CAPE IT Maulion R.'T, Campbell Module 2 NATURE OF INFORMATION 27 ‘Tactical Information generated at this level includes information which pertains to or characterised by, planning or manoeuvring forthe short term, Midale management will decide how the resources of the organisation should be employed to achieve the goals seta the lower strategic evel. Information required at this level is usually periodic, one time or what-iExepors. It will be more detailed than at the strategic level but less than the operational level. Operational -At this level, information is used to implement plas or carried out plans base on the information generated in the strategic andthe tactical levels ofthe organisation Supervisors or foremen ensure that specific tasks are planned and properly eased out within a Factory of office. The information must be very Aatailed and elated tothe present operations I | (876) 433-8163 anytime (o order book) CAPE IT ~ Malton R.T. Campbell8 Module 1 STRUCTURE OF IN Structure of information ‘Structured ~structued information is detailed and information that is analyzed, It js based on accurate, factual current data that is generated from the organisation's intemal activities associated with a particular business process such as sales or payroll Information is ordered ina pentcular way Semi-structured -semi-structured information isa mixture of structured and unstructured information I is organised enough fora person to find some deta about a specific topic but not organised enough for a person to go straight to a particular piece of information about a specific topic. Unstructured —unstructred information is highly surnmarised. The data required is historical, current and futuristic (that is, ‘based on what is likely to happen and is therefore subjective), as wel as, imternally and externally generated from arange of processes. Unstructured information docs not have pre-defined form and does nt fit wel into.a model Call: 1 (876) 433-3163 anytime (10 order book) ‘CAPE IT Maulton RT. Campbell DATA, INFORMATION & KNOWLEDGE 29 Differences among data, information and knowledge Data Tnformation | Knowledge Datais Information | Knowledge is unprocessed | is organised | the application facts oF facts that of information, figures which | have been | data and skills is collected acquired ‘unorgani and through processed | experience or ina education, meaningful form. Call: | (876) 433-3163 anytime (o order book) CAPE IT ~ Maulton R. T. Campbell30. Module 1 INFORMATION PROCESSING Information processing refers to the manipulation of data to produce useful information Information processing involves: Input data entry or capture (inpot), Processing (process), (Output presentation and distribution (output ‘There are two types of information processing ‘© Manual Information Processing ‘Automated Information Processing Manual information system isa system whereby humans are required to perform al he tasks involved inthe system, In manual information systems, no mechanical or electronic devices are used to perform any task, all are done manually ‘Components of manual information processing include: CCollect~ gathering the data CCollate~ combining the data gathered ina set format. ‘Analyse examine the data and make it useful Present — pu the data gathered ina useful form in order {o gain meaningful output Disseminate — distribute the output Call: 1 (876) 433-3163 anytime (to onder book) ‘CAPE IT- Maulton RT Carapbell DVULVOOOOOE | “Module | MANUAL INFORMATION PROCESSING 31 ‘Type of manual information systems ‘Manual Library system ‘Manual Student Report System ‘Manual School Record system ‘Manual Registation system Call: 1 (876) 433-3163 anytime (to order book) CAPE IT Maulion RT, Campbell[32 Module AUTOMATED INFORMATION PROCESSING. ‘An automated information processing system is a system that uss information technology tools and facilites, such as a computer anda printer, to transform. raw data ito information. Computerised information systems are much more Aexible than manual ones and alot faster, With a ‘computerised system you could type ina piece of information and, ifthe required information is tored in the system, the information will be provided immediately. ‘Components of automated information processing include: input (data capture or entry) process (for example, analyse, sort, caleulate) Store, retrieve, output (present and disseminate); Call: 1 (876) 433-3163 anytime (to onder book) CAPE IT- Mauiton R. T. Campbell POINT AUTOMATED INFORMATION SYSTEMS 33, ‘Types of automated information systems = Transaetion processing system(TPS) * Manufacturing and production system © Sales and marketing systems = Finance and Accounting systems = Human Resources System = Decision Support System(DSS) = Management Information System(MIS) = Executive Information System (EIS) = Office Automation System(OAS) = Communication Systems Groupware system Expert System ul: 1 (876) 433-3168 anytime (to order book) VAPE FT ~ Maulton R. T. CampbellIMPORTANCE OF DATA AND INFORMATION 35 ‘M_ IMPORTANCE OF DATA AND INFORMATION Just imagine