1) Classification of elements :- The arranging of elements into different groups on the basis of the similarities in their properties is called classification of elements. The classification of similar elements into groups makes the study of elements easier. There are about 114 different elements known so far. 2) Early attempts at classification of elements :- a) The earliest attempt to classify elements was grouping the then known elements (about 30 elements) into two groups called metals and non metals. The defect in this classification was that it had no place for metalloids (elements which have properties of both metals and non metals) which were discovered later.Difference Between Metals and Non-Metals Metals are opaque, lustrous elements that are good nonmetal is a chemical element that conductors of heat and electricity mostly lacks the characteristics of a metalb) Dobereiner’s Triads :- Dobereiner classified elements in the increasing order of their atomic masses into groups of three elements called triads. In each triad the atomic mass of the middle element was approximately equal to the average atomic mass of the other two elements. The defect in this classification was that all the then known elements could not be correctly arranged into triads. Triad ‘Atomic mass ‘Average atomic mass of I8t and 3° element ui 6S Na 23.0 22.95 Potassium K 39.0 ‘Calcium Ca 40.1 Strontium — Sr 87.6 88.7 Barium Ba 437.3 ‘Chlorine cI 35.5 Bromine Br 79.9 812 logine 1 126.9Elements Atomic Mass Average Lithium (Li) 6.9 Sodium (Na) 23.0 S210 _ 99.95 Potassium (K) 39.0 Calcium (Ca) 40.1 Strontium (Sr) 87.6 SET — 38.65 Barium (Ba) 137.3 Chiorine (C1) 35.5 Bromine (Br) 70.9 See = Be Iodine (I) 126.9Answer: Limitations of Dobereiner's classification: e¢ Dobereiner could find only three triads; . i.e total of 9 elements only. ¢ However the total number of elements were more than that of those encompassed in Dobereiner's Triad. e¢ Thus, Dobereiner's could not be classify most of the elements known at that time.Law of Octaves In 1866, John Newlands, an English scientist, arranged the then known elements in the order of increasing atomic masses. He started with the element having the lowest atomic mass (hydrogen) and ended at thorium which was the 56th element. He found that every eighth element had properties similar to that of the first. He compared this to the octaves found in music. Therefore, he called it the ‘Law of Octaves’. It is known as ‘Newlands’ Law of Octaves’. In Newlands’ Octaves, the properties of lithium and sodium were found to be the same. Sodium is the eighth element after lithium. Similarly, beryllium and magnesium resemble each other.¢) Newland’s octaves Newland classified the elements in the increasing order of their atomic masses into groups of eight elements called octaves like the notes of music. He found that when the elements were arranged in the increasing order of their atomic masses into octaves then there was similarity of properties in every eighth element. The defect in this classification was:- i) All the known elements and elements discovered later could not be correctly arranged into octaves. Some elements having different properties were placed in the same rows like cobalt and nickel having different properties are placed along with Fluorine, Chlorine and Bromine. Iron having properties similar to Cobalt and Nickel are placed in different rows.Limitations of Newlands' Law of Octaves 1) It was only applicable upto calcium, as after calcium every 8th element did not possess properties similar to 1st. 2) Newlands thought that only 56 elements existed and no more elements will be discovered. But, later on, several new elements were discovered that did not fit into Law of Octaves. 3) In order to fit elements in his table, Newlands adjusted 2 elements in the same slot but also put some unlike elements under same slot. 4) Newlands' law of Octaves worked only for lighter elements.viodic law Mendeleev’s pe 3a) Mendeleev’s periodic law states that, ‘ The properties of elements are periodic functions of their atomic masses’. Transition series “VILL{) * Dmitri Mendeleev Periodic Table (1871) + Elements were organized by Increasing Atomic Mass + Elements were organized in Columns (not Rows) * Columns of table were numbered from | to VIII * Each column would contain elements with similar properties. + Columns were called Groups * Because a group is similar but not identical to one another. Like, people in a family + Mendeleev’s Table of elements was called a Periodic Table * Because of its repeating pattern“Merits of Mendeleev's periodic table i) Elements were classified on a more fundamental basis of their atomic masses and properties. ii) Spaces were left vacant to accommodate the elements to be discovered in future. iii) It could predict the properties of the elements which helped in the discovery of new elements. iv) The inert gas elements discovered later could be placed in a separate group without disturbing the table. Defects of Mendeleev’s periodic table :- i) Some elements are not arranged in the increasing order of their atomic masses. Co is placed before Ni, Te is placed before | etc. ii) Position of hydrogen is not clear because it shows properties similar to metals as well as non metals. iii) The position of isotopes of elements is not clear.+ Achievements of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table + Systematic Study of Elements * Arrangement of a large number of elements into Groups and Periods. * Made study of the Elements Systematic. iez|— <+ Arrangement of Elements in Ascending Order of Atomic mass * Element were arranged in ascending order of atomic mass with similar properties, 5 * Cobalt with atomic mass 58.9 was placed before Nickel with atomic mass 58.7.* Prediction of New Elements * Prediction existence of elements that were not discovered that time * Spaces were lefti in periodic table for those elements Predicted Element Actual Element Discovered Later Eka-boron Scandium Eka-aluminium Gallium Eka-silicon Germanium * Correction of Doubtful Atomic Mass * Corrected the atomic masses of certain elements with the help of their expected positions and properties+ Limitations of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table * Position of Hydrogen * Correct position of Hydrogen could not be assigned * Properties of Hydrogen resembles both with Alkali Metals & with Halogens oom ow. PROnaN Position of Isotopes Isotopes - An Element with same Atomic Number (2) but different Atomic Niass (A) * Example - Isotopes would have disturbed the symmetry of the periodic table.* Limitations of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table * Wrong Order of Atomic Mass * Irregular pattern itv increasing order of atomic mass oom ov ov ow ov+ Uncertainty in Discovery of New Elements * Uncertain to predict how many elements could be discovered between two elements * Also, if new elements are exists or not