a person who lost a phone with ciical formation or fost a pursc/wallet with vital jnformation. becomes difficult forthe person to ‘operate ashe or she doesnot have the ingredient of information wo analyse and make critical decision. It is the same with organisations tht rely on information to ‘The importance of data and information Information isa key ingredient in decision making Without information critical actions might not be possible to be taken in a timely manner and person ‘or an organisation might miss an opportunity ‘Therefore, quality information needs to be available when necessary, Organisations and individual use information for ‘numerous reasons each day to cary out different tasks and to aid in problem-solving. For instance, schools need information about students, teachers and just about everything in a school is recorded for references to help in making decisions. Accounting details, transaction details, records of ‘who owes an organisation are kept so that a ‘business can operate smoothly. Without proper records, organisation would have to rely on ‘guesswork and not careful analysis and ‘examination of information. If an organisation has poor data processing and record Keeping it could cripple an organisation's productivity if there were no information available orif there were major information lst. Cal: 1 (876) 433-3163 anytime (to order book) Call: 1 (876) 433-3163 anytime (to order book) CAPE IT ~Maulton R. T, Campbell CAPE IT Maulton R. T. Campbell POOHONOOHINOOONISOOOTEST TCT36 Module 1 WAYS OF REPRESENTING DATA. Ways of representing Character is used to represent a letter of the alphabet, symbol, and number String is used to epresent a group of character eg, StuBaT, sweets Numeric is uscd to represent numbers eg 0, 1.9 ‘Aural includes morse eade and musial notes/symbol. Morse eode isa character encoding for transmitting telegraphic information, using standardized Sequences of short and long elements to represent the letters, numerals, punctuation and special characters of a given message. Visual includes the individual frames of a movie, fingerprints ee Call: 1 (876) 433-3163 anytime (to order book) CAPE IT Maulton 8. T. Campbell CONUOONNCHCETT TTT WAY OF REPRESENTING INFORMATION 37 Ways of representing information “Text is springs of characters which are human readable Graphiesare pictues, images and anything that is pot text or sound, ‘Sound includes voioes, music ete Video includes movie, music video etc. ‘Special purpose notations include mathematical, scientific and musical notations ‘Graphical representations include graphs and charts ‘Tables are row and columns of information Call: | (876) 433-3163 anytime (to order book) CAPE IT—Maulton RT. Campbell38 Module 1 TYPES OF INFORMATION SOURCES ‘Types of information sources Taformation [Advantages CD-ROM- | (a) Portable) fa) Limited to compact Accessible person with disk-read “removable devices that can only disc that are read CD-ROM, memory small and can ‘move from one _{(b) Cannot write to device © or erase the anothereasily | content of CD- (storage ROM capacty- Has | permanent storage that ‘permanently stores data and its contents ‘cannot be changed DvDuses fa) Larger storage | (a)Limited to ‘optical dise capacity and | person with storage faster than CD_| devices that can technology _{b) Portable’ —_| read DVD. ‘Accessible (Cannot write to frerase the content of DVD. Call: 1 (876) 433-3163 anytime (to order book) CAPE IT-Maulton R. T. Campbell eee poccccommoneereer tet TYPES OF INFORMATION SOURCES 39 Tnformatio [Advantages [Disadvantages Electronic databases | (@)Accessible- | (a)Databas ae avariety of |e programs organised information | can tkea collections | can be while to of data accessed | Iearnand arangedin | easily inan | can be systematic | organised | confusing ‘way to way. as options ‘make the (b)Updated | varied from search easy | information | database and fast. (©) provide | program to targeted or | program. filler search that alow | (b)Limited vo usersto persons with pinpoint only. | computer or the devices that information | can access they are the internet, interested in. | (e\Credible ~ (@) searching | not all speed is faster | electronic than books | databases (6) Unlike | contain ‘books e- | information database does | tat i fom deteriorate | trustworthy physically. | sources. Call: | (876) 433-3163 anytime (to ander book) ‘CAPE IT ~ Maulton RT. Campbellt Module | INFORMATION SOURCES a 40 Module 1 TYPES OF INFORMATION SOURCES i. v 3 [aformatos [Advantages | Disadvantages oc eee a) Elicit —[eyLimtato Eiseaiens [Aisin | Daaaes]l Time | acetic: |ovenvan count “| oe Cee aaa recat | @)Couly dae websites | (Providesa vast_—_| (0 Infomation peer tee | Geert moomtor ight not be (cree | © Disecton eae Shoimly [ache (h)Costly in (d@) Upsto- ‘temptation to inten widely | em of hemet @ a (b)Freely available | fees and phone information | instead of use {Spey sce ines © © an online wranthesppopiae | compare to Seoiity |i ie books ttre oe a a provide ‘one off cost. time: quick Seiten te reese oe ouphibeur ot | peom wl ee Exe Pee ween (urinal oper = information internet ae Caiaag —| hepsi | poutine Mapeines |(@)lerpauive | (ome me oe mee source of not scholarly (credible: | be unreliable information. ((b) Information provide ‘in some cases. (b) Offer analysis of | can be biased organised {(b)Limited to een pone | are uct” | Welafomaton @oterteut | romace aul eva current events news | particular information. | particular issue to eal emp ’ Macaig Cat 1 (67) 43-3165 angie oder bo) Cat 1 (876) 43-363 anytime tw ade book) CADET Moston Campbell CAPEIT Magton RT Campoe42 Madule | TYPES OF INFORMATION SOURCES Tnformation Sources Journal isthe ame given a periodical that is scholarly in nature, “Antcles are ‘written by researchers oF academics, ‘Aavantages 0) Provide details ofthe latest research and development (6) Are published ona regular basis 6) Wiriten by and {or experts ina field (@) Are peer reviewed which ‘means the anicles areevaluated and reviewed by other experts before publiction| (@) May be bias-it is essential 0 ‘evaluate information in journals, including (b) Costly (6) Long time delays from ‘submission to publication of articles (© Difficult index and reference, Call: 1 (876) 433-3163 anytime (to order book) CAPE IT Maulton R, T. Campbell a escnnneeeeoe Typ (SOF INFORMATION SOURCES. Tnformation [Advantages | Disadvantages (aiiemation |) Ow oF te Newspaper |thatis very | rapidly current, (6) bias and mean (easly of speading accessible and | propaganda (e)echeap Wikisisa | (a)Weathof | (a)Not reliable as ‘website whose | information is | information sources vwerscanadd, | available say not be readily modify, or delete Easily avaiable itseontent viaa | accessible | (S)Limited to web browser | (b)easy to use, | person with ntemet vsinga ceditand team | acess simplified (Anyone can edit marks the information so Tangvage ors information might ricvtext editor not be credible Blogs web | (Weak of | (2)Not reliable as log isa information's | information may personal available not be credible joural (Wary of | yLimitedto Published on | topic person with {he World | (e)Easity Intemet acess Wide Web | accessible consisting of posted eres Aisplayed with the most teen post fi Call: | (876) 433-3163 anytime (to order book) CAPE IT ~ Maultoa R. T, Campbell44 Module 1 TYPES OF INFORMATION SOURCES Taformation | Advantages Disadvantages ‘Books {Gite sources of | (a) Mearrency information on | is important - anissue The (©) May provide a | information ‘geod overview | contained in of atopic | books atthe (©) Books vary | time of considerably in | publication is the complexity | rarcly less and reliability of | than 12 information they | months old (b)Limited information (6) Outdated easily People WEsily (@) Subjective accessible and opinionated (byfirsthand thus maybe bias information, direct | (e)Not credible from the source (6) information can be clarified and explain Call: 1 (876) 433-3163 anytime (to order book) CAPE IT- Maulton R, T. Campbell (CHARACTERISTICS OF INFORMATION SOURCES 45 (Characteristics of information sources Availabilty - Information may be available or “unavailable to users who wish to use itt solve a problem depending on the source. How easily cana person access a picoe of information need to solve a problent? Information needs to be available when it's needed, not some ime afterwards ‘Cost - The vost for research may be expensive depending on the source whichis used for collecting Saformation. The internet service provider charges per minute rate to users who accoss the internet. Other research cost may be reasonable cheap such asthe newspapers, libraries, television and radio. Curreney - Currency of information may determine ‘how frequent such information i published. Is the informatica updated, relevant and current? Some information can be valuable one day, and useless the I | (876) 433-3163 anytime (to order book) (APE TT Maulion R. T. Campbell46 ote CHAKACTERISTICS OF INFORMATION SOLRCES ‘The amount of detail - The amount of detail gives the full and in-depth description ‘of information to solve a problem. To be Valuable information should be unbiased, representative and verifiable, Information can be presented in different ways. Some ways may be meaningful and relevant, and formated to suit the user's needs. If information is not relevant tothe recipient, itis worthless. Information is not universally valuable: itis valuable only to a person who needs it and can use it ‘The breadth of coverage - The breadth of ‘coverage is that the information should cover all the aspects of the solution ta the problem. If information is not complete, bad decision can be made. You'd need the information summarised or aggregated to be ‘of any use to you.meaningful and relevant, formatted to suit the user's needs Format and medium is the appearance and standard of how the information is presented. It may be presented on diferent media (for example, diskette, CD, tape, book, newsletter, emai) and in a variety of| formats (for example, table, raph, chart, text, video, audio) Call: 1 (876) 433-3163 anytime (10 order book) (CAPE IT- Maulion R. T. Campbell ear e rere ree reitt (CHARACTERISTICS OF INFORMATION SOURCES 47 - Reliability determines how consistent and aveurate data is. The accuracy of information refers to the credibility and preciseness of the information. It rakes sense that accurate information isthe best kind ‘of information. Beware when you ae searching for information... especially on the Intemet. Any old idiot can say anything he or she likes. You must judge each, picee of information based on 1) What you already know ii) The reputation ofthe information source (have they usually been accurate in the past?) if) Has the information been checked by others? (books are carefully edited by experts, webpages might not be) iv) Is the author biased? (Do they work fr the company ‘who makes the product they re praising? Are they prejudiced?) \) Is the information up-to-date (timely)? Are you buying a computer with a 1998 magarine ad? Referred and non-refereed is information that ‘mediates or non-relates to computer-based problem solving. Reference works are those resources that you. only want to "refer to a small section of the work, ther find a quick fat, oft get a general overview ‘of an issue, The information sources found inthe reference collection vary widely, but here are some common ones. scholarly joumal is usually writen by and for experts ina field. Many scholarly journals are peer reviewed - which means the articles are evaluated nd reviewed by other experts before publication and can be relied upon to be of high quality Call: | (876) 433-3163 anytime (to order book) CAPE IT Maulton R.T, Campbell48 HARDWARE, SOFTWARE AND COMMUNICATION TOO1 Tools used in the entry, retrieval, processing, storage, presentation, transmission and dissemination of information Cellular phones- can be used to access the internet, store, ‘transmit and process information. Phones can cary other several functions, suchas listening to radio, watching TV, videos, taking photos, socal interaction et. Advantage ‘© Has. lot of useful features such as cameras, internet, games and so on ‘© Portable and accessible in areas that are remote and where the terrain does not lend itself o other form of ‘© No distance imitation Disadvantages "© Costly to buy a phone and keep up with hone charges ‘+ Health concerns such as eancer because ‘of exposute to phone signals. People use the phone while they are driving, ean ‘cause problems such as acidents ‘= Sometimes the reception is poor in some areas, limiting connectivity (phones can ‘not be used underground or on planes). ‘Limit face o face conversation © Phone signals can interfeeldiseup other signal from critical equipment being used Call: 1 (876) 433-3163 anytime (o order book) ‘CAPE IT Maulton R.T. Campbell PAARL vu VULELY OCC NaNO ARE SOFWARE AND COMMUNICATION TOOLS 49 Computer (laptop) isthe taditonal roo! used in the entry, retrieval, processing, slorge, presentation, ttansmission and dissemination of information Advantage Enable global communication via the use of «email, facebook and so on Facilitate rescarches-allow persons to look up information directly, instead of searching through books. + Back-up copies of work can be made easily, without having to re-write everything. + People ean work from home, and spend more ‘ime with thei families because of computers and IT tools. + People with disabilities can use computer and IT tools to work or carry out daily routine, Disadvantages ‘+ Violation of privacy, , health risks ‘© Computers impact on the labour foree and on the environment, People lose their jobs where cases ‘computes are used to cary tasks normally done by individual. The hardware pars of computer not easily disposal and can have a serious effect ‘nthe environment. ‘+ Promote lack of social skills People sometimes spend all ther time secluded (separate) in ‘hits rooms on the computer and have less fae to face human interaction all | (876) 433-3163 anytime (10 order book) CAPE IT ~ Maulton RT. Campbell50) uanDWaRs, SOFTWARE AND COMMUMEATION T0018 ‘Search engine isa program that scarches documents, especially onthe World Wide ‘Web, fora specified word or words and provides alist of documents in which they are found. Browser is an application software for accessing, retrieving, presenting and searching for information on the Internet, Examples of ‘browser are: Mozilla's firefox, Mac Safar, Microsoft’ Intemet Explorer, Opera, Google Chrome ‘© Allow users to customize search ‘© Has recovery features ‘© Very efficients targeted search allows users to search exactly on the criteria they are interested in. Loeate information very quickly and response in less time than searching through books. ‘Present information in an organised and standard format, Disadvantages © Vulnerable to problems ‘© Users will need to have access to device wih browser and internet connectivity. ‘+ Can be confusing and present too ‘much unselated information, ety and security Cal: 1 (876) 433-3163 anytime (to order book) (CAPE IT-Maulton R. T. Campbell UULCOSERaCS ae dobbadunbadchbin) Kwai, SOFTWARE AND COMMUNICATION OLS SL ‘Communication software provides acess 10 \devicenenwork (eg interne) and enables the exchange of files and messages in text, audio and/or video format between diferent devices. ‘Communication software includes emul software, wireless communication, broadcast software, telephony system, intemet software tc. On-line services reer to services that provide real-time input end response (that is a person is able to get an immediate response or interact on- lino in rea ime) Advantage © Accessible ‘+ Provide easy and fast service ‘+ Business can be done electronically at any time if accessibility is facto. Disadvantages ‘+ Safety and security concems-If you use the Internet, your personal information such as ‘your name, addres, et. can be accessed by ‘other people. Ifyou use a creditcard to shop ‘online, then your credit card information can Als be ‘stolen’. ‘© Exposure to unsolicited e-mails in bulk, which serve no purpose and unnecessarily clog up the entire system, Cal: 1 (876) 433-3163 anytime (to order book) CAPE IT Maulton R.T. Campbell‘52. Module 1 naxowane, sorrwanr ayo covMmesiext10N 100 Files Transfer Protocol (Ftp) fcilitates the transfer of files between a device and servers ‘connected tothe intemet. FTP is commonly used to ‘download a file from a server using the internet or to upload a file ta server (e¢, uploading a photo filet a facebook’s server) Advantages "© One ofthe fastest ways to get large files fom one device to anather. FTP allows you to transfer files back and forth ‘+ It's also efficient because you don't need to complete many operations to et the entire file or files transferred, Disadvantages ‘© Security eoncems- unauthorised sccessing of information during file transfer Call: 1 (876) 433-3163 anytime (to order book) CAPE IT- Maulton R, T. Campbell ‘ ) HAKOWARESOFTWANE ANDCONMLNICATION TOOLS 53 sUU Usenet is a collection of user-submitted notes or _messages on various subjects that are posted to servers on a worldwide network. Each subject colletion of posted nates is known as a ‘newsgroup, USEr NET provides a public access network on the Internet that provides group dliscussions and group e-mail Advantages ‘© Most files are archived ‘© Offers. wide variety and quantity of information resources ‘© Precisely describe the information that a person sock because ofthe capacities of search engines ‘+ Organised information 2 Disadvantages ‘© Limited to persons with devices that suppor the internet ‘© Safety and security concems all | (876) 433-5163 anytime (o order book) “CAPE IT = Maulton R. T. CampbeltInternet relay chat (IRC) is» peotoeol for real ‘ime Intemetfext messaging (chat) which allows «wo or more persons converse with each oe at ‘he same ime by typing messages back and ‘34 Module 1 usnoware,Sor1WARF AND COMMUNICATION OO Advantage ‘© Real ime conversation with someone any where around the world. ‘= interact directly- on-line conversations Disadvantages ‘+ Prone tobe exposed to undesirable persons such as hackers, paedophile and so ‘© Unlike emai, chat offers no record of the transaction. Ifyou say something profound, i will nt be automatically reconded ‘+ Privacy: not private as everyone ina particular chat room can see a person's conversation, ‘Chat requires that both parties be using Intemet connected computers at the same time, ‘+ ability to wack people via IP addresses and GPS location Call: | (876) 433-3163 anytime (to order book) ‘CAPE IT- Maulton R.T, Campbell ROC o HARDWARE, SOFTWARE AND COMMUNICATION TOOLS. $5 (Message board (tert forum) is an online discussion site where people can hold conversations in the form of posted messages. They differ from chat rooms in that messages are at least temporarily archived, Also, depending on the acces level of user or the forum sel-up, a posted message might need tobe approved by a moderator before it becomes visible, Advantages + anyone ean post or read messages © Enable fast communication © Accessible Disadvantages + Limited to persons withthe intemet and supporting devices. Call: 1 (876) 433-3163 anytime (to onder book) CAPE IT ~ Maulton 8. Campbell‘56 TOOLS USED IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Telnet isa network protocol used onthe internet or local area networks to provide a bidirectional interactive text-oriented communication facility using a virtual termine, Advantages ‘© Many services and most library eaalogs fon the Internet remain accessible today ‘only via the telnet connection, Disadvantages ‘+ Its primitive look and feel when compared to more modern web browser, ‘© Problems with printing and saving Cal: 1 (876) 433-3163 anytime (to order book) CAPE IT-Maulton R. T. Campbell ‘TOOLS USED IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 57 Newsgroups A newsgroup isa discussion about 2 particular subject consisting of notes written to a central Internet site and redistributed through Usenet, a ‘worldwide network of news discussion groups. Advantages + Anyone can reac or post to a newsgroup + Structured and organised * They ate also easier to find, and more likely 0 have a moderator Disadvantages © Newsgroups are not as quick as mang ists or email. 1 will almost always take a day or to to get a response + Credible not everything ona newsgroup is teu 1+ ‘There is very little control ofthe content that i posted in some newsgroup. Call: | (876) 433-3163 anytime (to order book) CAPE IT Maulton RT, Campbell‘58 TOOLS USED IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ‘Malling lst is collection of names and addresses of individuals or organisations to which information can be sent asa group. I also refers to a group of subseribers to particular individual or organisation, Advantages © Eifcien and fast as its organised and provide fast retrieval © casy and inexpensive to set up and © Convenient * Simpify the process of ‘communicating to @ group of people ‘with similar interests via email Disadvantages "+ Limited to persons with device ‘with mailing list + Ifyou belong toa very active list, orto many list, you could casly pile up several hundred ‘messages in a day. ‘© Theres absolutely no central control of mailing ists, ‘© lis impossible to know which railing lists are available, There ‘sno organizational scheme or structure to them, Itean be Aificult finding exactly the list, you want Call: 1 (876) 433-3163 anytime (to onder book) CAPE IT-Maulton R. T; Campbell AOU AAA DO {OOLS USED IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 5? Internet telephony also called (Voice Over IP (VoIP) means a way to tum analog voice data into digital data for teansmission over the Internet. Intemet telephony uses the Internet rather than the traditional telephone company infrastructure and rate structure to exchange spoken or other telephone information, Advantages + Cheaper phone call rates compare to traditional telephone service, Itis cost savings. © Portability ofa phone number-A VoIP phone ‘number, unlike traditional phone number, is ‘completely portable and can provide a person with one global number, + Provide integrated communication such as ‘Audio conferencing & Video conferencing, ‘Voice messages sent to an email shaving photos while taking and many more. Disadvantages + Power Supply Dependency- VoIP service will be dependent on your power supply. No power, ‘no phone calls. ‘+ Security concems ad unauthorised person can ‘eavesdrop clectconically on VoIP conversations ‘without affecting the call Gal 1 (876) 433-3163 anytime Qo order book) GAPE T= Moulton RT. Campbell60, Module 1 stony oF contri Hanon: & SOFTWARE Brief history of computer hardware and software Abacus-probably the first counting machine First mechanical caleulator- Tn 1623 Wilhelm Schickard built the first mechanical ealeuator ‘The Pascaline- In 1642 Blaise Pascal invented the numerical wheel calculator called the Pacaline, the first, accurate mechanical calculator. ‘The Difference Engine and the Analytical Engine- ‘Charles Babbage invented the Difference Engine and the Analytical Engine during the 1830s. Charles Babbage contibuted tothe basic design of the computer through his Analytical Machine. The Analytical Machine has parts remarkably similar to modern-day computers. These parts are The "stro" is similae to storage ‘The "mill is similar to process Punch cards is similar to input Printer is similar to output ‘The punch card was idea picked by Babbage from Joseph “Marie Jacquard’ loom to control his Analytical engine. ‘Augusta Ada Byron was the first programmer. She wrote the first algorithm intended for Charles Babbage’ mechanical general purpose computer, the Analytical Engine Cal: 1 (876) 433-3163 anytime (to order book) ‘CAPE IT~ Maulton R. T, Campbell uouonorococotececccetctcctcatet Module | wistoxy oF NFORMATION TECHNOLOGY. 61 ‘The following discovery made Telecommunication, computers and the Internet possible as information could be converted into electrical impulses and transmitted easily from one location to another: (4) Voltaic Battery invented in late 18th century, (b) Telegraph discovered in the early 18005 (6) Morse Code developed inl835 by Samuel Morse. (@ Telephone and Radio-Alesander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876. Followed by the discovery that electrical waves travel through space and can produce an effect far from the point at which they originated. These two events lad to the invention of the radio by Guglielmo Marconi in 1894, Call; | (876) 433-5163 anytime (o order book) ‘CAPE IT ~ Maulton R. T. Campbell62 HISTORY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY First Punched-card tabulating and sorting machines -Herman Hellerith built the first punched-card tabulting sorting ‘machines as well as the first key punch, and hh founded the company that was to become IBM. He used the punched card asthe basis {or storing and processing information from the US. Census data in 1890. Mark I-Howard Aiken, a PhD. student at Harvard University ereated the Mark 1 \hieh was built by IBM in 1942, the fest, fully automatic digital compute. It was used to solve problems input into the ‘machine on a rll of punched paper tape whieh consisted of the program instructions to be used to solve a problem ‘The First High-Speed, General-Purpose Computer Using Vacuum Tubes: Electronie Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) John Mauchly, a physicist, and J. Prosper Ecker, an electrical engineer developed Electronic Numerieal Integrator and ‘Computer (ENIAC), the frst electronic ‘computer in 1946. It was funded by the U.S, ‘Army. ENIAC used vacuum tubes (not ‘mechanical devices) do its calculations but it could not store its programs (its set of instructions) Call: 1 (876) 433-3163 anytime (to order book) ‘CAPE IT Maulton R. T, Campbell shhh DARIO EO LONG ISTORY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 63 EDVAC- the Electronic Discreet Variable ‘Computer —Farly in the 1940s, Mauchly and Eckert hogan to design the EDVAC. ‘Manchester Mark I Max Newman headed up the effort at Manchester University to create Manchester Mark T which went into operation in June 1948—becoming the first stored- ‘program computer. EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic ‘Caleulator)-Maurice Wilkes, a British scientist at Cambridge University, completed the EDSAC in 1949--two years before EDVAC was Gnished, “Thus, EDSAC became the first stored-program computer in general use (.., nota prototype) ‘The First General-Purpose Computer for Commercial Use: Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC).. Late 1940s, Eckert and Mauchly began the «development of a computer called UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer). It was built bby Remington Rand. The first UNTVAC was delivered to Census Bureau in 1951. A machine called LEO (Lyons Electronic Office) went into action a few months before UNIVAC and ‘became the worlds first eommereial computer. Call: | (876) 433-3163 anytime (10 order book) CAPE IT Maulton R. T. Campbell‘The First Generation (1951-1958) is characterized by: ‘Vacuum tubes as their main logic elements. Punch cards to input and exterally store data Rotating magnetic drums for intemal storage of data and programs Programs written in Machine language and Assembly language Requires a compiler ‘The Second Generation (1959-1963) is characterized by: ‘Vacuum tubes replaced by transistors as main logie element ‘Magnetic tpe and disks began to replace punched cards as extemal storage devices. Magnetic cores (very small donut-shaped ‘magnets that could be polarized in one of two directions to represent data) strung on wire within the computer became the primary intemal storage technology. Operating system was introduced. High-level programming languages E.g., FORTRAN and COBOL Cal: 1 (876) 433-3163 anytime (to order book) ‘CAPE IT Maulton R, T. Campbell ODODONTELToRTTTCe cece sonvoriMoRacriontecivoLocy 65: ‘The Third Generation (1964-1979) is characterized by: ‘+ Individual transistors were replaced by integrated circuits. ‘© Magnetic tape and disks completely replace punch cards as extemal storage devices ‘+ Magnetic core intemal memories began to sive way to anew form, metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) memory, which, like integrated circuits, used silicon-backed chips. + Theuse of Operating systems became widespread. ‘+ Advanced programming languages like BASIC developed, Where Bill Gates and Microsoft got ther tart in 1975 The Fourth Generation (1979- Present) is characterized by: * Large-scale and very large-scale integrated circuits (LSIs and VLSICs) ‘+ Microprocessors that contained memory, logic, and contro creas (an entre CPU, Central Processing Unit) on a single chip. ‘This allowed for home-use personal ‘computers or PCs, like the Apple (I and Mac) and IBM PC. Call: 1 (876) 433-3163 anytime (to order Book) CAPE IT ~ Maalton R. 7. Campbell66 Module 1. HISTORY OF INFORMATION TECHNO! Apple IL released to public in 1977, by Stephen ‘Worniak and Steven Jobs. Around 1980, computers with integrated circuits on a single chip started to become available as an affordable item, specifically ‘designed for use by consumers. The first IBM PC was released in 1981. IBM PC introduced in 1981 debuts ‘with MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System). Graphical User Interfaces (GUD for PCs arrive in early 1980s Windows was introduced in 1983, while the fist Apple Macintosh eame-on the market in 1984, Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) which are the programs that enable users to look at sereens with ‘windows, clickable commands and color in the late 1980s. Software language such as Lotus 1-2-3, dBase, ‘Microsoft Word, and many others were introduced ring tis perio. SAC UL ‘ Atte MSTORY OFINORNIATIONTECHNOLOGY ——6T “The history of the Internet and telecommunication 1969: Arpanet: te first real network to run on, packet switching, UNIX launched 1971; eBook- books and documents were placed on the intemet, Email was developed 1973: First trans-Adantic connection and the popularity of emailing 974eTCPMP 1975: Email program developed 1977: The PC modem launched. 1978; SPAM -unsolicited commercial email message. Bulletin board system (BBS) 1979: Usenet: allow persons from around the world to converse about the same topies by posting public messages eategorized by newsgroup. MUD: ‘Multiuser Dungeon: the earliest form of multiplayer games. 1980; ENQUIRE: A hypertext program fo keep track ‘of people, software and projets using hypertext (hyperlink, 1982 The first emoticon. 1 (876) 433-3163 anytime to order book) TT = Maulion 8, T. Campbell1983: Arpanet computers switch over to TCAD, 1984: Domain Name System (DNS) crested. ‘The first Domain Name Servers (DNS). 1985: Virtual communities established 1986: Protocol war-European countries pursing the Open Systems interconnection (OS) while United States was using the Intemet/Arpanet protocol. 1988: First major malicious internet-based, attack, the Morris worm IRC- Internet Relay Chat: Real time chat and instant messaging program. 1989: AOL is launched. 1990: World Wide Web protocols launched. “Arpanet ceased to exist. Call: 1 (876) 433-3163 anytime (10 order book) (CAPE IT- Maulton R.T. Campbell UNC HOOOCTOTITTTtT Module3 DATA FLOW DIAGRAM 69 1991 :Gopher- First content-based search protocol. The first web page created ‘The first webcam created, IMPS file format became an accepted standard ‘being highly compressed to share songs, 1993: MOSAIC -first graphics web browser for the genera public. Governments came online beginning of the gov and org domain names. 1994:Netseape navigator 1995:Java and Javascript CCommervialisation of the Internet. SSL(Secure Sockets layer) encryption was developed by Netscape, making it safer to conduc financial transaction(ike credit card payments) online. Ebay, amazon.com, 1996:Hotmail com-first web-based webmail 1997: weblog 1998: Napstr-file-sharing of audio Files over the internet. Google revolutize the way in which ‘people find information online Call 1 (876) 433-3163 anytime (io order book) ‘CAPE IT ~ Maulton R.T, Campbell70 MODULE 1 HISTORY OF THE INTERNET 2000: dotcom collapse resulting in huge losses for investors, ‘2001: Wikipedia-collective web content ‘generation social media 12003: CAN-SPAM Act puts a id on unsolicited emails controlling the assault of non-solicited pomography and marketing. “Myspace —most popular social network at that time. \VolP ~skype-user-frendly interfae to voice over IP calling. 2004: The facebook opened as college students social networks, Social medis-sites and web applications that allow its users to create and share content and to connect with ‘one another Web 2.0-refers to websites and Rich Intemet application (RIA) that are highly interactive and user- drive. 2005: YouTube streaming video for the masses free ‘online video hosting and sharing tothe masse. 2006: twitter launched, 2007: The Iphone and the mobile web major move to play TV shows online. Call: | (876) 433-3163 anytime to order book) ‘CADE IF- Maulton R.T, Campbell tt Cot VOOECCECE AAU om AAG BOOUGUU Madie TemvisnssarentotaLsconwuncation TT ‘The meaning of terms related to telecommunication ‘Transmission media is the means by which information moves from one devie to another. ‘Telecommuting means working from home via ‘elecommunication and internet connectivity. A telecommutertavels to work by telecommunications rather than by car or bus, resulting inthe saving of| time and the eduction of pollution and traffic congestion, Advantage of telecommuting ‘+ professional mothers can balance family and work. ‘+ People can be hired regardless of there loca ‘or physical tate (disabled persons who find it dificult vo commuter to work) ‘© Work can be done at anytime. Disadvantage of telecommuting ‘© managers may not know whether employees are ‘working if they cannot see them, ‘+ Telecommuters may be over looked for promotion or impromptu meetings because they are not physically present atthe office. Ibis not suit forall type of employees, Call: | (876) 433-5163 anytime (to order book) CAPE IT = Maulton R. T. Campbell72 TERMS RELATED TO TELECOMMUMICATION (Channel: a means of communication oF access; Receiver ~device that receives or the recipients of the message being sent ‘Sender- device or person who sends something Modulation isthe process whereby analog signal is converted to digital signal. Bandwidth isthe amount of data that ean be cari from one point to another in a given time period (usually a second). Call: 1 (876) 433-3163 anytime (to order book) CAPE TT Maulton R, T. Campbell POCCCOTTT MODULE 2 SPE¢ COBJECTIVES 73 Module 2 Information Technology Unit INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SYSTEMS SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES ‘Students should be abe to: = Deseribe information Technology Systems; © entity the information of an Information, ‘Technology System; = Describe the purpose and functions of hardware components; = Describe the purpose and functions of software components. Explain the various stages of the system development lifecycle (SDLC) and software engineering, = Discuss the tools used in the diferent stages of the (SDLC) ; = Deseribe the purpose and functions of network components; = Explain the roles of users; 1 (876) 433-3163 anytime (1 order book) \PE IT ~ Maulton R. T. Campbell